Name: Dizon, Darlynple M.

Date: April 13, 2021

Year/Section: BS Psychology 3-C

Share your insights on the following questions/statements.

1. What do you think is the importance of studying Clinical Psychology to:

a. Individual

The importance of Clinical Psychology to an individual person is that it gives an individual a

chance to learn about various personality type of a person and the different personality types. It
is also the bridge towards understanding that our mind can become sick too like the rest of the
body and that; it’s not always just ‘inside the mind’. It widens our understanding of the behavior
of people we interact with and become more understanding rather than judging someone
immediately without knowing their situation.

b. Community

The importance of Clinical Psychology to the community is that promotes awareness and helps
the people to understand and for them to improve the quality of life for both individuals and
communities through collaborative action and research. Clinical Psychology can also play an
important part in politics, public policies and social issues. It also helps the community to value
diversity, empowerment and social justice.

c. Mental Health

The importance of Clinical Psychology to our mental health is that it paves way for the
application of scientific methods in understanding the human psyche and its disorders which had
been long misunderstood as the doing of malevolent beings in the medieval times. Through
studying clinical psychology, professionals who are in the concerned field becomes equipped
with wide range of assessments and treatment options to those struggling with mental health
issues.
2. Create a timeline of the significant events/contributions in the history of Clinical Psychology

Year Significant Events/Contributions

18th -Early practice without clinical application such as: Phrenology; study of personality
Century by the shape of the skull, Physiognomy; the study of the shape of the face,
Mesmerism; treatment by the use of magnets, and Spiritualism.
1879 -Modern scientific psychology in which Wilhelm Wundt established the first
psychological laboratory
19th -Sigmund Freud developed a set of therapeutic techniques centered on talk therapy
Century that involved the use of strategies such as transference, free association, and dream
interpretation.
1867- -Lightner Witmer opened the first psychological clinic at Penn dedicated in treating
1956 children with learning disabilities.
-He also founded the first journal for the unnamed field and coined the term “clinical
psychology”, thus, Witmer became known as the Father of Clinical Psychology in
which he defined as “the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation,
with the intention of promoting change."
1917 -Clinical psychologists continued to make progress into this area due to their
increasing skill at psychological assessment.
- -Development of two intelligence tests, Army Alpha and Army Beta, which were
testing verbal and nonverbal skills used to screen large groups of military recruits.
- -J. E. Wallace Wallin spearheaded the founding of American Association of Clinical
Psychology
1919- -American Psychological Association (founded by G. Stanley Hall in 1892)
1927 developed a section on Clinical Psychology, which offered certification.
- -Growth in the field was slow for the next few years when various unconnected
psychological organizations came together as the American Association of Applied
Psychology which would act as the primary forum for psychologists until after World
War II.
1940’s -Frederick (“Fritz”) S. Perls, a German-born psychiatrist, founded Gestalt therapy
with his wife, Laura.
1945 -APA created what is now called The Society of Clinical Psychology (Division 12),
which remains a leading organization in the field.
- -When WWII broke out, clinical psychologists started to notice symptoms of
psychological trauma labeled "Shell Shock" (eventually to be termed Post-Traumatic
 Stress Disorder or also known as PTSD) on military soldiers.
-Female psychologists (who were excluded from the war effort) formed the National
Council of Women Psychologists with the purpose of helping communities deal with
the stresses of war and giving young mothers advice on child rearing
1946- -The Veterans Administration in the US made an enormous investment to set up
1950 programs to train doctoral-level clinical psychologists to help treat the thousands of
veterans needing care.
1947 -Graduate education in psychology began adding psychotherapy to the science and
research focus based on the scientist–practitioner model, known today as the Boulder
Model, for Ph.D. programs in clinical psychology.
1950’s -The Humanistic Approach was developed in reaction to both behaviorism and
psychoanalysis where therapy techniques such as the Person-Centered Therapy by
Carl Rogers and Existential Psychology by Victor Frankl & Rollo May emerged.
1960’s -Psychotherapy had become imbedded within clinical psychology.
-Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), was pioneered by
Dr. Aaron T. Beck.
-Structural Family Therapy was developed by Salvador Minuchin and colleagues
1970’s Narrative therapy was developed largely by Australian social worker Michael White
and David Epston of New Zealand.
1973 -During the Vail Conference on Professional Training in Psychology, the
Practitioner–Scholar Model of Clinical Psychology—or Vail Model—resulted in the
Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) degree being recognized.
1978 The Brief Therapy Center was first established by de Shazer and Berg and formally
became the home of solution-focused brief therapy.
1980’s Coherence Therapy, originally called Depth Oriented Brief Therapy, was developed
by psychotherapists Bruce Ecker, LMFT and Laurel Hulley, MA.
1998 Positive Psychology, a term coined in 1998 by former APA President Martin E.P.
Seligman, PhD, and Claremont Graduate University psychology professor Mihaly
Csikszentmihalyi, PhD.
Present -Clinical psychology has continued growing into a robust profession and academic
field of study even at present times as clinical psychologists continue to be experts in
assessment and psychotherapy while expanding their focus to address issues of
gerontology, sports, and the criminal justice system.
3. Discuss one trend/issue in Clinical Psychology at this time of pandemic.

The Emergence of Telepsychology

With the world still battling with the dangers of Covid-19 pandemic, virtual
psychological services such as Telepsychology have become an in-demand trend, and its usage
rates skyrocketed since 2020. Many psychologists adjust to providing care remotely during the
ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and concerns such as its efficacy have been raised. Resolving the
concerns ensures that psychologists can continue offering telepsychology without a hitch since
the demand for mental health services grows especially in these difficult times. The concern
about its efficacy have been raised within the psychology community, because conducting
psychological therapies/consultations require physical observation of the clients’ behavior and
nonverbal cues; which is assumed that it cannot be done as efficiently virtually, compared to in-
person sessions.

On the other hand, several studies have already proven telepsychology’s effectiveness.
Turner (2001) followed telehealth’s growth over the past two decades, and found out that both
patients and providers who use telepsychology generally view it favorably. Batastini et al.
(2021) recently published a large meta-analytic study that compared clinical interventions and
assessments delivered via videoconferencing with those delivered in-person. Overall, they found
that in-person and virtual interventions produced similar outcomes. On top of the efficacy issues,
clinical psychologists must also master the technology itself, including how to troubleshoot
quality and connectivity issues. Adjustment in workload management and home setups to
accommodate clients, have also been a part of the change that telepsychology brings.

But despite some setbacks, it’s likely that many practicing psychologists will continue
using telepsychology even after the Covid-19 has passed. Having come to value
telepsychology’s flexibility and convenience, psychologists may want to use it more than they
did before the pandemic.

References:
Batastini, A., Paprzycki, P., Jones, A., Maclean, N., (2021). Are videoconferenced mental and
behavioral health services just as good as in-person? A meta-analysis of a fast-growing practice.
Clinical psychology review. 83. 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101944.

Calkins, H. (2021, January). Online therapy is here to stay. Monitor on Psychology, 52(1).
http://www.apa.org/monitor/2021/01/trends-online-therapy

History of clinical psychology. Psychology Wiki. (n.d.).

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/History_of_clinical_psychology#.

Turner, J. (2001). Telepsychiatry as a case study of presence: do you know what you are
missing?. J. Computer-Mediated Communication. 6. 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00132.x.