UNIT 5 | SIMPLE MECHANISMS ~ & SIMPLE MACHINES (A) SIMPLE MECHANISMS A machine is defined as "combination of resistant bodies so arranged that by their means the mechanical forces of nature can be compelled to panied by certain determinate motion. dy of relative motion between ting on them. This knowledge and do work accom} Simple mechanism deals with the stu nd the forces ac n engineer in designing various parts chine for getting the required various parts of a machine a is very much essential for a! mechanisms required to operate the ma‘ work. Examples: Steering mechanism in @ car, Winding mechanism of a wrist- watch, Type-Writer mechanism. Mechanism generally consists of the. following moving mec 1) Belt and Chain drives. 2) Cam and followers. 3) Gears and Gear trains. 4) Friction devices, like Brakes and il omponent like Frames. ricants and Oils. ncludes Fasteners, shanical elements : Clutches. Structural ¢ fh as Liquid lub Bearings, Springs, 6 7) Fluids sucl Machine elements that i Splines, Pins, and Keys- LINK MECHANISMS ERMINOLOGY OF ems are US pable o! n required motion in the ed to obtail one type of input motion i : pimple) Meee f transformin Machines. A mechanism is ©5.2_ Engineering Mechanics into another type of output motion. The combination of ree and mo, defines power, and a mechanism manages power to achieve a deg; of forces ahd movement. Yemen red go, The important components in the formation of a mechanism are: 1. Kinematic Link or Element. 2. Kinematic Pair. 3. Kinematic Chain. 5.2.1 Rigid Body _ A rigid body is defined as "a solid body which don't undergo deformation (deformation is zero) irrespective of amount and nature of force applied on it". A rigid body is defined as "a solid body on which the distance between two points remains constant. In real applications rigid body is only a concept and don't exists, 5.2.2 Resistant Body A Resistant body is defined as “a body which ha: deformation or change in the shape while transmitting the required force’. Resistant bodies are treated as un-deformable for the purpose they are serving but they are deformed when subjected to high load applications Examples: Gear, piston, crank, connecting rod, spring, s negligible belt and rope. 5.3_ KINEMATIC LINK OR ELEMENT _ A resistant body which has relative motion with another resistant body of a machine is called Kinematic Link or Element or simply Link: A link possesses relative motion with respect to other links in * machine. Examples: Piston, Crank, Connecting rod. Note: a) Relative motion means calculation of motion of one body with rege”? - : - ce to some other moving body or a stationary body but not with refere™ to the earth.a Simple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5-3 jf a link is made of several parts which are fastened together, they should form one link and do not move relative to each parts. Piston and piston rod are different parts of an internal combustion engine. After fastening, they constitute one link with no relative motion among the two parts. ») inks 1 Types of ‘me generally used links for transmitting motion in a machine are: a) Rigid link. b) Flexible link. c) Fluid link. a) Rigid link: A rigid link is one which does not undergo any deformation while transmitting the force or motion. In practical, rigid links do not exist. But deformation of a piston, crank and connecting rod of a reciprocating engine, shafts, and gears can be considered as rigid links. b) Flexible link: A flexible link is one which undergoes appreciable deformation while transmitting the force or motion. Examples: Belts, ropes, chains, springs and wires are flexible links. ¢) Fluid link: A fluid link is one which is capable of transmitting motion by its pressure or by compression of fluids (like air or oils) in a tube or in a container. Examples: Working of Hydraulic press, Hydraulic brake, Hydraulic lift and Hydraulic jack. 5.3.2 Types of Joints _ A joint is a connection between two or more links at their ends Redes) which permits relative motion between the connected links. A link possesses at least two nodes for connecting with other links. “© following types of joints as shown in the Fig. 5.1 are used to form “matic pairs in a mechanism. ~—=Links — Joint 1 {a) Binary joint (b) Ternary joint (c) Quaternary joint (4) Links with olats Fig. 5.1 Types of Joints a) Binary Joint: A link which is connected to two other links w; nodes is known as binary link. ») Ternary Joint: A link which is connected to three other links With three nodes is known as ternary link. ©) Quaternary Joint: A link which is connected to four other links with four nodes is known as ternary link. | 5:4 KINEMATIC parr ith th Two links of a mechanism when connected with each other by the joints are said to be form a kinematic pair. "When two links are connected in such a way that their relative motion is completely constrained", the pair is known as kinematic pair. The links in a kinematic pair are known as pairing elements. 5.4.1 Classi tion of Kinematic Pairs Kinematic pairs are classified as shown in the Fig. 5.2. Kinematic Pairs a Based on don Based on Relative Motion Nature of Contact ‘Type of Closure | Sliding pair [> Lower pair [> Closed pair |—> Turning pair \_, Higher pair ‘+ Open pair | Rolling pair |— Screw pair ‘> spherical pair Fig. 5.2 Classification of Kinematic Pairs——____Simple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5-5 1. pased on Relative Motion between the Li ks in! a) Sliding Pair: The elements of a kinemati i 7 ic pair are connected such thet me eee slides relative to another element is t d sliding pair shown in the Fig. 5.2 (a) ermed as a Examples: The pi ; Bus 7 ‘7 ¢ piston and cylinder of an internal combustion engine, ail stock on the lathe bed, Ram and its guides in a shaper. ite: id: i Note: A sliding pair has a completely constrained motion. il > i ' ae a Fi ; | 2 ie y ! I i iD Rectangular Bar in a Shat supported with Collars Rectangular hole. in a Bearing {a) Sliding Pair {b) Turning Pair Jes of Kinematic Pairs based on Relative Motion. Fig. 5.2 Examp! b) Turning Pair: The elements of a kinematic pair are connected such Ives about a fixed axis of another that one element turns or revo! med as turning pair shown in the Fig. 5.2 (b). ar bar in a rectangular hol rock. element is te: le, Shaft supported Examples: Rectangul e spindle in head st nts of a kinematic pair are connected such fixed element is termed as in a bearing, Lath Rolling Pair: The eleme’ that one element rolls ov n in the Fig. 5.2 (ce). Roller bearings: Q er another rolling pair show Examples: Ball bearing®:5.6 Engineering Mechanics rN Ball and Socket Joint Ball Bearing a Bolt and Nut (c) Rolling Pair (@) Screw Pair (c) Spherical Pair Fig. 5.2 Examples of Kinematic Pairs based on Relative Motion 4) Screw pair: The elements of a kinematic pair are connected such that one element can turn about another element by screw threads is termed as screw pair shown in the Fig. 5.2 (d). A screw pair is also known as Helical pair. A Screw pair posses both sliding and turning motions. Examples: Bolt and nut, Screw jack, Lead screw of a lathe. e) Spherical pair: The elements of a kinematic pair are connected such that one spherical shaped element turns or swivel about another fixed element is termed as spherical pair shown in the Fig. 5.2 (e). Examples: Pen stand, Ball and socket joint, Attachment of a car mirror. 2. Based on Nature of Contact between the Elements a) Lower Pair: The kinematic pair in which the elements have surface or area contact during relative motion is called lower pair. The surface of one element slides over the surface of another element. The relative motion is purely turning or sliding, Examples: All sliding pairs, turning pairs and screw pairs. b Higher Pair: The kinematic pair in which the elements have a lit® or point contact during relative motion is called higher pair. TH motion between the pair is partly turning and partly sliding,imple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.7 gxamples: Gear drives, Belt drives, R ive rings, Roller . ives, i i ee » Rope drives, Ball bearings, Rol Based on Type of Closure or Mechanical Arrangement of Links a) ee The kinematic Pair, in which the two elements are connec e mechanically such that only required kind of relative motion occurs, is called closed pair. Examples: All lower pairs are closed pairs. dl Open Pair: the kinematic pair, in which the two elements are not connected mechanically but are kept in contact by the action of external forces, is called open pair. Examples: The cam and follower assembly. The follower is kept in contact with the cam by the forces exerted by spring and gravity. 5.5 CONSTRAINED MOTION Motion means "a change in the position of body". A constrained motion is defined as "the motion between the kinematic pair that takes place in a definite direction irrespective of the direction of the force applied". The following three types of motion exist between the kinematic pairs while forming a mechanism in a machine. The three types of constrained motion are: 1) Completely constrained motion. 2) Incompletely constrained motion. 3) Successfully (partially) constrained motion. 1 Completely Constr ly constrained motion “if the relative — * be complete! _ . A motion is said to a definite direction is achieved = ts in Moti jring elemen' . a Beco ak hemselves, irrespective of the direction of the ei : by the pairi ments t! e pairing ele! the Fig. 5:3 (a) and (b). force applied" as shown in5.8 Engineering Mechanics Rectangular bar with hole Rectangular bar LHF (0) Rectangular bar in a rectangular hole _—_(b) Circular shaft with collars in a bearing | Fig. 5.3 Completely Constrained Motion | Examples: yn 1) Rectangular bar moving in a rectangular hole (Sliding motion onl 1 ; ‘ 2) Cylindrical shaft with collars in a bearing (Rotary motion only), ar ’ 5.5.2 Incompletely Constrained Motion A motion is said to be incompletely constrained motion "if the relative motion between the pairing elements takes place in more than one direction" as shown in the Fig. 5.4, 1 Circular Mole Fig. $4 In-Completely Constrained Motion Examples: A circular shaft moving in a cire , slid ular hole. The shaft may * or rotate inside the hole.an 7 _ Simple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.9 Successfully Con: i say i a 3 5 ly strained (Partially Constrained) Motion Amotion to be successful lly constrained a motion between the pairing elements in a re ‘s motion if the relative rection is by the pairing elements themselves, but by soi in the Fig. 5.5. me other means" as shown not achieved Load oo Foot step bearing —/ Fig. 5.5 Successfully Constrained Motion Examples: 1) Ina foot step bearing, the shaft may rotate or it may move upwards and the motion is said to be not constrained or incompletely constrained motion. But if a load is placed on the shaft which prevents upward movement of the shaft, then the motion is said to be successfully constrained motion. Now the motion of the shaft is constrained to rotation only. 2) Piston reciprocating inside an engine cylinder. 3) Motion of internal combustion engine valves. 5.6 KINEMATIC CHAIN assemblage of kinemati ic links by pairs. atic pairs in which the last link is joined "is called a kinematic A kinematic chain is an "The combination of kinem ° the first link to transmit the de chain, finite motion’5.10_Engineering Mechanics __ tin 1 a minimum of four jj In general, a kinematic chain is formed by OUF link watic Chain ned to the first link (1) has fo, d constitutes a kinematic chajy Fig. 5.6 Kinem In the Fig. 5.6, the last link (4) is joi kinematic pairs (1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1) ant ABCD. Examples: 1. Four bar or Quadric cycle chain : Consists of four turning pairs. 2. Single Slider-crank chain + Consists of three turning pairs and one sliding pair. : Consists of two turning pairs an two sliding pairs. rr of pairs and number of links to form 3. Double Slider-crank chain ‘The relation between the numbe! correct combination is given by L=2P-4 Where, L = Number of Links p = Number of Pairs 2 Another relation is, Le 3 +2) J = Number of Joints in the chain. Where, ‘The important types of kinematic chains with four lower pais a”° show" the Fig. 5.7.Four-bar chain Slider. ; (quadric cycle chain) “herank chain Double-slider-crank chain Coupling Rod ofa Watt's nthe . eam sa Mechentem Elliptical Oldham’s Scotch-Yoke Trammel Coupling Mechanism Reciprocating Engine Crank & we Reciprocating Compressor Slotted Lever eRe sia iP Quick Return Mechanisms Mechanism Mechanism Fig. 5.7 Types of Kinematic Chain obtained by fixing one of its links is known as Mechanism is also defined as "the Physical arrangement of various links and their relative motion in a machine", A mechanism with four links is known as basic link mechanism. A mect Mechanism. simple mechanism or ‘sm with more than four links is known as compound In the kinematic chain ABCD, if one of the link is fixed (say link-1 ) ®S shown in the Fig. 5.8, then the kinematic chain is called as a Mechanism. Fig. 5.8 Mechanism5.12 Engineering Mechanics TT 2:12 Engineering Mechanics or ound jj, The fixed link in a mechanism is called the frame or Bround ling, A mechanism is used for transmitting motion in a machine, Examples: 1) Type writer mechanism. 2) Watch mechanism. 3) Steering gear mechanism. 4) Speed indicator. 5.7.1 Machine A machine is defined as "a mechanism or a combination of mechanisms which transmits and modifies the available mechanical ener into some kind of desired work". When a mechanism is required to transmit power or to do som work, then the mechanism becomes a Machine. 7 The arrangement of different links in a mechanism such that the mechanism is capable of performing useful work is called a Machine, An assemblage of links that transmit motion, energy and forcen ing predetermined manner is called a Machine as shown in the Fig. 5.9. Fig. 5.9 Machine Machines are powered by mechanical, thermal, chemical, 0 electrical and are motorized. Examples: Lathe, Shaper, Sewing machine, drilling machine. Note: a) All machines are mechanisms. But all mechanisms are 2° machines. b) A mechanism mainly transmits motion only. A machine transom both energy and motion.7.2 SHUCCUTS _ — gf he assemblage of a number of resistant bodies having no relative gon between them is called a structure. 0 c Fig. 5.10 Structure The resistant bodies of the structure are termed as members. Structure is meant for carrying loads. In the Fig. 5.10 as the link-1 is fixed, there exists no relative motion between the other two with respect to the fixed link. Hence the assembly is called as a structure. Examples: Trusses of a roof, Railway bridge and Machine frames. 5.7.3 Differences between Mechanism and Machine The following are the differences between a mechanism and a machine: | S.No, | Mechanism Machine | ‘i Mechanism is formed by fixing | A machine is formed by one of its links of a kinematic | combining a number of chain. mechanisms. A machine transmits energy Mechanism transmits motion from into useful work. input point to outpoint. All mechanisms are not machines. | All machines are mechanisms. Machine transmits motion and power. Examples: Lathe, Drilling machine, I.C engine. Mechanism transmits _ relative motion only but not power. Examples: ‘Type writer, Door lock, Computer key board, Watch mechanism. L1" man) cop prin? 5.14 Engineering Mechanics = a Differences between Machine and Structure The following are the differences between a machine and a structure: S.No. Machine Structure | 1 | The assemblage of a number | The assemblage of a Dumber of resistant bodies having | resistant bodies having no relative motion between them | relative motion between them ig | is called a machine. called a structure. | 2 | The resistant bodies of the | The resistant bodies of the | machine are termed as links. | structure are termed ag members. 3 | The links of a machine move | The members of the structure do relative to each other. not move relative to each other. | 4 | A machine transforms forces | A structure is meant for carrying | and motion. forces ( loads) only. 5 | A machine transforms the | In a structure no energy is available energy into useful | transformed into useful work. work. 6 | Examples: Lathe, Drilling | Examples: Trusses of a rool, machine, I.C engine. Railway bridge and machine | frames. 5.8 INVERSIONS OF A MECHANISM The method of obtaining different mechanisms by fixing different links of the same kinematic chain is called inversions of the give? mechanism. The inversion of a mechanism does not change the motion of is links relative to each other. ‘The number of mechanisms obtained from a kinematic chain is ea¥* to the number links present in the mechanism. ‘Thus, in a kinematic chain four inversions may be obtained by {8 the four links separately as shown in the Fig.5.11. when the link! ao fixed, known as First inversion and so on. adFig. 5.11 Inversions of Kinematic Chain All the inversions of a mechanism are not possible in practical applications. 59 FOUR BAR CHAIN OR QUADRIC CYCLE CHAIN The basic and simplest Kinematic chain is a four bar chain or quadric cycle chain. A four bar chain consists of four links of different lengths. A four bar chain is consists of four turning pairs. The important considerations in designing a useful mechanism are: 1) To ensure that the input link makes a complete revolution relative to the other links. 2) The sum of the shortest and the longest link should be greater than the remaining two links to have continuous relative motion between any two links. Te arrangement of links in a four bar chain is shown in the Fig. 5.12. Link-3 c Fixed Frame (1) Fig. 5.12 Four Bar Chain rr a5.16 Engineering Mechanics ~~ _ ds t war chain, the fixed link-1(AD) corresponds t0 the fry In a four bar cl iy is known as crank 9, " the mechanism, The shortest link-2 (AB) ra a te hy i ution relative : 8. Th, hich makes a compete revo! nis called i = (BC) which connects the crank and the tee ian onneci, ae ‘i es oscillation ¢ rod or coupler. The longest link 4 (CD) which m & pari r. rotation is called rocker or lever or followe haand 008 1; a for The four links 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 an‘ rms fou turning pairs. i i iver, th Application: When the crank (link-2) is the driver, the mechani, transforms rotary motion into oscillating motion. 5.10 INVERSIONS OF AFOURBAR CHAIN The four inversions of a four bar chain are shown in the Fig. 5.13, Inversions of Four-bar Chain First Inversion Second Inversion ‘Third Inversion Fourth Inversion 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 al Link-1 is fixed Link-2 is fixed Link-3 is fixed Link is fixed Fig. 5.13 Inversions of a Four Bar Chain The practical Examples are: 1. Beam engine (Crank and lever mechanism) 2. Coupling rod of a locomotive (Double crank mechanism). 3. Watt's indicator mechanism (Double lever mechanism). 4. Pantograph 5.10.1 Beat * le & Beam engine is the inversion of a four bar chain and an exalt? # crank-lever mechanism. It consists of four links as show? ?Si i - mple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.47 A Link-1 (frame of the engine) is ' fixed. Link. F fe coupler and Link-4 is the beam, mis 2 is the crank, Link-3 pe is Beam (4) rane crank (2) Fig. 5.14 Beam Engine The purpose of this mechanism is to convert rotary motion of the crank into reciprocating motion of the piston. In this mechanism, when the crank (AB) rotates about the fixed centre A, the beam CE oscillates about the fixed centre the lever CDE is connected to a piston rod which reci cylinder due to the rotation of the crank. D. The end E of iprocates inside a 5.10.2 Coupling Rod a Locomot ive Coupling rod of a locomotive is the inversion of a four bar chain and an example of Double crank mechanism, It consists of four links as shown in Fig. 5.15. Connecting rod (3) Frame (1) Crank (2) Crank (4) Fig. 5.15 Coupling Rod of a Locomotiveneering Mechanics ing 5.18 Engi B hi ink-4 (CD) ‘aving ¢ B) and link-4 (CD) the link-2 (AB) hi ism, the i chanism, In this me quay the fixed bout tate al ks rot Both the cranl ks. t as cranl lengths act Centres SPective why to the re: d are connected ) anc link-1(AD) he fixed id B of ti an i d in orde, i: D is fixe link Al i een them, ae we distance betw conn a ts asa ne oe ink BC act mec are tant ce: intain a cons maintain els, T to This el ty tates Whe; ion from one otion | a D) also ro} transmitting ° othe ctu te rr “ ‘ et nae the locomotive. = ne ei motion to te ‘d or bacl ving forwar thus giving mechanism._ ese . Draw a quadric cyc! . Explain any one of the inve: ee xplain with a neat sketch the wo xplain with a neat sketch the a Simple Mechanisms & Simp le Machines 5.19 ——* B stmpi be f SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS e following terms (a) Link (b) Ki ) Kinemati iC pair, (C16-Se, : : . : P-2020, Apr-’ .« kinematic chain? Give the correct rélation b . ‘P-2018,) etween number Wh is d Ib number of pair: i i pairs for kinematic chain, of sinks 2m (C16-Jun- lun-2019, Apr-2019) write the differences between machine and mechani one example for each. (C16-Oct-2017, C14- Jun tore. bana give -2019, Oct-2016) pifferentiate Machine and Structure. (C16-Sep-2020, Oct-2! What is a higher pair. Give two examples of lower vain. sage 0x0 What is lower pair? Mention two examples of lower ote 046 Explain with neat sketches different types of Kinematic pairs. Explain different types of constrained motions with relevant examples: (C16-Apr-2017) Je chain and identify the links. (Apr-2016) sm. List inversions of a four bar chain. Define inversion of a mechani (c14-Jun-2019) ain with a neat Jun-2019) 2016) sions of a quadratic chi are (16-Sep-2020, h the working of beam engine. (APF Explain with a neat sketc! ‘od of Jocomotives- rking of coupling ™ (c16-Jun-2019) 5 indicator mechanism. «ao of Watt' working of Wa (oct-2036)5.20 Engineering Mechanics _ (B) SIMPLE MACHINES 5.11_INTRODUCTION _ The idea of a simple machine was introduced by Greek Philosopher Archimedes around the 3rd century B.C, and discovered the principle of mechanical advantage in the lever. The Egyptians used simple machines to build the pyramids. Simple machines are the most basic of the machines that we use daily to make work easier. Simple machines have been around for thousands of years and make the human work easier. A simple machine is a device that requires only the force of a human to perform work. A simple machine used a single applied force to do work against a single load force. The machine can increase the amount of the output force at the cost of a proportional decrease in the distance moved by the load. a) Machine : A device which receives energy at one point and performs useful work at some other point is called a machine. Examples: Lathe, Drilling machine, Milling machine, Compressor, Washing machine, Engines, Turbines, Sewing machines. b Simple Machine: A device in which effort is applied at one place and work is done at some other place is called a simple machine Examples: Lever, Inclined plane, Wedge, Pulley, Wheel and Axle, Screw. ¢| Lifting Machine: A device used for lifting or lowering heavy loads with less effort is called a lifting machine. Examples : Screw jack, Eyebolt, Passenger lift, Crane, Tipper truck. qj Compound Machine: Two or more simple machines working togetheT is termed as compound or complex machines. Most of the machines we use today are compound machines. Examples: Bicycle, Shovel, Wheel barrow.Simple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.21 4s cnaracteriscs of Simple Machines istics of simple machines are: racte’ a“ simple machine as few or no moving parts. L simple machines make work easier. a 3, simple machines are run manually, not by electric power. 1.2 Applications of Simple Machines simple machines are used to 1, Move the objects from a lower place to higher place. Examples: Ramp, Ladder, Steps; ‘4 2. Lift heavy objects more easily. Examples: Pulleys; 4 3, Cut or split or push the things apart. ig Examples: Scissors, Blades, Axes; 4, Hold the objects together and lifting. Examples: Screw jack, Eye bolt; 5. Move the objects with less force. Examples: Levers. 6. Move the objects from one place to another place with less effort. Examples: Wheel and Axles, Gears. 542_ IMPORTANT TERMS OF SMILE MACHINES ___ 4) Load : The weight of the object to be lifted by the simple machine is called load. It is denoted by the letter W. Unit: newton. Symbol: N ift the 4) Bffort: The force applied on the simple machine to move °F lif ne : ‘ ni given load is called effort. It is also called applied force or InP! force. It is denoted by the letter P. Unit: newton. Symbol: N5.22 Engineering Mechanics t to the Machine: ‘The work done by the effort on the MAChing cc) Input is called input. Mathematically, ; input = Bffort applied x Distance moved by the effort = (P x y) lachine: The useful work done by the machine i. d) Output of the M called output. Mathematically, Output = Load lifted x Distance the Machine: The difference between input of put of the machine is termed as frictiongy moved by the load = (W x x). e) Frictional losses in the machine and out; losses in the machine. Mathematically, Frictional losses = Input of the machine — = (Px y)- (Wx x) f) Mechanical Advantage: The ratio of the load lifted to the effort applied is called Mechanical Advantage. It is denoted by M.A. Since Output of the machine it is a ratio it has no units. Load lifted W Mechanical Advant: Ue area a ooo ee! Effort applied P Mechanical advantage is a measure of the force multiplications achieved by using a mechanical device or a machine tool. It shows the amount of effort saved by using simple machines in lifting or moving the given load. Mechanical advantage is also known as leverage. 8) Velocity Ratio: The ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load is called velocity ratio. It is denoted %y V.R. Since it is a ratio it has no units. Velocity Ratio = Distance moved by the effort 2 Distance moved by the load x h) Efficiency of a Simple Machine: The ratio of output of the machine to the input of the machine is called efficiency of the simple machine:ee Simple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.23 (or) the ratio of Mechanical Advantage to Velocity Ratio is called efficiency of the simple machine. It is denoted by the letter "n" (pronounced as eta). It is expressed in Percentage (%). Mathematically, Output * 1) Efficiency, n = apa Efficiency, 1 = M-A _ Mechanical Advantage V.R Velocity Ratio i) Reversible Machine : x100 A machine, capable of doing some work in the reverse direction, after the ef‘ort is removed is called a reversible machine. The action of a reversible machine is known as reversibility of the machine. Conditions for Reversibility of a Machine: a) The output of the machine should be more than the machine friction. b) The efficiency should be more than or equal 50%. ie., n > 50%. J) Irreversible Machine (or) Self Locking Machine: A machine, not capable of doing some work in the reverse direction, after the effort is removed, is called irreversible machine or self-locking machine. Condition for Irreversibility of a Machine: a) The output of the machine should be less than the machine friction. b) The efficiency should be less than (n) 50%. i.e., n < 50%. k) Ideal Machine: The machine in which output is equals to its input 's known as an ideal machine. For an ideal machine, l. The frictional losses are zero. 2. Output = Input = Mechanical Advantage = Velocity Ratiom) gineering Mechanics ae - i M.A = V.R > Efficiency of the machine is 100%, 3. Since, M.. i. ; - The effort applied on ideal machine without friction losses to lit 4, The a load is called ideal effort. 5. The load lifted by an ideal machine without friction lo. called ideal load. SSes ig 6. In real applications, no ideal machine exists. Actual Machine: The machine in which output is less than its input due to frictional losses is known as actual machine. For an actual machine, efficiency is less than 100%, Effect of Friction in Machines: i) Effort lost in Friction; effort. It is denoted by Mathematically, The effort lost in frictio1 n is called frictional the letter F., Frictional effort, B, = Actual effort — Ideal effort. Let, P = Actual effort ; P, = Ideal effort ; W = Actual Load ; V.R = Velocity Ratio. For an ideal machine : M.A = V.Rnisms & Simple Machines 5.25 ii) Load lost in friction: load. It is denoted by Mathematically, The load lost in friction is called frictional the letter Fy. Frictional load, p ae Let, P = Actual effort; W, = Ideal load; = Ideal load — Actual load. W = Actual load; V.R = Velocity Ratio. Foran ideal machine : M.A = yp >“eover pV: Ideal load, W, = (Px V.R) equation, Frictional load, F,, = W, - W, we get, Frictional load, FY =(PxV.R)-w 543_LAW OF SIMPLE MACHINE _ Substitute in the The equation which gives the relation between the load lifted and the effort applied on a simple machine is known as Law of Simple Machine. The law of machine is obtained from the graph drawn between the load (W) on X-axis and effort (P) on Y-axis as shown in the Fig. 5.17. Load W—> Fig. 5.17 Law of Simple Machine tion betwee! ee the relat OD) indicating no friction is .n the effort and load is aot an)idee) macs a aaa tine ‘near and passes through the orig fered by the machine.ae we . 57 5.26 Engineering Mechanics But for an actual machine, the relation line does not passes throu, the origin and is represented by the line ‘AB’ with cuts the effort line ag fi indicating the machine is subjected to frictional losses. The intercept ‘OA = C’ represents the amount of friction offereq 1, the machine, ie. the minimum effort required by the machine to overon,., the friction before it starts lifting any load. | The law of simple machine is expressed as P = mW + C Where, P= Effort applied; W = load lifted : P-C m = slope of line AB = tan 0 WV C = Constant which represents the Machine Friction. By using this equation, we can calculate the effort required to lift the given load and vice-versa relating to the given simple machine. 5.13.1 Conditions for Maximum Mechanical Advantage of a Simple Machine The conditions for maximum mechanical advantage ofa simple machine are: 1. The machine friction must be zero. (C = 0) 2. The output of the machine equals to the input of the machine. w We know, Mechanical Advantage, M.A. = mT oo (1) Law of the machine, P = mw + C a (2) . : -_ W141 Substitute (2) in (1), MA =e =() m+|— w Cc As the load W increases, — w Will be very small and can be neglected > Ww © and gives maximum mechanical advantage for the simple machine. '.| Masimum Mechanical Advantage = MLA (max) a m13.2 Conditions for Maximum Efficiency of a Simple Machine (n,,) he conditions for maximum efficiency of a simple machine are: 1, The machine friction must be zero. (C = 0) 2, The output of the machine equals to input of the machine. 3, The Mechanical Advantage should be maximum. We know, Bificiency, n= Mechanical Advantage _ M.A Velocity Ratio From, Maximum Mechanical Advantage = M.A.) =i Formaximum efficiency, substitute (2) in (1), we have, Maximum efficiency = 1 mxVR . 1 mxVR 7 SOLVED PROBLEMS - 1 Naas Problem 5.1: In a simple lifting machine an effort of 50 N is applied to lift a load of 200 N. The distance moved by the effort is 16 m. The load is taised through a distance of 0.2 m. Determine (a) the mechanical advantage, (b) velocity ratio and (c) the efficiency of the machine. (Apr-2018) Solution : Givendata: Effort applied, P = 50 N Load to be lifted, W = 200 N Distance moved by the effort, y = 16 m Distance moved by the load, x = 0.2 m _____ Simple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.275.28 Engineering Mechanics W _ 200 8) Mechanical Advantage, M.A. => = 16 i i =Y=1. 80 b) Velocity Ratio, VR. == 55 ¢) Efficiency, n= pxt00 = 2 = A x100 = 5% Problem 5.2 : The velocity ratio of simple machine is 8. The effort applied is 220 N. Determine the efficiency, if load lifted is 1600 N. (Oct-2017) Solution : Given data: Velocity Ratio, V.R = 8 ; Effort applied, P = 220 N Load to be lifted, W = 1600 N W __ 1600 2 = 7.27 a) Mechanical Advantage, M.A. = 5 = “355 7.27 = MA 100 = 727 x100 = 90.9% b) Efficiency, 1 VR 8 o Problem 5.3 : In a simple lifting machine an effort of 500 N raised a load 12.5 kN. What is mechanical advantage, if the machine has efficiency of 65%? What is velocity ratio? (C16-Sep-2020) Solution : Given data: Effort applied, P = 500 N Load to be lifted, W = 12.5 KN = 12.5 x 10° N Efficiency, n = 65% = 0.65 3 Mechanical Advantage, M.A, = ©. = 12-5%10° _ P 500 MA , Efficiency, n= MA from, — Efficiency, 1 7 Velocity Ratio, V.R = “ = a = 38.46Simple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.29 problem 5.4 : A weight of 130 N is lifted by an effort of 15 N. The efficiency of the machine is 80%, Determine the V.R and frictional force in terms of load and effort. Solution : Given data: Weight, W = 130N; Effort, P= 15 N Efficiency, n = 80% = 0.8 30 We know, Mechanical Advantage, MA= + = = = 8.67 LA MA from, Efficiency, 1= Eo =ve- it Velocity Ratio, V.R = a = 10.837 a) Frictional force in terms of load, Fy = (P x. V.R) - 15 x 10.837) - 130 = 32.55 N b) Frictional force in terms of effort, F, __130 10.837 =3N Problem 5.5 : A weight of 1800 N is lifted by an effort of 240 N. If the velocity ratio of the machine is 9. Determine Efficiency of the machine. (Apr-2016) Solution ; Given data: Weight, W = 1800 N ; Effort, P = 240 N Velocity Ratio, V.R = 9 We know, Mechanical Advantage, MA =~ - 1800 _ P 240 MA 75 i = ——x100 = —x 100 = 83. Efficiency, 1 VR 9 100 = 83.33%a my 5.30. Engineering Mechanics Problem 5.6 : A certain weight lifting machine of velocity ratio 20 can lift load of 1500 N with the help of 125 effort. From the data, the machine is reversible or irreversible. Solution : state whethe, Given data: Velocity Ratio, V.R = 20 ; Load, W = 1500 N Effort, P = 125 Mechanical Advantage, M.A = ae ee 125° A from, Efficiency, n= —— R® 100 = — = 100 = 60% The machine is seversibe, as the efficiency is more than 50%, Example 5.7 : The law of the machine is P = 0.04W + 2, its velocity ratio is 50, Calculate (a) Mechanical advantage and (b) Efficiency, if W = 200 N? (C-16 - June-2019, Apr-2017) Solution : Given data: Velocity Ratio, V.R = 50 ; Load, W = 200 N Law the machine, P = 0.04W + 2 Effort required, P = (0.04 x 200) +2 = 10N W _ 200 _ i M.A. = a) Mechanical Advantage, ao MA 20 i =x 100 = 100 = 40% b) Efficiency, 1= 75% Fo fo Problem 5.8 : The velocity ratio of a simple lifting machine is 10. The effort applied is 150 N. Determine the load lifted, if 20% of the effort is lost in friction. (C-16 April-2018) Solution : Given data: Velocity Ratio, V.R. = 10 ; Effort applied, P = 150 N__ Simple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.31 Frictional effort, F, = 20% of effort 20 = axe = 0.2 P = 0.2 x 150 = 30 N We know that, W Fp =P-—~— ae P VR = 30=150 . = Load lifted, W = aso. = 30) x 10 = 1200 N. Problem 5.9 : The law of a certain lifting machine is Ww P=— 7 +15 The velocity ratio of the machine is 80. Find the maximum possible mechanical advantage and the maximum possible efficiency of the machine. Determine the effort required to overcome friction while lifting a load of 1200 N. Also calculate the efficiency of this load. (Apr-2016) Solution : Givendata: The law of machine, P= w+1s santa (1) Velocity Ratio, V.R. = 80 Load, W = 1200N We know, general law of machine, P=mW+C eee (2) Comparing (2) with (1), we get, 1 = = =0.02 and C= 15 3) m = Zp 7 0.02 am (3) _1_ a) Maximum Mechanical Advantage, M.A. Oa 50 a b) Maximum efficiency, Ya =iaxvR 0.02x80- 0.625 = 62.5% = 1200N: ©) Effort required to lift a load, Wfrom eqn.(1), 1200 =39N Effort, P = (2°) +15 ion : d) Effort required to overcome the frictio! WwW _1200 _24Nn B= P- TR 7980 e) Efficiency at the load, W = 1200 N: W _ 1200 => =~ = 30.77 Mechanical Advantage, M.A. = 5 =~ 39 MA _ 30.77 Bfficiency, n= 74,100 = 35 x 100 = 38.46% Problem 5.10: In a lifting machine, an effort of 98 N lifts a load of 1460 N and an effort of 178.4 N lifts a load of 2800 N. Establish the law of machine; (i) Caleulate the effort required to lift a load of 4500 N. (ii) Find the load that can be lifted using an effort of 196 N. (iii) What is the maximun efficiency of the machine, assuming velocity ratio of the machine as 75° (iv) What is the effort lost in friction? (v) What is the load lost in friction? (C16-Apr-2019) Solution: Given data: Case (1) : Effort, P, = 98 N ; Load, W, = 1460 N Case (2) : Effort, P, = 178.4 N ; Load, W, = 2800 N Let, P = Effort required ; W = Load lifted ; m = Slope ; C = friction constant. Then, the law of machine is, p = mW+c eevee) Substitute the value of case(1) and cas, 98 = m (1460) + 178.4 = m (2800) +c Solving (2) and (3), €(2) in eqn.(1), we get, ~ 80.4 = ~ m (1340) _ -80.4 (1340) sm ~ 2804 ai: _Simple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.33 C = 98 ~ (0.06 x 1460) = 10.4 ting the value of m and Cin eqn (1), The law of machine, P = 0.06 W + 10.4 seseee(4) e effort required to lift a load, W = 4500 N: substit i) The From eqn.(4), Effort required, P = (0.06 x 4500) + 10.4 = 280.4 N ii) The Joad that can be lifted using an effort (P) of 196 N: From eqn.(4), ifted, W = 3106.66 N Vong nee 0.06 0.06 iii) Maximum efficiency of the machine, if V.R. of the machine = 75: 1 L i i = 100= x100 Maximum efficiency, "max mxVR x 06x75 1 = 22.22% iv) Effort lost in friction, F, : WwW = = 220.4N Effort lost in friction, Fp = P “UR 280.4 - v) Load lost in friction, F, : u P(V.R) - = (280.4 x 75) - (4500) = 16530 N Load lost in friction, F, u 5.14 TYPES OF SIMPLE MACHINES Different types of simple machines discussed in this chapter are as follows: 1. Levers. . Inclined plane. . Wheel and Axle. . Worm and Worm wheel. . System of Pulleys. Weston differential pulley block. anon5.34 Engineering Mechanics —_ 7, Rack and Pinion. 8. Single Purchase Winch Crab, 9. Double Purchase Winch Crab, 10. Screw Jack. 5.14.1 Levers A lever is a rigid bar or rod, either straight or bent having support at * a fixed point about which it can freely turn. Fig. 5.18 shows a lever through which a load ‘W’ is being lifted by a smaller effort P’, W (Load) A F B oa nar, » (Bort) @ (Load arm) b (Power arm) te | — Fig. 5.18 Simple lever Fulerum : The fixed point about which # turn is called fulcrum (F). Power arm : he lever is supported and freely The perpendicular distance between the fulcrum and the Point of application of force is called power arm of the lever (b). Load arm : The Perpendicular distance betwe: en fulcrum and the Point of application of load is called load arm of the lever (a). By applying principle of moments about the fulerum ‘F, Depending upon the position of the fulcrum with respect to the points of application of the load and the effort, levers are classified as : 1. First class levers Classification of Levers : 2. Second class levers 3. Third class levers> Simple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.35 4, First class lever : In first class lever, the fulcrum is in between the jead and effort, Fig. 5.19 shows lever of first kind, ‘is the fulcrum of the Jever, & and b are perpendicular distances from the fulcrum ¥’. | | Fulcrum P (ifort) Fig. 5.19 First class lever Examples : A nail cutter, scissors, pliers, claw hammer etc. 2. Second class lever ; In the second class lever, the load (W) is in between fulcrum (F) and effort ‘P’. lesa toad tort re Nut Cracker coal Wheel Barrow: a |W (Load) = B F (fulcrum) ke a ,___-__» P (effort) Fig. 5.20 Second class lever Examples : A nut cracker, a wheel barrow etc.a ane 5.36 Engineering Mechanics 8. Third class lever : In the third class lever, the effort P’ is in the between load (W) and the fulcrum (F). j}—_ a Fig. 5.21 Third class lever Examples : Shovel, fire tongs, human arm etc. Inclined plane is a simple machine used for raising or lowering a load. An inclined plane consists of a plane surface at a definite angle over which the load is lifted. Figure 5.22(a) shows an inclined plane at an angle tt’ to the horizontal. Let a small effort (P) slides a load ‘W’ on the surface of the inclined plane, through a small vertical distance ‘h’. Fig. 5.22(a) Inclined planeSS Simple Mechanisms & Simple Machines Dat: case 1 : Effort applied parallel to the inclined plane prom the Fig. 5.22(a) Let, resolving forces parallel to the inclined plane AC, Minimum effort, P = W sin @ we know, Mechanical Advantage, ma-% —_— “Wsina sina But, from the Fig. 5.22(a), sina =2 - (2) Substitute (2) in (1), we get, Mechanical Advantage, M.A = Where, 1= length of the plane h = height of the plane For ideal machine, M.A = V.R Velocity Ratio, V.R ° h © sin Case 2 : Effort applied parallel to the base From the Fig.5.22(b), resolving the forces parallel to the base AB, sina cos a Pcosa=Wsina = P=W = Minimum effort, P = W tan o w Ww We know, | Mechanical Advantage, MA= = Goo, z Fig. 5.22 (b)°.38_ Engineering Mechanics But, from the Fig. 5, 22(b), h : ch om fan oO b a Substitue (2) in (1), we get, . wi Mechanical A dvantage, MA = 7 where, b = Width of the Plane For ideal machine, M.A =V.R Velocity Ratio, V. Note : As Be the M.A and V.R of the inclined plane, when the effort applied parallel to the plane is greater than the effort applied parallel tp the base. Therefore it is easy to pull the load on the inclined plane by applying effort parallel to the plane. 5.14.3 Simple Wheel and Axe A simple wheel and axle is a simple machine used to lift large loads easily. This consists of a wheel 'A' and an axle B different diameters which are keyed to the same shaft as shown in the Fig. 5.23. The shaft is mounted on bearings in order to reduce the friction. A rope is wound round the wheel ‘A’ and the effort is applied at its free end. Another rope is wound round the axle in opposite direction and carries the load to be lifted at its free end, The wheel is rotated by applying the effort which makes the axle also rotates. Thus the load is lifted,s | Axle 6b ttt 27 Ww [w\ P Load P (Effort) Fig. 5.23 Simple Wheel and Axle Let, W = Load lifted P = Effort applied D = Diameter of the effort wheel (R = Radius = D/2) , d = Diameter of the axle (r = Radius = d/2) Consider one rotation of the wheel 'A’, ‘ ‘The distance moved by the effort = xD ' The distance moved by the load = nd : _ Distance moved by the effort 1D _D Velocity Ratio, V-R= Distance moved by the load md d Summary: D 1) Velocity Ratio, V.R = 2 = nla 2) Mechanical Advantage, M.A ~ Effort applied Load lifted Ww P MA 3) Efficiency, "ype 5.14.4 Differential Wheel and Axle _ A differential wheel and axle is an improved form of simple wheel and Axle, It is used to lift heavy loads very easily. This consists of a wheel 'A’ and an axle with two portions B and C of different diameters which are keyed to the same shaft as shown in the Fig. 5.24.5.40 Engineering Mechanics - _—__— = A rope is wound round the wheel ‘A’ and the effort is applieg free end. Another rope is wound round the two portions of the opposite directions with a pulley carrying the load to be lifted, The wheel is rotated by applying the effort which makes the ay also rotates. The portion of the rope carrying the load wouné roung “ gets reduced in length and the portion of the rope carrying the load woun, round 'C’ gets increased in length. But, the reduction in length o¢ the rope is more than the increase in length. Thus the load is lifted, at its le in ec Axle B Wheel A eo) g F | 4 Load 7) Differential Wheel and Ale Tr Fig. 5.24 Differential Wheel and Axle Let, W = Load lifted P = Effort applied D = Diameter of wheel ‘A’ d, = Diameter of the axle ‘B’ d, = Diameter of the axle ‘C’ Consider one rotation of the wheel ‘A’, The distance moved by the effort = 1D The reduction in the length of the rope carrying the load = nd, The increase in the length of the rope carrying the load = nd, = The net reduction in the length of the rope = nd, - nd, Thus, The height through which the load is raised Velocity Ratio, Distance moved by the effort V.R= — Distance moved by the loadsummary: 1) Velocity Ratio, V.R= i = W. 2) Mechanical Advantage, M.A Effort applied 3 5 MA 3) Efficiency, =——x100 ) y NUR 5.14.5 Worm and Worm Wheel A worm and worm wheel consists of a toothed wheel known as worm wheel and a square threaded screw called worm, meshed with each other as shown in the Fig. 5.25. The worm wheel is fixed to a load drum over which a rope wound and carries the load to be lifted at its free end. The worm may be single start threaded, double start threaded or multi-start threaded. The worm is attached to a handle (A) and the effort is applied at the end of handle. The handle (A) is rotated by applying the effort. This rotates the worm first and then the worm wheel and the load drum together. Thus the load is raised. Handle (A) P (Effort) Worm wheel Fig. 5.25 Worm and Worm Wheel5.42_ Engineering Mechanics a Let, | W= Load lifted P = Effort applied T = Number of teeth on the worm wheel R = Length of the handle r= Radius of load drum axle Consider one rotation of the handle ‘AY The distance moved by the effort = 2nR The rotation made by the worm wheel and the load drum = : 2nr Thus, The distance moved by load = ome =o . : stance moved by the effort 2: RT Velocity Ratio, V.R = =_—— ty Ratio, Distance moved by the load and for ‘n’ started threads, Where, n= 1 for single started ; n = 2 for double started and so on. Summary: RT 1) Velocity Ratio, Ae _ Load lifted _W 2) Mechanical Advantage, M.A Effort applied 3 MA i =——x100 3) Efficiency, 1=VR 5.14.6 Pulleys = Pulley is a circular disc having a groove along its circumference for wounding a rope or chain. The pulley rotates about an axle passing through its center. Pulleys are simple and convenient for lifting heavy bodies easily. ad—_____Simple, ‘Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.43 pulleys are of two types : 1. Single fixed pulleys, 2. Single movable pulleys, 1, Single Fixed Pulleys: surface and is not moved to one end of the rope a: A single fixed pulley is attached to a stationary as shown in the Fig. 5.26, The load is attached ind the effort is applied at the other end of the rope. In a single fixed pulley, the mechanical advantage is one. It is use- ful in changing the direction of the effort applied as per our convenience. Fixed Pulley oad (W) ON Effort (P) = Fig. 5.26 Single Fixed Pulley let, The dis...1ce moved by the effort = x The distance moved by the load = x Distance moved by the effort Veloce Ration VRE locity Ratio, V.R= moved by the load ei x 2. Single Movable Pulleys: A single movable pulley is not attached to a Stationary surface and is free to move as shown in the Fig, 5.27. The load 'S carried by the movable pulley. one end of the Tope passing through the Pulley is attached to a fixed support and the effort is applied upward at the other end of the rope. By applying the effort, the load is raised along ™ith the movable pulley. In a single movable pulley, the mechanical advantage is two. be5.44 Engineering Mechanics a UtiLLlilltlll, 7 w/2 fier aN 25N wr Movable Pulley Load (W) Fig. 5.27 Single Movable Pulley Let, The distance moved by the effort = x The length of the rope on the fixed side is reduced by ‘x. x The distance moved by the movable pulley with the load = 5 Velocity Ratio, V.R-= Distance moved by the effort _ x elocity Ratio, VIR= 7 tance moved by the load x 2 5.14.7 System of Pulleys In engineering applications, two or more pulleys may be arranged in different ways so as to get mechanical advantage greater than that obtained with a single pulley. Depending on the arrangement, the system of pulleys are classified into three types : 1. First system of pulleys 2. Second system of pulleys 3. Third system of pulleys 5.14.7.1 First system of pulleys A first system of pulleys with three movable pulleys (1, 2 and 3) and one fixed pulley (4) arranged with the help of strings or ropes is shown i? the Fig. 5.28.Simple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.45 The effort is applied at the free end of the rope passing over the xed pulley and the load carried by the bottom most movable pulley is yaised- 7 Fixed pulley P (Eatort) aN 1, 2. 3 Movable pulley Effort (P Load (W) 5.28 First System of Pulleys Let, The distance moved by the effort = x The length of the rope on the movable pulley-3 is reduced by ‘x. x and The distance moved by the movable pulley-3 with the load = S Sinilarty, x The distance moved by the movable pulley-2 with the load n7 x snd The distance moved by the movable pulley-1 with the load = 3 ed by theeffoxt | x 6 gig: Velocity Ratio - Distance m effort _ x Distance move: by the load x 8 Wher one , : "= number of movable pulleys in the system. |5.46 Engineering Mechanics Summary: 1) Velocity Ratio, V.R = 2° “load lited__W 2) Mechanical Advantage, M.A * Sffort applied P 3) Efficiency, Second System of Pulleys Figure 5.29 shows second system of pulleys. This system of putjey, consists of two blocks, one upper and the other lower. The upper block ig fixed to a fixed support, where as the lower block is movable. Both the blocks carry either equal number of pulleys as shown in Fig. 5.29(a) o, the upper block may have one pulley more than the lower one as shown in Fig. 5.29(b). Load is suspended to the bottom pulley block with the help of a hook and the effort is attached to the other end of the rope which passes over all pulleys of the system. ih Upper block Upper block P (Effort) P (Effort) ls 4 s\ (ee } Lower block ‘ld yl 4 Lower block 3, 4 W | (Load) W | (Load) ® o) Fig. 5.29 Second System of PulleysSimple Mechanisms & Simple Machines 5.47 The second system of pulleys consists of four pulleys and five pul- Jeys are shown in the Fig. 5.29 (a) and Fig. 5.29 (b). let, W = Load lifted P = Effort applied n = Total number of pulleys in the system. and The distance displaced by the effort = x This causes equal reduction in length of each part of the continuous rope, The number of parts of the rope in the Fig 5.29 (a) is 4 and in the Fig. 5.29 is 5. Thus in the Fig 5.29 (a), ‘The load raised through a distance = Ale Distance moved by the effort x V.R = Distance moved by the effort _ x _ Netocity Ratio, Distance moved by the load x 4 And in the Fig 5.29 (b), ‘The load raised through a distance = e Distance moved by the effort _ Velocity Ratio, V.R = a city Ratio, Distance moved by the load ~ x 5 Summary: 1) Velocity Ratio, V.R = Number of pulleys = n Load lifted WwW 2] Mechanical Advantage, MA = aoc applied P 3) Efficiency, ae ” 1005.48 Engineering Mechanics 5.14.7.3 Third System of Pulleys 3:14.7.3 Third System of Puley® $$ The third system of pulleys consists of one All fixed pulley (1) and three movable pulleys (2, 3 and 4) is shown in the Fig. 5.30. In this system, the load is carried a number Movable puter, of ropes which are equal to the total number of pulleys in the system. The effort is applied at the 1 end of the rope which passes over the last mov- able pulley ie., 4. Let, W = Load lifted P = Effort applied i = Total number of pulleys in the system =4, (tng Let, W ] tua) ‘The load to be raised through the distance = 'x'. ‘Then, each rope 1, 2, 3.and 4 moves upwards through rE na of the distance = ‘x’. es (a) The rope 'l' moves upwards through the distance = The pulley '2' is lowered by the same distance ‘x. (b) The rope '2' moves upwards through the distance = x + 2x= 3x The pulley '3' is lowered by the distance ‘3x’. (c) The rope '3' moves upwards through the distance = x + $x +3x= Tt ‘The pulley ‘4’ is lowered by the distance '7x'. (d) The rope ‘4’ moves upwards through the distance = x +7 +7x = 15% Thus, (c) The effort is moved by the distance = 15x. Distance moved by the effort Distance moved by the load = 18% _15- 2-1-2" x Velocity Ratio, V.R = Where, n= number of pulleys in the system.