Name: Syarifa Suraiya Rahmani

Class/NIM: 3G/E1D020209

critical thinking concepts and theories

 How to be critical
 The previous points are not meant to present a one size fits all approach, however,
regarding the route to being critical.
 you might be on your way out to meet friends for dinner and then suddenly, without
warning.
 sometimes appear to bypass the critical reading stage and instead jump straight to
critical thinking.
 Inspiration cannot be forced, but you can achieve it. Moreover by approaching the
subject step by step as this guide does, then you will have the skills you need to
approach being critical in a systematic way.

By “thinking” we mean serious analytic thought, including analysis of one’s own assumptions. In
keeping with our emphasis on writing as well as reading, we raise issues not only of what can
roughly be called the “content” of the essays but also of what can (equally roughly) be called the
“style”—that is, the ways in which the arguments are set forth.

 A Philosopher's View: The Toulmin Model, is a summary of the philosopher Stephen

Toulmin's method for analyzing arguments.
 A Logician's View: Deduction, Induction, Fallacies, offers a more rigorous analysis.
 A Moralist's View: Ways of Thinking Ethically, consists of a discussion of amoral, immoral,
and moral reasoning.
 A Lawyer's View: Steps toward Civic Literacy, introduces students to some basic legal
concepts such as the distinction between civil and criminal cases, and then gives majority
and minority opinions in two cases covering current topics.
 A Psychologist's View: Rogerian Argument, with an essay.
 A Literary Critic's View: Arguing about Literature, should help students to see the things
literary critics argue about and how they argue.
 A Debater's View: Oral Presentations and Debate, which introduces students to standard
debate format and presentation.

Critical thinkers seek to draw intelligent conclusions, they are sufficiently open-minded that they can
adopt a skeptical attitude.

 Toward their own ideas,

 Toward their own assumptions, and
 Toward the evidence they themselves tentatively offer.