Transformer

• The transformer is a double coil element (primary coil and

secondary coil) used to increase or decrease the AC
voltage or current applied to the primary coil.
• The output is obtained at the secondary coil.

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 Transformer

𝑁𝑝 ∶ Number of turns in the primary coil

𝑁𝑠 ∶ Number of turns in the secondary coil
𝑉𝑝 ∶ Input voltage to the primary coil
𝑉𝑠 ∶ Output voltage at the secondary coil
𝐼𝑝 ∶ Input current to the primary coil
𝐼𝑠 ∶ Output current at the secondary coil

𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝 𝑵𝒑 𝑽𝒑 𝑰𝒔
• = 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐬 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨, 𝒂 = = =
𝑵𝒔 𝑽𝒔 𝑰𝒑
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠

𝐼𝑝 If Vs > Vp , the transformer is called step-up transformer (a < 1).

𝑁𝑠
• =
𝐼𝑠 𝑁𝑝 If Vs < Vp , the transformer is called step-down transformer (a > 1)

2
Example
For a transformer with 𝑁𝑝 = 800 turns and 𝑁𝑠 = 50 turns , determine the
transformer output voltage when the input voltage = 220 V.

Solution

Given, 𝑁𝑝 = 800 , 𝑁𝑠 = 50 , 𝑉𝑝 = 220 V

𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
=
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠

𝑁𝑠 50
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑝 = × 220 = 13.75 V
𝑁𝑝 800

3
Capacitor
• A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field.

• A simple capacitor consists of two metal plates with an insulating layer

(dielectric) between them.

• The insulating layer may be a thin sheet of plastic, or in some cases,

the insulating layer is air.

4
Capacitor

• The capacitance (C) of a capacitor is measured in Farads (F).

• common capacitances are in µF (microfarads) and nF (nanofarads).

5
Capacitor in DC Circuits
• The capacitor is used in both DC and AC circuits.

Suppose we have the following circuit which contains the following components:

- DC voltage source with voltage E

- Capacitor with capacitance C

- Resistor with resistance R

- Switch which can be connected at the two positions a or b.

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When the Switch is at position (a)

- In this case, the capacitor starts charging.

- The voltage across the capacitor increases from 0 at t = 0 (at the

moment that the switch is connected at position (a)) to reach its maximum
value which is equal to E.

𝑉𝑐 = 𝐸 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡Ττ
τ is called the time constant, τ=RC 7
When the Switch is at position (b)

- In this case, the capacitor starts discharging.

- The voltage across the capacitor decreases from E at t = 0 (at the

moment that the switch is connected at position (b)) to reach 0.

𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐸 𝑒 −𝑡Ττ

τ is called the time constant, τ=RC

8
Example
For the R-C circuit shown, find the voltage on the capacitor after 2 seconds of closing the
switch, when:
a) R=10 MΩ and C=100 µF
b) R=100 KΩ and C=10 µF

Solution

a) In case of R=10 MΩ and C=100 µF

𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 = 10 × 106 × 100 × 10−6 = 1000 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝑐 = 𝐸 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/τ
at 𝑡 = 2,
𝑉𝑐 = 15 1 − 𝑒 −2/1000 = 30 mV

9
 Example Cont.
For the R-C circuit shown, find the voltage on the capacitor after 2 seconds of closing the
switch, when:
a) R=10 MΩ and C=100 µF
b) R=100 KΩ and C=10 µF

Solution
b) In case of R=100 KΩ and C=10 µF
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 = 100 × 103 × 10 × 10−6 = 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝑐 = 𝐸 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/τ
at 𝑡 = 2,
𝑉𝑐 = 15 1 − 𝑒 −2 = 12.97 V

We can remark that,

• For small τ, the capacitor charges and discharges quickly.
• For large τ, the capacitor charges and discharges slowly. 10
Task

Solve the exercise in page 85.

11
Capacitors in Series

Unlike resistors, the total capacitance is decreased by placing

capacitors in series.

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝐶𝑇 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3

12
Capacitors in Parallel

Connecting capacitors in parallel will increase the total

capacitance.

𝐶𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3

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