STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

CHAPTER 3
STRUCTURAL FASTENER AND
CONNECTIONS

Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Sumatera

Ir. DANIEL RUMBI TERUNA, MT;IP-U HAKI
Table of contents

Types of fastener
Typical bolted connections
Advantages of welding
Advantages of bolts
Type of bolts
Installation of bolt
Bolt holes
Spacing, Edge and End Distances
Bolted shear connection
Mode of failure of bolted connections
Design strength of fastener
Type of Connections
Examples
TYPES OF FASTENER

Three methods of connecting steel

members:
§ Rivets
§ Bolts:
Common bolt (A307)
High strengh bolt (A425, A490, F1852)
§ Welds
Fillet weld
Groove weld
 TYPES OF FASTENER

BOLT

Washer

RIVETS

T.C BOLT
TYPES OF FASTENER
Parts of the Bolt Assembly

Grip Washer
Washer Nut
Face

Shank Thread
Head
Length
Turn-of-Nut Installation
 Snug-tight Installation

Snug-tight is the tightness attained with a few hits of an impact wrench or the full
effort of an ironworker using an ordinary spud wrench to bring the connected plies
into firm contact
 Direct Tension Indicator

• Another way to try to ensure proper pretensioning of a bolt is through the use
of direct tension indicators (DTIs)
• These washers have protrusions that must bear against the unturned element
• As the bolt is tightened the clamping force flattens the protrusions and reduces
the gap
• The gap is measured with a feeler gage
• When the gap reaches the specified size the bolt is properly pretensioned
(AISC & NISD 2000)
Advantages of Welding

Materials saving (often no connecting members

necessary)
Quieter than impact wrenches normally used for bolts
More forgiving when dimensions don’t match
Forms rigid joints
Simpler detailing
Advantages of Bolts

Does not require as highly skilled workers

Requires less equipment
Reduced risk of fire
Better quality control
 Type of Bolts

Available Bolts
A307 – Non-high strength bolts
A325
A490
F8T
F10T
F11T
F1852 (T.C bolt)
Bolt Holes

Standard holes

d d+ 1"
16

Oversized holes

d d+ 3"
16
Bolt Holes

Short slotted
d d+ 1"
holes 16

d+ 1"
4

Long slotted d d+ 1"

16
holes
2,5d
 Spacing, Edge, and End Distances

Minimums
Center to center preferably 3 x bolt
diameter
Edge distance – Table 13.4-1 SNI-LRFD-2002
§ Hand cut edges 1,75 x bolt diameter
§ Machine cut edges 1,5 x bolt diameter
§ Rolled edges of plate, shape or bars 1,25 x bolt diameter

Maximums
Center to Center (pitch)
Bolted Shear Connection
 Mode of Failure of Bolted Connections

(a) Shear failure of bolt (b) Tensile failure of plate

(c) Bearing failure of bolt (d) Shear failure of plate

(e) Tensile
failure of bolt (f) Bending failure of bolt
 Bearing
Bearing Fracture
Bearing
Yield Fracture

Bearing
Yield

Tension failure of bolt

Design strength of Fastener

Shear strength of fastener

φ R n = φ mA b τ u = φ mA b (0 , 62 F ub )

where Rn = nominal strength of one fastener

φ = resistance factor (0,75)
m = number of shear plane
Fub = tensile strength of the bolt material
Ab = area of unthreaded shank of the bolt
u = ultimate shear stress of the bolt material
Design strength of Fastener

φ R n = 0 , 75 (reduction of connection length )(0 , 62 Fub )mA b

= 0 , 75 (0 ,8 )(0 , 62 Fub )mA b
= 0 , 75 (0 ,5 Fub )mA b

When threaded in shear plane

φ R n = 0 , 75 (reduction of connection length )(0 , 62 Fub )mA b

= 0 , 75 (0 ,8 )(0 , 62 Fub )m ( 0 , 75 Ab )
= 0 , 75 (0 , 4 Fub )mA b
Threads in the Shear Plane

Threads Included In The Shear Plane

Threads Excluded From The Shear Plane

Design strength of Fastener

Design bearing strength

α
1
1
d
2
2

d/2
S Le
Design strength of Fastener

Shear failure along line 1-1 and 2-2

 d p
Rn = 2t  Le −  τ u
 2
( )
where τ up = shear strength of plate material ≈ 0,62 Fu
Fu = tensile strength of plate material
Le = distance along line of force from edge of the
connected part to the center of a hole
d = nominal bolt diameter
 Design strength of Fastener

 d
(
Thus , Rn = 2t  Le −  0,62 Fu )
 2
 d
Rn = 1,24 Fu dt  Le − 
 2
may be approximated as Rn = Fu tLe

center to center of a bolt minimum 2,67 d and preferably 3d

Rn = 3,0 Fu dt
Design strength of Fastener

Tensile strength

φ R n = φ F ub A n

where Rn = nominal strength of one fastener

φ = resistance factor (0,75)
Fub = tensile strength of the bolt material
An = area of threaded of the bolt ≈ 0,75 Ab

φ R n = 0 , 75 (0 , 75 Ab )Fub
Design strength of Fastener

Deformation limit state for standard holes perpendicur to the line of

force, where end distance Le is at least 1,5 times the bolt diameter d,
the center-to-center spacing s is at least 3d, the are two or more bolts
in the line of force

φRn = φ 2.4 Fu dt , where φ = 0.75

Deformation limit state for long slotted holes perpendicur to the line of
force, where end distance Le is at least 1,5 times the bolt diameter d,
the center-to-center spacing s is at least 3d, the are two or more bolts
in the line of force

φRn = φ 2.0 Fu dt , where φ = 0.75

Design strength of Fastener

Strength limit state for the bolt nearest the edge, according to
AISC LRFD Formula

φRn = φLe Fu t , where φ = 0.75

Strength limit state when hole elongation exceeding 0,25 inch,

and the hole ovalization can be tolerated, AISC LRFD Formula

φRn = φ 3.0 Fu dt , where φ = 0.75

 Slip Critical Connections

µT
P
P
T
µT

Transfer of load in pretensioned high strength bolted connection

Slip Critical Connections

Design strength

φ R str = φ 1,13 µ T i m
where Rstr = nominal slip resistance per olt at factored load
m = number of slip(shear ) plane
Ti = minimumm bolt initial tension
µ = mean slip coeficient (0,33 − 0,4 )
φ = 1.0 for standar hole
= 0.85 for oversize and short slotted holes
= 0.70 for long slotted transverse to load
= 0.60 for long slotted holes paralel to load
 Example 1

15mm
10mm

30mm

Pu Pu 60mm

30mm

25mm 50mm 50mm 50mm 50mm 25mm

Suatu sambungan seperti gambar dengan baut mutu tinggi diameter 16mm.
Hitung beban maksimum yang dapat dipikul oleh baut bila ditetapkan
tegangan tarik pelat (Fu = 250Mpa) dan tegangan tarik maksimum baut ( Fu = 800 Mpa )
b
Example 1

Kekuatan baut terhadap bearing/tumpu

Untuk Le ≥ 1.5D dan S ≥ 3D , kekuatan baut terhadap tumpu adalah:

φRn = φ 2.4 Fu dt = 0.75(2.4 )(250 )(16 )10 = 72 KN

terkecil antara t1 dan t 2

Kekuatan baut terhadap geser
Bila ulir diluar bidang geser, kekuatan baut terhadap geser adalah:

φ R n = 0 , 75 (0 ,5 F ub )mA b
= 0 . 75 (0 . 5 x 800 )1 x 201 = 60 . 3 KN

Jadi kekuatan baut terhadap geser lebih kecil dari kekuatan terhadap
tumpu. Kesimpulan kekuatan sambungan dengan 10 baut adalah
Pu = 10x60.3KN = 603KN
 Example 2

t1 = 12mm
t 3 = 20 mm

t 2 = 12mm

30mm

Pu Pu 60mm

30mm

25mm 70mm 70mm 70mm 70mm 25mm

Suatu sambungan seperti gambar dengan baut mutu tinggi diameter 19mm.
Hitung beban maksimum yang dapat dipikul oleh baut bila ditetapkan
tegangan tarik pelat (Fu = 250Mpa) dan tegangan tarik maksimum baut ( Fu = 800 Mpa )
b
Example 2

Kekuatan baut terhadap bearing/tumpu

Ø Untuk Le < 1.5D , kekuatan baut tepi terhadap tumpu adalah:

φRn = φLe Fu t = 0.75(25)(250 )(20 ) = 93.75 KN

 t1 +t 2 = 24mm
terkecil antara 
t 3 = 20mm

Ø Untuk baut tengah S ≥ 3D , kekuatan baut terhadap tumpu adalah:

φRn = φL 2.4 Fu dt = 0.75(2.4 )(250 )(19)(20 ) = 171KN

Kesimpulan kekuatan baut terhadap tumpu adalah

φRn = 4 x(φRn )tepi + 4 x(φRn )tengah = 1059 KN

Example 2

Kekuatan baut terhadap geser

Bila ulir diluar bidang geser, kekuatan baut terhadap geser adalah

φ R n = 0 , 75 (0 ,5 F ub )mA b
= 0 . 75 (0 . 5 x 800 )2 x 283 = 169 . 8 KN
Untuk delapan(8) baut, diperoleh kekuatan baut terhadap geser menjadi:

φ R n = 8 x169 . 8 = 1358 . 4 KN

Jadi kesimpulan kekuatan baut sambungan adalah:

(φRn ) geser = 1358.4KN

Pu terkecil dari
 (φRn ) tumpu = 1059KN menentukan