BRITISH STANDARD BS 812-102: = 1989 Testing aggregates — Part 102: Methods for sampling cpcymser semanas | —— ae ee NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PEEMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Ebadi? Wg”BS-812-102:1989 SS ‘ThieBeteh Standard, having + been prepared unter the s—" sction of te Cement ‘Gypeum, Aggregates ant ‘Quuzy Brodacte Standards Paley Commitee, was ished nee te uth of the Based of BST nd comes int offer on Atdansary 1990 eRsto22000 "leat pulichod July 1984 Now edition Fanuaes 1890 Tue fllowing BSL roferenses relat to the wo2k oa this Eandent Commitse efonco CAVE Bra for commont 8920124 DC ISBN 0 580 17924 9 Committees responsible for this British Standard ‘The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Cement, Gypsum. Aggregates and Quarry Products Standards Policy Committee (GABP) to Technical Committee CAB/2, upon which the following bodies were ropresenied: ‘Aggregate Concrete Block Association Association of Consulting Engineers Association of Consulting Scientists Association of Lightweight Aggregate Manufacturers Brick Development Association British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries British Cement Association British Ceramic Research Lid. British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers’ Association British Geological Sciences British Precaet Concrete Federation Led. British Ready Mixed Concrete Association British Steel Industry Building Employers Confederation Calcium Sificato Brick Association Limited Chartered Institute of Building Concrete Society County Surveyors! Society Depaxtment of the Environment (Building Research Establishment) Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency) Department of Transport (Transport and Road Research Laboratory) Electricity Supply Indusizy in Bogland and Wales Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors Institute of Concrete Technology Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Highways and Transportation Institution of Structural Engineers Institution of Water and Environmental Management (IWEM) ‘Mortar Producers Associntion Limitod ‘Sand and Gravel Association Limited Society of Chemical Industry Amendments issued since publication ‘Rind No. [Date of issue | CommentsBS 812-102:1989 a Contents Page ‘Committees responsible Inside tront cover Foreword it : o 1 2 3 Principle 4 Apparatus 5 Procedure for sampling coarse, fine and all-in aggregates 6 Sample reduetion 7 Nominal description, 3 Despatch of samples Certificate of sampling, Appendix A Petwological description of natural aggregates ‘Appendix B Recommended form of certificate of sampling Appendix C Description of particle shape and surface texture of aggregates Figure 1 — Sampling scoops Figure 2— A suitable type of sample divider (cillle-bos) Figure 3 —Typical particle shapes x ‘Fable 1 — Minimum umber of campling increments ‘Table 2— Rock types commonly ueed for aggregates ‘Table 8 — Particle shape 9 Tabie 4— Surface texture 9 Publications referred to —~S~S~SSSCSCSSC—=ds de bev ong oiataee RBEY 022000 iBS.812-102:1989 ————————— Foreword ‘This Part of BS 812 has been prepared under the direction of the Cement, Gypsum, Aggregates and Quarry Products Standards Policy Committee, ‘This is, ‘a new edition of this Section of BS $12. This edition introduees technical changes to bring the standard up-to-date but it does not reflect full review of the standard, which will be undertaken in due course. BS 812-102:1984” was a revision of clauses 3, § and 6 of BS 812-1:1975 and this edition re-introduces, in the form of an appendix, the description of particle shape and surface texture of aggregates previously contained therein. The remainder of the 1975 edition is being revised and as each of the tests, or collection of related tests is revised it is intended to issue it as a separate Part or Section of this standare. As part of the new approach to harmonization and standards in Europe, work on esting of aggregates will become part of the programme of work to be undertaken, by CEN/TC 164, Aggrogatos. Lf the methods described in this standard ure to be included in that programme then, under the CEN Regulations, they will become subject to standstill, The standstill is an obligation on the part of members of CENICENELEC not to publish during a given periad a new or revised national standard which is not completely in line with a Furopean Standard (BN) or a Harmonized Document (HD) in existence or in preparation, or to take any other action which could prejudice the intended harmonization. The next edition ofthis, standard could therefore be a dual Britist/uropean (EN) Standard. Itis intended that other British Standards should eall up BS 812 test methods as the basis of the compliance, Nevertheless, it s no! intended that all aggregates, should be eubjected regularly to all the listed tosts. Specifications in other standards should call up only zelevant test methods. ‘Some of the tests in ather Parts of this standard are of limited application, and advice an the use of simpler tests is given, for example when they can be used for a preliminary sorting of agevegates to see whether more expensive testing is justified, Reference should be made to BS $12-101 for general guidance on testing ageregates, precision of test methods and variance arising from sampling errors. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary pvovisions of a ‘contract, Users of Britis Standards are responsible for their correct application, Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages ‘This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and i, pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover. ‘This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorgorated, This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. 1 Now withrasen spinners ‘© msi v2 2000BS 8$12-102:1989 — 0 Introduction [All the stages of sampling leading to the production of proper test portions require still and care. Problems of sevoral kinds arise. a) Sampling may expose the operator to difficulty ‘and poasible danger. Due considerations should be given to the safety of the operator at all times. ‘Sampling within the body of a vehicle or under ‘chutes pose particular difficulties. 1) Oftenit is not easy to discorn a batch, and thus specifications that rely on this standard should state the maximum quantity that-a bull sample should represent. ©) Aggregates often segregate by size and, ideally, they should be sampled from large quantities during loading or unloading, but this is often impractical. ‘The general principles of BS 5909-1 and BS 5309-4 should be followed in drawing up sainpling plans. ‘The mothod set out in clause 5 should be used as the basis for tests for compliance with specifications for aggregates. Materials finer then 76 pm, used as fillers in bituminous mixtures, should be sampled in aceaviianes with BS 4550-1, using procedures appropriate to the type of delivery to produce a lnboratory sample having a mass of at least 7 ke, ‘The desinitions of the several stages in the production of the test portions are given in clause 2. Tn como cases the bulk sample is inconvenieatly large to send for testing and has to be reduced. Hf not, it becomes the laboratory sample. ‘At the laboratory, the laboratory sample is reduced to the test portions required. If adequate facilities ‘exist at the point of taking the bull sample, all necessary reduction to the stage of producing the test portions may be dene before despatch to the laboratory, If several kinds of tests are to be done, an intermediate stage of reduction is necessary. In other eases, the test partion is reduced directly feom the laboratory earaple. It is again eraphasized, that cave has to be taken to ensure that the test portions are representative of the bulls sacuple. 1 Scope ‘This Part of BS 612 describes methods for obtaining samples of aggregates of the quantity required far ‘carrying out testing in accordance with othex Parts fof BS 812. The method to he used for recording the ‘nominal description of materials sampled is also given. NOTE. ‘The then ofthe publications efereed tein this sonar sre Usted tho nade back cover. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard the definitions of petrologica} terms in BS 6100-5.2 apply (soe also Appendix A) together with the following. 24 batch a definite quantity of some commodity manufactured or produced under conditions which are presumed uniform NOTE _ With rontinaous proce ‘eponied period shouldbe teected 22 sampling increment ‘a quantity of material taken at one time from a lazgor body of material NOTE Whos sampling agereraten, the matesal taken bya le operating of he sap seoald bo treated as sampling 23 bulk sample ‘an aggregation of the sampling inerements 24 laboratory sample a sample intended for laboratory inspection or testing 25 ‘test portion tho material used as a whole in testing or inspection uantity peodeed rine ‘Pbaeh wa batch f aggregaton, the aggregationot sling increments yclde the balk sample. the al tse is ofa spproprinte sie ite sont ts tho laburetory aes aeefalon snap, otherwise te redo by s same reauation fprovtat he deacitn in clnuae 6 othe Iahoratorycarple, At Eke [Rtoratry, the Iaboretory anmpe i reduce by 90 cre reductow operstionata ta quant roqured by aparGcdar wat hod the quantity of moueral produced st tho isl staps of ple rfuctinn ia rofered ta th test portion. 8 partner {ine macthd may then require savor apecaman obo ae can tect portion. 8 Principle “Unless an explicit statement to the contrary is made in other Parts of this standard, the aim is to obtain a test portion that is representative of the average ‘quality of the bateh. 4 Apparatus 4.1 A small scoop, to hold a volume of at least 1 L. (le, about 1.6 kg of aggregate of normal density). ‘This scoop ts used for sampling aggregates of nominal sizes less than 5 mm.BS 812-102:1989 ——— 4.2A lorge scoop, to hold a volume of at least 2L (ce, about 3 ke of aggrogate of normal density), ‘This seaop is used to sample any grading of aggregate, but is required particularly for aggregates of nominal sizes greater than 5 mm, NOTE. A uitahleaecop i shown in Pigue 1 4.3 Containers, clean and non-absorbent, such a8 ‘buckets, for calleeting the increments of a sample. 4.4 Containers, clean and impervious, such as bags made of plastics at least 100 pm thick, for sending samples to laboratories. 4.5 A sample divider, appropziate to the maximum size to be handled, e.g. a riffle box such as that jlustrated in Figure 2. Altornatively, a flat shovel and a clean flat and hard surface, e.g, a metal tray, for use in quartering. OTP. For sumpling in epoca siceumatances oes ‘age neored. Fos exaunbe,aavela, spas PEK, ‘Roeued toch the rater to Re samp 5 Procedure for sampling coarse, fine and all-in aggregates ‘The quantity of material to be represented by the Dulk sample shall be clearly defined and the eample shall be taken by a responsible and experienced person. Obtain a bulk sample by collecting, in the clean containers, a sufficient number of increments Ge. ecoopful) to provide the required quantity of aggregate for all the tests subsequently ta be made, However the number ofincroments shall be not less than these given in Table 1. ‘Take the increments from different parts of the batch in such a way as fo represent the average quality. When replicate samples axe roquived take each sample as a separate and independent operation. ‘When sampling from heaps of aggregate, take the required number of increments from positions evenly distributed over the whole surface of the heap, At the required spot for each increment vemove as much surface material as necessary to ‘expose aggregate at least 150 mm in from the surface. Take the increment by digging the scoop. into this exposed material NOTE1 Aggrogaten tat ex badly sepreynies present Dace of varging complies and in many cas its beter to ‘rai tl thoy are moved. NOTH2 Sampling near ground level should bo done wi are i oven contwmnaica with for sxamigle, ealduee af proviowe sBeteriae When sampling from material in motion, ie. whem it is being loaded or unloaded, calculate the sampling times ta give the required number of sampling increments, ensuring that they are randomly distributed through the batch of aggregate. When sampling from a falling stream of aggregate, take increments from the whale width of the streaun, NOTE Mochanea! srplera, manually or atomatically ‘petted, weed or sampling fom moving sean may be tlt ‘roe in aenondance with this tazdard provided that esol ‘omplogeeperition of tha saute srodwess an increment of at fenat2 Caf ecarso or all'n aggregate or? Lot tine amezenate When sampling from conveyor belts, stop the conveyor at the appropriate time and take all the ‘material from a fixed length of conveyor. CAUTION. Never sample manually from a moving conveyor. For all mothods of sampling, combine all the inevements and either despatch the bulk sample or reduce it to @ smaller representative sample, acceptable to the tester, by the procedure deseribed in clause 6 and then despatch this smalter sample for testing. The sample despatched to the laboratory is the laboratory sample. On completion of the sampling process, always make a visual check of the relation of the eample to the material in bulk, NOTE Whither the bulk sunfire not, tho cample should beeper to comtaln a ansae rage of inn cud the ‘maximus and minim. [NOTE § ‘The proontare described inthis clauses fr obtaining fs bull sample epescentarive othe bata sane. Whe, {hinplinga caret out to ansosa varabllts within hatch, umber f ineemente nv tcken from defined gees the batch ‘and are ho ecb but tested aeparatel. For routine testing ‘unity conte, sphied peooodurer may bo use. Fone {Demons my prove etatacory Tor this porposs White itis osamary to daternine the presence end Quanity of ‘ccxanacoataminans, special ieasutea may be nesoeaney and Welerpce sould be made to the appropriate Pare cf ts Mndard. These andother depertuses fom the method auld be ‘ended on the cerGFcate of 6asp Ng. Table 1— Minimum number of sampling increments Minimum number of sameling ‘inoremonts Approximate minimum mass fornormal density aggresste Large secon | Small scoop he 25 mm and larger |20 = 50 5mm to28mm | 10 = 25 JSmm and emaller [10 half scoops [10 10 ‘9 BSI o2-2000BS 812-102:1989 oe 4 Small Large i scoop seo 4 un me q A 100 126 I a) 128 | © 10¢ = 1954 1 a ‘Mot to sere Figure 1 — Sampling scoops 6 Sample reduction 6.1 General. It is sometimes necessary to reduce the mass of the bulk sample eubstantially. This shall be done in such @ way as to preserve at each stage a representative part of the bulk sample. The methods described in 6.2 and 6.3 are acceptable. 6.2 Using a sample dividor. The width of the channels of the divider shall he appropriate to the ‘maximum particle sizo of the aggregate and, im general, not less than 1.5 times the size of the Targest aggregate particle. When the aggregate ‘contains material finer than 5 mm it shall be surface dey, ‘Thoroughly mix and then pass it through the sample divider, Retain one portion; pass it through again and repeat the process as often as necessary ‘vo reduce the original sample to the required mass, 6.3 Quartering. Thoroughly mix the sample by ‘heaping it on to clean, flat and hard surface to form acone, and turning this over with the shovel to form a new cone, the operation being carried out three tines. Form each conical heap by depositing each shovelful of the material on the apes of the cone 0 that the portions which slide dowa the sides ave distributed as evenly as possible, and so that the centre of the cone is not displaced. Flatten the third cone by repeated vertical insertion of the shoval across the apex of the cone, lifting the shovel clear of the material after each insertion. ‘Then quarter the fattened heap, which shall be ‘uniform in thickness and diameter, along two diameters intersecting at right angles. Discard one pair of diagonally opposite quarters and shovel the remainder into a heap. Repeat the process of mixing and reduction, until the required mass of sample is obtained, 6.4 Sample reduction to provide replicate samples, When duplicate (or moze) laboratory samples are required from a bulk sample, first ‘reduce the bulk sample by the procedure described in 6.2 or 6.3, Recombine all the excess bulk sample rejected at the individual division stages, mix thoroughly and reduce again to provide a second Iaboratory sample. Ropoat as necessary to provide ‘the required number of laboratory samples. NOTE. This procure ehould nao be wed to ysoride replicate (dat partons from a inbratory eae 7 Nominal description ‘The nominal doseription of the material sampled shall be recorded on the cortificate (Goo clause 9) under the following general headings. 8) Type, Use one of the following terms: 41) “crushed rock’ 2) “sand” or “gravel”, In this case record if the aggregate is crushed or partially crushed and, when known, fit has been obtained by inland or marine working: 3) “artificial”. In this ease record ifthe artificial aggregate is slag, synthetic or broken rubble, ete. by Nominal size ©} Other. References shall be made to the presonee of any obvious extraneous pieces in the sample such as clay lumps, organic material, ete. NOTE 1. When geological or pteolsice! tora i aquired to Sescribe an aneeopnt i more dora, ahold be provide hy onpetant perton or utbony using, whenever ponsibla aterm fom Appentis A Sinulaeiywhen # metalorosl tere is requlre te dcceribea sag Saniora deel should be prvided bye competent porn oF tether NOTE Appoudc © shouldbe wed when se aacozeary 19 every Ue pectin hsp ned surfaee terse chavacorsi saggto22000BS 812-102;1989 ——S———————————— NOTE The widthof tho slot shouldbe wt lees than 15 tomes Ube dames of th lagoct axrogote particle, Figure 2— A suitable type of sample divider (rifflo-box) 8 Despatch of samples 8.1 Packing samples of aggregates. The samples hall be transferred completely to containers {eee 4.4) which shall thon be seated for despatch. Where necessary, particularly where the aggregate coataine crushed particles of the larger sizes, the bags shall be protected against damage in transit by ‘casing in suitable containers. [NOTE Trividual packngos hid prefrably not execs 30x: 8.2 Information to be sent with samples. Each ‘package shall contain a card, suitably protected from damage by moisture and abrasion, giving the name and address of the sender and his description ofthe material ‘When several samples are taken from a single source, each individual sample shall be separately identified. ‘© BST 92.2000BS 812-102:1989 ——S———— 9 Certificate of sampling Each sample, or group of samples from a single source, shall be accompanied by a certificate, from the person responsible for taking the sample, tortiiying that sampling was carried out in ‘ecordance with this British Standard. The Certificate shall include as much ns is appropriate of the following information, See Appendix B for a ‘recommended form of certificate. a) the date, ime, place and method of sampling: b) the name and location of source; ) sample identification mark (or marks}; 4) all the data recorded under nominal description (clause 7). When a geological, petrological or metallurgical term is used to describe a matarial, the identity of the competent person or authority responsible for the description shall be recorded; «¢) description of the batch; ‘Dany other information likely to be helpful to the testar (see note 6 to clause 6); {g) name and signature of sampler. gst ozoBS 812-102:1989 —— Appendix A Petrological description of natural aggregates ‘The aggregate should be described by an appropriate petrological name, preferably selected from the list of torme and definitions given in Table 2, which are taken from BS 6100-6.2. In the event that the aggregate cannot be described adequately by the terms in Table 2, it should be described by anather appropriate petzologically accepted term, In the caso of sedimentary rocks such as limestone or sandstone the geological age of the rock should also bbe given. The geological age requirement is satisfied by using ono of the following terms: Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carbomferous, Permian”, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, ‘Textiary, For example, different types of limestone are described in terms of their age as follows, Carboniferous limestone, Jurasaic limestone, Silurian limestone etc. The age of post-Tertiary materials need not be given. Where the petrological character of an aggregate is intermediate between any of the terms in Table 2, or, where it consists of mixed gravels, the aggregate shoull be described by combining appropriate terms, e. granite/diorite, basalvdolerite, microgranitedrhyolite, quartzite/granulite, flint/quartzite. Petrologicel description does not take account of suitability for any particular purpose, which should be ‘dclermined in accordance with the appropriate British Standard. the ten Magnesian Liavestone eon be eubsituted for Permian Limestone where appropriate Aegon seca esi o2.2000BS 812-102:1989 ee Table 2— Rock types commonly used for aggregates Petrological erm Deseeiption andesite arkose basalt ‘breceiat halle chert conglomerate diorite dolerive dolomite dint gabbro ‘mneies wanite sranutite greywacke aritstone hornfels limestone marble miceogranitet ‘quartzite ehyolites sandstone schist slate svenite trachytet eat fine grained, usually volcanic, variety of diorite a type of sandstone or gritstone containing over 26 % feldspar a fine grained basie reck, similar in composition to gabbro, usually voleanic ‘rock consisting of angulaz, unworn rock fragments, bonded by natural cement a very fine grained Cretaceous limestone, usually white eryptocrystalline® silica rock consisting of rounded pebbles bonded by natural cement an intermediate phitonic rock, consisting mainly of plagioclase, with hornblende, augite or biotite Ja basic rock, with grain size intermediate between that of gabbro and basalt Ja rock oF mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate cryptocrystalline® silica originating as nodules or layers in chalk : 1 coarse grained, basic, plutonic rock, consisting essentially of caleic plagioclase and pyroxene, sometimes with olivine ‘a banded rock, produced by intense motamorphic conditions aa acidic, plutonic rock, consisting essentially of alkali feldspars and quartz a metamorphic rock with granular texture and no preferred oviontation of the minerals Jan impure type of sandstone or gritstone, composed of poorly sorted fragments of [quartz, other minerals and rock; the coarser grains are usvally strangly cemented in a ine matrix ‘a sandstone, with eoarse and usually angular grains a thermally metamorphosed rock containing substantial amounts of rock-forming silicate minerals a sedimentary rock, consisting predominantly of calcium earhonate a metamorphosed limestone an acidic rock with grain size intermediate between that of granite and rhyolite a metamorphic rock or sedimentary rock, composed almost entirely of quarts grains a fine grained or glassy acidie rock, usually voleanie 1 sedimentary rock, composed of sand grains naturally cemented together a metamoxphie rock in which the minerals are arranged in neasly parallel bands or layers. Platy or elongate minerals such as mica or hornblende cause fissility in the rock ‘which distinguishes it from a gneiss a rock derived from argillaceous sediments or volcanic ash by metamexphism, characterized by cleavage planes independent of the original stratification jan intermediate plutonie rock, consisting mainly of alkali feldspar with plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, or augtite a fine grained, usually volcanic, variety of eyenite consalidated voleanic ash porphyey or fst aoserpton Fike terme icroeranite, allt andeaia or acy, ae appropriate, are prefered for Zockealcenaively described a8 P Somsterma refer to steustureortexhir oly, eg Insosa oe enoglamerats, ad ese terme anit he uesd alone ve provide fll | Cermposud of exyeule wo Fine that they ean be resale only wt the ald of high powar wicrossop, ocr tr ABST 02-2000BS 812-102:1989 ——— Appendix B Recommended form of certificate of sampling Gériificate of sampling in accordance with BS 812-102 Sample identification mark Date, time, place and method of sampling: Name and location of sounce: Nominal description: a) type: +) nominal size: c) comments on sample. Coarse or fine aggregate: Quantity of batch sampled: Nome and signature of sampler: Bsr 02 2000BS 812-102:1989 Se Appendix C Description of particle shape and surface texture of aggregates ‘To avoid lengthy descriptions, it ig convenient to classify aggregate particle shape and surface texture characteristics under a number of simple headings. The system given in Table 3 and Table 4 has heen devised for this paxpese. "Typical particle shapes are illustrated in Figure 3 and tests for obtaining quantitative assessments of Alakiness and elongation are given in Parts 106.1 and 105.2", Table 3 — Particle shape two dimensions Classification Description Rounded Filly watexwarn or completely shaped by atirition Tiregtlay Naturally invegulir, or parly shaped by attrition and ‘having rounded edges Angular Possessing well dofined edges Toned at the intersection of roughly planar faces tay [Having one dimension significantly smaller than the other owo dimensions ‘Bloagated Having one dimension significantly larger than the other larger than thickness Flaky and elongated [Having three significantly different dimensions, Le. length significantly larger than width and width significantly Tablo 4 — Surface texture Suriace toxtare (Characterition Ghasy Concheidal G.e, curved) Fracture Smooth "Water-worn or amaoth due to fractuse of laininated or very finely grained rock [Gzanuiar [Fracture showing more or lecs uniform siz0 rounded grains Rough Fracture offine of medium grammed rock containing no easily visible crystalline constituents Crystalline [Containing easily visible crystalline constituents Honeyeombed With visible pores and eavities [based on the Impreseion shih wocld be gained by visual ex ‘pe my mt fall iat the same group in Table. NOTE Sarfe texture has boon desorbed undor the above da headings: This grouping ia broad Raine anton of hand specmons. It doesnot penport tobo a proces retrologcal inaaigcatjn (se Appendix). Different specmens of he sae roc, 1m preparation s2zst.2-2000BS'812-102:1989 Flaky and elongeted Figure 3 — Typical particle shapes ‘© Ast o0-2000BS 812-102:1989 Publications referred to BS 812, Testing aggreyates BS 812-101, Guide te sampling and testing aggregates. BS 612-105, Methods for determination of particle shape. BG §12-108.1, Flakiness index. BS 812-105.2, Elongation index of coarse agaregate®. BS 4550, Methods of testing cement. BS 4550-1, Sampling. BS 5309, Methods for sumpting chemical products BS 5409-1, Introduction and general principles. BS 5809-4, Sumpling of solids. BS 6100, Glossary of building and civil engineering terms. BS 6100.5.2, Stone. 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