| suoneonqnd SVS 6 | SANS? SINHD AS Galiga PTUs Keli tel la jes16bojo1I90S ‘911 39 ‘sed iC 1 Auaoyoy>4p artes "736 8661 930 91 SYLNID dens IN3¥INOG AdVH8IT KSILIUGFist published 198 SSAGE Publications In 2455 Teller Road ‘Thousand Oaks, Cntr 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt id Bish Library Cataloguing in Publication date ‘A eatalogue record fortis book = avalable from the Brissh Library ISON 0 60597578 9 ISBN 0 8039 79797 (pb) Library of Congress catalog record avalible “Typeet by Mayhew Typeseting. Rhayader, Powys Phited in Great Britain by The Cromvll ress Led, Trowbeidge, Witsze Notes on Contributors roduetion Chris Jenks Agency David F. We iy/Change Fran Cor Fact/Value Swe Stedman-fones Loca/Giobal Les Back Qualtative/Quantitative David Silverman Normal/Pathological Clive Seale cul ature Helen Thomas RelativismyAbsolutism — Sue Stedman-Jones Pu Sex'Gender Joanne En Race/Ethnicity Jean Popes rm David F. Walsh vate Don Slater tle temationalism Josep R. Llobera Theory/Practice Paul Filmer Fran Tonkiss jefPassive Chris Jenks SubjectiObject David F. Walsh ImagefText Pau mer5 Y eC aig BIS reas) srw Fuqoq ue 1 pn fas Jo oigoud 8m Sunyo2u] BBN, 0 IONE Imbos pun sramog “ry “(G66K 5%d TON) 24m)" aug aN a2e suoweongnd 1oleUr yuedar sour SHY °282I[0 siAnaspjog ye 480005 ut Jamysa}| soNNNG MoU st af] ~eB>T}OD sHPRUUSPIOD ye quapmys oqenperdysod w pue ajenperSiepun uP \yoq sem YOVE SIT ‘purus ut spaou sayy pue squapmis Jo SuoRex0uR8 Ip fantim useq sey Yoog say ‘oundDsIp ayy unpIM samsy ypseasox Supe, ue Kap YnoWyTY oq se ‘sD aos Ut 20 shprys ayeNpesssod Se IO Sung pur aounredigy uu aumIRy BUO-AINDMH ATE AIBN, O04 SP UT pawwosoidat seaze aanureasqns Jo “Gotea © ut se [am se yoseasor aaneaten pure Arooxy ten “Auoay [Epos Jo splay aly UI uoReNdar 2[gex—pIs Ato © set 41 319. aX8 UF AROIOHOS Jo swuaUMedap isowaI0y aXB JO 2U0 St ‘aopucy jo Sustonnan, ‘¥970 spRAspIor ye ABoqoHoS yo wee EdaC af ESTOS Er teem CME n. \] opus palgns apn 2U0N srouauapr 2Byms oq ens! YHOM, epounsoa/Auwenon, mn sseyyyu6 ayes 20 weeq/es J2yIg woq—SWweNVSPEaN SM “J plava pu somuony, HapEL SAIWOLOHDIA TW31DO10190S 3409CORE SOCIOLOGICAL DICHOTOMIES CHRIS JENKS is Professor of Sociology and Pro-Warden Goldsmiths Reproduction (Routledge 1 A. James and A. Prout: Polity 1998), ‘Subculture: The Fragmentation of the Social (Sage) and Transgressive Culture (with C. Rojek). JOSEP R. LLOBERA recently retired from the Department after sixteen years’ service and is now Emeritus Reader in Sociology at Gold: lege. He thas also been awarded the status of Visiting Professor of Anthropology at the University College, London and Visiting Professor at the Unive Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona. His most recent major publication is TI ‘Modernity: The Development of Nationalism in Modern Europe (Berg, 199% JEAN FOPEAU is a Visiting Tutor in Sociology at Goldsmiths College, where Researching Society and Cul Death: The Sociology of Dying and Bereavement interests are in the field of death and dying, particularly hospice care and ‘euthanasia DAVID SILVERMAN is Professor of Sociology at Goldsmiths College, and the longest serving member of staff in the Department recognition for his work with the publication of The Theory of Organizations (Heinemann 1970) and has continued as a prolific researcher and writer, His most recent major publications include Interpreting Qualitative Data: Harvey Sacks (Polity 1998). DON SLATER is Lecturer in Sociology at published Consumer Culture and Mader publication of Markets, Modernity and Soci Polity 1998) and The Business of Advertsing research interests are omi ‘oldsmiths College. He has recently Polity 1987) and he awaits the Theory (with Fran Tonkis: S. Nixon: Amol). His the sociology of econ CONTRIBUTORS jology at Goldsmiths science, She is now a STEDMAN JON lege, specializing, in lance researcher and im Reconsidered (Pol College. She awaits heory (with Don Slater: Polity) ch interests concern urban issues and the sociology of economic ‘was previously a research postgraduate in the Department. DAVID F. WALSH is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at co-author of New Direc in the area of popular culture and music theatre-a8popnouy yo ype] Jo souatadxo snp yS0128 0} Maas 2% SOA 10d [poy Je aM Se sm, Oy UOBALIEG, sqe asoW pueisiapun 0} An oy ajdoad wos; pay ay) 1910 Ays1os ys088ns yh aM spalqns sad amok uy paypeyar sty) pue Aswan 9 SoMUUOD JSAATUY SNL “sWAPRS aeNpeAs sey ABojo90s ur ysouaqut sendod e eK eouorsry quaqnqimy aures sup Bun] 2} Tepes mnoge sso] pur 882} yeY o8 APPIN pue ‘sem Sueur ut pauoysuen soy apy Tepes Aunque yo zoyeNb sed amp Suunq -Ajjeoueurexp amb pasueyp sey apy Avpiraao jo saype1e4p ‘qumjon snp 0} stoMAERUO 91p Jo AULUE OS > "T jaaat Jo Aauea e ye Boones Sune} ITM, syual syd ICY PE) sXe PUT ‘CORE SOCIOLOGICAL DICHOTOMIES ‘Ata time when governments internationally are calling out for a higher level of recruitment to mathematics, engineering, physics and chemistry, commerce are demanding increased skills in technology ce, students are choosing in vast numbers to study the nore especially the social sciences. Clearly we now appear more preoccupied than ever before with questions concerning our personal and social identities, and our collective responses to social pressures and constraints. The boundaries of our interest and inquiry are expanding and we are more amenable to receiving infor- ‘ation about our social conduct and adapting our behaviour in response to it So, if we take a few examples: the changing attitudes of men towards ‘women; the interactions between different cultural communities; the way that children are taught and assessed in schools; the relations between forces of law and order and the public; the manner in which doctors with their patients; and the strategies and programmes that tis possible to point to different areas of everyday life and suggest that sociology has contributed to th directly or indirectly, we ean also say with confidence of collective life and no aspect of social action that socio have felt unable or unwilling to explore. Everyone anticipates that socio- logists will want to speak about issues to do with social class, which has However sociologists are equally concerned to study football hooliganism, HIV infection, humour, dying, racial conflict, childrearing practices, popular culture etc: thelist is inexhaustible. All of the social world is our stage but, of course, we tend to be drawn to study some topics more than others and that is usually because some topics are of more pressing concern and call forth a greater moral comunitment at particular historical moments. Tt would be hard not to be concemed with HIV infection in the modern world. When sociology was new ~ and a variety of histories and commentaries will tell you that it found its origins towards the end of the nineteenth century — its concems were quite different to those that preoccupy us today. Sociology was, at the outset, a particularly European way of thinking even though a large part of its tradition developed in parallel in the USA. ‘Throughout the nineteenth century all of the ‘were still experiencing the disruptive after-effect 1789. The inflexible politics of an old order of government and privilege had for so long kept societies stable and unchanged was now being questioned. The Revolution had violently challenged the long-held assump. tions conceming power, prestige, hierarchy and status and had produced an instability that required an adjustment to change. These social ‘ments were now all guided by a philosophical concer with the principles 2 INTRODUCTION of equality, freedom and altruism deriving from the new French Republic. At the same time technology was developing and the way that people ‘produced things for use and consumption in society had changed. Farming and small-scale domestic manufacture were giving way to industralization and mass production. People were moving from the countryside into towns, urban populations were becoming larger and denser, and, most significant of al, the structure of relationships between people was altering, dramatically and irrevocably through new divisions of labour. Overriding and directing all of these changes a new form of political economy had evolved which, through a variety of mutations, was destined to rule our lives and contribute to major world threatening antagonisms up until the present day. This form is what we have come to call ‘capitalism’. Iti, in part, a mode of production also a description of the way in which, their day and treated them not sues, that is, as issues of value Marx considered social stratification, Weber sought to explain bureaucracy and Durkheim investigated the social causes of suicide, they all did so with a larger view of what a ‘good soci writing about problems that derive society at the end of the twentieth about values that are shared or beliefs adapted to this problem, in part, by beginning to find ways of addressing the personal experience of a whole range of different groups within the day. Now, even though we may not have abandoned our 1 “good society’, as sociologists living in the present we tend to bbe concerned with more specific contexts. So, for example, we mij to express the politics and identities of people of different gen different sexual orientations; to articulate the experienct ‘and less easy ‘are common. Sociology has variety of ethnic groups and belief systems; to to be a child rather than an adult; or to demonstrate the social constraints pressing on a person with ‘special needs’. These examples, and there are many more, ight indicate how our work as sociologists continues to have a gene and critical, appeal and application even in a modem society whe increasingly difficult to spot the values or beliefs that people hold in In this book we have chosen, quite specifically, to look at some pairs of ideas that we think will help you to understand sociology as a subject with a tradition but, more importantly, will help you relate to sociology as a relevant way of understanding your world today and your place wits oy ‘Jo “aye USHLG ‘SSeP-a[PpRUI ‘aN e sv ‘sep J9AamOY ‘uoHEUETEXD ‘fur nok ane8 | 41 29 YSU 3 yey Keen ayp UT sonMIOIOYDIP YHONR POM aig ssnostp am aya J9N0 PassoyS aq YOU [IA “aIsoyPUEPY 40 ouMOgTAW, ‘10K, many Jo quopysar v se sdeysad “Aqnuey ssep>-BuPfiOM e Jo raquioW v se sdewpod “Ayuouru ounpa ue yo raquious v se sdeysad ‘uwewom e se sdeysad "yoo sng Jo sapear v se axqbadsiad seqnoqred smo yeyy aseo yy OsTe St, _saaupo pny unpies woxy adeds v apr ‘Aousde 2x soMO}OXpIP PesSqe Jo sills} UL SIuaAd [wHOS BunssqeuE 44 ‘sjeanat onsiaadsxad smo eg Ayqeazed 2xq puv dope 2m ansadssad ap jo snosuon AisutseaPut 34 ‘0 aay Apmey9 op 944 “afew anyon uwadoxmy U9}S9N4 ax JO aagqadssod 1 Ayn soupany wang sey ABojOD0S 7A [poy Auews prayuo> wapow a1oW v UY SHUN row pue wroyy SuroUst {duns kq Apondiar ose nq 2030p s9H9008 sayo Supa £q ATE “Aquo 104 panonpe ag we> sup pu ‘xo\po Fe 0} ouadns sy SAR 30 woReU ‘apes woo 304 40 5 1eyR BpNIEHE UE SuTUTEUOD Seapt Jo 398 W sey uOSIEd yey suou womuoonng “wsequaDOWNRS, se 0} 2921 |SOjodonuE yeysA 0 Aim 99 sne> sua pue ueadomg wis) amp jo oansodszad aun {oxy prom aig amoge ajods ABoqomos sxea& s03 “£49008 OK Jo s0.>eIEY> ay pue vowed] mak ‘s e\A “MOREDO] WALK Op O: SHY aULL SORUIOIOYDYP 209 non ABojoo0s Sunppeosdd 30} suoseax pood Ia\RO axe I, swoygord ayy wioja2 0} 20 dn purus uio ano aew 0: uonssod & ut aq Ha nod souped ‘aidood Saigo 0 Suopaq rewq swoumze 20 sajeqap ays ge NUT Aid YOU TE NOK ‘ayedioawe am “Kem shy ul Sap yjoq Uo swuoUMMse ay yo syBuans xp 29 0} pu S9pys Yjog Ox] SayEqap je AleBud oy ospe NOA aqqeUD tT ax benea0q pu suorisod aysoddo pur Sons omy woyy SyuDUERTe YSTgESA 'y sn ajqeus Kany aonedaq aia SanutojoNpxp Jo WLIO} ay LT UOSEDL aM OS yo1Sojomor ayy Jo SORE ap sadesa Sung ‘roquiouy jo¥ OTA v sam uand 10 Bujows dn aye) WSU | AY OF 1 Ayes oy Teta jsoU ay) 0} smOHS ysour a O39 Te yhoge st yf IMoracyaa SuHOA yRoge Asn! 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O1 MOH S3IWOLOHDIG TVIDO101ID0S 30DCORE SOCIOLOGICAL DICHOTOMIES er person's exper location. Dichotomies then have a relevance to people's social experience ‘across different social locations and can therefore include us all, without any exclusion, ‘The second reason for approaching sociological issues through dicho- tomies is to do with history and time. We might rightly suppose that although sociologists from entieth century would know nothing about the atom bomb, about class, solidarity ‘things that are less relevant ‘each one of our tinuity and char The dichotomies stretching back to the origins into a ‘when you, the reader dis tomies rather than through ensure that your thoughts and ideas will be timely, but simultaneously never out of date. ‘There is, however, one major drawback to arguing in terms of dicho- tomies which applies in specific cases. If we are looking at pairs of abstractions like the local and the global, or absolute and relative, then all fof the advantages listed above a position antagonisms and conflicts that may be unintentional, but are certainly divisive and potentially painful. Think, between: short and tall; able and disabled; gay a and stupid. As sodolo many others, are cons critically investigated by us rather than reinforced in our discussions. To this end although we, in this book, recognize the absolute centrality of questions concerning ‘gender’ and also ‘ethnicity’ to understanding your ‘Own social identity and the social relationships that exist between people Within the modem world, we do not set up our arguments as between men. and women, or jeople and white people. Both of these formulations you will recognize of civil rights, the di freedom and oppression. Rather we cover these two important topics ‘through the less confrontational paitings of sex and gender, and race and ethnicity, which enables us to understand the different experiences of being, ‘gendered and belonging to a particular cultural group without setting these differences against one another. We trust that you will in turn, be informed. 6 INTRODUCTION by these two debates but also recognize them to be substantive reworkings of the dichotomy between nature and culture. and remember that this book will provide you with a basis jon of any of the interesting topics that appear in the other are taking, from methodology, through social structure, to ing and exploratory choices that you can make through your ‘optional courses, It should also have an influence, ata later stage, if you are required to make a report or write a dissertation on a topic of your own. Here you will need to have developed a way of producing good arguments. university, when you are user-friendly but not patronizing. You will find intro- sts and some concepts explained at length, but you will times, involved in quite high-level and demanding thors have provided you with a list o refer across your different courses. There is also a all the books and articles cited6 sate Aue 0} a[gonpaut pur (Tye umo SE ut Buyspxa) suaUa® ms *y sind wraipimg amy se eR uoUIIIOUTY © st 3 ypaay aun 8 paznueSuo sry ut Kea eos pur pur sojeiouad yptyos — pom [euaenpuy Wapour Jo puny ureua0 v JO jnpord v aq 0} pandue st yasu AyTenpratput wag Saqeyur Aotq npn plzo% Teo0s 3A Woy} aatap 0} Uses 24 ued dojaaap Jorn sues Ayqeuosiad jo spury ayy puw ‘suon>e sy ayeidoard yoy sontiout ai ‘suosiad sv amnodso Aath Yona sanrea pur sosodmd ‘as390t ay Jo za} ee PUR HEIL Aron AH PAEpUL sO\ROUP avo \yLa Jo1y—B0} dan Auesssoou fou YIN uF aque TeOOs ap Jo. pupUEdapUT IED fp pue ue> Aauy YSnolp se s[enpraypur Se suing Yeu JO xe 0} 95.08 fo Sayer sIseq SA UO “AVODOS St YPTUM LeIgeU TeHOS aTeUR q apeUE fare amieu Aion aay Aq oye samnean [eos AnenuassD are eujoq Uetum yeyp iuoumdue ayy UF seq] uoRIsod ysyMPNS ap Jo uORePUNOS ayy, (cet atkeg pure jyn>) voHeznteSs0 sy Jo saseq ay UE AIaDOS Jo “uejdio pure ayedysonur 0; aos 4oyy se wy a7>U0dDdx oy yatuaye 40 Seopr ayy Jo uoyesyseAu! parTeIap axour nu Busou 930}9q ‘Kiapos Jo amyeu yp jnoge anise ayy se suonssod ov ayy Jo sampeay [enus8 ay ‘ua “sy auTBNO sn yr] ‘aU aUTES ap pu BuO Iv AyaDos ayo Ayapos ump AanDe [eos LOMIpUoD osye pue Aouade ueuET oid v aze sdiysuonyjar fees yxy Sumsze Aq suowsod om aU 9 0} Hoya ay ‘ToAOHOW “SdrysuoNe|aL [eDOS Jo amMeU TENE ap MILA wap 0} Zundwoye st avo uaysA sase> yjOq ur suai qoud a}qeayosoum 0 speay Boupo atp ue Aayyes uoTsod au jo ON TDSSe axp EN st 3598s OF UE T YUN “TaxAMOFy “ABO|OHNS SHEARS 10 HsTUREIA,AP ‘ORsTOY 03 pasoddo se ABojopos uonoe 20 onsuejunjoa ‘susqenprarpur sv suontsod ony ayy (04 29jar Ajosoo] Aeur ayy “aeqap Axvioduraju0o jo ansst we aq 0} sonunUOD stuoumize om) ayy uoomag aindsip amp pur ‘zxpoue au0 0} uoRIsoddo ur Ajjensn “Goa yeoSojopos ut dn uaye, uaeq aaey suonisod yiog ‘Aua0}0up mmo 5} SRL Y URAIM aneyeq o} age axe aqdoad moy suoRFpUOD TKR ‘upysAs v Se Som 3 ypry UT sAem au YBMoNR AWaD0s Jo SraquIOUE aXp JO somtanse ayy soumuma}ap yep sdrysuoNeyar Jo uraysKs w se samyonuy ‘Arapos steay yuoumiae puodes axp isin ‘soua8e sip Jo susia} ut soYyLOUe ‘uo ypu sdiysuonejar siayy aonpoid pue suogae unio aay jo suede axe ‘oy siaquiout fenpralpur sit Jo suonae ayy Jo No pasodwio> se saimanns SS pue jap0s sqean jusumre js1y ap “ToADMOF] “BURIsHO aaTDAlGO Ue sey os pue sem sejnoqred ur “paznrei0 40 “paunpauys axe yprya sraquiour sir uaamqoq sdnysuoner Jo ysIsuaD 0} U32s St AaID0s ‘Sas YON UT LUIEMY ADNIOW/IUNIDMULS nut sajna Kony se Are_08 Jo suaquuow yp Jo S9NEARDE OU BUNEEDIDP YPN, eusayx9 se wap saystaesse yey) Anuopr owouoIne Ue aaanpe yew nim sdhysuowefat [bos ayn OP 30 {08 Bu}op yo ssapoud “iopos oyeai> pue zayjoue a4 Yon sdrysuoneyas ap af%0y Afoande ‘Slenpiarpur se “oy sjenprarpuy jo YonDero> w Ai9pos s} ypRYst AynMUT shoo 2 sf 2j [eps yo UoHeAnsaaun aR 03 24d0y TERED v se soBiouD “ous8e snstan apna jo ans atp pu ABojOp0s 10} woqqoud w anypsH09 pos sasudulo> yey Jo aunyeu au 141 yuiod sn fynumunaoo © om zoxafoy payse7}0> are Lowy Y>TUAA huod Aiep0s ssnedoq #8 iad SENPLAPUT 0 UOHDITOD 10 ims se pps youn of AHoqomOS Jo} afqssod i0W 53 a Soup Yayo sodoys axp pue sured asoxy jo uoweznuei0 atp aqunsep pu ammde> 0 fen A2ojop0s yp (ioou09 “2') kay ap st axRRUS fePOS pu ‘soquML Sar usosoq dojasop pue afsama yey sdiysuonep jenos Jo suaued Snouea asamp sf Koos -sKem aeqmaqued uy sdnysuowefes asayy yo ome dq sadeys youn zoqoure ovo o} ae[az Wut 2a OY suosiad ayp YORyen ut ‘fem a0} UOReZTES:0 Jo WO} ayRIYDP wOS s aD\p Ip 998 04 AressI.9 si 11 Amgear © se Appatoalgo spa sop YR UoLuOUayd e Se TE Ye Jo aNaDUOD o} JoprO uy ajdus Uosear a, UDP ap O}fesRUD ‘emmosge pue nreuodin your ayy st amore [Epos “AaD0s 34 pue pueiszopum of padojarap sey ASojo_nos yoryis sdoouoo ayy yop suownsie -S1u2]UeD 3, ‘xp jo Aureus aze se Sfoog snp UMAIM so) joneptmoy ‘sasuas Aureus wt ‘are soydeyp 410M “A PiOwCL PTTL h PPLE COLIEE SyCORE SOCIOLOGICAL DICHOTOMIES biological or psychological (Durkheim ty cannot exist without its individual abstract character that makes ther vidual by no means undermines detected and measured by the ways ‘apparent from how the position of the 3 a comes to determine of the members of society. individuals within these st ‘what they can and cannot typicality of how all in ppositions engage in the despite the fact that they are different people. This the invariant character infinite variability of behaviour that would make it impossible to be a recognizable activity, namely a lecture, at all. These structures and insti- tutions, then, play a regulative role in social life and they have a hi and autonomy that transcend the purely personal to the point where ‘members of society as well as enabling them to interact with one another. They are conditions which govern social life, ind work have to be understood in ally and what factors keep them terms of what gave rise to them in operation. [At this point different kinds of structuralist theories vary as to how they ‘explain structures and institutions, On the one hand theorists of a Marxist and neo-Marxist persuasion argue that the structural organization relationships derives from the collective organization of the processes production through which a material basis is provided for the existence of 10 ‘STRUCTURE/AGENCY society, so that social relationships have an essentially economic foundation in order for social life to be possi ‘creation of institutions and structures that provide pating in them, either in terms of a particu- lar mode of economic production in which the individual is constrained to and productive Strauss, go even further than this to suggest that itself which finds its expression in symbols and myths is a kind of {an autonomous entity composed of structures and institutions themselves upon and control the actions of the members of society by organizing themselves in te his dictated by the ‘economic and cultural factors individual. Thus the degree to their own existence and thei interests. If you like, then, the only ag (Cohen 1968). The opposi turalism on the action position in sociology rejects this tifies structures of the members of society as individuals within it. From this perspective society is not an immutable and determining force which extemally uee {yo ney 324 pure ‘aBestauo you pip pue sou pynoo Koup ypryea stouanbasuo. popuonumum pey Kquesssoou aney si03s05ue nO Jo sUOHDE ayy UT parpORUD ‘sam ypryst SUORURIUT aXp EKA. 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Ascetic Protestantism ‘was creating a religious ethic designed to hopefully secure a place in heaven for tory weighs upon society and that action has ciety has emergent the activities ofits members as 2 own and externally determining what they do. with the action approach, however, enters precisely here because it socialization and organization come from the existence of st institutions which have a regulatory and directive character that is enforce- able, and they have. in themselves however personally they come to be ly not true that society can be modified and transform members in any way that they want, because structures and ins do have an organizational foundation ‘which is rooted in things like economic conditions, power bases, admin- istrative needs, environmental conditions and resources, technological developments, the biological and psychological parameters of human they cannot be reduced to and investigated at any level other than structures and institutions like cla ‘made up not simply of individuals but of people who oecupy positions in “4 STRUCTURE/AGENCY differentiated, is collective and operates at the level o symbols, myths, classification, schemes, etc. whic 1961) relationships that determines all ly cost mah puppets which do have a regulatory at society since they are the basis problem of structure and agency one which can on paradox, or one on which sociologists can only take sides, of moving to some resolution of it, however limited this might be? The issue is crucial because more is at stake than just sociology: in the end it raises the question of what human beings are and what they can and cannot do in practice. What I want to look at now is how a number of jologies and sociologists have dealt with this. I sociology the tendency of various of their own choosing, and ‘organized by these circumstar which structure and determine ‘generated by the particular mat include not only raw materials but extract and work them into products. So, historically, societies can be 5a ‘s39eq rejnanzed © uo wononpoid jo apows ayy Surznue8s0 Aq ‘e404 Jo sno1>s ausosoq isnur {pID0s Jo sIaqUIBUI ay SNA OP O] "BAPE [eOHO}SNY jawouayd uaai8 Aqemyeu v you st uosnpod jo pour 4 ax apes yo sdiysuonetst fep0s ap iow aug pe noe sn3OU0D9 30 Bum o1 spam oy os pur sip wo #8uoq urumy tpnyn 900 5) WoisKs >So pos ous ws aH) IND 04 joid sours sayour uray & wre oF SUF unAIM Adno00 Loup yonyss uoysod ‘qsaroyu aanpodsas motp pue ‘TOM rT} yfne> are sagojdum pur soHOM yjog y-TCUI a4 UF siasMpoud yee JaRO woyy uoRHaduD ayy Jo aDey au} UE soNTpoUUTED Jo uoRMpord oy uur agoid v aonpoid 0} za4ojduro ayp 50 pou amp Aq ‘snp pue yt 20} ed oy paredaid st zadoqdure oxy yeu ayy 20u IBHOM TA 4q Axanoe aanonpox ‘wonanpoid arusouose Jo way SOURUIBIAP YOTy vwaamiaq drysuonear ayy vey) Dey aR ae; 04 sey ‘snoge] se YBHONA para Aaxp yorpss jas pue Spoo8 yo aflueypxo aa4y pur sraquiaur ayy usaasiq sdrys duane duy ye) ues Jo Siquiou ap uresHaq, nue syum| euoRZRIeRIO si dn S26 snp pur pasoddo Aquessooou are yeumjajoud a pue arstoasiinog ayy Jo sIsaIBIUT aM YpNs sy ~osE waISKs ysqENdeD ow Mq wo UodN panio;ua are asoxy aouts suoNse pue soar, stay adeys yoRya suoKFpUDD ADNIOV/aUNIDNULS Tunisie ynyendes ap tm spwadap soqrpoUNa> jo aIm> ond 03 yorees axa uv PueUTP pre Kidd Jo save ayy Aq pawsano8 ‘ioqteu oun oy stonpord ‘ay {png sopOUNIOD. a n Aq pourusayp 91 som au) 30 AF akN ute gs se DUaISN9 Shy wos povouoe st soyrOM axp shy PUP TMP PIUCT a 4a 25m pire of aes st YB pagsago sJ020% ayn Jo moge ap sone “ayy “0G ngoud exp ayeaus oF say Kq psonpasd AypoURIOD ay JO Bnfea an pe smyi0% ox 0 pred aos ap woaog BoUBITP exp 7 Sw In aoypom ain Jo mmoqe a 1003} eA sean SPeHNO IBMT I ‘pot ut sonqpounao> aya 03 aes oj aBue\ox9 UT SHOyH0% JO snoge| aij Aqeuoy 2xp 40 99 axp Jo SAHOO SONTPORTWOD jo oMMDEMNEW a Sroqpagood 20} ozo v unto soptpoNrteD Jo ayes PUR LOR INpOxd a Spuemay pare st spay afore Pe ammpenues Jo waIshs IOH0>2 Xe st uosonpoud jo 9pour ese “sqetde> 2onpur uorPMpord Jo apour a 5 stsns at 4a papodoud are ywa.ado ‘anim pe Aap wp iy ser ah UE oy sourarap snp pe “ssaHa4u4 Sad ‘Ae>rBojoopr pue Sqyeuonnyysin yp0q Aiau: pur diysioumo jo uomtsod sy ayeumr8aq pur ssej> Surjus yey xp Jo sua ut paonposd are asoy pur ‘00} Ajapos ur suo} seapr jo uoronpord ayy 20} suvaur a4 sumo “uoRINpord jo suEOL axB 0 daysroumo sy jo amt Ka souunmap yprta uonsnposd Jo aria Aq sysouanuy Buasoddo pue 21 joqns ¥ pUE UOLINpord Jo SuESU ay UMO OM SSE pos UF sess MALY sae yprym uoRoMpord JO ue dyysioumo Jo ambans jeonpuexoTy w st se8r0urD WF unpin sdrysuoneer aayonposd yo ampnas SAIWOLOHDIG T¥31D90101908 340dCORE SOCIOLOGICAL DICHOTOMIES they become subject to its forms of determination over their lives and so develop new forms of production which generate elationships that meet their own needs and interests. Note, how: basis of a new organization of cial relationships according to tuces. But this change is only social organization makes possible the i.e. the workforce or the proletariat. 1x, the basis on which the proletariat can become ager in which they can become agents of their productive system in which the co-operative exe is necessary to recognize that it only becomes particular form of material the co-operative use of ‘human actor is an agent her action but only that soc ‘of production can emerge in which actors can become agents. The human ‘actor s a thoroughly social creature whose status as an agent of action is a ‘creation of certain kinds of materially generated social relationships which form his or her personality. The individualism of capitalist society is a false by the relations induced by the competitive con- labour and the ownership of wealth and property ‘can only emerge when human beings control the use of their own labour, depends on a social organization of production in which each ‘STRUCTURE/AGENCY production create individuality and not (Bottomore and R individuality exists it. The original foundation of collective body of ideas, values and ppenal basis. There regard to their own actions is not possible fc ipitated by population increas 8 now shrinks and reduces its role in society as an the division of labour to becor wugh which contractual jalves. They are, are determined by how the performance of through normative regula esses of socialization and external constw asap Jo sua) uy shes pearly ute 0} aun S20} Og ay sdgysuonejax jo sumed poxy 1a shew aif ane suopmneuy puE /suvaus 8 Uo pazquvio axe Suoge Y>IyN Jo SUM Uy WO} eIMoR Ted MN st OVD Jo pus af uTeye 0} surout eon Jo WoRoTes xp SEIU AYO ‘onezuesio [euo}e1 eMoged © Jo sia} Ul UoHDe yo uorEZTIeBiO op 8a] YPR PHOM aYp 0} WoREWUEHO parKYs v UT sIseq TUN aaey AULT, ‘soghuo snowouoyne jou are pue “pe Aap s[eOpLAIpUn se epryon ut seo jo spun{ ayy pue sjenplaput Ruowre sdwysuoneps ynoge BuPqe Jo Kem & ane sassep [eos pure ayes a Se Ypns “aH “SUORRIRSUT UOHEARNALO Yeo tpns uodn poseq Amuniio> ¥ uno} awe> Aap Kea stp] "Ieeq st Xo aawjoue auo jis Suqoezqur suojze Aq padeys pue sanjea pue sosodmd ‘eyazajur pamys ynonp pamionas Aqaioyp pure poznuesio ar ‘sdrysuon ‘re 20} fenpeapU ap Jo smen pe soso ‘eyo om Aq pounmcaep 1} wep oesae a Wn Seow xp on [HBT ‘oanoolgne amyeu Aton st q st UONDY “Of [UDOT amnigeuoD saROT dio ye suonderanuy as0\n seprapin yo wonzoToo ws Ainpos‘aorew ‘yey sonze ioqpyy sruoBeoxd yop aun 9 299044 BOMB 40 -woREATEO woos jo ome” (euoppeiany pue onsueNmon aap areca OW xn a1 suonansu pe somos Jo. owoane a to stseduo srt Aloqopos poqesep wm Szoomy senshi oy ISEUCD sp (oz6t swoppi5) spubdap AyeuoR2uny ZY YR. two pue soyer sdiysuonear [eos jo. uotienmvlz0 [euonmansuy pure TE “onus 2 prin sto} Aresszou oxq Skqunasapum {a £908 Jo AUSISHO xa penn Ayo pace pny uonoe ivaap Jo, io} w susyean £ ‘raw wey ZNO. HoMauTeN TeuoHMASA sit Aq. poquoraLdar ewe uf Jo spor oi yo swan wt pouTuop Sempra 39. ein poonbor usp “ousde uum TuOUUOAGe yey) Sea 8 LOND of oF699 pInOm SORIA yRazopUED an THMpEM sorEDDOLd woREATEOS FRONT Tevpuarpur ap owt nq ef SL “ANKOOROS 30) sieprarpur JO prEsat pur uoqouos ox jo stoeq ot Uo Wow mga wonoe Jo uoqen aa 9FeNOU pv yeuoneenesro ap Aq pourensuo> = syenprarper jo Ave aun Pe Now unin poSueaze s1 Gtanoe mou suzono# ye 20 [euONDY Mn sar qin Simetodo uoysds my © yo wed aze swonMpu pure SAMS 05 “aay MpIM auepr0: o saeamoid yBnong stenpimpur of poyeomnouy ppuv soqnr poseq sqexounjusut 4q, pouloaod sr sj jo aouems0pd a “uoneztueiLio sa ul sojor pur suopisod dn Supe £q worn ws ayedonzed (0) awo> sxaquieut se warp yBnamp Ajap0s jo sraquioUs yp Ua9%}aq PAULO} ‘are sdysuoneax yepos pue ‘oueyp pue spom doy yom ut Skea Xp sura008 Jeu stus9) asaxy UF suOHTARSUT pe samMpnzs 30 ATeUCNIUTY S13] yuouruostaue so} wraysKs JeDOs xp Jo uoRRIdepe axp Jo o18oq un Aq ADNaOW/aNNIONUIS ‘omymo wBnona “popms st yap wosks snourouoyne we OWT SOLA £>KR sowpedon pure ‘urn aye20uaH Je SUORTPUED TEROUTUOMAUD ap} UOTE Ur uon2opes remyeu yo seespond ynq SUORRIRSUT puE saps s3}0aD pres ay “ousBe eum you gL -SUORTPUED aEa\P POUL OF UORDUNS Blows ie suORRIAAN pue SSMPRAS aA YA UE AVpos Jo aT Tuouriao> ain Aq paonpord “>a “Sem epOs © UL saALATOE BuMUTPIO-09 30 Suoygoad! au “PIN axp 30 aumgeu feorfoqoypAed pur reoeovonq pozteposun dip “ssomosor [eHieu Jo A4IeS ayy se Ypns SUORIpUED TEDUIOALD 01 asuodser antidepe ue se afauo Anos yo suognigsur pur sampnas ‘tp “ustfeuonbuny fog “uoRDONp ysrfeI>NS W UE TOYS UOAD eOqUOU St Jo soutanse axp Zeno 20103 SupuTE|Su09 pur yewsaND Ure Se {POs Jo aye Srusis oy node waumBre veruRDtpNG| oy SOC) wSeuoRUNT “unis pauiopiad S)Se) pue SORIARIE ax 20} SBONOUTEY Aooyendan sno}suoD aannoqoo © Aq pattdsapum st yey pur says -onear muons zemoned e Se}uTeu yey OqeL JO WORTAIP peziuezio ue ynonp Aeros &q enplApur ayy J9A0 YOnUED TEHOS STENUD {pny ‘asi urenureu! pur ys 0} {Amos st azupnans oy Koad aad ism “any “souafy uowpe Jo vores aarewuiou pue uonemTeRio TEMAS S31 Baan 1 unpie stenptatput Jo mnoraeyeq aq yo yodsos ut Buyesyua> ue euro surewas dnoid ay) yep soxnbas ‘uojaoy) “20ua\spo Toes pure vsone] ay Uo ywopuadap Your axe pur ySSI—,UTBS PUP TenpIA ‘aj dnou8 jo suosjepunoy ayy. ayy dno AUT 2A 2940 WUTENSUOD SUSDIANA ‘namunaos ayy Sq Uoqpe Teor Jo uOREMAA aayeuoU pue [eUORM rasa, xp wdhonn Pomeimo st Tena axA Jo WOpady} xp F PAUTENNEW 2 Atuo ued sdnjsuonepat [eos SpIME jo seq ap UO FPR 20 FSU [enptarpunaxn jo woRons9p ayy 0} pen sano wed pur ‘sioquiau St UB99N9q fn repos oui Uleureu o} uoHelnday anqewiou pue sonfen [eumumo> tuo spuodep wprjan Amnmunuo> ayy Jo vonw®oiusp ap sradoad ‘ue a3 00] 6Aqut 2 Jo yuTEHueD soqe| Jo Worst ayp WSO 38 © st Aenea se 38 sysozoqut uno siouy Sumsind paonpoud syyemmanns usaq sey 9 sondie ay soyey “Suon>e s8y) JO STeNPEArpU Jo siseq axp UO PaynujsuOD wou axw suONMSUT pu sozny>nHIs Sir pue Aas yey sR HHO¥] Uossn}puOD ayn ALeIP IOU SBOP UEAPHANC ING, ‘man SIF URAL uOHISod yexnUa & Fon ‘ayy Suysqeuonnyysur pue Sumeasye 4q spuodses (3 Aaenprarpu Jo any ‘Agaios emsnpur wap Tenprarpur yo 2039p suuay ut mogey Jo YoRTAsp axp Aq paonpord uoneRUADATP feos ayy Tey) S3IWOLOHDIG W3190101905 I4ODCORE SOCIOLOGICAL DICHOTOMIES institutions which are legitimated by their shared interests and. values ‘which motivate how they act. Note that itis not socialization which mediates the relationship between institutional arrangements and the typical actions that take place within fa common commitment to shared values, interests and purposes ®)on the part of actors which leads them to regulate and organize factions on a shared motivational basis. Consequently Weber is ‘move from this discussion of the various ways in which action and {interaction comes to be organized on a means/ends bas igh shared interests and values on the part of actors to a discussion of larger-scale “structures, institutions, societies and civilizations. Each of these social forms fs 2 culturally and communally organized complex of social interactions that has been established historically on the basis of particular ways of formulating and legitimating interests in terms of values and constructing particular means by which they can be achieved. Indeed, Weber's interest fh Western civilization consists in demonstrating how a particular form of the organization of action on an institutional basis grounds the nature of its ‘structare and institutions, and he locates its sources in the Judaeo-Christian values of that civilization and lation, creation and resolution organization and political administratc Society necessarily had to engage with on a historical basis. But they did this ax historical agents of their own lives, taking decisions and organizing their social activities on the basis of their own values, purposes, interests land needs, There is no direction to history other than that which emerges from the interaction of individuals as they pursue their interests and values and take decisions in the light ofthis, and human existence has no meaning Other than that which the individual can give to it in terms of the values which he or she espouses and acts upon. Yet Weber is forced to admit ~ and here a sense of the autonomy of structure emerges — that the outcome of purposeful action does establish patterns of its organization that were not necessarily intended by actors {which shape the possibilities of consequent activity, and that, once in place, Thistorical forms of the social organization of action may enforce themselves tupon actors in society. The work ethic of ascetic Protestantism that was Jmnduced by the religious directives of a calling and predestination which ‘created a disciplined way of life amongst Protestants, and that helped to Greate a basis for the rational organization of the capitalist economy, may have been an option for Protestants but is now enforceable on the inhabitants of capitalist societies by virtue of its legitimation within economic and social life in terms of it. xy and superiority of the bureaucratic ‘administration of the organization of complex modem societies, once Established, presents the members of such societies with no alternative and they must of necessity accept the basis on which bureaucratic administra- 2 STRUCTURE/AGENCY tion works in terms of the organization of their activities. That social structure and institutions are a product of human ‘on a historical basis, and are sustained by a continuous commitmer ‘which they in terms of this, Weber recognizes as much in his critical assessment of the rationalistic and bureaucratic nature of Westen society which reduces its members to cogs in the ‘machinery of the social organization which has been created by this civil ization. Even for Weber created by human activity they est ‘cannot simply be changed at the wi ultimately they are what actors do together with one another on the basis of shared beliefs, purposes selves. The autonomy id therefore ‘which have ‘Simmel shares a similar position to Weber. Society is the web of inter- t has its ultimate basis in their purposes ‘these through interaction that achieve a quasi-autonomy over the ‘ways in which individuals act. Although interaction always depends on the fact that individuals infiuence and are influenced by one another, this ‘on a shared and group basis that structures soci quently social action is dictated in terms of these actants see and are seen by one another as types of particular forms of action. In this sense the form of the organization of Interaction structures the ways in which individuals relate to one another, and the more complex that form becomes within the major institutions of Society the less individualistic are the ways in which it can be inhabited and the more impersonal are the relationships which constitute it. So the indi- vidual becomes a representative of the institution, occupying a niche within it. As social interaction is organized, identity becomes fixed by it and shapes relationships with others (Runciman 1978). With symboli ly discussed in the chapter “Active Passive), the organizatio: fe in terms of the subjectively meaningful nature of action and socal relationships becomes more closely focused and analysed around the issue of how they are constructed and determined at the level of meaning by the actor as an agent of his or her jonship between both the determination of action and ly structured organization sis ofthe formation of communi comes the stating point Of two major attempts by sociological theorists to reconcile agency and Sere with one ath, ramely te work of Tat Panone and Aled tz 2sz gv yprya sounds [wB08 pv sIO}2e sa\RO Jo posode: dys 20 ou eprin plo [eROF © uF poems SKC Supweous aaqpolqns wore saat yey SSN my 0} [euosrod si xptye ope ou 4 uonenns TomydesSorq ax) Wo asi YN Pe {rep ny oy Sunoos et aoire ain epryee pod a yo SauSY UF Poztue0 ue pouniajep st uoNDe aif Yon. Wt 20} ap JO ssaUsNODIO> a Ur sseq sy or uonbe treumy socWoypErAP Yea “SHURIEOW PONS PLE 9A SSolgneraqur ySnonn paznedso 21 Aitoos moy pue [oyfuruew KPAPAGRS Sr uone wpa ut_Avm aif Uo soqeznou0> ypryte oRDe Jo. SuPOMa: edojouauiowoyd ssoyo zimipg won st ut aed © kod Aounso Treumy rep eopr ax) sounapun SqreuTAIA YRS wos © se A008 Sploae nen Xem iuasop © Ul YOR Epos Jo vOHEZTeuORRARSAT qrispos ayy sod nq suoszeg Smotoy sem Auer ur mons pur Aas jo dnysuonear ay yo woqgord ap 0} zany>g 4a pasodosd uoRRyOS 2, (ezot uowmurey) spuodep i Y>Ryes uO sonyea pur sumo anno ya Atogt09 Nf Pte LS inom spryan mowaeyq iuetaap jo wanp ap sarod aeneooq AIDS ‘Fa sium weyao unpia as pu pagonue> aq ems ZoueSe poop SUORDuES euep. pue toneajepos yoy wowye ama fTeAqeUsOU amore pu euognneut uF oor pur domrsod sa 30 Sp {ones suotoe Joy 30 on Jo B82 Ws 4p TOP>R a 8 abryn ut Sem oy puv wrshs og Aq poursemp se Ho by sous suosieg Hop uno a oF Supioose Suswsado waysts Sio}ees uouoyne ue sv A9D0e SANA! WI Ye) S| AMDNNS pue KxoBe ©) won2uny Ao Yory ut sea 249 UE yPOHITUT assy ong oa “AfRuEy ax "UOrSEAZ JO SU Uy af80] ayQ pue wARSAs & se amyeU SI SsaxPPE OF UO S308 suOSTEA, ‘Ropes st wpm waysAs v szonpord uowperait moy paysyqesss SuAEHL ‘uoRaeiajuy YBnonp a870u ADNIOV/SUNIONALS. ‘suonefiyqo pue siy8ut s1a¥9 Jo uoHeZt -yeurayu ayp Jo sua) UL vonezemos Aq pousioy saajas fos pue saypour suo staysia suonediqgo pue yu sayy soquoseid amnyna vex MoU Jo sySEq ayy Uo sajOr PUR suoNIsod Sdn200 Kays YRyEA uy squeperoyut udaauoq sdaysuonejau Jo wowed poznueluo ue — aunjonsis Z ‘squeyperaqur axp £q poses senea pue SwuA0U Jo 496 UOUUTOD w = aunjnd —T ‘are yoru “Ajapos aonpoud pue enprarpur ‘aif woy punsrp Ajear & se y amAsHOD rym soquadord yuoSroUD Sey Luonse jo woriezrueio [eos sip ‘azou ing “AjeDos Jo uOREPUNOS ay “at seuroveq suoRDe sayy aznmeio sIope wy YSnony voHEyUaLO aapeMOU suoR>Ues ewrayxo waySAS at ‘qeutqut sup pu seo exp Jo uon>epeReS oy Jo UD UY WOH SPIEL auop Jog 0} “ahguonesa aarp 30 uo} am SUTUTETUEW paisa e ancy siueoeron a aeneeq mgs uo st sl Ramet Sue Sox pur mnbujneyos ope many WORDT Sem SY "peso ug Yorn wo seq a 9g 01 auo> oF pu YpoeNA suaReDRAo Jo 595 Os) SUL “a 3 wo suowenadso sak 9 Ox i sO} sO JO SORTA UND OF quo ve ayequouo nul aoe Heo Ye AA ABOU. IO wound ajqnop Jo aowenys 8 ur xo} oy) sapetd sou YPAI Ppouoryiam ue ononpe. Aan Ypres ve Tuod ax oh pocpsep pur pory suoseq suonepedxe soup 210u age AO 20 jue ovo moe soonepd (exudor BedoppANp 6 oP rie syoseg ypu seyioue au0 0} Supe pu AumenouO oy savy soe Afuandosuo5 "OIE TE JO /sucou e uo wwe ue se a0 aun Aq pazuelao AeUORES Due jotodind of uonoe 0s, aulDaane 2X} 20} SUE SosOEN> PLE $puo motes some a ype jo usa) ut sonea puw MOU a a9 ODE onewmuo oaueuniou xn ka potaeaio pre poantp 5 pue 201 Tempra au 0 woRPe pam=sp ‘ap Bunie Aq sug suosieg S3IWOLOHDIG WV3IDO10ID0S 3409CORE SOCIOLOGICAL DICHOTOMIES ‘with one another, actors must arrive which typifies events and circumstances in the same way an common reality in which they can participate together. This the form of common sense which is embodied in language and its use, and tesa reciprocity of perspectives between actors discount the biographical differences between them and 5 of the world. This smunity about the social So the particularity of the ‘common sence through the use of Linguistic community to recognize world in the same way and so to erect, typify and construct them as facts of the social world which all of them share. So a shared consciousness, produced through the use of language, leads to the social construction of reality and establishes this reality as the objective environment for action isribution and use of common-sense know!- members of society col degree of familiarity and anonymity. They organize their rth one another in terms of reciprocal motivation, where the actors in accordance with it in order to achieve their own ends. ‘Common-sense knowledge provides a social vocabulary of typical motives, in terms of which actors can understand one another's actions and their ‘motivation and so make sense of them and consequently organize their clationships. social world which is constructed through sha ‘can never become a reality that detach factional and constructed basis, however much it is taken as being an objective enviro facts, events and actions by its members. This is because, ultimately, the nature of social scenes is always a matter of 26 STRUCTURE/AGENCY ‘organize action on the basis of reciprocal motivation, can never compre cone another beyond the point of knowing and engaging notivated by the biographical beyond this. That actors gage in intersubjective relationships which are socially “organized on the basis of common-sense knowledge does not make them something other than individuals only that they achieve them toge rnowledge which creates a shared s his reality is negotiated and constrains action only on this indeed an object actually constitu mmmon sense knowledge, as embodied in language, which they share i bring to beat on one another's actions and the social ey take place on a practical day-to-day basis. It has a fe members of society structure the events within it and with one another through their common ways the real and objective world in which they live produced by their activities Schutz 1972) smporary sociology would argue that the phenomenolo- ociety whichis altoget life is organized on this basis by emphasizing the de character of language. Both structuralism and post-structuralism (which are ‘more fully discussed in the chapter ‘Modernity /Postmodernity’) argue that human beings are communicating creatures using language. In these terms the world is a linguistic invention as language is a grid imposed upon the chaos of appearances. In this sense language does not correspond to things but is an arbitrary system of signs which only make sense within a total linguistic system, and linguistic systems differ from one another in terms of the code th they are based. Moreover, it is not that we speak language: precedes and speaks to us as we lear it and thus determi ‘umo 204 10 sry YBnozyp 3 Jo JoMperd w rou pue SILOM yE MOY PUIE UIYSAS dip jo pnpord st [enpratpur ayy aouss ‘Ayapos ur Aouase EU 1 AE pur sivaddesp at aolqns au, ssomDead wonasooyp sy ovut woReIoALOOU rap £q AGojoapr 0} wo2aK ‘yBnonp spelgns se poyryysu0 ide au ut ayedinied ‘amos Jo sdrysuoneyax uoneuUop ssep Jo juoHe UE st pur ‘pure uo} axp Sugesous# Xq PHM [Dos smygsueD ypRysA uoREPUND TempnS B se Sayed qe sompead frowp se Ava aures aXp ur Sjenprarput 01 uot st A8oj0apr ing oy wey Suma8 ang “Suagzolgns pur ssous pu ‘2ouaisho JT Jo SUOREPUED [WO a “aA AOS jo sHaquious aA em ADNIOW/sANIDNULS suopejuasoudas Jo urysAs ayy st aura ‘Aapos jo samypnys ap Supnpordas we eid Keus Apes Jo amyno ay sy Uy "PURISHO Teuajew P sey ‘watp ‘Gapog ‘samponns [e2WSojoapt pue TeoRHod ‘SrwoUo br woamoq sdaysuoneauany jo wosks Sudpapum ag fq paonposd are 31 ainyysu09 YaryM ApS Jo suOHEUIES [EDOS ap Iw sonAse Ij spunox3 ap Uo swi34 seuayeur B soonpord tp 0} 18821409 UT yunoug 5 rep Jo aumyeu anay axp siuasaudor tse sin UO Ht UNG. Imbos soquo> pue soomonns amp pur pasensuey Aijee ro pu enous waenog SAIySUOneTaE jovuness Singuopun. ue jo ionpoxd © st A7O0S “HOM. PURE Moy 2B snap aemesog auto {aon o£ pune foxBOyOWNA ido Aung yo sua UF Sun Aen hq ‘Soneigiay 01 Bunpzoope ‘aydood our sa, — Siku jo a-o4pe oR ia wloaod pun sane a Jo sosn0s MYL "Se asa4) 0} alga ATE k Sremeun are Aon yprge jo sce Ur sont] up azquedzo sm P ais pue wp fat oye ofdood ayy yBnowp ods asowp PuE Sef umo aa aney Ay “weyp UE puE Aq pore Sunreou weuy SOAS Ry aIMBDNAAS yEuIayUT fur asauy Jo Bunseour au, yyuoo pue SUORRpeNLOD ayy mou snip pure sajezado aftenSuny yey9 Yoyo ye apo: ppamyasuos pue Atesyqae AfaryuD st ‘uayp ‘Aus fou eyes i, “paseg s1 aBenSuey SaIWOLOHDIG TV1D0101005 40>CORE SOCIOLOGICAL DICHOTOMIES For Baudrillard, contemporary soc longer structured by production in postmodern society which is dominated the modemist society of c replaced by a consumer society whi signs, the media and their messages, environmental steering systems, contemporary art and a sign culture, 1d codes replace reality and the world is experienced ulation) to the point where the real as something ge disappears. A world of hyper-reality is created in modem world is a world of simulation with no structures and boundaries, an artificial creation in which reality disappears into a haze of images and signs. Human agency disappears under the weight of signs and images created by the technologies of postmodem society which function as mech- anisms of social control over its inhabitants. Yet, even so, Baudrillard suggests the possibility of agency in this kind of society through a counte:- politics, particularly by marginal groups, that creates new cultures, codes and everyday practices to ultimately he rejects politics (and, that once knowledge entailed a der knowledge is simply interpretation are the only response that is pos society as nothing of account can STRUCTURE/AGENCY Iimplodes throu cipline and po emiotic and media power, Foucault shows how di modem society segregate, differentiate, hierarchalize, init. All societies are organized in terms of knowledge-based systems of language we their own rationality and a historical are treated as possessing an The form which this power takes racks, etc), control- terms of a hierarchy conscience-ridden and useful production and w: ‘and categorizes re inculeated by its ciplined individual in all social activities in contemporary society through sursive organizational practices, and this is the form of govem- ‘knowledge is power and creates the its rituals of truth and practices of dis- actions is both naive and mistaken.