English for Academic and

Professional Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Objectives and Structures of
Various Kinds of Reports
English for Academic and Professional Purposes– Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Objectives and Structures of Various Kinds of Report
First Edition, 2020

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English for Academic
and Professional
Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Objectives and Structures of
Various Kinds of Reports
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to English for Academic and Professional Purposes– Grade 11

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Objectives and Structures of Various
Kinds of Reports!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the English for Academic and Professional Purposes– Grade 11

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Objectives and Structures of Various
Kinds of Reports!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

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 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Do not forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. determine the objectives and structures of various kinds of reports
(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ie-j-6)

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 What I Know

To test what you already know about the objectives and structures of various
kinds of reports, answer the pretest below. Take note of the items that you did not
correctly answer and discover the right answer as you go through this module.

Tell whether each of the following statement is TRUE or FALSE.

_______1. Analytical reports are always formal.

_______2. Recommendation report is identical to analytical report.
_______3. The informal report functions to inform, analyze and recommend.
_______4. The formal report is the collection and interpretation of data and
information.
_______5. Report is made with an intention to relay information or recounting certain
events in an unpresentable manner.

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 Lesson
Objectives and Structures
3 of Various Kinds of Reports

What’s In

Match each word in Column A with its definition in Column B. Write

the letter of the correct answer.

Column A Column B

1. Title Page a. This is the main section of the report.

b. The significance and relevance of

2. Acknowledgements study is discussed in this section.

c. This is a list giving the full details of

3. Body all the sources to which you have made
reference within your text.

d. A list of people and organizations

who have helped you in the compilation
4. Conclusion
of report and other related work.

e. It should include the title, your

name, and the name of the person to
5. References whom it is being submitted, date of
submission, your course/department.

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 What’s New

A. Write in the fruit of the tree (apple) the word/words associated with the word
“report”.

REPORT

B. Arrange the scrambled words to form the various kinds of report.

1. L M A I O R F N

2. L M A O R F

3.
N I L T A Y A C A L

4. L A N O I T A R M F O I N

5. E R O N I T A O C M D M E N

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 What is It

Reports are part of our lives—starting from school reports through news reports
on TV and Radio to many kinds of reports we are required to submit in the course of
our work.

From time to time, the Government sets up committees and commissions to report
on various issues of social, political, and economic importance.

There are various Parliamentary committees such as Committee on Human

Resources, Committee on Agriculture, Committee on Industry, Committee on Science
& Technology, Committee on Environment & Forests, and so on are set up to discuss,
analyze, and report on various matters pertaining to the respective Ministries.

Such committees meet from time to time, work out a detailed plan to conduct
surveys and collect data from various sources, and finally submit their findings and
recommendations in the form of a technical report.

WHAT IS A REPORT?

• It is a major form of technical/business/professional communication. In

writing a report, a person who possesses certain facts, ideas, or suggestions useful
for courses of action transmits this information to another person who wants to use
it.
• A report can be the description of an event by a person who witnessed it to
somebody else who was not actually present on the scene.
• It can be the description of the conditions that did exist, that do exist, or that
are likely to exist. In short, we can say that a report is usually a piece of factual
writing, based on evidence, containing organized information on a particular topic
and/or analysis of that topic.
• It is formal in nature and is written for a specific purpose and audience. It
discusses the topic in depth and contains conclusions and recommendations if
required.

TYPES OF REPORT
Informal Report
• The informal report functions to inform, analyze, and recommend.

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 • It usually takes the form of a memo, letter or a very short international
document like a monthly financial report, monthly activities report,
research and development report, etc.
• This report differs from the formal report in length and formality.
• It is written according to organization style and rules, but usually does not
include the preliminary (front) and supplemental (back) material.
• The informal report is usually more controversial in tone and typically
deals with everyday problems and issues addressed to a narrow readership
inside the organization.

Types of Informal Report

There are many embodiments of the informal report:
▪ Progress report
▪ Sales activity report
▪ Personnel evaluation
▪ Financial report
▪ Feasibility report
▪ Literature review
▪ Credit report

Formal Report

• The formal report is the collection and interpretation of data and information.
• The formal report is complex and used at an official level.
• It is often a written account of a major project.
• Examples of subject matter include new technologies, the advisability of
launching a new project line, results of a study or experiment, an annual report, or
a year-old review of developments in the field.

Types of Formal Report

They can be categorized as:
▪ Informational reports
▪ Analytical reports
▪ Recommendation reports

Informational Reports

• Informational reports present results so readers can understand a particular

problem or situation.
• Example: Manager of a city’s website might prepare an informational report
for the city council, the report would provide statistics on the number of people
who pay their city water and sewage bills online etc.
• Informational reports might:
➢ Present information on the status of current research or of a project.

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 ➢ Present an update of the operation in your division.
➢ Explain how your organization or division does something.
➢ Present the results of a questionnaire or research.

Analytical Reports

• This type goes a step beyond presenting results. Analytical reports present
results analyze those results, and draw conclusions based on those results.
• These reports attempt to describe why or how something happened and then
to explain what it means.
• Like informational reports, analytical reports can be formal or informal.
• Explain what cause a problem or situation – Present the results of a traffic
study showing accidents at an intersection – the report explains what it means.
• Explain the potential results of a particular course of action.
• Suggest which option, action, or procedure is best.

Recommendation Reports

• This type advocates a particular course of action. This usually present the
results and conclusions that support the recommendations.
• This type is identical to analytical report.
• For example, your analytical report suggests using treatment X is more
efficient than treatments Y and Z. However, that does not mean that you will use
treatment X as cost and other considerations might recommend treatment Y.
• What should we do about a problem?
• Should we or can we do something?
• Should we change the method or technology we use to do something?

OBJECTIVES OF REPORTS

The purposes for which reports are written vary widely. Given below are some
important purposes of reports:

• To present a record of accomplished work (Project report)

• To record an experiment (primary research report/laboratory report)
• To record research findings or technical specifications (a report on the details
of a new product)
• To document schedules, timetables, and milestones (a report on a long-term
plan)
• To document current status (an inspection report)
• To record and clarify complex information for future reference (a report on
policies and procedures)
• To present information to a large number of people (annual report)

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 • To present organized information on a particular topic (a report describing the
working of various divisions of an organization)
• To recommend actions that can be considered in solving certain problems.
(recommendatory report)

STRUCTURE OF REPORTS

A key feature of reports is that they are formally structured in sections. The use
of sections makes it easy for the reader to jump straight to the information they need.

Unlike an essay which is written in a single narrative style from start to finish,
each section of a report has its own purpose and will need to be written in an
appropriate style to suit – for example, the methods and results sections are mainly
descriptive, whereas the discussion section needs to be analytical.

Understanding the function of each section will help you to structure your
information and use the correct writing style. Reports for different briefs require
different sections, so always carefully check any instructions you have been given.

Title
The title needs to concisely state the topic of the report. It needs to be informative
and descriptive so that someone just reading the title will understand the main issue
of your report. You do not need to include excessive detail in your title but avoid
being vague and too general.

Abstract
(Also called the Summary or Executive Summary)
This is the ‘shop window’ for your report. It is the first (and sometimes the
only) section to be read and should be the last to be written. It should enable the
reader to make an informed decision about whether they want to read the whole
report. The length will depend on the extent of the work reported but it is usually a
paragraph or two and always less than a page.
A good way to write an abstract is to think of it as a series of brief answers to
questions. These would probably include:
➢ What is the purpose of the work?
➢ What methods did you use for your research?
➢ What were the main findings and conclusions reached as a result of your
research?
➢ Did your work lead you to make any recommendations for future actions?
➢ What is the purpose of the work?
➢ What methods did you use for your research?

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 ➢ What were the main findings and conclusions reached as a result of your
research?
➢ Did your work lead you to make any recommendations for future actions?

Introduction
(Also called Background or Context)

In this section you explain the rationale for undertaking the work reported on,
including what you have been asked (or chosen) to do, the reasons for doing it and
the background to the study. It should be written in an explanatory style.

State what the report is about - what is the question you are trying to answer? If
it is a brief for a specific reader (e.g. a feasibility report on a construction project for
a client), say who they are. Describe your starting point and the background to the
subject, for instance: what research has already been done (if you have been asked
to include a Literature Survey later in the report, you only need a brief outline of
previous research in the Introduction); what are the relevant themes and issues; why
are you being asked to investigate it now?

Explain how you are going to go about responding to the brief. If you are going to
test a hypothesis in your research, include this at the end of your introduction.
Include a brief outline of your method of enquiry. State the limits of your research
and reasons for them, for example, “Research will focus on native English speakers
only, as a proper consideration of the issues arising from speaking English as a
second language is beyond the scope of this project”.

Literature Survey
(Also called Literature Review or Survey/Review of Research)

This is a survey of publications (books, journals, authoritative websites,

sometimes conference papers) reporting work that has already been done on the topic
of your report. It should only include studies that have direct relevance to your
research.

A literature survey should be written like an essay in a discursive style, with an

introduction, main discussion grouped in themes and a conclusion. Introduce your
review by explaining how you went about finding your materials, and any clear trends
in research that have emerged. Group your texts in themes. Write about each theme
as a separate section, giving a critical summary of each piece of work and showing
its relevance to your research.

Conclude with how the review has informed your research (things you will be
building on; gaps you will be filling etc.).

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Methods
(Also called Methodology)

You need to write your Methods section in such a way that a reader could
replicate the research you have done.

There should be no ambiguity here, so you need to write in a very factual

informative style.

You need to state clearly how you carried out your investigation. Explain why you
chose this method (questionnaires, focus group, experimental procedure etc.),
include techniques and any equipment you used. If there were participants in your
research, who were they? How many? How were they selected?

Write this section concisely but thoroughly – go through what you did step by
step, including everything that is relevant. You know what you did, but could a
reader follow your description?

Results
(Also called Data or Findings)

This section has only one job which is to present the findings of your research as
simply and clearly as possible. Use the format that will achieve this most effectively
e.g. text, graphs, tables, or diagrams.

When deciding on a graphical format to use, think about how the data will look
to the reader. Choose just one format - do not repeat the same information in, for
instance, a graph and a table. Label your graphs and tables clearly. Give each figure
a title and describe in words what the figure demonstrates. Writing in this section
should be clear, factual, and informative. Save your interpretation of the results for
the Discussion section.

Discussion

This is probably the longest section and worth spending time on. It brings
everything together, showing how your findings respond to the brief you explained in
your introduction and the previous research you surveyed in your literature survey.
It should be written in a discursive style, meaning you need to discuss not only what
your findings show but why they show this, using evidence from previous research
to back up your explanations.

This is also the place to mention if there were any problems (for instance, if your
results were different from expectations, you couldn’t find important data, or you

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had to change your method or participants) and how they were or could have been
solved.

Conclusion

Your conclusions should be a short section with no new arguments or evidence.

Sum up the main points of your research - how do they answer the original brief for
the work reported on?

This section may also include:

• Recommendations for action

• Suggestions for further research

References
(Also called Reference List or Bibliography)

List here are the full details for any works you have referred to in the report,
including books, journals, websites, and other materials. You may also need to list
works you have used in preparing your report but have not explicitly referred to-
check your instructions for this and for the correct style of referencing to use.

You can find information about how to reference more unusual materials
(television programs, blogs etc.) from various websites including the LearnHigher
website on referencing. If you are not sure, the rule is to be consistent and to give
enough details that a reader can find the same piece of information that you used.

Appendices

The appendices hold any additional information that may help the reader but is
not essential to the report’s main findings: anything that 'adds value'. That might
include (for instance) interview questions, raw data or a glossary of terms used. Label
all appendices and refer to them where appropriate in the main text (e.g. ‘See
Appendix A for an example questionnaire’).

Which section should I write first?

It can be helpful to write up sections as you go along. This means that you write
about what you have done while it's still fresh in your mind and you can see more
easily if there are any gaps that might need additional research to fill them. In
addition, you do not end up with a large piece of writing to do in one go - that can be
overwhelming.

Here is a suggested order for writing the main sections:

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1. Methods and Data/Results: As a rough guide, the more factual the section, the
earlier you should write it. So sections describing ‘what you did and what you found’
are likely to be written first.

2. Introduction and Literature Survey: Sections that explain or expand on the

purpose of the research should be next. What questions are you seeking to answer,
how did they arise, why are they worth investigating? These will help you to see how
to interpret and analyze your findings.

3. Discussion: Once you have established the questions your research is seeking to
answer, you will be able to see how your results contribute to the answers and what
kind of answers they point to. Write this early enough that you still have time to fill
any gaps you find.

4. Conclusions and Recommendations: These should follow logically from your

Discussion. They should state your conclusions and recommendations clearly and
simply.

5. Abstract/Executive Summary: Once the main body is finished you can write a
succinct and accurate summary of the main features.

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 What’s More

Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. A written report is more formal than an oral report.

a. True
b. False

2. Which of these is usually written in a form of a memorandum?

a. Formal Report
b. Informal Report
c. Analytical Report
d. Recommendation Report

3. Which of these is not a formal report?

a. Scientific
b. Analytical
c. Informational
d. Recommendation

4. Which of these reports is usually more controversial in tone and typically

deals with everyday problems and issues?
a. Formal Report
b. Informal Report
c. Analytical Report
d. Recommendation Report

5. Which of these reports present results, analyze those results and draw
conclusion based on those results?
a. Formal Report
b. Informal Report
c. Analytical Report
d. Recommendation Report

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 What I Have Learned

Assess your learning progress by completing the following statements.

GETTING DEEPER!

Lesson:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What I want to say about the lesson:

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What I found out:

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 What I Can Do

Read the report below then do the tasks that follow.

Fast-food Addiction

(1) It is no secret that the US is leading the world in its swelling

obesity. The nation is subsisting on a diet of high-calorie convenience food. In
fact, Americans have increased their spending on fast-food items from $6 billion
to nearly $160 billion annually over the past four decades. What may come as a
shock, however, is the accumulation of evidence suggesting that the main
ingredients in the typical “hamburger, fries, and a cola” are addictive compounds
that keep customers lining up for their next fix.
(2) The key culprits are sugar and fat. Empirical studies reveal that the
heavy dosage of these substances in today’s super-sized standard of a fast-food
meal can trigger brain activity similar to that endured when a person is on hard
drugs. A representative individual serving at McDonald’s or Burger King can dish
out up to 2000 calories, including more than a cup of sugar and 84 grams of fat.
Single-handedly, this meal sized portion meets the full daily caloric requirement
for the average woman. Moreover, it exceeds the recommended daily allowances
of both sugar and fat for any adult, regardless of gender.
(3) Whereas heroin is an opiate, both sugar and fat stimulate
endogenous opioids such as beta-endorphins in the hypothalamus, just above
the brain stem. These naturally occurring painkillers activate the release of
dopamine, a neurotransmitter, into a small cluster of cells located in the midbrain
called the nucleus acumens. Here, dopamine functions to elicit feelings of
pleasure or euphoria. What’s more, it motivates an individual to proactively
repeat any action that originally fueled its production. In the case of sugar and
fat, purported addiction is a consequence of the body craving the release of
dopamine inherent in their consumption.
(4) To validate reports that fat and sugar behave in a drug-like fashion,
researchers have conducted laboratory studies demonstrating that they induce
classic addictive symptoms. For example, eliminating sugar from the nutritional
regime of rats that are used to a primarily sweet diet produced anxiety
asymptomatic of heroin and nicotine withdrawal. Moreover, increased tolerance
to addictive food substances was noted. In one experiment, rates were fed a
chocolate drink containing a high ratio of both fat and sugar. Although the
animals were found to ingest increasing amounts of the potent liquid, their total
production of resulting brain opiates was, in fact, diminished. This would suggest
that the rodents had become progressively more tolerant to the effects of fat and
sugar. Furthermore, it is likely they would subsequently require a greater quantity
in order to achieve the same high.
(5) Likewise in humans, brain-imaging scans of obese and non-obese
persons illustrate that the heftier the individual, the fewer dopamine receptors are
present. Researchers are uncertain whether this is the basis or the outcome of
obesity. However, it is clear that as weight rises, individuals need to consume
increasingly larger portions to experience a comparable euphoric effect.

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Guide Questions:

1. What is the main issue in the introductory paragraph?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the culprits mentioned in paragraph 2?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Give two scientific proofs that sugar and fat behave like drugs causing addiction.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

4. How does the author conclude the report?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. Is there any caution suggested in the conclusion? If yes, what are those?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 Assessment

Match the different parts of report with their respective descriptions.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. Title Page a. This is the ‘shop window’ for your report.

2. Abstract b. It sums up the main points of your
research.
3. Introduction c. It is where you clearly carried out your
investigation.
4. Literature Survey d. It presents the findings of your research
as simply and clearly as possible.
e. It needs to be informative and descriptive
5. Methodology so that someone just reading this will
understand the main issue of your report.
f. It holds any additional information that
6. Results may help the reader but is not essential
to the report’s main findings.
g. List here are the full details for any works
7. Discussion you have referred to in the report,
including books, journals, websites, and
other materials.
h. It brings everything together, showing
how your findings respond to the brief you
8. Conclusion explained in your introduction and the
previous research you surveyed in your
literature survey.
i. This is a survey of publications (books,
journals, authoritative websites,
9. References sometimes conference papers) reporting
work that has already been done on the
topic of your report.
j. In this section you explain the rationale
for undertaking the work reported on,
10. Appendices including what you have been asked (or
chosen) to do, the reasons for doing it and
the background to the study.

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 Additional Activities

List at least three important purposes of writing report and explain them.

Assessment Rubric

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 22
Additional Activities:
Answers may vary
Assessment:
What I Can Do: What’s More:
1. e 6. d
1. a
2. a 7. h
2. b
3. j 8. b Answers may
3. a
4. i 9. g vary
4. b
5. c 10. f
5. c
What New:
A. Answers may vary What’s In: What I Know:
B. 1. e 1. FALSE
1. INFORMAL 2. d 2. TRUE
2. FORMAL 3. a 3. TRUE
3. ANALYTICAL 4. b 4. TRUE
4. INFORMATIONAL 5. c 5. FALSE
5. RECOMMENDATION
Answer Key
References
English for Academic and Professional Purposes Teacher’s Guide

English for Academic and Professional Purposes Learner’s Guide

https://grimsby.ac.uk/documents/highereducation/skills/Structure-of-Reports-

Learnhigher.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/tulikapaul524/report-writingtypes-format-structure-

and-relevance?from_action=save

https://favpng.com/png_view/vector-cartoon-apple-tree-cartoon-clip-art-

png/aDWM2QdD

https://www.sanfoundry.com/professional-communication-questions-answers-

types-reports/

https://www.studiesweekly.com/blog/using-rubrics/

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph

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