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ThePrinciplesofAgronomy 10030846
ThePrinciplesofAgronomy 10030846
t h e R ur l t ex tsfi o o h S e ri e s
E DI T E D BY L . H . I
B A LE Y
Ma
nn B E G I NN I N G S m A G R I C U L T U RE
rr e n E L E M EN TS o r A G R I C U L T U RE
,
Wa
.
F AR M MANA G E M EN T
, .
Wa
rr e n
i i ad a PRI N C I P L E S
, .
Lyo n , P pp n n B uc k m n,
So n . MANA G E M ENT
U TH RN
.
J F Du r, O gg a
E L D C RO PS
S E FI
PLAN T PH Y SI OLOG Y with
. .
M D ug g a
.
B r,
rp er A N I M AL H u smuq n m
.
Ha ,
F O R Se rm o ns
'
.
Mo n tg o mery T H E C o n n Cno rs
a
.
n u znn s
'
L I
Wid e a g
v n ston,
I RR IG A T I ON P
.
so
t , o n ns or R AC
TI C E
P ip e m PLAN TS AND T E I R C U L T U RE
.
F r, o ru s H
Hi h k A T E T OO GRA SS E S
.
tc c o c X -
B K or
m m w AND PRA CT C E
, .
Ga y T HE c s I or
L I E ST O C
,
J U DG IN G V - K
Wh i e PR I N C I PLE S
.
t, F or L O R I C U LTU B E .
TH E P RI N C I P LE S O F
AG RO N O MY
A T EX T BO O K O F C
— RO P P RO DUC TIO N F O R H IGH
S C H O O LS AN D S H O R T C O U R S E S I N -
F R A N K LIN S . H A RRI S , P H D .
AG C
RO N O MY AN D D IRE T O R O F T H E S HO O L O F C AG IC LT AL
GI G TA AG I C LT AL C LL
P RO FES SO R O F R U UR
EN I
NE ER N , U H R U UR O EG E
AN D
GE O RGE S TE W A RT B S ,
. .
IN STRU CTO R I N AG BO N O I Y , TA AG IC LT AL C LL G
U H R U UR O E E
N a
mfind !
TH E MACMILLAN CO MP AN Y
1 91 5
Se t u p a
nd ele
c tro t
yp ed . Pu blish d De e embe
c r, 1 9 1 5
.
”fi n Li b .
AGMC DE" . C 1
N or wh ic
J S Ca
. shi n g C o . Be rwi c k dx Sm i th 00 .
N o rwo o d , Mu m, U S A . . .
PREFACE
AG R IC U LT U R A L i structio
n n in the hig h school h a
- s
exte n d e d so rapidl y withi n the last f e w y ears that the
deman d fo r suitable tex t b ooks h a - s b ecome i n si ste n t .
g i v e f o ur .
c i ple s u n d e r l y i n m a of h i s ractices
g n
y p .
4 45 09 5
P ref a
ce
a es
no have bee n made to state ex pe rime n t statio n pu b
li c a ti o n s si n c e m a n y of th e m a
, re n o t a v ai lable .
a g e m e n t a n d f r ie n d l y c r iticis m d u r i n
g the re a
p p ra tio n
tio n to
P reside n t J A W i d tsoe Di r ecto r E D B a
. .
,
ll P r o . .
,
f e sso r N A P e d e r so n a
. . n d Me ss rs ,
A F B ra ck e n
. . .
,
C L An d e rso n a
. . nd N I B u tt a ,
ll of W h om have
. .
,
F RA N KLI N
'
S . H A RRI S,
G E OR GE STE WART .
LO G AN U TA H,
Ma
,
y 1 ,
1 9 15 .
CO N TEN TS
C HAPTE R I
IN T R ODU C TO R Y
Wh a
t is a
g r i c u ltu r e 1 Ag ri c u ltu re ad th e sc i e
n n c e s,
a
2 ; A g ri c ulturen d th e i n d ust i e s 2 ; O ppo rtu i ti e s i
r ,
n n
ag r i c u lta va
u re re r ie d 3 ; Di visi o s o f a
, g ri c u ltur e 4
n ; ,
ses o f a
Ph a g ro no m y 4 S c O p,
e o f th i s b o o k 4 . .
P ART I . TH E P L AN T
C HA PTE R II
TH E P LA N T AN D IT S E N V I RO M E T
N N
F a
c to rs of at g
pl n ro wth ,
10 ;
se so n , 1 2 ;L en g th of a
a a
F ro st, 1 3 ; Te m pe r ture , 1 4 ; W te r, 1 6 ; Su nl i g h t, 1 8 ;
Win d , 1 9 ; So il, 1 9 ; Pests, 20 ; Ad pte d c ro ps, 2 1 a .
C HA PT E R III
P LA N T ST R U C T U RE 23438
a
le f , 35 ; Th e flo we r , 35 ; T h e see d , 37 ; Bud s ad n
a
b r n c h e s, 37 U n d e rg ro un d ste ms, 37 .
C HA PT ER IV
PL A NT F UN C T I ON S 39-49
Gro w a
th , 39 ; Resp i r ti o n , 41 ; Ph o to sy n th e si s, 42 ;
a a
O smo sis, 44 ; Tr n sp i r ti o n , 46 ; T r nslo c ti o n , 48 a a
a a
T r n sp o rt ti o n , 48 ; Re sp o n se , 49 .
vi i
Co n t
ent
s
C HA P T E R V
T H E PL A N T AS A F A C TOR Y
ats ad a
In te rd e pe n d e n c e n i mals 51 ; D e p e n d of pl n n ,
e n c e o f ma o n p la ts 51 ; D me sti c a
n ti o 53 ; Plat n , o n, n
c o mpo u d s 54 ; F la
nvo rs 54 Wa , te 55 ; C a rbo h y d ra
tes ,
r, ,
55 P o te i n 56
r Ash 56 F a ts ad o ils 56
, Th e pla nt ,
n ,
fa cto ry 57 ; A im a
, l c o c e n trati o 59 ; Sto ra
n g e 59 ; n n, ,
Harvest 6 1 Co n t o l o f th e h arve st 62
, r , .
P ART I I . TH E SO I L
C H APTE R VI
WHA T T HE So n . Is 6 7 -69
De fin iti o n , 6 7 ; Pe rm n e n c e o f so ils, 68 ; c o n o m ic a E
a
i mp o rt n c e o f th e so i l, 68 C o n se rv ti o n o f th e so il, 68 a
N e ed o f be tte r so i l m n g e me n t, 6 9 aa .
C HAPTE R VII
R
O IG I N AN D ORM A T I O o So s
F N r n 7 0—80
Min e ra ls a n d ro c k s 7 0 So i l f o rmi n g mi n e rals 7 0 ;
,
-
rs 7 1 ; H o rn b le n d e a
,
e ne 7 1 ,
Mi c a7 1 ; C h lo ri te 7 2 ; ! e o li tes 7 2 ; C a
, lc i te , , ,
i n g ro c k s 7 3 Me th o d s o f so il f o rm a
, ti o 7 4 Ac ti o n o f n,
h ea ta n d c o ld 7 4; Ac ti o of w a te r 7 5 ; Ic e 7 6 ; Th e
,
n , ,
of so i ls, 7 9 .
C HAPT E R VIII
P H Y S I C AL PR O P E RT I ES OF THE So n . 8 1 —8 9
So i l te x ture , 8 1 ; Gro u ps c c o rd i n g to te x tu re , 8 2 Re a
a
l ti o n o f te x tu re to w te r-h o ld i n g c p c i ty , 8 3 ; So i l a aa
stru c ture , 8 3 Ho w to mo d i f y struc ture , 8 4; Spe c i fic
g a
r vi ty o f so i ls, 86 ; Ai r i n th e so i l, 8 6 ; H af e to th e so i l,
8 7 ; Th e a
o rg n i c m tt a
e r o f th e so i l , 8 8 ; Ma
i n ta
ini ng th e
a
o rg n i c m tte r, 88 a .
Con t
ent
s ix
C HAPTER IX
T a WA TE R
n o n T HE So n .
O ri g i n of so i l wa
te r , 90 ; Vaiai r t o n s i n so i l mo isture ,
91 T he c o nd iti o n of so i l mo istu re , 9 1 F re e wa
te r 91
Hy g
,
a a a
C pi ll ry w te r, 9 2 ; ro sc o pi c wa
te r , 92 O th e r c ri t
a
i c l p o i nts, 93 ; Qu ati ty
n of wa
te r in fie ld so ils, 9 3 ;
Me th o d s o f e x p re ssi n g th e q u a n ti ty o f w te r, 9 4 ; osas L
of so i l mo i stu re , 94 ; N e e d f o r pre ve n ti n g e v po r ti o n , a a
94; T h e te r ta
wa b le -
,
9 5 ; Th e m o ve me n ts o f so i l m o i s
tur e , 96 ; U se o f so i l wa
te r , 96 ; Q a
u n ti ty o f wa
te r use d
by pl ats 96
n ,
.
C HA PT R E X
Tm; C O TRO L
N or S IL O W TE R A 98 - 1 1 7
a
Irr i gti I a si g th s i l m istu e 98
on n c re S u esn e o o r , o rc
of w ate s pply 1 00 ; Me a
r u sure m ,
t f wa te 1 02 M th en o r, e
o ds f a opply i g wa te 1 03 T h a
n m t f wa r,te to use e o un o r ,
1 04 ; Wh to i ig a
en t 1 05 ; O ve i ig a
rr ti 1 06 ; N ed
e, r rr on, e
f or c o o my
e n 1 06 D a ,
i a g R m. v i g e ss i v r n e e o n ex c e
wa t 1 07 R m vi g a
e r, lk ali 1 08
e Bo fits f d a
n i a ge , en e o r n ,
D y f am i g : S p
r - r n f d y fa m i g 1 1 1 ; Th q ues
co e o r - r n , e
ti on f a oi fa ll 1 1 1
r n D y f am s i ls 1 1 3 D y f a
,
rm r - r o ,
r -
c ps 1 1 5 ; Ti ll a
ro , g e m th d s 1 1 6 e o , .
C HAPTE R X I
PL A N T F OO D
- or TH E So n . 1 1 8 —1 2 4
Wh a
t p la
nts fro m th e so i l 1 1 8 ; Co mpo si tio n o f
use ,
so ils 1 1 9 ; T h e a
,
na ly sis o f so ils 1 20 ; A va ila ble a n d re ,
Q u an ti ty o f p la t f o o d re m o ve d b y pla
n ts 1 2 1
- Pla nt n ,
fo o d s th a ta re sc arc e 1 22 E x ha
usti o n o f th e s o il 1 2 3 ;
, ,
1 24 Re la ti o o f p la n t f o o d to va
n lue o f a so i l 1 24 -
, .
x Con t
en t
s
C HAPTE R XI I
Ma
x n n ss AN D F e n n m z mn s
rm m a
fa ure 1 34 n ,
Ho wto fe rtilize d i fie re n t c ro ps, 1 36
Gre e n m a
n ure s, 1 36 .
C HAPTE R X III
O RG AN I SMS o n TH E S OIL 1 38 — 1 44
Ki nd s o f an ism s 1 38 ;so il Ba ct e ri a 1 89 ; T h e
o rg , ,
n u mb e r o f b acte ria i th e so il 1 39 ; K i n d s o f b a n ct e r ia ,
o
,
1 39 ; Ho w ba cte ri a g r w 1 40 ; Re la ti o n. to h u m us f o r,
ma ti o n 1 41 Re la
,
ti o n to n i tro g e n 1 41 Th e fix a tio n o f ,
n itro g e n 1 42 ; Nitri fic a
,
ti o n a nd d en it ri fic a
ti o n 1 43 ; ,
B ate i aad
c r n th e f am r e r, 1 44 .
C HAPT E R X IV
T I LL A GE AN D C RO P Ro r u
' '
lo x s 1 45—1 53
C H APTE R XV
S PE C I A L So n . P n o n m ms 1 54 1 63
Alk a
li alk a Ki
li 1 55 E ff t f a lk a
nds o f li plat , ec o on n
g w
ro th 1 56 ; R la
,m ati f alk ali lad s 1 5
ec 6 A c i d i ty on o n , .
In d i a to s o f as i l aid i ty
c r 1 57 ; C e c ti o f so il c , o rr on o
aid i ty 1 57 E si
c ,
M th d s f p ve ti g
. ro si
on e o o re n n e ro o n,
1 58 . B lo wi n g : P re ve n ti o n of blo wi n g ,
1 60 . Me th o d s
of j ud g i n g so i ls a va
In d i c to r
l f a ti v ve g ta
ti ue o n e e on ,
161 To po g r a h
p y f th ola d 1 6 1 D
e p th ad s t t
n u e e n ruc r
n ic a
,
of th e so i l, 1 62 ; C h m i al aa ly sis 1 62 ; M c h a
e c l n ,
e
a
naly sis ,
1 63 Pro d u c ti vi ty , 1 63 .
Co n t
ent
s
P ART III . F I E LD C RO P S
C H APT E R X VI
WH E A T
a
Re l ti o n sh ips, 1 68 ; B o o ts, 1 6 8 ; Th e pl nt b o ve a a
g ro u n d ,
1 70 T h e k e rn e l, 1 7 0 ; ri e ti e s, 1 7 1 ; B ist Va
ri
b u tio n nd a aa a
d pt to , 1 7 ;
i n 3 P re p r t i o n o f see d -be d
,
aa
a
1 7 5 ; Se e d n d se e d in g , 1 7 5 ; rve sti n g , 1 7 8 D ise se s, Ha a
1 7 9 ; Clo se d sm u t, 1 7 9 ; oos L
e sm ut, 1 8 0 ; Rust, 1 80 ;
C H APTE R XV II
C o nn on Mu zn 19 1 207
a
Re l tio n sh ips, 1 9 1 B o o ts, 1 92 Th e c a
lm s 1 98 ; Th e
,
le a
ve s 1 9 3
, Th e flo we r, 1 94 Th e e a 1 94
r, T y pe s, 1 95
D e n t c o rn ,
1 9 5 ; F li n t c o m 1 96 ; Swee t c o rn , 196 ; P o p
,
c o rn , 196 ; So ft o r flo ur c o m , 1 97 Po d c o m , 1 9 7 V a
ri e ti e s, 1 9 7 ; D i stri b uti o n , 1 9 7 F a
cto i n p ro d uc ti o n ,
rs
1 98 aa P epa
Ad p t ti o n , 1 98 ra ti r on o f th e se e d -be d , 1 9 9 ;
Se ed ad p la n ti n g
n 200 T e a tme t o f th e g
,
wi g c rop r n ro n ,
C HAPTE R XV III
Ormm
'
CEREAL S 208 —2 23
a
O ts: O ri g i n ad
n re l a
ti o n sh i ps, 208 De sc ri pti o n 2 09 ;
,
D istri b uti o n a
2 10 ; V
ri e ti s 2 1 2 ; Se e d i n g a
e n d c u lti va
Harvestin g an d m ak eting 21 2 ; Use s
, ,
ti o n , 2 1 2 ; r ,
2 1 3; ,
E n e mi e s, 2 14 . a
B r ley D e sc ri p ti o n , 2 15 ; D i stri b utio n
ad an da p tati o n ,
2 16 So wi n g a
n d c u lti v ti o n , 2 16 ; H r a a
ve stin g ad m a k n 2 1 7 ; E n emi e r eting
n use s, 21 8
, s ad
Ha
.
o
c r p , 220 ; Use s, 220 Ri c e D e sc rip ti o n n d d i stri b u
. a
ti o n , 22 1 Use s, 22 1 E n emi es: D e sc ripti o n n d use ,
. a
222 . B uc k wh e t a D esc rip ti o n , d istri b uti o n , ad use s
n ,
222 .
Co n t
ent
s
C HAPTE R X IX
Po m ro ns
'
O rig i n , 2 24 ; a
Re l ti o n sh i ps, 225 ; Desc ripti o n , 225 ;
Va ri e ti e s, 22 7 ad a da p ta
D i stri buti o n
t i o n 22 8 n , Pre p
ara ti o o f lad 230 ; Se e d
n 23 1 ; C utti n g ad pla
n , nti g , n n
th 234 ; H a
,
mak e ti g 23 5 Sto ra
r ng e 2
, 3 5 ; W e d s a d i n se c s
t 2 8 6,; e n ,
D i se a se s 28 6 U se a n d va
,
lu e 239 , .
C HAPTE R XX
Ro o r C no r s
'
2 41 — 2 55
ta ti a
on n d d istri b u ti o 248 ; P pa a ti of t h e lad
n, re r on n ,
s d ad se d i n g 245 ; Tre a
ee ,
n e tm td i g g ro w
, th 247 en ur n ,
sto a g r 2 49 U se a
e, n d va lu 250 Ma f a ct u e o f sug a e, nu r r,
Cultu 2 52
re , Tur ip s ad R uta . bag a s D e sn ri p ti n c on,
2 53 ; C ulture 253 ; Va lu 2 54
, Carr t s D esc i p ti e, . o r on,
2 54 ; Culture a n d use 2 55 ,
.
C H APTER XXI
A L F AL F A 256 —2 7 0
N me a ad n o ri g i n , a
256 ; Re l ti o nsh i ps, 258 ; B o o t
s,
2 58 ; Ste ms n d le a a ve s, 2 59 ; F lo w a
e rs n d se e d , 260 ;
v a
lue ,
266 Mi x tures, 26 7 E n e mie s, 26 8 ; Se e d pro d uc
ti o n , 26 9 .
C HAPTE R XX II
Tu n CLOV ERS AN D OT HE R a n ms 27 1 - 28 5
ti o n n da
ad a p ta
ti o n, 27 5 ; So wi n g , 2 7 6 ; Cu lture a
nd
h rves a
ti ng , 27 7 ; U se , 2 7 7 B e n s: . a D esc riptio n ,
278 ;
C ul ture , 2 7 8 ; U se , 28 0 Co wp e s . a De sc ripti o n ,
28 0 ;
Culture , 28 2 S o y be as n D e sc ri pti o n , 2 8 2 ; C ul
V
.
tur e , 2 8 3 . Mi sc ella
n e o u s Le g u m es : etc h, 28 4 ; O th e r
le g umes, 28 4 .
C HAPTE R XXIII
Gu ssn s 28 64301
Val
,
O rc h ad g a ss D esc i pti o
r — r 2 95 A d a p ta ti r 29 5 ; C u l n, on ,
ture 29 5 ; Va
,
lu e a n d us 296 S mo th B o me g r a ss
e, o r -
V
.
D sc ri ptio 29 7 Ad a
e p
n, tati o 2 9 7 C ultu e 2 9 7 al u e n, r ,
an d use 298 ,O th g r as s s :
. T all m ad o
er w o at g ra s s e e -
,
299 ; B e rmud a g a ss 29 9 ; Jo h s o n-
g r
ra ss 8 00
, ; M is e sl n -
,
lae o us g ra
n sse s 301 , .
C H APTE R XXI V
a
P sr tn u c s,
'
M A DO W S
E , AN D So m m e S YS T MSE 302—3 1 7
De fin i ti o n , 302 ; i n d s o f pa K
sture , 302 ; A g o o d p a s
ture , 303 ; Imp o r ta n c e , 303 ; Na ti ve g ra ss, 304 ; C rO p
a
p l n ts, 3 04 Mi x ture s, 304 F o r d iffe re n t a n i mals, 307 ;
a
C o n d i ti o n o f p sture s, 308 ; I mp ro vi n g p stu re s, 308 ; a
k
O ve r—sto c i n g , 3 09 ; Ma nag e m e n t 3 1 0 ; Me ad o ws, 3 1 1 .
Val
,
a
S i l i ng U se , 3 1 2 ue , 3 1 2 ; So i li n g c ro ps, 3 16 .
C HAPT E R XXV
So n e n n u s AN D MI LLE TS 8 1 8433 2
S o rg h um a
O rig in , 3 1 8 ; Re l ti o nsh i ps, 320 ; De sc ri p
ti o n , 3 20 Va ri e ti e s, 3 22 ; D istri b u ti o n n d d pt ti o n , a aa a
3 23 ; P re p r aa a
ti o n o f se e d -b e d nd s e e d i n g , 32 5 ; T re t a
m e n t d uri ng g ro wth , 325 ; Havesti g r n , 326 ; U se , 32 7
E n e mi es, 8 28 ; Sto r g e nd a a mak e ti r n g , 3 28 S ud n . a
g r a
ss D e sc ri p tio n , 3 2 9 ; C u ltu re , 32 9 . M llets Re la
ti o n sh i p a n d d esc ri p t
.
i o n , 330 C ul ture ad va
n lue , 330
O th e r ty pe s, 33 1 .
XIV
H APTE R XXVI C
v a
lu e , 340 . O th e r fibe rs H e mp , 340 ; Mi sc e lla
n eo us
C HAPTE R XXVII
I M P ROV M N T o r CRO P
E E 353—3 65
Wh a t is i mp ro ve m e t 3 54 Id ea l so ug h t 356 C u l
n ,
Va
, ,
ri atio 3 59 Na
n, tu ra l se le c ti o n 360 Arti fic i a l se le c ,
tio n 8 60 T h e b e st p la
,
nt s sh o u ld be c h o se n 36 1 ; V a ,
ri e ty s, 36 2
te st Ste ps i n b re e d i n g , 362 C ro ssi n g 362
of lag
,
Me n d e l s la
w ’
,
36 3 ; Im p rt
o a nc e r e n um b e rs, 364
B e tte r se e d , 364 .
C H APTE R X XV III
Wa
sp s 36 6 — 3 78
De fin iti o n , 3 66 a a
C l ssi fic ti o n , 36 7 O c c u rr e n c e , 368
D isse m in a
ti o n 36 4 ; Lo sse s f r om w e e d s,3 7 0 ; Pre ve n
Eaa
,
ti o n , 37 2 ; r d ic ti o n , 3 7 3 ; Ge n e r al p rin c iple s, 3 7 5 ;
H e rb i c i d e s, 3 7 6 ; Summ ry , 8 7 7 a .
Pl a n a
b e st b le , 38 1 ; N u mb e r
sh o ul d e nt e rp rise s, of
a a a
388 Th e f rmste d , 3 8 3 Arr n g e me n t n d n u m b e r o f a
a a of
fie ld s, 38 4 ; Si ze n d sh pe fie ld s, 384 ; F e n c e s n d a
d i tc h e s 38 5 U se o f wa
,
ste pla
c es , 386 .
Con t
en t
s
Me asuri n g Ru le s
Rule s f o r Me a
su ri ng a t a H y i n h e St c k .
Wh ea t Ha ve st C a
le d a
r r n
P i c es o f Wh e a
r ton a C h ic a
g Mak e t ( 1
o 8 6 3 r
1 9 1 0)
a aU it d Sta
C ro p St tisti c s fo r C o n ti n e n t l ts n e e
sa
P lo wi g a nff t d b y Sh a pe f th e F i ld
ec e o e
Ave a gr De p e i a
e ti o aYe a ad C st t
r c n r n o o
th A e f
e Fa
cr m Ma c h i ery
or r n
Ar m n mx 0 . Glo ssary
THE PRINC IPLE S O F AGRONOMY
THE PRINCIPLES OF AGRONOMY
C HAPTE R I
IN TRODU 0 TORY
1 Wh a
. t is ag ri c ultu re A g ricul tu re may be d e fin e d
a s the a rt the scie n ce
, , a n d the busi n e ss of p roduci n g
culture .
B 1
2
v 0 O
2 Ag ri c ul ture a
. nd t h e sc i e n c e s The assertio n is .
agriculture .
3 Ag ri c ulture a
. nd t h e in d ustri e s Ag riculture is at .
p has e.s
4 O ppo rt
. uni ti e s in a g ri c ul tur e a
r e v ari e d Th e most .
5 Di vi si o n o f g ri c ul ture
. a
Agriculture may be sub .
a n d ho rticultu re .
vegetables a n d flo we rs
, .
6 Ph a
. se s o f a g ro n o m y T h e p rese n t volume
. deals
With that phase of ag riculture sometimes called agro n omy .
7 Sc op e o f thi s b ook
. To give the begi n n e r in
.
THE PLAN T
C HAPTER II
THE P LA N T A N D I TS E N VI RO N ME N T
crowded out .
8 . F a
ctors of pl at g rowth
gen eral there a
n re .In ,
( )
4 light ( )
5 oxyge,
n an d ( 6 ) pla n t food , Th e ge n e ral - .
air .
depth un iformity a
, n d f ertility of the soil measu re both
,
factors .
9 Le n g th o f se a
. so n Of the facto rs con trollin g the
.
wheat oats a ,
n d ba rley have sho rte r periods of g row
, th
than pota toes a n d co rn is well kn ow n C otton requires .
frosts Alfalfa a
. n d pota toes d roop after a slight frost ,
crops .
1 1 Te mpe ra
. ture After len gth of seaso n
. daily ,
favorable .
1 2 Wa
. te r E very pe rso n at all familiar with plan ts
.
1 Dug g r P la
a ,n tP hy si o lo g y , p . 406 .
The Pl a
nt a
nd s En vi ron me n t
it 17
the a
ir as well as the soil moi st particularly . O utdoo rs ,
i n arid regio n s plan ts require water , When rain s a re .
Hun t cites a
1
n Illi n ois reco rd of the i nflue nc e of water
o n the yield O ne year when the rai n fall durin g the grow
.
C acti so me grasse s a
, n d ma n y wee ds a re able to e n dure
,
C a ls i Ame i ap 2 07 1
er e n r c , . .
18 The Pri nc i p les o A
f n y
plan ts In a
. ddition then to in flue n c in g plan ts directly
, , ,
1 3 Sun li g h t
. . N early every lawn with trees o n it
has weak so d a n d pale g reen g ras s in the shady spots .
lon g a n d te n de r a,
n d a sparagus s tems white by blan ch ,
Th e height b ra n chi n g a
, n d coa rsen ess i n fla
, x a n d other
1 4 Win d
. O n e reason why large trees must have
.
1 5 S oil
. C rops do n o t th rive in hard d ry soils
.
,
”
en ough to blow readily o r sticky en ough to bake o r , ,
moderate moisture
in the soil is mo re
favora ble than ex
treme wet n ess o r
d ryn ess Decayed
.
leaves stubble a
, nd ,
in surin g a steady ,
reliable supply To .
to co n t ro l weed s ,
in se cts a nd
, plan t
diseases a re th e
chief virtues of
cul tivation a nd
ma n urin g .
16
. P e st s .
G reat n umbers of
weed s hin der growth
by shadin g by steal ,
in g moisture a nd
plan t food a
- n d by
22 The Pri mi p les o A
f g ro no my
Plat P y
n h s i o lo g y, .B M u
. D
gg a r , pp 1 -
1 4
.
, 400 35,
—
4 n a —
d 494 507.
(Ec o lo g y o f Pla nt s, E W rm i n g
. a .
Pla n t G eo g ra h
p y , A
. F W. S c
. hi m pe r .
Pla n t Phy s i o lo g y a n d Ec o lo g y , F E C le m e n t
. . s .
Re la ti o n Be twe e n C lim a te s a a a
n d C ro p s, C le v e l n d Abbe , We ther
Bure a u Bulle tin N o 36 . .
CHAPTER III
P LA N T S TR UC T U RE
Therefore a clea
, r un dersta n di n g of the ki n d a n d loca
1 8 Ce lls (F ig
. . Roo ts stems leaves ba rk a
, , , nd ,
23
24 The Pri nc i p les o A
f g rono my
g e n i n dep e n de n t ly of
other cells ; that o n e
F G 4
I Plat ll sh wi g n ll wa ll
ce cell migh t live 0 1 die
o n ce - ‘
u l u s ad v au l s
. .
,
( 1
B ig g i ?
e ) n ( Af t
c e
W
n
l t h
c
0 u
o e
t m at e rl ally
er
cells do it .
p a
l sma, mea n i n g substa n ce As previously i n dicated .
,
( )
2 W hi te an d ,( )
3 othe r co lo rs such as re d yellow , or , ,
con tain solid substan ces but they a re usually fille d With a
,
1 9 Ti ssu e s
. All pa rt s of the a n im al o r plan t body
.
wa y i s k n o wn as a tissue .
20 Kin d
. of pl a
nt . O n ly
higher plan t s have Well
developed tissues The stru ctu re in o n e class of pla n ts
.
,
21 Crop pla
. nt s Pla n ts in the same group o r species
.
a
a
n d grai n s grow by addin g tissue in ri n gs
,
Though dif .
22 Pla
. n t pa rts C rop plan ts .
seed s a nd
, buds which a re simply
a re available The flo we rs a
. re fo re Fm 5 Ro o t h a
i rs . .
-
h (Afte r
g un firfi
f’
ru n n e rs of the seed by which the
‘ ‘
23 Th e roo t (F igs 5
. A careful examin atio n
.
behin d the tip The very tip is the root cap composed of
.
-
F IG . 6 .
-
t-
a
Ro o h i r i n th e so il .
th e v a
c ul
o es .
C o n side rable
adjustability as to shape pe rmits root
hairs to force them selve s in to clo se co n ta ct with soil
n d to fiti n to eve ry space a
particles a n d arou n d eve ry a n gle .
30 The Pri n c i p les oA
f g ro no my
Al the roots a
l n d root bra n ches of a pla n t fo rm a root
-
system If the cen tral root grows faster than the others
.
,
24 Th e ste m (F igs 8
. . The xylem of the stem ,
which suppo rts the weaker tube area These wood c ells .
Pl at S truc tu r
n e 31
t wo ”
. J: : r 1 0 ”
t d fl ‘l f 0 0 1 N A L Jl “ 7 7 0”
FI G . 8 .
-
Se c ti o n of o a
k b ac h
r n sh o win g aa
lo n g i tu d in l
nd c ro ss-se c ti o n
tissu e s
.
( Af te r O ste rh o u t ) .
32 The Pri nc i p le s oA
f g rono my
cells that origin ally composed the first stem of the plan t .
gases a n d mi n eral
, This ti ssue exte n d s i n to the roots
.
,
FI G . 9 . C o nd uc ti n g c e ll s o f th e fib o v
r -
a
sc u labu
r n d le s ( Ad a
p te d f ro m
a
.
Du g g r )
.
an d stem this sa
p leave
, s the phlo e m at i n te rvals a n d
diffuses outward in spaces betwe en the cells a n d i n ward
joi n t e d a
n d hollow save at the joi n ts o r n odes Si n ce , .
D
34 The P ri nc i p les oA
f g ron o my
a
,
25 Th e le a
. f ( F igs 1 0 Water con ductin g tissue
- .
F IG . 10 .
—
Sec ti o n
'
of a
le f sh o wi n g c e llul astru
r c tu re .
often do they a
, re k n ow n as palisade cell s Below these .
cell s lie others called spo n ge cells which a re less clos ely
- l o f all .
FI G . 11 .
— Sto m taa f c ana
ti o
o r n le f a .
(Af te r Du g g a
r ) .
a
Le ves may be bo e a leaf stem o r petiole o r a
rn t on -
, ,
a
t c he d directly to the plan t They may be compoun d as .
ward The part that clasps about the stem is the leaf
.
26 Th e flo we r
. Seed productio n seems to be the
.
F IG . 12 Pi stil
. f tubes dow n the style to the ovule
o .
l g u m sh wi g f
e e
Di ssolvi n g its way to the ovule this
o n er
tili a
,
ti o
z n .
a re simply m o d ific a
ti o n s adapted to perfo rm this fu n ctio n .
An y te x tbo o k o f bo ta
ny
Plan t An a
.
to m y W C Ste ve n s
, . . .
Plan t Ph y s io lo g y B M
, . ug g a
. D
r, p p 1 5 63
—
. .
J
.
P LA N T F U N C TI O N S
tion s varied more than they did i n the ocean The greater .
ture a
,
n d temperature differe n ces n aturally dema n ded ,
30 Grow
. th Though higher plan ts a
. re complex at
39
40 The P ri nc i p les oA
f g ron o m y
3 1 Re spira
. ti o n O f th e va rious n eeds of plan ts o r
.
Somet im es these .
i r is used u p . t o f oil
over water con tai ni n g se ed greatly delays germi n atio n ,
32 Ph oto syn th e si s
. . O rdin ary plan ts growin g in dark
places do n o t gain in weight ; their leaves lack the char
a c te ris tic gree n color of n orm al crop pla n ts a n d the bu ild
salts a
, n d u n til leaves have reached i n to light a nd a ir
Pl a i mw
n tFu ne t
a
nd become gree n . U nde r favorable con dition s the plan t
a the fee d itself
c n n .
i nfin ite ly g reate r quan tities tha n the plan t uses in respira
tion In conse quen c e of this oxygen is given o ff by the
.
,
wa y a
, c compl i shes this ma n uf actu re of pla n t food afte r -
6 C 02 6 H20 Co Oe 6 02 .
lose , a
nd m s o me pla n ts , to wood But ni trogen c a lcium .
, ,
brou ght from the soil N itro gen a n d s ul fur togethe r with
.
33 O sm o si s
. F o r a lon g tim e it wa
. s kn ow n that
wate r a n d n ourishme n t a re take n f rom the soil by plan ts ,
1 67 4 advocated th at i n te rtillage be
,
u eg d { d m sm t
o e on
of wate r with
e
mi n e ral salt s i n solutio n
133 2
.
with the root hairs osmosis ceases o r goes in the opp osite
-
,
34 Tra
. nsp i rati o n N o t o n ly do roots
. take i n wate r
p atly
r con den ses when c ooler a ir is reached Eve n o n .
m outh e d bottle In .
ea ch po u n d of d ry sub
sta n ce they add to thei r
of growth in co rn a nd
d e “ 08 er l 8 08
o n e pou n d of growth 1 n
.
3 5 Tra. n slo c a
ti on Sin ce all the starch a
. nd other
pla n t food is elaborated in the leaves this must be moved
-
,
la
ri ty , or wick action Both these forces a . id osmotic
pre ssu re in fo rcin g the water upwa rd Wh ateve r factors .
'
r -
will fin a lly exte n d alo n g the leaf vei n s causi n g red blotches
-
l
we l d rai n ed soils they pen etrate deeply
-
, It is coun te d .
Any te x tk of bo ta
ny .
Plan t Phy s io lo g y B M
,
. ug g a
r D
J
. .
a
Cy c lo pe d i o f Ame ri c an Ag ric ulture , Vo l II, pp 1 1 22
—
. . .
C HAPTER V
THE P LA N T AS A F AC TO R Y
o r the fruit co n tai n i n g sto red sta rch suga r oil o r pro
, , ,
seed s a
, n d sap a ll furn i sh useful products
, Fo r example .
,
50
The P l at a
n s aF at c o ry 51
a n y part .
38 In te rd e pe n d e n c e o f pla
. n ts a nd a ni ma ls If o n ly .
han d decayed bo n es fle sh a
, ,
n d ma n ure resto re to the
,
these deca yin g sub stan ces promote the g rowth of soil ba c
ct n h old wate r
.
39 De pe n d e n c e o f m a
. n o n pla n ts Si n ce a n im als .
a
, ,
o n pla n ts a n d a n imals ma y be r
,
eg rded as bei n g ulti
mately depe nden t o n plan ts It is n o t d iffic ult to see .
la thi n g fo r flo o rs door a
,
n d wi n dow frames fo r ro o fin g a
,
nd , ,
sources Moreover fa
. r back i n the histo ry of ceme n t
, ,
a
t tio n .
41 Pla
.
in al properties a nd ( )
8
, acid s In im po rta n ce the last
.
to be n eglected .
42 Fla. vo rs pe rfumes a
, n d other characteristic odors
, ,
43 Wa
. te r composes from 60 to 90 pe r ce n t of the
weight of green plan ts ( 1 ) It form s a p art of the cell
.
44 Ca
. rb o h y d ra te s co n sist of carbo n hyd roge n a, nd ,
sugar can e a
- n d suga r beets it is o n e of the sto rage com
-
p o u n ds W
. he n ca rbohyd rates a re digested by m an an d
beast they supply work a
, n d heat e n ergy a n d may be
6 The Pri nc i ples of Ag ron o my
la r co nn ect ive a
, n d vital tissues of the body a
,
re formed .
47 Fa ts a
. n d o ils a re simply carbo hyd rates rich in
o n e thi rd
- oil ; pean uts palm n uts a nd cocon uts c o n
,
-
,
body produce fa
, t a nd supply en erg y In computin g .
48 Th e pla
. n t fa cto ry Si n ce plan ts a n d an imals use
.
poun d its o wn the an imal draws its food from the plan t
‘
, .
F ro . 15
. Ap p a
ratu s sh o wi n g e ra
a ti o n of a
th e le f
.
( Af te r De tm e r )
.
49 An ima
. ti o n Protein s occur o n ly in .
blood a n d si n ew
, The an imal has gra dually a
. ccum ulated
a bod y co mpo sed largely of the vital tissue When it is .
of their tissues .
50 S to ra
.
g e M an an d othe
. r a n im al s must do some
thi n g besides eat ; hen ce they eat a quan tity a n d gai n
60 The Pri nc i p les oA
f g rono my
starvatio n results .
o r leaf In ann u a
. ls a n d bien n ials the see d gets most ,
ally by a
, ir o r by heat acco rdin g to the produc t exp ec ted .
52 Con t
. ro l o f t he ha rve st As civiliza
. tio n has a d
va n c ed ma ,n has gai n ed mo re a n d mo re co n t rol over n a
ture More a
. n d bette r machi n es propelled mo re e ff ec
,
grai n a ,
n d also the chemical compo sitio n o f these parts . .
fruitful a n d multiply a
,
n d reple n ish the ea rth a
, n d sub ,
it sha ”
ll be fo r meat (Gen esi s i 28 .
,
Any te x tbo o k of a
bo t n y .
Plan t Phy s i o lo g y , B M . ug g a
. D
r , pp 250 27 9
—
. .
Plan t Phy s . J
i o lo g y , L o st, pp 1 02 1 90
—
. .
aa
Che mi stry o f Pl n t n d An i m a l Li fe , Harry Sn y d e r , pp 1 7 5 234
—
. .
a
Prin c iple s o f Irrig ti o n Pra ctic e , J
A Wi d tso e , pp 21 6 230
—
. . .
PART II
T HE SO I L
C HAPTE R VI
WHA T THE SO IL I S
the wo rld The fact that this prod ucti ve blan ket covers
.
fe w.
53 De fin i tion
. . The so il is the loose mate rial of the
earth s cru st in which plan t s fin d a home fo r their roots
’
54 P e rma
. n e n c e o f soi ls The soil can n ot be a
. bso
lute ly de stroyed o r removed from the earth It will .
55 Ec on omi c i m porta
. nc e o f th e soil Th e soil is at .
be discon tin ued if the soil sho uld lo se its producin g power .
co n dition Si n ce livestock a
. re mai n tai n ed by crop s the ,
56 C on se rva
. ti on o f th e soil Of all the n atio n al
.
sbee n derived
largely from the rocks a n d mi n erals compo s i n g the crust
of the earth ; but in some soil s a co n siderable part is made
u p of vegeta ble matter from the bodies of dead plan ts .
58 Mi n e ra
. ls an d ro c k s
. A min eral may be d e fin e d
as a n y solid sub sta n ce of i n o rga n ic o rigi n occu rrin g in
,
59 Soil formi n g mi n e ra
.
- ls . It is probable that every
kn ow n min eral occurs somewhere in the soil sin ce weathe r
a
,
70
Ori g i n a
nd Fo rm ti on a f
o S o i ls 71
tite a
, n d the i ro n mi n e ral s .
60 Qua
. rtz is composed of silico n dioxi de o r silica , ,
61 Th e fe ld spa
. rs a re compou n ds of silicates of potash ,
62 H o m b le n d e a
. n d pyrox e n e a re of n ea rly the same
clase feldspar .
6 5 ! e olite s a
. re hyd ro silicates co n tain in g as bases
-
66 C a. lc i te o r lime is a
, n impo rta n t soil fo rmi n g m in
,
-
exceptio n s .
0ri g i n a
nd a
F o rm ti o n o f S o ils 73
67 . a mixture of ca
Do lo mite lcium carbo n ate a
, nd
te n ds to im poverish so ils .
un available .
sa n d a rra
, na c e o us acco rdi n g to the mi n erals compo si n g
,
the clay .
7 1 Me th od s o f soi l fo rma
. ti o n Soils a re formed
.
agen cies a re : ( )
1 heat an d cold ( )
2 wate r ( 3) ice (4)
, , ,
7 2 Ac ti on o f h e a
. ta n d c old All of the weatheri n g
.
73 . wa
Ac tio n
te r Water through its physica
of . l
a
n d chemical actio n is pe rhap s the mo st importa n t of
F IG . 16 . a
S tre m s we a
r g o rg e s , g ri n d i n g ro c k
s i n to fin e p a
rti c le s
.
ad
n 17 .
7 4 Ic e
. In moun tai n ous cou n tries where there is
.
,
of this ice shee t a re appa ren t all ove r the n o rthern part
of America Europe a ,
n d Asia
, The so ils of th ese regio n s
.
7 5 Th e a
. tmo sph e re Th e atmosphere exerts both
.
soils o r loess a
, , re from 1 500 to 2000 feet deep Th e .
te r a
, n d assi sti n g in t h e free moveme n t of a ir Plan ts .
7 7 C la
. ssi fic a ti o n o f so ils Soils may be c la . ssifie d
acco rdin g to their origin as either sede n tary o r tran sported .
U
S PPLE ME NTARY READ IN G
n , pp 1 8 2 .
-
.
So ils, E W Hilg a
. . rd , pp 1 6 2
.
—
.
The So il F H Ki n g , pp 1 6 9
, . .
—
. .
The So il A D H a
, . . ll, pp 6 3 1
.
-
.
7 9 Gro ups a
. c c o rd in g to tex t
ure Th e soil may by .
,
DI AM R N U M ER
B or
N AME
ETE
MI LLI ME TE R8
IN
PAR TI C LE S
R
G A M or So n
IN
.
4 . Fin sad
e n
5 . V ry fi e sad
e n n
7 . Cla y le ssth a
n
loam a n d (8 ) clay
,
F armers speakin g in a gen e ral way
.
, ,
80 . a
Re l ti on of te x t
ure to wa
t er - h o ld in g c a
pac i ty .
DI AM E TE R or G RA I N S SQ C M Su m mo n TO S Q F T Su m mo n
RA M
. . . .
m Mmmmn m n s A G o r So n . TO A LB o r So n . .
8 1 S o il struc ture
. Structure refers to the arran ge
.
but where the opposite con dition exists the soil crumbles ,
salts (7 ) an im al life a
,
n d (8 ) sto rms , Th e tilth i s the .
8 3 Spe c ific g ra
. vi ty o f s o ils T h e weight of a soil
.
Space s .
84 Ai r in th e so il
. Sin ce a ir is n ecessary to the
.
factors In a coarse sa n d a
. ir moves readily but in a clay , ,
soil .
,
n d all
Soil heat comes largely from the sun the rays of which ,
86 Th e o rg a
. n i c ma tte r o f th e so il is without doubt o n e
of its most impo rtan t parts sin ce it in flue n c e s so greatly
the physical chemical a n d biological chan ges that take
, ,
THE WA TE R OF THE SO I L
n d an ima
ALL plan ts a ls require water fo r life ad growth
n .
88 O ri g in o f so il wa
. te r
. The water of the soil has
at some time been precipitated from the atmosphere .
fa ll ca nn o t be in flu e n c ed by m a n but he c a
,
n do much to
90
The Wa
te r of he So il
t 91
8 9 Va
. ri a
ti on s in soil mo i sture The quan tity of .
90 Th e
. ti on of th e so il mo i sture depe n ds largely
c on d i
( )
3 hygr oscopic water .
9 1 Fre e wa
. te r When the soil bec omes saturated
.
92 C a
.
pi llary wa te r Afte r .all the free wate r has
d rain ed out of the soil there is still remain i n g a great
,
93 Hyg ro sc o pi c wa
. te r A pa rt of the moisture is
.
96 . Me th o d s o f e x pre ssing th e q u nt a
i ty of wa
te r .
example if o n hea
, ti n g 1 00 poun ds of soil there wa s a
loss of te n po u n ds there would be 1 0 pe r cent of water
,
97 Lo ss o f so il mo i sture
. The water that falls o n
.
the soil c a i
n be lost n th re e ways : ( 1 ) ru n o fi from the
-
o rgan ic matter .
98 N c c d f o r pre ve n ting e va
.
po ra ti o n T h e pla n t .
F IG . 19 . Re se rv o i r fo r th e a
sto r g e of i rri g a
ti o n wa
te r .
99 Th e wa
. te r ta ble is the level in the soil at wh ich
-
1 00 Th e m o ve me n ts o f so il mo i sture a
. re due to a
-
1 01 U se s o f so il wa
. te r Th e pri n cipal use of the
.
1 02 Qua
. nti ty o f wa te r u se d b y pla nts A plan t .
TH E CO N TROL OF S O I L WA TE R
of d ry farmin g
- .
IRRI GATIO N
1 03 . a
In c re si ng th e soil m oi st
ure all arid a . nd In ,
in fig u re s 20 to 24 .
F IG . 20 . Wa
te r be in g t ke
a n to th e la
nd .
FIG . 21 . ae
C e m e n t li n i n g p re ve n ts se e p g .
withhold it f om a othe such as ewly c ut ha
r n r y tha t n -
F I G 22
. . Wa
te r d i v e rte d f ro m re se rv o i r th ro u g h tu n n e l i n ro c k .
104 Sourc e s o f wa
. te r supply Th e most commo n .
1 05 Me a
. sure m e n t o f wa te r Irrigatio n water as
.
,
F IG . 24
. Arte si a
n wa
te r i s o f te n u se d f o r i rri g a
ti o n .
a
t i n ed ,togethe with its c oss section a
r n d from these
r -
, .
1 06 Me th o d s o f a
. l i
pp y g n w a te r T h e fou r p ri n cipal .
F I G 25
. . Irri g a
ti o n wa
ter b eing d i stri bu te d b y fur ro w m e th o d .
flo o d in g , overhead a
( )
3 nd ( )
4, sub i rrigatio n T h e - .
tio n
. greatly a s c ompared with flo o d in g A small stream .
a
k
through the soil n d saturate the sub -soil without wetti n g
the surface It may also be distributed through un der
.
tio n to a mi n imum .
1 07 Th e a
. mo un t o f wa ter to u se will depen d to ,
season ticket .
1 1 0 N e e d fo r e c o n o m y
. There is very much more
.
re q uisite .
DRAI N AGE
F IG . 27 Ma
c hi n e a ae
f o r d ig g i n g d r i n g d i tc h e s .
so n ea n y grea
r that roots ca nn ot p e n etrate to a t depth .
1 08 The Pri nc i p les oA
f g ro no my
1 1 2 Re mo vi n g a
. lk a
li In most arid regio n s much of
.
,
F ro . 28 . Dra
i ning a o rc ha
n rd .
co n te n t wo uld be of excellen t qu a
, lity if its exc ess salts
were removed .
1 1 3 Be n e fits o f d ra
. in a
g e Th e d rai n a g e of wet
. la n d
im mo v e s it in ma n y in direct as well as direct ways
, , , .
to d routh Th e increased a
. eration of the soil res ultin g
1 10 The Pri nc i p les o A
f g rono my
stan c es .
e ry where it c a
, n be had n o w does the work much more ,
good depth .
The Co ntro l o f So il Wa
ter 11
DRY F
- ARMI NG
1 16 . S c o pe of - a
rmi n g
More than half of the
d ry f .
d ry fa
- rin in g It does n o t differ essen tially from a
. ny
1 1 7 Th e q u e sti o n o f ra
. i nfall The total amou n t of .
year In such ca
. ses comparatively little of the moisture
sin ks in to the soil ; most of i t ru n s o ff The in ten sity of
.
by evaporation is rela
tiv e ly low .
uted in a regio n of
low evaporation would ,
doubtless make d ry
F 30 A d p u i f m s il w ll
fa rm in g
p te d to d w
IG .
ada
. ee ,
a
m mg
r
n or o , e
mo re success
he ce it ca ot be used
n , nn in d ry -fa
rmin g . The idea
l d ry
farm soil is at least eight or te n feet deep a
nd loamy It .
FI G . 33 . rg e m u lc hi n g i m p le m e n t u se d i n d ry -fa
A la rm i n g .
The Con tro l o f So il Wa
ter 1 15
1 19 . Dry fa
-rm N0 set rule c a
c ro ps . n be given fo r
F IG 34 Th e a
mou nto f m o istu re wh i c h th e p l a
n t ha
sa
'
fl e c ts th e
a
. .
'
p r o p o r ti o n o f d ifl e re n t p r ts .
precipi ta
tio n comes duri n g the wi n ter fall wheat has do n e ,
F IG 35 E x p e ri m e n ts to d e te rm i n e th e a
mo unt o f wa
te r used by
E
. .
c ro p s
. U a a
( t h x p e ri m e n t S t ti o n ) .
fie ld pea s a n d smooth
, b rome gra ss ha ve bee n used to -
1 20 Tillag e m e th o d s
. Though the same tillage
.
-
,
PLA N T F OOD OF —
TH E S O I L
pla n t food wa
- s supposed to come from the soil ; it was
n o t k n ow n that the greater part come s from the a ir O ne .
1 21 Wh a
. t pla nt s u se from th e so i l O f the te n ele .
1 18
Pla
nt- o od
f f
o the S oi l
'
large quan tities of potassi um the grai n crops require ,
discussed in C hapter X .
1 22 C o mposi ti o n o f soils
. Soil s a re made up largely
.
TAB LE 1 .
— C HE MIC A L C o u p o srrro n or HU MID AN D Ann)
So n s . STRO N G Hr n a
o c n to m c Ao m AN A LYS IS
H u m p Rn o xo n s Am p RE GI O NS
G
AVE RA E o r 69 6 AVE R E AG or 57 3
S MPLE SA S au n a
s
In so luble re si d ue
So luble sili c (SiO z) a
Alumi n a(M20 3)
Fe rric iro n
f
Su l uric trio x id e (SO s)
Ma ng a ne se (Mn O z)
Pho sp h o ri c a c i d (P 20 5)
Li m e ( C a O)
Ma g n e si a ( M gO )
So d a( N a 20 )
Po ta sh (K20 )
H um us
1 23 . Th e na
a ly si s of soi ls
order to determin e . In
the plan t food in a soil the chemist ta
- kes a sample to a
,
So n . BY C RO PS
To r n .
1 27 Pla. n tf o o d s t
-h at a re sc a rc e O f the te n e le .
1 28 Ex h a
. i o n o f th e so il
u st Th e po ssible e x h a
. us
of a ll crops .
1 29 Lo sse s in pla
. n tf o o d result primarily from the
-
130 Pla in o rg a
a
. n tf o o d nic
- tte r The o rga ni c .
1 31 . a
Re l ti o n of pl atfo n - od to v a
lu e of aso il . In
o rder that a soil may be valuable it must have a n ample ,
Fe rtilize rs a n d C ro p s L L Va n Sly k e , pp 1 05 1 1 6
,
.
—
. . .
So ils E W Hilg a
. . rd p p 3 3 42 1
1 —
,
. .
Farm man ure improves the physic al con d ition of the soil ;
lime corrects acidity a n d flo c c ulate s the particles of fin e
clay ; other fertilizers help to ren der available the reserve
store of plan t-foo d in the soil .
1 32 Type s o f f e rtili ze rs
. Th e material s added to
.
ous By fa
. r the most import a n t of these i s farm ma n ure ,
p h o ru s a n d potas
, sium they co n tain T he se a re usually
.
,
1 33 H o w to d e termi n e f e rtili ze r n e e d s
. In the .
d e mn ed .
1 34 Ni tro g e n f e rtilizers
. . N itrogen
is the most ex
p e n sive of all the fe rt il ize r eleme n ts a n d th e wo r ld s ,
’
. s ,
20 pe r cen t n itrogen .
1 35 N i trog e n fix a
. ti o n
- While the use of some com
.
te r XIII .
sometimes trea ted With sulfu ric acid to ren der its phos
p h o ru s mo r e available .
1 30 f g
o ro no y
a
tr lize this acidity before such crops as alfalfa a n d clover
1 39 In di re c t f e rti li ze rs
. Ma n y substan ces a
. re add e d
reactio n .
1 40 H om e -mi x i ng
. of f e rti liz e rs Man y farmers .
acid phosphate a
-
n d potassium chlo ride
, .
a dvan tage .
1 41 Va lue o f fa
. rm ma n ure Th e use of fa rm ma n ure
.
F IG . 36 . E fie c to f m au n re o n p ro p o rti o n o f d i fie re n tp a
rtso f c o rn a
pl
nt .
FI G . 37 . a
F i e ld s u se d i n f m o u s f e r tiliz e r ex p e ri m e n ts ( Pe n n E x p e ri
a
. .
m e n t St ti o n .
)
1 42 Kin d s o f fa
. rm m a n ur e Th e ma n u re from each .
‘
kin d of farm a n imal is d iffe l e n t Th at produced by .
FI G . 39 . Ma
n u re p ile i n a
n u n si g h tly ad
n i n c o n v e ni e n t p l a
ce .
by keepi n g it moi st .
1 44 H a
. n d lin g farm ma n ure E xperie n ce has demon
.
FIG . 40
. Ma rr i e r s a
n u re c a re be c o m in g a
lm o st afa
rm n e c e ssi ty .
soils will use forty o r fifty ton s to the acre every few years
without sufferin g a n y in jury .
the soil .
. .
n ature .
Le gumes make the best gree n man ure crop s sin ce they -
,
livin g organ isms Which a re co n sta n tly tra n sfo rmi n g its
pla n ts All life o n the earth is depen den t fo r its con tin u
.
a n other .
1 49 Th e n umb e r o f ba
. c te ri ai n t h e soil is probably
a bout as large as c a n be suppo rted u n der existi n g co n di
soils a
, n d sa n dy soils have comparatively fe w bacteria ;
1 50 Kin d s o f ba
. c te ri a The size a n d shape of bac
.
1 51 H o w b a
. c te ri ag row Th e fact that bacteria .
a temperature of 1 60 F mo st bacteria a °
re quickly killed
.
,
problem s of agriculture .
1 54 Th e fix ti o n
. at og e n wa
s first fou n d to occu r
o f ni r
p roceeds mo re rapidly .
. n d d e nit ti o n .
used Nitrific a
. tio n requi re s a good supply of oxygen a ,
1 56 Ba c te ri a
. and t h e fa rm e r Soil bacteria will g o .
behalf .
Ag ric u ltura l Ba ct e ri o lo g y H W C o n n , . . .
So ils, Ly o n Pippin
, , ad Buc k m a pp 42 1
n n, .
—
47 4 .
C y c pe d a f Ame
lo i o r n r r , o ic a Ag ic u ltu e V l I
, pp 441 453
—
. . .
l An a
Ag ric u ltu ra ly si s, Vo l I (So i ls) , H W Wile y , p p 51 9 57 2
.
-
. . . .
1 46 The P ri nc i p les oA
f g ro no my
F IG . 41 . Fi e ld i n g o o d c o nd i ti o n fo r c ro ps
.
1 58 . we e d s
C on trolli n g Weed s a re . a men ace to
every farm They thrive un der all co n ditio n s that pro
.
F IG . 42 . A g oo d
d se e b e d
- .
1 59 C ove rin g m a
. n ur e an d plan t re si d u e s O rgan ic .
FI G 44 a
C u lti v ti o n while th e c ro p i s y o u n g g re a
tly i n flu e n c e s
De la
.
wa
.
th e y i e ld . re .
that the soil seems more moi st after a roller is used often
misleads farmerswho thin k they a re actually savi n g water .
1 61 Tilla
.
g e o f vari o u s c r0 ps T h e impleme n ts. of
tillage may be divided i nto three main classes ( )
l
plows (2) cultivators a
, nd ( 3) crushers a
, nd packers .
1 62 Re a
. son s f o r ro ta ti o n o f c r0ps Some so rt of .
req u ire the va riou s foods in exactly the sam e p ropo rtio n s;
F I G 45
. .
—
E v e ry ro t a
ti o n sh o u ld i n c lu d e ani t o gr e n -g a
th e ri ng c ro p .
1 63 Me th o d s o f c rop rota
. ti on C areful plan n in g is .
SP E C IAL S O IL P RO B LE MS
ALKALI
1 54
Spec i a
l Soi l Pro blems 1 55
1 64 Kin d s o f a
. lk ali An y soluble salt presen t in
.
FI G . 46 . Alkali sp o t wi th a
ti o n
ve g e t kill d
e .
1 65 . Efie c t of a
lk a
li in jury
on pl a
nt g ro wth . The
don e to vegeta tio n by alkali salts results largely from the
shuttin g o ff of wate r from the plan t o n accoun t of the soil
solution havin g a g reater con cen tration than the plan t
cells By the law of osmosis water passes from the dilute
.
F IG . 47 Ah o rc h ad
r be in g kill d b
e y th e ri se of lka
a li .
1 66 Re c la
. ma ti on o f a
lk a li lands The perman en t .
E RO SIO N
1 69 Me t
. h o d s o f pre ve n tin g e ro si o n Erosi o n can n ot
.
BLO WIN G
'
so il a
O
the soil d rifts rea dily fa rms have been aban don ed over
,
1 7 0 Pre ve n ti on o f b lo win g
. It is o n the lon g
.
ETHO DS
M OF JU DGIN G SO I S L
Sin ce there a re so man y factors e n teri n g i n to the value
y a
man s expen ses through a
’
n en tire c ours e at a n a g ric u l
1 62 The Pri nc ip les of Ag ro no my
1 7 3 De pth a
. n d struc t ure o f t h e so il Th e depth of .
175 . Th e me c h a
n ic a
l aa
a soil shows its tex
lysi s of n
without a n a
n alysis simply by fee lin g i t There is n o .
1 7 6 Pro d u c ti vi ty
. Th e real value of lan d is deter
.
U
S PPLEME NTARY READ IN G
Ho w to C ho o se aFam r , T F . . Hun t .
. . a
So ils, E W Hilg rd , p p 3 1 3 370, 42 2 526 .
— —
.
a B
So ils, Ly o n , Fipp in , nd uc k m n , p p 3 7 5 403, 7 1 8 7 40
— —
a
a
. .
a a
C y c lo pe di o f Ame ric n Ag ric ulture , Vo l I, p p 480 48 3, 51 3 53 1
— —
. . .
a
Fertility o f the L n d , I P Ro be rts, pp 303 341
.
—
.
‘
. .
WHE A T ( Tri ti c u m sa
ti vum)
’
call it weizen Stra n ge though it may see m both
.
,
darke r in colo r .
C hin a
. It has also been foun d in the Lake dwellin gs of
the Swiss which discovery throw s its hi story back in to
,
1
Bo ok f
o Whea
t p
, . 1 .
1 67
1 68 The Pri nc ip les oA
f g rono my
177 . a
Re l ti on shi ps Gramin ea e is the botan ical
. The
family to which wheat belon gs Man y species of thi s .
ta re
1 7 8 Ro o ts
. When wheat kern els germin ate they
.
,
re servoi r fo r water a f
n d a sto rehouse o r plan t food
- The .
they sen d out depen d o n the loosen ess the dampn ess , ,
person th ink s it to be .
to e nd .
1 7 9 Th e pla
. n ta b o ve g ro un d Like all other members .
altern ately upon the rachis a zig zag stem which may be
-
, ,
1 80 Th e k e rn e l d ry a
. nd fairly smooth has a deep
, ,
F IG . 49 . A g o od y i e ld of wh e a
t, Pe n n sy lv ai an .
1 8 1 Va
. ri e ti e s Lik e all livin g thin gs wheat varies
.
,
win ters a re mild a n d the rain fal l abun dan t soft win ter ;
con ten t a
, n d (4) resista n ce to d routh in sects o r plan t , ,
F IG . 50
. Whe a
t fa
rm s sh o ul d be l ag e
r to b e m o st e c o n o m i c a
.l
crop
1 83 Pre pa ra
.
. ti o n o f se e d b e d Th e prepa
- ratio n of
.
1 84 Se e d a
. nd se e di n g Fa rmers had
. better use
seed that is adapted to their system of farmin g The .
don e is to harrow .
1 8 5 Ha
. rve stin g There is n o mo n th in the year
.
plan ted grai n ripe n s early an d spri n g pla n ted grai n late -
F IG . 53 . T h re sh e r a
t wo r k .
.Bi de
n cut g
r-rai n is shocked in the fi e ld whe re the st raw
d ries suffic ie n tly to permit easy separation of the grain
from chaff In some localities the wheat cut green is
.
n d stacks
in so a
, s to shed rai n a n d resist the attack of fowls o r
rode n ts .
1 86 Di se a
. se s Wheat is atta . cked by glume spot ,
spo res live over wi n ter in the stan din g straw o r even in
some other plan t In the spri n g after germin ation the
.
, ,
1 90 In se c ts
. Hes sia n flie s a
. n d chi n ch bugs a re the -
a beetle that eats the ten der pla n ts They pass through .
then is also a
,
n esse n tial cha racteristic of best quality
ae
r much more valuable than others fo r flou makin g r— .
te n t Starchy grain ta
. ken to a ha rd wheat district -
1 93 U se s a
. n d valu e The prin cipal use of Wheat is
fo r human co n sumption in the form of bread F lour .
,
the bran .
mastica tio n a
n d does n o t digest Th e p rice of wheat .
,
grain s combi n ed .
1 94 Stora
.
g e T h e easiest
. way to sto r e wheat o r ,
B o o k of Wh e a
1
t p 8 , . .
186 The Pri nc i p les oA
f g ron o my
1 95 Ele va
. to rs Particularly in the region of the
.
F IG 55
. . La
rg e a a
te rmi n l ele v to rs h e lp to h ad le th e wo
n rld
’
sg a
i
r n c ro p .
plan ted .
is graded as follows
White Win ter Wheat N0 8 1 2 3 a nd 4 , .
, , , .
C olo ra
do Wheat N0 8 1 2 a nd 3 ,
.
, , .
Sprin g Wheat N os 1 2 3 a nd 4 , .
, , , .
”
call e d n o grade These grades have become so n early
.
t Fie ld s a
Whe a nd Ma
rk e ts o f the Wo rld ,
Ro llin E Smith . .
Sto ry o ff o f Bre a
aLo a d T B Woo d , . . .
Whe a
t ad Flo ur In v e stig a
n ti s H ay on , rr Sn y d e r, Mi nn e so t Bul a .
No 8 5 . .
l
Cy c pe d
o i aof A e c
m ri an Ag c ture , V
r i ul o l II, pp 660 6 7 0
- . . .
Whe a t, M W Te n Ey c k
. . .
U S D A Fa
. . . rm e rs.
’
ulle tin s: B
N o 1 32 In se c t En e m ie s o f Gro win g Wh e a
. . t .
2 1 9 Le mo n s ro m the Gra
. f
i n Rust Epid e m ic o f 1 904 .
267 uc k w he a
. t B .
534 urum Wh e a
. tD .
1 98 Re la
. ti on shi ps Maize belon gs to the grass
.
1 99 Roots
. Th e first roots se n t out by a youn g co rn
.
p n n r r r n r r , , ,
19 1
1 92 The P ri n c i p les oA
f g ro no my
FIG . 56 . Go o d c o rn c u ltu re .
F IG . 57 C o rn on a ir i g a
n r te d fam Uta
rh , .
1 94 The Pri n c i p les oA
f g rono my
202 Th e flo we r
. Each e a
. r develops i n the axil of
203 Th e e a
. r Sin ce the cob i s several u n ited spike
.
curiosity O ften a
. n ca r has mo re rows at the butt tha n
at the tip but these rows d rop out two at a time Becau se
, .
the tip of the e a r fills last thi s part of the cob is freq ue n tly
,
embryo is n ear the cob o n the side toward the tip of the
ea r. The remain in g part a bout seven eighths of the
,
-
whole is en dosperm
, corn eo us if hard sta rchy if whi te
, .
Co m
’
or Ma
i ze 1 95
between cobs .
204 Typ e s
. The corn that E uropean s first foun d the
.
F IG . 58.
1—
Go o d e a
rs o f d e n t c o rn .
as ty pe s These a. re : ( 1 ) de n t ( 2 ) fli n t ( 3 ) sweet
, ( 4) , ,
p p
o , ( 5) soft an
, d ( 6) p o d .
205 De n tc o rn is by fa
. r the mo s t importan t as it in ,
ad
n eight to te n in ches in le n gth , with deep , w ed ge-shaped
kern els exten din g well over both tip a n d butt Cy lin d ri .
ripe n i n g givi n g the kern els a disti n ctly wrin kled appear
,
208 Pa .
p c o rn is eithe r smooth like fli n t o r sha rp o n
the top of the kern els which a re so very hard that a n imals
,
1 98 f g
o ron o my
sa s (7 ) O hio a
, n d (8 ) Texas
, These eight states have a
. n
ea th would
r n o t be p oduced o
r n o e three hu n d red th
n -
( )
3 rai n fall an d (,4) so il .
21 4 Ad a
.
p tati o n C o rn is. ex tr emely se n sitive to
fro st so much so that the len gth of its growin g seaso n -
in g sea so n
- An even temperature free from c old n ights is
.
in g begin s In o n e case it wa
. s foun d that 1 300 pou n d s
of d ry matter to the acre was produced in a sin gle week .
in g season
- Exp e rien ce has shown that the yield of
.
21 5 Pre pa
. rati o n o f th e se e d b e d
- Deep fall plow
-
.
200 o f g rono y
2 16 S e e d an d pla
.
able .
202 The Pri nc i p le s A
f g
o rono my
than oc ca sion al .
the see d it is a
, d visa
ble to apply the water before plan tin g
FI G . 60 . Re sul ts o f i rrig a
ti o n on co rn .
21 8 . H a
rve stin g . A good tim e to begin to ha
rvest
2 1 9 Sila
.
g e C o rn to be
. made i n to silage is allowed
to sta n d in the fie ld u n til the grai n is n the roasti n g e a
i - r
in ch lo n g o r thereabouts a
, n d blow n i n to the silo It , .
all cause the corn grower trouble The pere n n ial bin d
- .
wee d milkweed a
, n d grou n d cherry a
, re most troublesome
root louse
- rootwo rms , an d chi n ch bugs
- which do c o n
, ,
22 1 U se s a
. n d vae A
lu bout n i n e-ten ths of the .
Green d ried a n d ca n n ed co rn
, , homin y corn mea l , , ,
fo r the farm .
U
S PPLEME NTARY READ IN G
B
C o rn , o wm a n a n d C ro s sle y .
The C o rn Cro p s, Mo n tg o m e ry .
B
The o o k o f C o m , My ric k eta l .
Ma i ze , J
os e ph B urtt - avy D .
C e re a ls in Am e ric a ,
T F H u n .t, pp
1.38 —
2 79 . .
So u the rn Fie ld C rO p s F , J
ug g a r pp 7 8 2 1 6
.
—
D , . .
Ma n ua J
l o f C o m ud g in g A D Sh a me!, . . .
Fi e ld C r0 p s, Wilso n a n d Wa rburt o n , p p 47 1 35
—
. .
U S D A Ye a
. . . . r bo o k fo r 1 906 , p p 27 9 294 —
. .
U S D A Fa rm e rs Bulle t in s
’
. . . .
1 99 C o rn -g ro wi n g
. .
253 The Ge rm in a
. ti o n o f See d C o rn .
. a
303 C o rn -h rv e stin g Ma c hi n e ry .
41 4 C o rn C ulti v tio n
. a .
415 Seed C o rn
. .
Co m or Ma
i ze 207
Ho w to M a na
g e a C o rn C ro p in Ken tuc ky a
n d We st
553 Po pc o rn fo r th e Ho m e
. .
554 Po p c o rn fo r the M a
. rk e t .
6 1 7 Sc ho o l Le sso n s o n C o rn
. .
CHAPTE R XVIII
0 TH E R CE RE ALS
BE SI DE S whea
corn ad
t the cereals common ly grown
n ,
fo r grai n So rghums a
. re mo re impo rta n t fo r fo rage tha n
millets .
oats a
, n d Greeks o r Roma n s did n o t cultivate them ,
208
2 10 The Pri nc i p les o A
f g rono my
The re a
re vast fie ld s of oats in Man churia a n d Ar
dian a (8 ) N e w York a
, , n d ( 9) Michiga n Western O re .
The great producin g sta tes all average less than thirty
four bushels A good farmer may expect from sixty to
.
227 Se e d i ng a
. nd c ulti va ti on Th e preparatio n of
.
cut with the bi n der though the header find s occ asion al
,
21 4 The Pri nc ip les A
f g
o ro m my
stra w whi ch ha
,
smo re frequen t use as bed di n g fo r a n imals ,
hay o r grain may carry stock over win ter n early as well
as wild h a y O ats
. alo n e o r mixed with peas make , fai r ,
230 En e mi e s
. Th e c ommon weeds all t rouble oats
. .
clean seed a nd
, sprayin g With iron sulfate a re helpful
lodgin g .
fatal to m an .
BA LE Y R Ho rdeu m sa
ti vum)
23 1 De sc ripti on
. Barley re se mble s wheat
. very
closely havi n g a fibro u s root system of less exten t a
,
nd -
barley a re stan da rd : ( )
1 Od e rb r u c k e r (2 ) Ma n chu ria , ,
23 2 Di stri bu ti on a
. nd a da p ta ti on N 0 othe r g rai n .
p ro fit a
bly .
tion .
233 S ow
. in g an d c u lti va ti on Fo r barley as fo r othe r .
grades 1 2 3 a, ,
nd 4 , .
235 En em i e s a
. n d u se s Th e in se c ts that attack ba
. r
ca rbo n b is
- ulfid e fumigatio n Loo se a n d closed smut s of
.
Th e by products a
- re u s ed in various ways : ( 1 ) the
strawfo r bed din g a n d feed although the beards o r awn s , , ,
.
Othe r Cerea
ls 2 19
South , som e
ba ley green hay Hull less barley
i s cut fo r
'
r .
-
a An
a
s o n e of a n umber of grain s in a mixed g rain ration .
As a wo ld c op ba ley yields o n ly o n e a
r r r , n d o ne half
-
secon d a n d co rn firs
, t l n 1m po rtanc e .
RYE ( Sec a
le c ere a
le )
236 . De sc riptio n a
nd di stri but
i on . Ry e came into
Europe later than Roman tim es a nd spread rapidly
over the n orthern a n d ce n t ral parts of the co n tin en t from
an d da rk c olored
-
Ry e has the power of sen din g up
.
( )
2 W isco n si n ( 3 ) M ichiga
, n (4) Mi n n e sota a n d ( )
5 , ,
237 H a
. n d li n g th e c ro p F ertile soil a nd. a good
seed be d in crease the yield It is usually sown with
- .
o r ba rley .
weed s .
238 U se s
. Ry e b read feeds a va st n umber of the
.
value .
E MME R ( Tri i
t e um sai
t vu m di c oc c u m)
241 . De sc ri ptio n a
nd sub species of
u se . Emmer is a -
B UC KWH EA T F a
( g py
o ru m esc u len t
u m)
242 . De sc ripti o n d i stri buti o n
, Buckwheat , a
nd u se s.
Th e pla n t a
h s a ta
p
-root ; a b ra n ch e d stem two o r th ree
feet i n height each bran ch en di n g in a
, fla t topped cluster
-
Othe r Cerea
ls 22 3
an d un palata ble .
U
S PPLEM E NTARY READ IN G
Ce re a ls in Am e ri c aT F H un t pp ,
. .
,
. 280 41 0
— .
So uthe rn Fie ld C rO p s F ug g a , J
r pp 1 3 1 68 7 7 2 1 7 230
— — —
. D , .
, , .
559 564 -
.
U S D A Farme rs B ulle t in s
’
. . . .
N o . 1 39 . Em m e r : A Gra in fo r the Se m i a
rid Re g io n s - .
395 . Six ty d a y
-an d K he r s
on O a
ts .
42 4 . Oa ts : Gro wi n g the C ro p .
43 6 . Win te r O a ts fo r the So u th .
51 8 . Win te r B a rle y .
CHAPTER XI X
sugar beets a
- re by fa r the mo st importa n t The methods
.
ha u stin g ha n d labor
- F ield co n ditio n s in pota
. to-growi n g
are show n in F igs 62 to 65
. .
243 O ri g i n
. . Th e potato wa s growi n g wild in the
valleys of Peru a n d C hile whe n the Spa n iards firs t visited
these cou n tries about 1 542 An othe r ki n d of potato was
.
22 4
226 The Pri nc i p les of Ag rono my
Io n s.
FIG . 63 . a
C o n st
n t c u lti va
ti o n a
i s n e c e ss ry fo r g oo a
d p o t to y i e ld s
.
246 Va
. ri e ties Potatoes a
. re u sually classed as early
a n d late although color depth o r arra n geme n t of eyes
, , ,
sible yield .
possible .
ta in a n d Bu rba n k a
, re popular in the N o rt h e rn States .
Majestic a nd Freema n a
, re p r o fi tab le yielde r
,s u n de r
irrigatio n .
fo r potato productio n .
B ritai n sixth .
h
T e ac re-yield is 1 97 bushels i n Germa n y 1 8 6 in the
B ritish Isles ; 1 40 in Austria Hu n gary ; 1 34 i n Fran ce ;
—
in g to n 1 7 0 ; C olo rado 1 60 ; a
, n d Wyomi n g 1 45 All
, , .
d uc e rs the sta
, tes ran k : ( 1 ) N e w Yo rk (2) Michigan (3) , ,
FI G . 65 .
—
G re t p ta
a o to -
p ro d u c i n g se c ti o n , Aro o sto o kC o u nty , Ma
i ne .
248 Pre pa
. rati on o f la nd F armers c a n well affo rd .
fo r pota
,
does this very well but fresh man ure sometim es does
,
249 Se e d
. Some varietie s have much higher yield
.
hill shave from four to eight tubers of very much the sam e
size a nd s hape con taini n g n o very large o n es a n d n o tma n y
hill like the paren t hill A big potato from a poor hill
.
cal work some may desire to study the plan ts all summer
,
.
by a m a n w ,
h o fills emp ty n otches o r removes a se t if two
a re in o n e place When the n otch passe sover the delivery
.
acres o r mo re .
will plan t a n ac re .
251 Tre a
. tme n t d urin g g ro w th If the groun d cru sts .
,
fo r a furrow .
252 H a
. rve st in g a n d ma i ng
rk e t E arly potatoe s a re
.
fo r shippin g .
253 Sto ra
.
g e T h e pa rt of
. t h e c rop that i s sto red
goe s in to pits loose o r in to cellars loose in sacks o r in , ,
236 The P ri n c i p les A
f g m
’
o ron o y
254 We e d s a
. n d i n se c ts All c ommon weed s t rouble
.
255 Di se a
. se s Potatoe s a. re attacked readily by p a r
in gthem yellow a
ed u cin g the yield Bo rd eaux
nd r .
con t rol .
th e soil rotation s a
,
re be n e fic ia l Th e see d t reatmen t
.
seed lo n g rotation s a
, n d seed t reatmen t a
, re the most
256 U se a
. n d va lue The most importan t use of
.
excee ds a n y o n e of them .
U
S PPLEME TARY REA I N D NG
a a
The Po t to , S m ue l Fr se r a .
a
The Po t to , Grubb a n d G uil o rd f .
F e ld C ps, Wilso n a
i ro n d Wa rb urt o n , pp 422 443
— . .
a a
The Po t to In d ustry o f Co lo r d o , C o lo Bul N o 1 7 5, Fitc h , e nn e tt,
. . . B
a nd J
o hn son .
a a
C y c lo ped i o f Am eric n Ag ric ulture , Vo l II, pp 51 9 529
.
-
. .
a a a
Am e ric n Irri g tio n F rm in g , W H O lin , pp 1 7 0 188
.
—
. .
U S D A Fa
. . . rm e rs
.
’
u lle tB
in s
N o 9 1 Po t to
. . aD a a a
ise se s n d Tre tmen t .
a a a
295 Po t to e s n d the Ro o t Cro p s s Fo o d
. .
. a a
320 Po t to Spr y i n g .
. a
365 Po t to Gro win g in N o rthe rn Sec tio n s .
a a a
Po t to C ulture o n Irrig ted F rm s o f the We st .
. a aa
407 The Po t to s Truc k Cro p .
a aa a
41 0 Po t to C ulls s So urc e o f In d ustri l Alc o ho l
. .
. a a
533 Go o d See d Po t to e s n d Ho wto Pro d uc e Th e m .
a D a
Po t to -tu be r i se se s .
242 The Pri nc i p le s o A
f g rono my
F IG . 67 . T hi n ni n g su g a
r-be e ts, G e rm ay
n .
1 8 36 Fra n ce p roduced
, ton s of sugar a n d Germa n y
1 8 7 9 whe n a facto ry wa
, s built at Alva rado C alifo rn ia ,
.
258 De sc ripti o n
. In gen eral appea ran ce the beet
.
,
roots b ra n ch o fl
’
gatherin g food a , n d moi sture from a
beet .
259 Ad a p
.t ai
t o n an d d i stri b u i
t o n Beets like pota .
,
F IG . 68 . Su g ab e e ts
r- re q u i re avi g o ro u s le a
f g ro wth .
246 The Pri n c i p le s oA
f g ro n o my
fall
-
plowi n g mellows the seed bed a n d permits wi n te r a nd -
F IG . 69 . Su g ab
r- e e ts re q u i re alag a
mo u
r e nto f h ad la
n bo r .
in Ap ril o r Ma a
,
y thoug h ea rlie r,
i n some localities n d lat e r
26 1 Tre a
. tm e n t d rin g g ro wth
u A s soo n as the rows .
262 Di se a
. se s C ultivatio n
. n ecessa ry fo r be ets
should be so in te n sive as to keep weeds well un de r co n trol .
mixtu re .
advocated .
250 The Pri nc i ples oA
f g ro no my
is o n a slidin g scale
, .
265 U se a
. n d va lue The most impo rta
. n t use of
, b
pulp a y p roduct from the sugar in dustry is a valuable
-
,
ca ted O pe ratio n s .
266 . Ma
n uf a
ct
ure the factory is
of sug r a Whe . n
MAN GE LWU
- R! ELS
267 . Man gel wurzels o r man golds a
De sc ripti on . s -
, ,
a
,
268 U se
. The man gel is the chief root crop used
.
irrigatio n harvestin g a
, n d storage a re the sa me as fo r
,
.
man gel s save that turn ips must be used in early win ter .
ac e yields Rutabagas a
r - . re valuable fo r beef cattle ,
a re n o t used They a re ea s
. y to feed sin ce o n ly slicin g ,
CARRO TS (Dau c us c a a
ro t )
27 3 . De sc ription oot of carrots may be ta
. Th e
per r
27 4 . Culture sa a
n dy soils in which
nd u se . Lo ose, ,
sa me as fo r m a n g e ls o r rutabagas .
The Sug a r B
ee t, W re a .
Fo ra g e a n d F i be r C ro p s in A m e ri c a T F H u n t, pp 2 7 5—
303 , . . . .
Fo ra g e C ro p s, E B V o o r h ee
. s, pp .2 7 5—
29 1 . .
So uthe rn Fie ld C ro p s, :
F ug g a J
r , p p 42 5 456
—
. D . .
6 1 3 623 —
.
U S D A Ye a
. . . rbo o k fo r 1 904 p p 341 352
. .
—
.
J
,
U
,
Ha rris, ta U
h Bul N o 1 36 . . .
U S D A Fa
. . . rm e rs
.
’
ulle tin s: B
N o 52 Sug a
. r-bee t
. .
6 1 5 Le aSp o t, a
. Dise a f se o f th e S u g a
r -bee t .
CHAPTER XXI
haps the favo rable co n ditio n s that gave the crop a g ood
sta rt we re n ecessa ry to b ri n g its true value to the atte n
no s ain which a
a, re tho u sa n d s of species amo n g which ,
live bacteria which feed upon the pla n t takin g free n itro
g e n f r om the a ir an d a ssi sti n g,g r eatly i n the mai n te n a n ce
of soil fertility In the valleys a . n d o n the hill s of the
West there a
, re fift y o r mo re species of n ative legumes
which have probably had much to do with the great
fertility of virgin lan ds .
27 7 Roo ts
. You n g alfalfa plan ts sen d down p ro
.
a
.
with age The plan t is decid e dly pere n n ial livin g from
.
root system s
- Roots fiftee n to twe n ty feet in len gth a
. re
27 8 Ste m s a
. n d le a ve s When the stems a re h a. r
1 T
he B o o k of Alf a
lf ap 6 ,
. .
260 The Pri nc i ples o A
f g ro no my
height a n d o n e e ighth of a
— n i n ch in thick n ess a re usual
;
The stem s a re usually g reen but they a re sometimes
,
later crops .
slightly hairy .
27 9 Flo wers a
. n d se e d At blossomin g time each
.
,
yet 95 pe r cen t of
, o ur crop con tin ues to be common
alfalfa .
l
ous o r e se s ow covered The greatest productio n by
n - .
( )
1 0 N e w Mexico .
o c u la
te s it if the n ecessary bacteria a re lacki n g in the
from salt con cen tration s ; but when older a corky crown ,
28 2 Pre pa
. ratio n o f th e la nd and se e d ing Fall .
acid soils .
case the previous crop must come o ff the lan d gen erally
,
pact piles .
two a n d o n e half to n s a
— re f reque n t Four o r five ton s .
con dition s .
266 The P ri n c i p les oA
f g ro no my
F IG . 72 . Ha
y sh o uld be fe d on th e f a
rm .
28 6 U se a
. n d va lue In palata bility digestibility
.
, ,
n ut ritio n and ,
healthful n ess alfalfa hay lead s Some
, .
. .
28 7 Mix ture s a
. re ge n erally detrime n tal i n that they
weeds Squirrel ta
. il locally k n own a s fo x ta
- il ( Ho rd eu m
,
A
j u ba tu m ) dodde ,
r sweet clove r yellow t
,
refoil J u n e -g r ass , ,
leaf spot a
- n d several mi n o r disease s do va ryi n g damage
,
F IG . 73 . Do d d e r on lfa
a lfap la
nts
.
ad
n ch fl a
a
used fo r feed F rom o n e to twen ty bushels
re
’
.
from an ac re .
Th B k f Alfa
e lf aF D C b
oo o , . . o urn .
Alfa
lfai Am i aJ E Wi g
n er c , . n .
a
Fo r g e Pl a
C V P pe , pp 305 360
i
nts, r —
. . . .
F e ld C p P d uc ti , G L v g st , pp 27 8 293
i ro ro o n i i n o n — . . .
o r aa n r i n ri a
F g e d be r C o ps Ame c , T F H un t, p p 1 7 0 1 99
fi - . . . .
fafa a
Al l in the So u th we st, G F Fre e m n , Ari z Bul N o 7 3 . . . . . .
C y c lo ped i ao f Am ri a Ag ri ulture V l II p p 1 92 1 97
e c n c ,
o .
,
.
-
.
U S D A Fa rm s B ull ti s:
’
. . . . er e n
N o 1 94 Alfa
. lf aSe ed
. .
37 3 Ir i g a ti
. r f Alfa
lfa on o .
637 Th G a . ssh p p
e P ble m ad Alfa
r lfaC ulture
o er ro n .
C HAPTER XXII
TH E CLO VE RS A N D O TH E R LE G UME S
RE D CLO V R E ( f
Tm o li u m p rat
ense )
Red clo ver is the most impo rta n t legumi n ous crop grow n
in the Un ited States As a forage it a
. n d timothy com
,
sen ds up hairy much bran ched stems bea rin g man y pal
,
-
hun dred a n d fifty small blos som s va ryi n g f rom pale pin k
29 1 Di stri b uti o n a
. nd ada ptati o n R e d clove r is .
- -
.
OT HER C LO VE RS
294 . Alsik e
o T
( fm o liu m k
c l ver
y bm d u ) A lsi
'
k e is
’
m .
White clover
a
295 Whi te c love r ( Tmf o li u m rep en s)
. .
readily Acre-yield s a
. re small when harvested fo r hay ,
2 96 Swe e t c o e r
. l v M el lo us a
i t lba ) is a rank growi ng
-
g e n
. T h e pla n t is deep rooted r esists d routh
-
but c a
n , ,
when ce its n ame This clover i s a win ter ann ual in the
.
F I E LD PEA
- S ( Pisu m a
rvense )
298 . De sc ripti o n a
nd d pt ti on - aaa
Th e fie ld pea of te n .
-
,
adapted to the sa n n ld
me co ditio s as oats fie peas grow in
-
,
south of M a rylan d .
B EAN S ( P ha
seo lus sp ec i es) ( Fig . 7 4)
302 De sc ri pti on
. belon g to the same family
. Bean s
as peas , a
n d though there a re several ge n era mo st of them
whites yellows a
, n d blues ; the pod s a
, re gen e rally lo n g ;
they va y f om o n e eig th to o e a
r r h n n d o n e half i n ches
- -
tion s that have four mon ths free from frost that is from , ,
yield .
303 C ulture
. F all plowin g prepares the warm mel
.
-
,
FIG . 74
. A g ood c ro p o f fie ld b e a
ns .
304 U se
. Bean s sell well o n the market d ried o r
.
,
growth .
C O WP E AS ( Vi g naSine nsi s a
nd . tja
V Ca rg ) ( F ig . .
305 De sc ripti on
. . C owpea s a
re peas at all but
not ,
feedin g pasture a nd
, rotatio n value C otto n lan ds
, .
the vi n es .
307 De sc ri ptio n
. Soybean s resemble other bean s .
flat a ,
w n y ; most seed is flat smooth a
n d ta n d oily , ,
.
,
o
The
' '
Clo vers a
nd Othe r Leg u mes 28 3
coun t of pro lific b ran chin g When the seed ripen s the .
,
308 C ulture
. Well prepared seed beds aid materi
.
- -
MIS C ELLA EO US N LE GU ME S
309 Ve tc h ( Vi c i a
.
) Of the man y ki n ds of vetches ,
.
3 1 0 O th e r le g u me s
. Pea n uts a re grown in the .
g ra s sp e a
s a re u sed i n va r iou s pa r ts of the U n ited S ta tes
a n d the O ld Wo rld fo r hay o r pasture They a re all .
GRASS E S
F IG . 76 . Th e
’
e fle c ti v e u se of li g ht m ahi n e
c ry in h ad li
n ng a c ro p
th e h y .
valuable pl an ts si n ce w i th them a
,
l
28 6
Gra
sses 28 7
plan ts ,
clover a n d alfalfa as well as members of the
FI G . 77 . A c o ve re d ck i
a a
h y st n th e h u m i d se c ti o n .
a re u seful si n ce some a
, re o ur wo rst weeds The h a y c rops .
Jo h n so gra
n — ss oat grasses ry e grasse s fescues wheat
,
-
,
-
, ,
F IG 78 A g o o d su bp ly f fo r g c ke d
ae we ll sta
—
. . o .
me n tio n ed a
re much mo re impo rta n t tha n the others .
TI MO T HY ( Phle u m p rat
e n se )
T imothy origin ated in the O ld World where a n umber
of wild species a re fou n d The n ame p robably came from
.
3 1 1 De sc ri pti o n
. Timothy bears a slen der spike
.
,
c p havi g ve y sm a
ro n ll see d
r . Well d eca
yed o rga nic
-
crop a nd
, in sprin g with o r without a n u rse crop , , .
1
Pi p e r , F o ra
g e Pl a
nts , p . 130 .
Gra
sses 29 1
special sieves .
timothy is fo r hay sin ce the pastu res yield but little feed
,
cro p of Am erica its i n trin sic feed value is less tha n that
,
C no r Ac mcs TO N s Pa
n C ENT
Tim o thy (a lo n e )
Red c lo ve r (a lo n e )
Ti mo thy and
,
c lo ve r
1
(mi x ed )
Tim o thy (to t l) a
Red c lo ve r (to t l) a
f
Al a lfa
a
Cere ls fo r h a y
O the r ta m e g r sse s a
So rg h u m s
Mille t
C o wpe a s
Ca n da a
p e as
Ke n tuc k y blue-g ra ss
Bro m e-g ra ss
All o the r ta m e g ra sse s
Wild g ra sse s
1
a a
T ke n lf c lo
sh a ver n lf ti mo th y wh e n g ro wn i n mi
ad h a x tu re .
292 The Pri nc i p les oA
f g rono my
3 1 5 En e mi e s
. Bill bugs a
. n d joi n t wo rms cause some
- -
E
R DTO P A
( g ro sti s a
lba)
31 6 . Redtop is so ca
De sc ripti o n lled from the dis
.
3 1 7 Ad a
.
ptati o n A s r edtop withsta
. n ds wate r-log
gi n g to a marked degree it replaces timot hy o n very ,
32 1 . aa
Ad pt ti o n . Apparen tly
degree o f c o ld no
whe eve
r r s uffi c i e nt moistu e falls o
r n well d rain ed soils
—
grass Regio n .
322 Culture
. Beca use of the low vitali ty of the
.
pe n ds o n so il a n d climatic c o n ditio n s .
323 U se a
. n d va lu e Blue—grass yields little forage
.
blue grass excels all others with the po ssible exc eptio n
-
,
O R
CH AR D—G A R SS ( Da
ct
y li s g lo meraa
t )
324 De sc ripti o n
. grass is a deep ooted
. O rchard - -r
,
325 Ad a
.
p tati o n H eat in
.
j u res o rcha rd -g rass less
than it does timothy o r blue grass but c old hurts it much
-
,
that tim othy has gain ed such a hold that other use ful
grasse s such as orchard-grass oat-grass a
,
n d b rome-grass , , ,
roots e n du re ra
, ther severe d rouths As sha de does n o t .
326 Culture
. Similar care a
. s to preparation of the
la n d fo r sowi n g a
n d metho d
, of scatterin g the seed ,
296 The Princ i ples oA
f g ro m my
pasturin g of the fie ld s .
298 The P ri rwi p les of Ag rono my
f
o n the d ry fa rm - .
33 1 Va lu e a
. n d u se Fo r hay the g ra
. ss is o ut just ,
ered .
w
bo rh o o d befo re so i g exte sive
n n fi e ld s B ome grass
r - .
E GRAS SES
O TH R
332 . a
T ll m e d o w o a a
tg a- r th m m la
ss ( A h a ti s)
is rr e n e e u
sta n ds more h eat mo re d routh but less f rost than tim othy
, , .
.
-
g r s s C
( y n o d o n D ac ty lo n ) is v aluable i n
334 J. o hn so n g ra
- ss ( Ho lc us ha lep ensi s) is a coa rse ,
S YS TEMS
r a
thei p st e lan ds fo r this purpo se Later when crop s
u r - .
,
to-d a y whe
,
reve r m an live s he has cattle
, a n d beasts of
burden These get a part of their feed from pastures
.
33 6 De fin i ti o n
. By the term
. pa sture is m ean t
a n y la n d from which livestock gathe r feed fo r them s elves ,
g ee pla ts
r n n o r, as oppo sed to ha y
-maki n g w h ich c o n ,
u se d fo r feed .
337 Kin d s o f pa
. sture If the area is n aturally c o v
.
ered with pasture crops o r if the lan d is con tin uously use d
,
3 02
a
P stures, Me d o ws,a a
nd e ms
S oi li n g S yst
speakin g a ,
re n o t pastures that is the primary use is
, ,
338 A g o o d pa
. stur e should be thoroughly a n d eve n ly
that the quan tities ea ten will n ourish the body a nd s upp ly
33 9 Immrta
. nce . More than o n e third of all the
-
sheep feed o n it .
co siderable secon d cl a
n — ss feed o n the wet lan ds that a re
alfalfa a n d re d clove
,
r Blue grass a
— n d the. r y e -g r as se s
n eed much moistu re .
( )
1 T hey usually i n su re a co n ti n uous g row t h fr om
early sprin g th rough summer to late fall .
306 The Pri nc i p les oA
f g ro m my
b rome grass a
-
n d ry e are successful Timothy has do n e .
best o n the mou n tain ran ges with b rome grass seco n d
-
, .
343 Fo r d i fie re n t a
. n ima ls O n e reaso n why horses .
sheep .
grasses If there a
. re n o willows ih the fi eld the re should .
,
c o rn
, rape barley a,n d vetch oats a n d vetch oats a nd , ,
peas a
, n d ba rley make good c rops o n which to turn hogs .
344 C on d i tion
. of pasIt is a commo n pra
ture s . c
345 Im pro vi n g pa
. sture s Th e rocky a
. n d very rough
so d will bear close grazi n g lon ger tha n will weak T imo .
stem deman d this more in sisten tly than the grasses the ,
ae
r .
Th e n a
al meadows as al ready i n dicated a
tu r re bei n g, ,
SO I LI N G
a n d is i n co n ve n ie n t o n that accou n t .
crops .
314 The P ri nc i p les oA
f g ron o my
3 Th e
. feed is more eco n omically u sed sin ce there is ,
4 Th e cattle c a
. n be kept mo re comfortable whe n fed
F IG . 80
. So rg h u m s a
re da
a p te d to h o t, d ry c a
li m te s
.
5 . Man ure c a
n be p reserved a
n d applied to the right
crop in
otation thereby con servi n g fertility
r , .
section s .
successfully .
assist in autum n .
Fo r ag e C r0 p s V o o rh
,e e s pp 3 4 41 3 1 1 32 7 , .
-
,
-
.
C HAPTER XXV
S O RGH UMS A N D
’
MI LLE TS
crop s .
S O RGH U M H
( lc us
o , or An d ro p o g rm Sorg hu m)
,
352 . O rig i n . N0
will ever kn ow exactly just
o ne
ad
n 82 .
So rg hu ms a
nd Mi llet
s 31 9
The P ri n c i p les oA
f g rono my
As crop-pla n ts sorghums a
, re as old as a n y kn ow n .
n eithe r did the Roma n s u n til sho rtly after the C h ristia n
e ra whe n a
, n impo rtatio n from I n dia took place .
Jo h n so n grass ( Ho lc u s ha
-
lep en sis) is a bad weed in the
warmer part s of the Un ited States Vigorou s rootstocks .
pla t
n . N o t all Jo h n so n gra ss has roo tstocks
- si n ce a ,
Jo hn so n grass a
- n d vary towa rd the so rghums All of .
3 54 De sc ripti on
. C o rn is so much l ike sorghum
.
355 Va ri e t
. ie s Though other c la ssific a .tio n sa re ofte n
1
a
Fo r g e Pl ats p
n , . 26 2 .
324 The Pri nc i p les oA
f g rono my
C olorado a ,
nd C aliforni a grow small acre a ges These .
359 . H a
rve stin g . grain cro p Wh en fully mature , th e
is o ut either with a co rn bin der with a sled cutter o r by
- -
, ,
bushel yields .
just at bloom C orn bin ders cut large areas more cheaply
- .
than ha n d labor
- Ha y is made someti
. m es by b ro ad
casti n g thick stan ds cuttin g with a mower a n d cur i n g
, ,
available .
,
“
crossed stalks Th e b rush as the whisk is called i s
.
, ,
So rg hu ms
‘
aM nd i lle t
s 327
the seed from the brush which is thr ust agai n st the c y lin
,
shallow pan s con cen t rates the sirup to the desi red c o n
sisten cy of 30 p e r cen t moisture About half o r two .
Un less cru shed fed wet o r mix ed with other feed s a part
, , ,
fo r th eir fowls .
crop .
3 6 1 En emi e s
. Kern el smut attacks in dividual seed s
. .
chin ch bugs a-
nd , sorghum ap h id s do some d a mage .
362 Stora
.
g e a n d m ark e tin g T h e b rush fr om b r
.oom
corn is marketed in a n umber of grades at o n e to six cen ts
a poun d depen din g o n the len gth u n iformity fle x ibility , , ,
creasi n g .
3 65 Re la
. ti on shi p a n d d e sc ri pt i on Th e millet s i n .
Ja p a n e se ba rn ya rd millet a n d pea
, rl millet F oxtail .
366 C ulture a
. n d va l ue From two to fou r pecks of
.
ad a
n lfalfa Ho rses suffer i n several ways from co n tin
.
367 O th e r type s
. Ja p an e se .b rn ya rd millet is
coarser than foxtail millet has bran ched head s a n d is
, ,
Asia .
mo stly fo r forage .
U
S PPLEME N TARY REA IN G D
The C o rn Cro p s, M o n tg o m e ry , pp 27 9 342 .
— .
C e re a ls in Am e ric a , T
F H un t, pp 38 2 399
. . .
—
.
Fo ra g e P l a n ts , C V .P ip e r ,.
pp 260 —
304 . .
Fo ra g e C r o p s, E B . V o o rh
. e e s , p p 3 7 1 3 1 .
-
.
Fo ra g e a n d F i b e r C r o p s , T F H un t , pp 1 1
. 1 .
—
1 20 . .
So u the rn Fie ld C ro p s, F J
ug g a r , pp 23 1 247
. D .
-
.
l
Cy c ped
o i a o f A m e ri c an A g ri c u lt u re , Vo l II , pp 3 8 4—
388 , 46 9- 47 4, . .
57 4 58 2
—
.
U S D A Fa
. . rm e rs
. ulle tin s
.
’
B
N o 1 01 Mille ts
. . .
174 ro o m C o rn
. B .
288 Ka hr C o rn. .
322 Milo . .
e tte r Gra B
in -so rg h um C rO p s .
458 The es . B
t Two Swee t So rg h um s fo r Fo ra
ge .
552 K fir a sa .Gra a
in C ro p .
textiles .
3 69 Re la
. ti on shi ps Hollyhock is the most co mmon
.
species of cotton ( )
1 Upla n d ( )
2 S e a i sla n d ( )
3 ,
-
,
a a
L yto n , Toole , Ki n g , n d Allen Lo n g st ple re stan dard
- a a
varieties
37 0 . De sc ri ption . C otto n
has a deep ooting habit -r
,
but also sen ds n umerous horizon tal bran ches in the upper
three in ches of soil Th e stem is solid woody con sider
.
, ,
37 1 Ad a
.
ptati o n C otto n Will grow in most soils ;
.
3 7 2 C ulture
. . It is a practic e common but u n wi se , ,
w
.
va to rs good ha rrow s a
, n d e ffic ie n t plows have been in
,
a re badly n eed ed .
Boll weevils a
- n d bollwo rm s have caused much d a mage ;
cotto n wilt a n d root ro t both pla n t di seases , in jure the ,
37 5 De sc ri ption
. The plan t con sists of a slightly
.
b a che d ta
r n p
-ro o t ; a sle n de r stem fr om o n e to th r e e
a
with te n flat o val russet seed s rich in oil The bast
-
, .
”
fibe r o ralin en i s se pa r ted from the stem by
, , rettin g
37 6 Ad a a
.
.
p t ti o n F lax will g.row o n an y kin d of goo d
soil i n climates that permit the successful productio n of
wheat Ru ssia produces two thi rds of the fibe r fla
.
-
x of
g e n ti n ag rows fl a x f o r se e d p roduci n g 3 4 p e r ce
, n t of the
en tire see d -crop This exceed s the production of a
. ny
37 7 Culture
. Most of the fla
. x crop in t h e Uni ted
States is produced o n n ewly b roken groun d before a
-
ny
Fi bers a
nd Mi soell a
ne a
us C ro ps 339
F IG . 83 .
—
A g ood c ro p o f a
fl
x se e d . Wi sc o n si n .
of its stren gth a n d unif o rm whi ten ess ; beca use it doe s
no t f ray in la un de ri n g a s does cloth m a d e from cotton o r
wool ; a n d because it takes s ta rch well Fo r these rea .
, , n d fo r , ,
O THE R FI B ERS
37 9 . H e mp ( Ca
n na
bis iv
s t aa
which is related to th e
) ,
F IG . 84
. a
C bba
ge a
sah e ld c ro p . De la
ware .
in America , is a
n en la rgemen t of the stem while cabbage ,
is shown in Fig 8 4 . .
38 2 Ra p (
.e B r assi c a N ap )
u s g rows fr om t wo to fou r
383 K a le ( Bra
. ssi c a o le ra c ea
) a headle ss cabbage , ,
384 En emi e s
. Although in ten sive culture sho uld
.
causin g the plan ts to die The spo res live in the soil
.
s .
cide treatmen ts .
TO B ACC O (N i cana
i
ot Ta bac um)
n a rcotics .O pi um a
n d cocai n e were u sed fo r a lon g tim e
to soothe stimulate o r deaden n erv ous respon se After
, ,
.
3 88 Sug a
. r cane - About half the sugar of the wo rld
.
i s made f om s ga ca n e ( Sa
r u r- c c ha ru m ofi ic i n a
r um) wh ich is ,
p oduced o ly
r n i n t op ical
r a n d semi tropical coun t ries
- .
F IG . 85 . a
Pl
ntin g su g a
r c ae
- n . L aa
o u isi n .
Fibers ad Mis lla a
n s C ops ce ne o r 347
d u c e rs Lo uisian a a
. n d Texas produce all that i sg rown in
the Un ited Sta tes Alluvial so ils alon g the lower Mis
.
weed s .
, ,
38 9 Swe e t po ta
. to e s Most of the swe et potato .
( Ipo mceaBa a
t tas) crop of the Un ited States is grown in
the South Loose friable soils favo r best growth of the
.
,
( Fi g
. Sin ce frost in jures the crop readily the plan t is ,
o h bran ch buds a
'
n d by p run in g wisely .
393 O th er c ro ps
. .
, , , ,
o r stems .
U
S PPLEMENTARY REA I G DN
C o tto n , C W urke tt . . B .
He m p , o y c e B .
Fo ra g e n d F i a
be r C ro p s i n Am e ri c a , T F H un t, pp 3 04—
402 . . . .
a
Fo r g e C ro ps, E B Vo o rhee s, pp 292 3 1 0 .
—
. . .
a
Fo r g e Pla nt s, C V Pip e r pp 58 9 595 —
. .
,
. .
C o tto n See d n
36 . ad its Pro d uc ts .
48 The M a
. n uri n g o f Co tto n .
1 64 R pe s a
. aa
Fo r g e Cr0 p a .
352 The Pri nc i ple s o A
f g rono my
a
Esse n ti l Ste p s in Sec uri n g a n E rly C ro p o f C o tto n a .
a
Misc e ll n eo u s C o tto n In sec ts in Te x s a.
a
Fl x C ulture .
The Ad va a
n t g e o f Pla nt in g He vy C o tto n Se e d a .
Se a -Is la n d Co t to n .
B
A Me tho d o f ree d in g E rly Co tto n to Esc pe o ll a a B
Wee vils .
C o tto n Wilt .
B
The o ll Wee v il Pro ble m .
a
C bba ge .
U
C o tto n Im pro ve me n t n d e r Wee vil Co n d iti o ns .
B
Th e o ll Wee v il Pro ble m .
An Ex a a
m ple o f In te n siv e F rmi n g in the C o tto n e lt B .
C o tto n Wilt a
n d Roo t-Kno t .
354 The Pri nc i p les oA
f g rano my
F IG 90 B re e d i n g n urse ry fo r ti m o th y ( Pe n n sy lv n iaE
a x p e ri m e n t
a
. . .
St ti o n ) .
ls i n Ameri c ap p 1 4 1 5
C erea 1 —
, . .
I mpro vement of Crops 355
factors They a
. re en ds goals toward which improve
men t must be pushed N o t always c a n thi s be don e
.
FIG . 91 . Had n th re sh e r fo r wo r ki n a
pl
n t b re e d i n g
- .
weakn ess though it has stren gth in all other respe cts
, .
”
A chain is n o stro n ger than its weakest li nk .
356 The Pri nc i ple s oA
f g ron o my
o ne ,
it co uld n o t mature ; a nd w hatever its po ssibilities
in oth e r re spe c ts n o t mu ch will actually co me fro m it
, .
stri ven fo r .
358 The P ri nc i p les o A
f g ro no my
thistle , a n d milkweed a
re a fe w weed s especially ha rd to
mixed a
.
e n oug h to test is secu red With the help of han d forc eps
.
,
n eed le s a
, n d a ha n d le n s a sepa ratio n of the sample i n to
a few daysthe seed sthat have germi n ated may be cou n ted
a n d reco rded . Repetitio n of the cou n ti n g every day fo r
a short period will show the percen tage of germin ation .
. nd
399 Va ri a
. ti o n Mere chan ce would cause some of
.
in g a
, n d i n n u me rous other ways O ats alwaysbri n g forth .
400 . aa
N tur l se le c ti o n Because some o n e plan t o ut
.
N o w, if a a
ll the see d s from n y o n e ki n d of plan t grew ,
th i s pla n t would soon fill the whole e rth Therefo re , a .
401 Artific i a
. l se le c ti o n Beca u se m a n has put his
.
403 . a
V ri e ty te sts Much is bein g accomplished o n
.
ise much .
in breedi n g :
( )
1 I n duci n g va riatio n .
( )
2 S electio n of mo st p romi si n g va r iatio n s .
( )
3 T esti n g the selectio n s to fi n d out thei r power of
t ran smittin g desirable qualities to proge n y .
poin ts fo r selection .
the flin t will breed true but it is h ard to tell wh ich part
, ,
ca
.
, , .
The Pri nc i p le s oA
f g rono my
rally t hi s h a
, s helped much i n b reedi n g wo rk but ma n y ,
408 Be tte r se e d
. Pla n t breedi n g farms occasion
.
—
whe e it a
r w s hithe to impos sible ; ru st resista n t carn a
r -
WEE DS
w
.
ous in deed a
,
re the
, meth ods they have adopted To .
409 De fin i ti o n
. Weed s a . re simply pla n ts g rowin g
3 66
Weeds 36 7
farm wheat in this way which cau ses larger losses than
,
i n sta n ce a
, re n o t at all n oticeable while mo rn i n g glo ries ,
-
41 0 Cla
. ssi fic ati o n As regard s len g th of life weeds
.
,
be used .
41 1 O c c urre n c e
. N o farmers a
. re exempt from wee d
At the doo rstep they creep out from the edge of the
,
n d to
inn ocen tly but he has been k nown to do it willfu lly Much
, .
C a ada blue g ra
n - ss seed ha s bee n impo rted to ad u lterate
that of Ken tucky blue grass - .
n e w pl a n ts which have l a
, ter proved to be u nmitigated
n uisan ces . Burdock a n d h oa rhoun d have be en coaxed
They a re eye so re s -
Some farms have suffered so much
.
that they will n o t brin g the own er a n y rea son able price ;
they a re un salable C o e cites a
.
1
n in stan ce whe re lan d
1
So u th Da
k o taB u lle ti n, No . 1 50 .
Weeds 37 1
both fa ,
r beyon d the act u al damage o n account of the ,
con sideration .
th at It is fun d a
. men tal Then the farmer should e x e r .
cise wisdom i n haulin g man ure from yards whe re con tami
n atio n is likely If ditch ban ks a
. n d fie ld s a re clea n water ,
years Le aves a
. n d seed stems grow up from root crown s - -
C o n stan cy alo n e c a
”
in a good lick . n p reven t pests
begi n growth .
If fo r a
, n y re ason weed s a re n o t attacked when on ly
,
may show at the same time that others con tain mature
seed .The blossom should serve as sign al hun g out to
warn that see d will soo n begin to ripe n .
41 6 Ge n e ra l pri n c iple s
. C lark a n d F letcher
1
.give
the followin g
1 There is n o weed kn own which can n ot be e ra
. di
ca te d by co n stan t atte n tio n if the n ature of its growth ,
is un derstood .
4 Ma n y weed seeds c a
. n be i n duced to ge rmin ate
sprin g .
6 All weed s c a
. n be dest royed by the use of o rdi n a ry
”
from becomin g established .
Fa r m Weed s p p —
15 17 1
, . .
37 6 The Pri nc i ples oA
f g ron o my
The
p acti c e of summe fallowin g la n d to the exclu
r r- ,
soil kills some weeds but also i njures the crop plan ts
,
- .
Weed s Tho ma
. sSha w .
n d Fa
rm Frie nd s a
Fa rm Fo e s C M We ed 1 55 —
, . .
pp , . .
. . a
U S D A F rme rs u lle tin s: B
’
a
. .
. U
1 88 Wee d s se d in Me d ic i ne .
27 9 A Me tho d o f Era
. d ic a J o n Gr s
tin g o hn s s a .
306 . D
o d d e r in Re la a
tio n to F rm See d s .
aa
368 The Er d ic tio n o f Bin d wee d , o r
.
Glo ry .
The Era d ic a a
tio n o f Qu c k-Gr ss a .
. a
660 Wee d s n d The ir Co n tro l .
PART IV
D MANAGE ME NT
F IE L
38 2 The Pri nc i p les o A
f g rono my
o r if co n ditio n s a
re pa rticula rly favo rable to some p fo d u c t ,
42 1 Th e fa
. rm ste ad i n cludi n g the fa rm home a
, nd
great a
, n d the a rra n gem en t fo r con ven ien ce a n d beauty
is n o t desirable .
38 4 The P ri nc i p les oA
f g ro no my
U
S PPLEME NTARY READ IN G
Fa rm M a na g e m en t G F W arre n pp 239 2 69 , . .
, .
—
, 365 401
—
.
Fa rm D e v e lo pm e n t W M H a 96 1 1 6 —
y s pp , . .
, . .
The Yo un g Fa rm e r , T F H un t, pp 9 26 . . .
—
.
Fa rm M a n g e m en t, F W C a a rd , p p 7 0 90, 1 98 207
— —
. . . .
Ag ric u ltura l Ec o n o m ic s, H C Ta y lo r pp 1 1 7 1 35 . .
, .
—
.
U S D A Ye a
. . rbo o k fo r 1 8 92, pp 343 364
. .
—
. .
U S D A Ye a
. . rbo o k fo r 1 9 12 , p p 343 364
. . .
—
.
U S D A Fa
. . rm e rs
.
’
ulle tin
. N o 37 0, Re pl n n in g B . a a
Pro fit .
C HAPTER XXX
WHA T C RO P S TO GRO W
c rops to sell .
426 Cr0p a
. da p tati o n It is p.robable that as ma n y
losses in farmin g result each year from n o t raisin g the
rig h t crops as f rom poo r cult ure methods In decidi n g .
38 7
388 The Pri nc i p le s oA
f g ron o my
advisable h owever to do as o n e ma
, n p roposed afte r
,
year Whi le thi s procedure would give the soil the ben e
.
Whea nd c a
t gro ws over a Wide ran ge of con dition s a n ,
farmin g .
factory .
lime a
,
n d p refers a n open sub-so il Th e g rass crops re .
whose food it is to be .
430 Wo rk in pro d uc in g va
. ri o u s c r0ps In arran gin g .
small g ra
- in s requi re very little atten tion un til harvest
tim e C o rn a
. n d potatoes o n the oth e r han d n ee d cul , ,
work fo r me n a n d ho rses .
SUPPLEMENTARY RE ADIN G
An y bo o k o n fie ld c ro p s .
Fa rm M a na g e m e n t G F W arre n , pp 42—
1 0
.3 402—
41
. 5 , .
, .
So ils Ly o n a
, n d Pi pp in p p 497 502 , .
-
.
Ag ri c ultural Ec o n o mi c s H C Ta y lo r pp 65 7 7
-
, . .
, . .
La
,
nd s .
C HAPTER XXXI
very sim ple Duri n g the last cen tury however there
.
, ,
tim e the amoun t of g rain that could be rai sed was lim ited
to the quantity that c ould be ha rvested by the slow meth
ods the in use
n T o day n o such lim it exi s
.
- ts sin ce every ,
43 1 Th e f a
. rm e r a s am e c h an ic Th e fa rmer of a
.
few gen eration s ago could get alon g with but very little
kn owledge of machi n ery si n ce he had n o machin es but
, ,
392
394 The Pri nc i p les o A
f g rmwmy
a
n e w m chi n e a
n d device that is put o n the ma rket As .
a
chasin g equipmen t , n d buys on ly stan dard implemen ts .
433 Ma . ha
c h in e s t t g e t o ut o f d a te Every year .
F IG . 94
. C e m e n t fin d s m a
ny u se s o n th e f a
rm .
434 Ma
. ha
c h in e s t ta re se ld o m u se d Some pieces .
very large farm , i t is desi rable to have all the machin ery
‘
a s po ssible Where fie ld s a
. re small o n the other ha n d , ,
farmer should con sider well the sizes that will best meet
his n eeds The machin es should be large en ough to do
.
436 Th e d uty o f ma
. c h in e ry refe rs to the amou n t of
F I G 95 . . a
G so li n e e ng ine u se d fo r st aki
c ng a Wi sc o n si
h y ,
n .
in g m e n ad
team s a potato digger may be ru n twen ty
n ,
437 De pre c i a
. ti on E ve ry fa rm impleme n t depre
.
439 Sui ta
. ble fa rm b ui ld i n g s F arm buildi n gs a l
.
,
U
S PPLEME NTARY RE AD IN G
Fa ruc ture s K
rm St , . J
T Ek bl w . a .
Fa
rm M ana g e m e n t , G F W rre n , pp 355 364
. . a .
-
.
a a
C y c lo pe d i o f Ame ric n Ag ric ulture , Vo l I, pp 162 27 8 —
. . .
Fa aa
rm M n g e m e n t, F W C a . rd , p p 40 47
—
. . .
a a a a
F rm M c h in e ry n d F rm Mo to rs, vid so n n d C h se Da a a .
a D
F rm e ve lo p m e n t, W M H y s, p 355 38 4 .
—
. a . .
a
F rm Eq uipme n t, O hi o Bul 297 . .
. . . . a
U S D A F rm e rs ulle tin s:
’
B
No 303 C o rn -Ha
. . rv e sti n g M c hi n e ry a .
a
347 Re p ir o f F rm Eq uip m e n t
. a .
47 5 Ic e Ho use s
. .
57 4 Po ultry Ho u se C o n struc ti o n
. .
58 9 Ho me M d e Silo s
. a .
C HAPTE R XXXII
the busin ess well organ ized to have the capital all wo rk
,
440 Si ze o f fa
. rm In o rde r to make a success in
.
recog n izes the fact that capital is requi red to e n ter the
culture Dairyin g a
. n d the pure b red live stock busi n ess
-
443 G o o d ma
. nag e m e n t F.a rmi n g will n o t pay
un de r the mo st favorable co n ditio n s without in telligen t
man agemen t There a
. re so ma n y cha n ces fo r losses
that un less good j ud g m e n t is exercised failure is sure to
result . In farmi n g n e w co n dition s a
, re co n sta n tly p re~
444 K e e pin g re c o rd s
. Th e farmer c ann ot without
.
,
able to elimi n ate u npro fita ble crops a n d rai se o nly those
that the chi ef aim of the farmer is to get high acre —yields .
all that the farmer wan ts His chief con cern is to get .
of te n dollars an ac re o n a fa rm of 1 00 ac res is mo re p ro fit
farm of te n acres .
high all over the cou n try than duri n g years of low yields .
prima rily to make his lan d give big yields but to use the ,
. b or Th e fa rme r .
is greatly red uc ed .
447 U n d e rsta
. n d in g e ac h c ra p E ach ki n d of cr
.op
ha s its o w n peculiar requi remen ts wh ich must be catered ,
phase of his work the atten tion that its importan ce j usti
fie s .
Fa na
rm M a g e m e n t G F W rre n
, . . a .
Rur a l Ec o no mic s, T N C a rv e r
. . .
a
C y c lo ped i o f Ame ric a n Ag ri c ulture , Vo l II , p p 8 1 1 09 . .
—
.
a a
Rur l We lth a n d We l a f
re , G T F irc h ild . . a .
a
Ag ri c ultur l Ec o no m ic s, H C Ta y lo r . . .
The Fa rm e rs
’
B
usin e ss H a n d bo o k , I P Ro be rts . . .
a
F rm Ma nag e m en t, A n d re w o ss B .
U S D A Fa
. . . rm e rs
.
’
ulle tin s B
N o 454 A Suc c e ss ul Ne w Yo rk Fa
. . f rm .
. a
62 1 M rk e tin g Fa rm Pro d u c ts .
APPE N DIC E S
41 0 App end i x
Ne va
da R e no . C o lle g e o f Ag ric ulture Co
N w Ha
e m p shir e D u ha
m r . lum b us .
N e w erse y J B
Ne w run swic k . O kla ho m a Stillwa ter .
le g e . Pe n n sy lv a n ia Sta te C o lle g e .
Po rto Ric o Ma a
y g u ez .
Itha ca . So u th a D k o ta B
ro o kin g s .
le ig h . U ta h Lo g a n .
N o rth a D
k o ta Ag ric ultur l a Virg in ia la B c ks burg .
O hio We st Virg in ia Mo rg a nt ow n
a
.
te r . Wy o min g La ram ie .
a D a
The Uni ted St te s e p rtme n t o f Ag ric ulture is a t Wa shi n g to n ,
D C O ne ma
. .
y a d d re ss the Se c re ta
ry o f Ag ric u lture , o r ri t
e to o ne w
of tD
he i vi sio n so f the e p a rtm e n t D
The m o st im po rt n t d ivi sio n s . a
a af
re s o llo ws
B ure a
u o f C he m i stry . Offic e o f Pu blic Ro d s a n d Eu a
B ure a
u f S ils o o .
g i n ee ri n g .
B ure a
u o f E to m o lo g y n .
So m e of th e m o st im po rt at a
dd
n re sse s in Ca
n daare a
D o m i n io n D p atm t f Ag i
e r en o r O n ta
ri o Ag ri c ultura
l C o lle g e ,
cu l tu O ttawaO tai
re , ,
n r o . Gue lph O nta rio .
i m ta
,
Ex p e r l Fa
en rm s O ttawa ,
. Ag ric ultur al C o lle g e Wi nni pe g , ,
Ma
ni to ba .
Appen di x 41 1
APPE ND IX B
L AB RAT RY O O GUID ES
Ma n ua l o f Ag ric ulture So ils an d C ro p s D O a
rto , . . B .
Le sso n s o n So il E
, . J Russe ll .
U
A n it in Ag ric ulture D Ellif , J . .
Ex a m in i n g a n d Gra d in g Gra in T L Ly o n a n d E G Mo n t g o m e ry .
n ua
. . . .
,
Live rmo re .
a nd Ma lo n Yo d e r .
41 2 App endi x
APPE ND IX C
Pno n uc n Po m s
N itro Ph o s Po t s a N i tro Ph o e Po t s a a
To t l
Amo un t
g en aa
p h rn sium g en p h o rus si um Va
lue
1 00 b u . 1 00 17 19
3 T . 6 . 18
1 48 23 71 . 69
100 b u . 66 ll . 33 . 96
2} T . 5 . 15
97 16 . 48
. 36 . 78
. 12
. 48
. 39 1 44
.
. 24
. 63
3 T . 72 9
4 bu . 7 2 . 18
4T . 1 60 20
3 T 1 30 14
Alfa
lfaha
.
y 8 T 400 36
.24 . 70
1 14
.
. 88
Po ta
to e s 300 b u 83 39
a
. .
Sug r-b ee ts 20 T 1 00 . 54
. 15
. 21
. 06 . 30
0 42 23 7 6
lh . 25 7
lb . 18 3
ih . 57 7
400 lh .
mo m Ho p k i n s So i l F e rtil ity
’
ad
n Pe rm a
ne n t Ag ri c ulture . ( Ginn Co )
.
41 4 App end i x
AP PE ND IX E
WEIGHTS AN D MEASURES
16 o un c e s o z( .
) 1 po un d (lb ) .
1 00 p o un d s l h un d red we ig ht (c wt) .
20 h u nd red we ig h t ( c wt . 1 to n (T .
)
1 to n 20 c wt . 2000 1b . oz .
Li nea
r Mea
su res
1 2 in c he s (ln .
) 1 foot(ft ) .
3 f ee t 1 ya rd (y d ) .
a
5% y rd s, or 1 6} ft
7 . 1 ro d (rd ) .
320 ro d s 1 m ile (m i ) .
1 mi . 320 rd .
=
—
17 60 y d . 528 0 ft . in .
Sq uare Mea
sm es
qu a
1 44 s re in c he s ( sq . 1 squa f t (sq re oo . ft ) .
30} sq ua re y a rd s 1 sq a o d ( sq
u re r . rd ) .
1 60 sq ua re ro d s 1 a (A )c re .
q a s u re f
ee t 1 a
c re
1 60 a
c re s sec ti o n
0 1: Cubic Mea
su res
1 7 28 c ubic in c he s (c u in ) . . 1 cu f
bic o o t (c u ft ) . .
27 cu f
bic ee t 1 c u b ic y ard (c u y d ) . .
1 c ubic y rd a c u in . .
1 c ub i c y ard 1 lo a d
24% c ubic fee t 1 pe rc h
1 28 c u bi c fee t 1 c o rd
1 ft x 1 2 i n x l in
. . . 1 bo a rd o o t f
App end i x 41 5
4 g ills (si) 1 pi n t (p t) .
2 pi n ts q a
1 u rt (q t ) .
a
4 q u rts 1 g a
llo n (g a
l) .
a
3 1 % g llo n s 1 b a rre l (bbl ) .
7% g a
ll n s wa
o te r 1 c u bi c f t (a
oo pp ro x im a
te ly)
1 ga llo n wa te r po un d s
1 U S ga
. ll n
. o 23 1 c u b ic in c h e s
1 q u rta
l p ec k (p k .
)
l b ushe l (b u .
)
cu . in .
41 6 Appe nd i x
APPE N DIX F
U
Q ANTITY O F SEED N
PLA TE D TO THE AC RE
1 2 bushe ls
—
2—4 bu she ls
li —2
i bushe ls
1 2 bushe ls
—
2i 3% bushe ls
—
i bushel
1 bush e l
2 bu she ls
Fla
x 5— 2 bu she ls
C o rn 1 5 20 p o u nd s
—
Po ta to e s 10 1 8 bu she ls
—
Re d c lo ve r 8 1 2 po un d s
—
Alsik e c lo ve r. 6 10 po u nd s
—
Wh ite c lo ver 4 8 po un d s
—
Ti m o thy 1 0 1 5 po un d s
—
O rc h a - a
rd g r s s —
1 5 20 po un d s
Sug a r bee t
- s 1 2 1 6 po un d s
—
a
Blu e -g r ss 1 0 1 5 po un d s
—
f
Al a lf a 1 0 20 po un d s
—
a
Bro m e-g r ss 1 5 20 p o un d s
—
Bur c lo ve r 1 2 po un d s
Swe e t c lo ve r 1 0 25 po un d s
—
a
M n g e ls 5 8 po un d s
—
Append
'
41 8
APPE ND IX H
o f c u bic f
ee t nd m ult a i p ly by i o r m ultip ly by 8 a , n d d i vi d e by 1 0 .
Mm urin g e r c o m a . a
It req ui re s bo u t two bu sh e ls o f e a r c o rn
Mea su ri ng ha y Th. e q u n t i ty o f h ay i n m oa a
w i s ve ry h rd to a
es a
tim te a c c ur t e ly a a
The d ee per the h y i s, the h rd er i t wi ll be
. a
p a c k e d .S o m e ki n d s o f h y re h e v i eraa th n o tah ea rs ; th e lo n g e r i t
sta a
n d sthe m o re c o m p c ti t be c o m e s Se ttled h y will u sua
. a lly we ig h
a f
bo ut fiv e po un d s pe r c u bic o o t, o r 400 c u bic ee t will we ig h o n e f
to n .
(See Appe nd ix I ) .
a
Me suri ng la nd The e a
. sie stw y to c a a
lc ul te l n d me sure m e n tsa a a
i s to fig ure 1 60 sq ua re ro d s a s o n e c re a
A str ip o n e ro d wi d e n d
. a
1 60 ro d slo n g the re o re e qu a
, f ls a n , c re a a
s d o e s st r ip o ur ro d s w
, a id e f
a n d 40 ro d s lo n g , o r e i g h t ro d s w a
i d e n d 20 ro d s lo n g , e tc .
’
a
A survey o r s c h i n is o ur ro d s lo n g f It is d i vid e d in to 1 00 lin k s,
.
aa
so th t ll c a a
lc ul tio n s re in d ec im ls a a
Te n c h in s squ re e qu l
. a a a
SQ . IN . SQ . FT . SQ YD
. . SQ Ro n
. AC RE
1 44 1
9 1
2 7 2} 304 1
1 60 1
640
App en d i x 41 9
APPE ND IX I
U
R LES FO R MEASU RIN G HAY IN THE STAC K
st cak cu . ft
time s L cu . ft .
(O — W)
a
Fo r ro un d st c k s, g e tth e a
v e rag e c irc u m e re n c e ( C ) atf
o r ab o v e th e b se a
or bulg e , fin d th e ve rti c a
”
l he ig h t o f the m e a sure d c irc um e re n c e f
fro m th e g ro un d nd t he sla a
n t h e ig h t ro m t f
he c i rc umf e re n c e to the
33
8 tim e s (he ig h t
1
of th e b se a 3; slan t h1
e i g h t o f t o p ) c u f t . .
f
Whe n the n um be r o f c ubic ee t is k n o wn thi s n um be r isd ivid ed ,
APPE ND IX J
Ja ay
nn r . Au stra
li aN e w! e a
, lan d C hile a n d Arg e t
, in e Re p ublic
, n .
Fe brua
ry a
nd Ma
rc h . U p pe Eg y p t In d ia
r , .
Me x ic o C ub
, a .
Ma y . a
Te x s Alg e ri a ,, Ce n t ra l Asia , C hi n a , a p a n M o ro c c o J .
J f N
,
un e . Ca li o rn ia , O re g o
n , Mi s si ssipp i , Ala ba ma ,
Geo rg ia , o rth
J
uly . N e w En g la n d , N e w Yo rk , Pe nn s y lv a
ni a , O h io , In d i ana ,
U pp e r C a n ad a , R o u m an i a, u lg r i a ,
AB a
u stri a -H un
g y r , S o u th o f a
Ru ssi a , Ge
rm a n y , Sw itze rla n d , So ut h o f En g la nd .
B B
,
Se p te mbe r a n d Oc t o be r Sc o tl n d , Swe d e n ,
. aOrw y , o rt h of N aN
Ru ssi a .
No ve m be r Pe ru , So uth A ri c a
. f .
Mo ur n s o r Lo wu '
r Y E ARL Y R AN G E Mo ur n s o r B re n ne r
Yn m
P RI C E S o r Pm c z s Pa wn s
1
Th e Le i te r c o rn e r fig ure a a a
Th e bo v e t b le w s c o m p ile d
a a a
by C h rle s B Murr y , e di to r o f th e C i n c i nn ti Pri c e C urre n t
.
. .
Append i x 423
APPE ND IX L
C O RN W HE AT Bu nny
1 0,
1 , 01 1 1 69
Av e ra
g e Yie ld B ush e ls B ush e ls B ush e ls B ush e ls B ush e ls
Pe r Ac re
1 8 67 1 8 7 6
—
18 7 7— 1 886
1 8 8 7 1 8 96
—
1 8 9 7 — 1 906
a a a
C lcul te d fro m Y e rb o o k U ni te d St te s
1
a D a
e p rtm e n t o f
Ag ri c ul ture a a a a a
Th e v e r g e y i e ld s p e r c re n d v lue p e r b u sh e l
a a a a a a a a a
.
s h e re c lc u l te d re th e v e r g e s o f th e te n y e rly v e r g e s .
424 Appe nd i x
APPE ND IX M
N
F LO WI G AS AFFEC TE D BY S HAPE O F THE FIEL D
(8 in c h f urro w)
No u meao r T u m T AK E N T u m T AK E N
F u nn o ws I N TO T U RN AT R
TO T U N
LN Ac me E N DS So n
.
426 Appe n d i x
APPE ND IX 0
G LOSSARY
Alka
lo id Subst n c e s in p la
. a
nt s th a t sti mula te o r d e d e n n ervo u s a
a ct io n , suc h a ss try c hn in e , mo rp hi n e , a nd c a ffe in .
Ash . Min e ra l ma tt e r le t a t f f
e r burn in g ; a sh e s .
Awrw . ea rd s o n s Beed -c o a ts o r o n c h a ff .
Bac te ri a Ex tre m e ly sm a
. ll o n e -c e lle d p la n ts the sm lle stm e m
, a
be rs o f th e pla n t k in g d o m The y d e pen d o n o the r pl n ts o r
. a
a
ni m a ls, e ith e r li v in g o r d e d , fo r o o d a f .
a
B st . The fibro u s p a rt o f t h e ba rk .
a
Br c t s Le a
. fle ts n e a r th e b a se o f true le a , or o f
n ro o ts to c k s; a ny
Ca p il la r y w a te r A ll w at e. r th a t i s h e ld i n fi lm s a n d t h a t w i ll e v a p o
Ca rbo hyd ra t
es Substa nc esc o n s
. i stin g who lly o f c a rbo n , h y d ro g e n ,
a
n d o x yg e n , suc h a s sug a r, s ta rc h , a n d c e llulo s e Th e y c o n sti
.
tute the g re t e r pa rt o f t a he d ry we ig h t o f p la n ts .
p la n ts m a n u c t u re th e ifa
r o o d f .
Co rtex The ba
. rk All o f th e tissue s be twe e n th e c mbium a
. nd a
th e e p id e rm i s in wo o d y p la n ts, t he who le ex te rio r c o ve ri n g o f
the trun k o r bra n c he s .
Co rti c a l . a
Pe rt in in g to c o rte x ; o ute r la y e rs o f th e p o t t o t u b e r , a
e x c e pt e pi d e rm i s, o utsid e o f th e a f
in t y e llo wi sh-g re e n rin g .
Cro s s - e rt za
f ili t i o n F er t il i z.at i o n i s c a u s e d b y th e m le e le m e n t oaf
Append i a
: 427
Cu n t met
rre An a pp a rat u s lerw e re.d in to a stre am to fi n d h w o o
Den i trific a
ti on Cha n g in g o f n itra t sto a . le ssu sa ble f rm o f n itro e o
g en .
e ed s in tw
s o p a
rts . a
Th e se p l n ts g ro w ro m f
c m biu m nd aa
la y d ow n rin g sin t h e s tem Th e y o rm tw o o f three g re a. t d i vif
sio n s in hi g he r p la n ts Th e y a re subd ivid e d i n t . o g y mno s pe rm s
suc h a s p in e s, a nd a n g io sp e rm s su c h a s o a k tr ee s, p e a s , n d l l a a
p la n t s w i th s p li t se e d s S ee M ono c o t
y le d o n a . .
white p rt o f whe a t a .
Ento mo lo g y Th e sc i e n c e th a
. tdea ls wi th in se c ts .
Enzymes C he mi c a
. l sub sta n c e sw i thi n p la n tso r n i m a lsth a t id in a a
re a c tio n so r c h a n g e s, s uc h a sthe tra n s o rm a ti o n o f sta rc h t o s ug r f a .
Ep id e m i c An o u te r c o v e rin g ( ro m ep i , o u tsid e , a
. n d de rmi s, s f kin )
itis c a sto ff by tree s in e a rly y e a rso f g ro w th Th e o ute r c o v e r .
in g o f tre e s i s o te n c o rte x f .
Fe rmen t ti o na Th e bre ki n g d o wn o r c h a
. a
n g in g o f c o m p o un d s by
a a
Fibro -v e c ul r bu ndle Bun d le o r bo d y c o n si stin g o f fibe rs, a
. nd o f
d uc ts whic h tra ns p o rt w a t e r u p th e s te m s a n d e l a b o r t ed a
f ood s do w n the s te m The y sho w in c o rn p ith a . s stra n d s, a nd
in wo o d a nd s a
qu sh vin e s a s V sh a
-
pe d bun d le s .
a
Flo c c ul ti o n Gro upin g o f the so il p rtic le s
. a .
Fo rma li n So lu ti o n o f o rm a
. ld e hy d e in wa f
te r, u su lly 40 pe r c e n t a .
Ge mw . A g ro up o f c lo se ly re la
-
ted spec ie s o f pl n ts, a ll be a ri n g o n e a
g e n e ra l n m e, a a
s Tn fo li u m, the c lo ve rs; Po p ulus, the po pl rs a .
428 Append i x
Gra vit t a
imwl w te r Wa a
te r in e x c e sso f film wa
. te r Itp sse sd o wn . a
a
w rd thro ug h so il d ue to pull o f g ra v ity .
Hyyro sc op i c wa te r Wa te r he ld c lo se ly by so il p a
. rt ic le s s athi n ‘
a
film It c a n no t be e v a
.
p o r a te d w i th o u t h e a t i n g .
Le ntic els Po re s in p la
. n ts The e p id e rm i s i s o te n to rn by the
. f
g ro w t h b e n e a th Th e s e O p e n i n g s m .
yp e n e t r t e i n t o d ee p ti as s u e a .
Di m . C o tto n fibe r .
Med ull ry a Th e in n e r la
.
y e rs o f t h e p o t a to ,
in s i d e t h e in t y lo w
e l fa
i sh-g ree n rin g .
Med ull ry ra a y s u c ts o r p i
. th y re a Ds e x t e n di n g r d i ll y a ro m aa f
ba rk t o c e n te r o f ste m .
a
N tu ra l selec ti o n Se le c tio n o r pe rsi ste n c e in n a
. ture o f th o se in
a
d iv id u ls mo st fit to surviv e , o ut o f the m a n y th a t be g in li e f .
N i trifioa tio n C ha n g i n g le ss a
. va ila ble n itro g e n to n itra te s whic h
a
re re dily u s a
ed by p la n ts Ba ct e ri c ha ng e a m mo ni a
.
, are e f
n it ro g e n , a n d n it ri te s to n itra te s by o x id i zin g the m .
N od ule s En la
. rg e m e n ts o n ro o ts o f le g um e s c o n t a in in g c o lo n ie s
of b ct e ri a a
wh ic h live o n o o d m d e by the pla f
n t, but w a hic h
a
t k e n itro g e n ro m the a ir f
Le g ume s re the o n ly a .
g r i c u l t ua r l a
p l a n ts k n o w n t o b e a r n o d u le s .
N uc leus Th e c e n te r o f c e ll c ti vity , u su a
. lly d rk e r th n the a a a
o the r c e ll c o n t e n ts
aa
.
Org a n i sm An y li v i n g th in g o r bo d y , a
. s ap la n t, a n a ni m l, mi
c ro be .
Osmo si s Pa .ssa g e o f w a t e r o r d i s s o lv e d m a te r i a l t h ro u g h a m e m
a
br n e to e qu a lize th e c o n c e n tra tio n o f th e so lu ti o n o n bo th
sid e s o f the m e m bra ne .
Ova ry Th e p a
. rt o f th e p i s til c o n ta ini n g the o v ule o r o v ule s the
se e d -c a se .
Spec ie s O ne kin d o f p la
. nt a s l a lf a , , af
red c lo v e r, w hite c lo ve r,
sug a r ma p le , o a t A n y g ro u
.
p o r a s se m b la g e o f i n d i vi d u a ls
th a ta re s o mu c h a li k e asto s ee m to be the p ro g e n y o f o n e sim ila r
Sp o n g e tis s u e L o o
. se ti ssu e i n le a , s o -c a lled bec a f us e o f la rg e
sp a c e s be tw ee n c e lls .
Sti g ma The p a . rto f t he pi stil tha trec e i ve sthe po lle n i ti su sua lly
a tth e to p o f a sty le o r sta lk .
a
Sto m ta Mo uth-lik e o pe n in g s in le a
. v e s o f p la n ts The y pe rm i t .
a
th e in t k e o f c rbo n d i o x id e a a nd a llo w wa te r a n d o x y g e n to
p a s s o u t W h e.n p la n ts w i lt ,
tw o sm ll c e lls ll t o gae th e r , fa
p ar tl y
c lo s in g the o pe ni n g .
to a no t he r .
p ar ts o f p la n ts T hi s w a t e r
. h as b e e n u s e d i n c r ry gin d i sso lv e a
d
ma te ri a l to the le a ve s E va p o r at i
. o n a ls o c o o ls th e le a v e s
in ho t we a th e r .
Va c u o les Bo d ie so f c e ll-sa
.
p n c lo se d i n the c y p to pla
i sm .
Wei r . A d e v ic e to m e a sure flo wi n g w te r a .
X ylem Th a
. t pa rt o f th e fibro -v a sc u la r bu n d le , t hro u g h whi c h
sa p p sse s upwa a rd It li e s wi thi n th e c mbiu m
. a
Wo o d in .
tree s i s a lmo st e n ti re ly x y le m .
I ND EX
Ad v ant ag e s o f furro w irri g ati o n 1 03
Aera ti o n o f th e so il fa
.
,
c to rs i n flue n c ,
Abso rp ti o n se le c ti v e 46 i n g , 86
a a
. .
Ac c o u n ts fa
, ,
Ac i d o r so ur so ils Ag e n ts o f so il fo rm ti o n , 7 4 .
c a
u se o f, 1 57 Ag ri c ultu re :
a aa a
.
h o w d e te c te d , 1 57 n d th e sc i e n c e s, 2
aa
. .
Ac re -fo o t d e fin e d , 1 03 s bu si n e ss, 2
a
. .
Ac ti o n o f e nzy m e s, 43 , 60 s a at 1
n r
aa sa
a
. .
,
Ad p t bili ty o f c ro p s, 1 2 , 2 1 s ie n e 1
c c
p ta
. .
Ad a
,
ti o of n d e fini ti o n o f , 1
alfa lfa2 6 2 3 90
.
d i vi si o n s o f 4
ba
. .
, ,
le y 2 1 6 3 8 9
r i ts 900 m 1
be as 2 7 8
. .
, , ,
n o p p o rtu n i t ie s i n 3
a a
. .
, ,
a
.
b ro m e -g r ss sm o o th , 297 i n d ustri e s 1 3
aa a aa
. .
, , ,
c o m , 1 9 8 , 38 9 . so c i l n d e d u c ti o n l sp e c ts of
c o tto n , 33 5 3 90 3
a
. .
,
co w p e s, 2 8 1 . Ag ro n o m y
c ro p s, 1 2 , 2 1 38 7 d e fini ti o n o f , 4
a a
. .
,
fie ld -p e s, 2 7 6 p h se s o f 4
a
. .
fi x 3 37 , .
ent u c y blu e -g r ss i n th e so il , i m p o rt n c e o f 8 6
k
,
ma Ale u ro n e c e lls i n wh e a
.
,
n g e ls, 3 9 0 t e rn e l, 1 7 1
a a
Alf lf a
.
o ts 2 1 0 38 9 , 2 56
rd g ra
o rc h a a a
. .
, ,
ss 2 95 -
da p t ti o n , 262
p la a a
.
,
a
.
nts to e n v i ro n m e n t , 1 2, n d p e rm n e n t g ri c ulture , 2 56 .
1 49 c o mm o n , 2 6 1
a
. .
re d c lo v e r, 2 7 3 . d istri b u ti o n 2 6 2 , .
re d to p , 293 . e n e mi e s, 26 7 .
ri c e , 22 1 , 390 . flo we r 2 60
, .
ry e , 22 0, 3 9 0 . G ri m m 2 6 1
a
.
,
so rg h um , 3 2 3 h rv e sti ng , 2 64 26 9
a
. .
,
so y be n s, 2 8 3 hi sto ry , 257
a
.
a
.
a
.
,
su g r-c n e , 3 90 i rri g ti o n 2 64
a a
. .
,
ti m o th y , 2 8 9 le v e s 260
ak
.
. .
v e tc h , 2 8 4 m r e ti ng 2 6 6
a
. . .
n a
me 2 56
a e ri a1 39
.
,
n o d ul e s, 259 B ct
ati o o o g a a
. .
,
p stu re , 2 6 7 , 3 04 n r n, 1 42
c la
.
a
.
p l n ti n g , 2 63 sse s o f 1 3 9
a
. .
,
re l t i o n shi p s, 2 58 . d e sc ri p ti o n , 1 3 9 1 40 .
a
,
ro o t y e m , 258
-s st fo o d n d g ro wth 1 40
aa
. .
,
see d , 2 6 0 h o w th e fa rm e r m y ssi st 1 44
aa
. .
,
se e d -be d p re p r ti o n , 2 63 n u m be r o f i n so il s 1 39
a
. .
,
se e d p ro d u c ti o n , 2 69 B rle y 2 1 5
aa a
.
a
.
,
Si be ri n , 2 6 1 d p t ti o n , 2 1 6
aka a
. .
ste m s, d e sc ri p ti o n , 2 59 . l li re si st n c e 2 1 6
a a
.
,
sto r g e , 2 65 c ult i v ti o n , 2 1 7
a
. .
v lu e , 2 66 d e sc ri p ti o n , 2 1 5 .
a
.
v ri e ti e s, 2 6 1 . d i stri b u ti o n 2 1 6 , .
we e d s, 26 7 e n e m i e s, 2 1 8
ka
.
a
.
Al li h rv e sti ng , 2 1 7
j a
.
in u ry d o n e to v e g e t ti o n , 1 56 hi sto ry 2 1 5
ak
. .
,
i nj u ry to p l n ts, 46 a m r e ti n g , 2 1 8
k
. .
i n d s o f 1 55 p e sts, 2 1 8 .
a
.
p e rm n e n t free d o m f ro m , 1 08 , se e d i n g , 2 1 7 .
1 56 . st a
n d ad v a
ri e ti e s r , 216 .
aa
re c l m ti o n o f , 1 56 u se s, 2 19
a
.
a
.
re s f
i st n c e o su g r-be e ts, 2 45 a vlu e 2 1 9
sa
.
. ,
so m e o f i ts p ro b le m s, 1 54 Ba lt 7 1
k Be a
. .
,
Alsi e c lo v e r 2 7 4 n s 2 7 8 3 49
, , .
a
.
,
Alum i n u m mi n e r ls 7 1 , 7 2 , . c ultu re , 27 8 .
Am e n d m e n ts, 1 2 6 d e sc ri p ti o n 2 7 8
a a
.
. ,
a
. ,
h o w u se ful , 1 2 7 p l n ti n g , 2 7 9
a aa
. .
i n l n d v lu ti o n , 1 63 u se , 28 0
a a
. .
An i m l : B e e tle s, fle , 3 44 .
a
.
a
h u sb n d ry , i ts fie ld , 4 c ul t u re n d g o o d f rm i n g , 2 50
a
. .
a
p th o lo g y , 4 re l ti o n sh i p s, 2 41
a
.
a
.
aa
s g e n ts i n so il f o rm ti o n , 7 9 a B e n e fits
aa
.
d e p e n d e n c e o n p l n ts, 51 a o f d r i n g e , 1 08 .
a
.
a
Ap ti te , c o m p o si ti o n , 7 3 o f m n u re 1 32
a a
. .
aa
,
Ap hi s, c b b g e , 3 44 o f o rg ni c m tt e r, 8 8
a a a a a
. .
Ap p re n t n d re l sp e c i fic g r v i ty a B e rm u d -g r ss, 2 99 .
a c o m p re d , 8 6 . B e rse e m , 2 7 5 .
Ap p le s 3 49 Bi n d we e d s, 3 58 .
a a
.
,
ak a
.
,
1 20 Bl c le g o f p o t to , 23 8
a a a
. .
Ash B l d e o f g r ss le f , 1 7 0
m o u n t i n p la a
.
a n ts 56 B li g h t, e rly , 2 3 7
nim a
. .
n ts a a
,
u se s b y p la nd a ls 56 B lo wi n g o f so ils tre tm e n t fo r, 1 59 ,
g a
.
Astra
, ,
lu s 28 4 1 60
a a K k
. .
,
a
C lo v e rs n d o th e r le g um e s, 2 54, 2 7 1 C o rn
a
C o c i n e , 3 44 a
st te s p ro d u c i n g 1 97
k sto ra
.
.
,
C o c le bu r , 3 7 5 .
ge 205 , .
C o fie e , 3 51 . swe e t, 1 9 6 .
C o m p o si ti o n o f ty p e s, 1 95
a
.
a
c rbo hy d r t e s 55 . u se s, 2 04
a
.
aa
,
f ts n d o ils 56 v lu e , 2 05
a aa a
. .
,
fe ld sp rs, 7 1 wi th c o wp e s n d r p e , 2 03 .
a
.
g y p su m , 7 3 C o ro ll , 3 6
a a
. .
mi c , 7 1 a C o rte x , 2 9 .
p la
.
nt s, 6 1 , 1 22 C o st o f b ui ld i n g s, 398 .
aa
.
p ro te i n 56 , . C o st o f d r i n g e , 1 09 .
p y ro x e n e , 7 1 C o tto n , 333
aa a
. .
so ils, 6 7 7 0 8 1 , 1 1 9 , . d p t ti o n o f , 33 5 .
C o n se rva
,
tio n o f so il , 6 8 . c u lture , 33 6 .
C o n tro l o f d e sc ri p ti o n o f , 3 3 5
a
.
Ju n e -m s 29 7 , . di stri b u ti o n 3 3 6 .
a
,
m o isture 1 0 1 8 1 00 1 7 —1
h rv e sti n g 33 7
m u sta
. .
, , , ,
rd 18 1 hi sto ry , 333
ak
. .
a
,
p l n t-fo o d 10 m r e ti n g , 33 7
io n a
.
p la
.
,
n t c o m p o si t n d y i e ld 6 2 us e o f 33 7
k
. .
. ,
C o r c e lls, 29 3 2 , . a
v ri e t i e s, 3 34 .
C o rn 1 9 1 a
C o wp e s 2 8 0
a p ta aa a
. .
da
, ,
ti o n 1 9 8 , . d p t ti o n 2 8 1 .
a a
,
c u lm s 1 93 . c ul tu re n d v lu e , 2 8 2 .
i va
,
c ult ti o n 2 01 , . d e sc ri p ti o n , 2 8 0 .
d e n t 1 95 , . wi th c o m , 2 03 .
d i stri b u ti o n 1 9 7 . C ri m so n c lo v e r 2 7 5
a a
.
, ,
e a
r , 1 94 . a
C ri ti c l p e ri o d s o f p l n ts fo r w te r,
e n e m i e s, 2 04 1 05
a
.
a
.
f c to rs i n p ro d u c ti o n 1 98 , 1 9 9 , . C ri ti c l p o i n ts i n so il m o istu re ,
fli n t, 1 9 6 . 93 .
flo we r, 1 9 4 . C ro p p ro d u c ti o n li mi te d b y e le m e n ts,
a
h rv e sti n g 2 03 , . 1 22 .
hi sto ry o i 1 9 1 C ro p s
a
.
,
i rri g ti o n o f , 2 02 aa a
d p t ti o n o f 1 2 , 2 1 , 3 8 7
k
.
aa
.
a
,
e r n e l d e sc ri be d , 1 9 4 . d p te d to d ry -f rm i n g , 1 1 5 .
a
le v e s 1 9 3 as inc o m e 38 7
ak
.
, , .
m r e ti n g , 2 06 d i v e rsi fie d , 38 8
k
. .
a
.
po d , 1 97 . m i sc e ll n eo u s 3 41 .
a
,
p o p , 1 96 re l t i o n to so il tex tu re , 8 2
a
. .
re l t i o n shi p s, 1 9 1 . a
st p le 38 2
, .
ro o t y te m ,
-s s 191 sto ra g e o f , 405
a a
. .
aa
.
a
,
se e d -be d p re p r ti o n , 1 99 . C ry st lli n e ro c , 7 1 .
se e d , se le c ti o n o f , 2 00 C u c u m be rs, 3 49
a
. .
sil g e , 2 03 . C ulm s
so f t o r flo u r , 1 9 7 o f c o r n , 1 93
aa a
. .
st n d r d v ri e ti e s, 1 9 7 . of w a
h e t, d e sc ri be d , 1 7 0 .
Inde x 435
a
C ulti v ti o n De p re c i a ti o n i n m a c h i n e ry 3 9 6
j
.
,
and m a n uri n g , o b ec ts o f , 2 0, 1 46 De p th o f d ra i ns 1 1 0 , .
1 48 , 1 49 De p th o f so ils 8 1 , .
a
.
nd m o i stu re i n so il 1 46 1 49 De sc ri p ti o n o f
lf a
.
, ,
i m p ro v e m e n t o f so il struc ture flo we r , 2 6 0 .
1 45 a
le v e s, 26 0
k
. .
a
C ulti v to rs, i n d s o i , 1 51 . ro o t s 2 58 , .
C ultu re o f se e d s, 2 6 0 .
aaa
lf lf , 2 63 ste m s, 2 59 .
a a
.
b rle y , 2 1 7 . b rle y , 2 1 5 .
a
b e n s, 2 7 8 a
be n s, 2 7 8
a
.
aaa
.
a
.
b ro m e -g r ss, sm o o th , 29 7 a . c rro t s, 2 54 .
c lo v e r 2 55 c lo v e r , 2 7 1
ak
. .
,
c o rn , 2 01 . lsi e , 2 7 4 .
c o tto n , 336 c ri m s o n , 27 5 .
a
.
c ow p e s, 2 8 2 re d , 2 7 2
a
. .
fie ld -p e s, 2 7 7 . swe e t, 2 7 4 .
a
fl x 338, . whi te , 27 4 .
h e m p , 341 . co m
a
,
m n g e ls 2 52 . c ulm s, 1 93 .
a
,
m ille ts 3 3 0 . e r , 1 94 .
a
,
o ts 2 1 2 flo we r , 1 9 4
k
. .
o rc h a d g ra
,
ss 29 5
r - 29 6 e rn e l, 1 94
p o ta
. .
a
, ,
to e s 22 4 234 , , . le v e s, 1 93 .
re d c lo v e r , 27 3 . ro o ts, 1 9 1 .
re d to p , 2 93 cot to n , 33 5 .
a
.
ri c e , 22 1 c o wp e s, 2 8 0 .
a g a a
.
ru t ba s 2 54 . fie ld -p e s, 2 7 5 .
a
,
ry e , 2 20 . fl x 338 .
g ra
,
so rg h u m , 3 2 5 ss 2 8 7
K k a
.
a
.
,
so y be n s 2 83 e n tu c y b lu e -
g r ss , 2 93 .
Su d an g ra
.
,
ss 3 2 9-
a
le f 3 4 .
su g a
.
a
, ,
r be e ts 245 247
-
, , . m n g e l-wurz e ls, 2 51 .
tim o th y , 2 8 9 . m ille t 33 0 , .
a
to b c c o , 3 46 oa ts 2 09
a a
. .
,
tu rn i p s, 2 53 o rc h rd -g r ss 2 9 5 , .
p o ta
.
a
wh e t, 1 7 5 1 7 8
—
t e s 22 5 o
a ae
.
,
C u rc uli o s c b b g 344 re d c lo v e r , 27 2 .
a
.
, ,
C y to p l sm , 2 5 . re d to p , 2 9 2 .
ri c e , 22 1
g a
.
D ru t a
ba s 253 , .
Da n d e li o n s 3 7 4 ry e , 219
a a a
. .
,
De c o m p o si ti o n of o rg ni c m tte r , m
s o o th b r o m e - r s
g s, 29 7 .
1 41 , 1 53 so rg h u m , 3 2 0
De fin i ti o n o f m i n e ra
.
a
.
l 70 so y b e n s 2 8 2 .
De n i tri fic a a
.
, ,
ti o n 1 44 , . su g r -be e ts 243 , .
De n t c o m 1 9 6 ti m o th y , 2 8 8 .
De p e n d e n c e o f m a ats a
.
,
n on pl nd
n tu rn i p s 253 .
ni m a
,
a ls , 51 , 53 , 58 . v e tc h 2 8 4 , .
436 Ind e x
De sc ri p ti o n of Di v e rsi ty of c rO p s, a
d v ata
ge n o f
wh e a
t , u nd er i rri g ti o n 1 06 a , .
c ulm , 17 0 Di vi si o n o f c e ll s 40
k
.
a
.
,
e rn e l, 1 7 0 Do lo m i te c o m p o si ti o n nd im p o r
a
.
,
ro o t, 1 6 8 t nc e 7 1
aa
. .
a a a
,
Di b se , 7 1 a
Do m e sti c ti o n o f p la n ts n d ni m ls,
ak
.
a
Di m o n d -b c m o th s, 3 44 . 53 , 54
aa
.
Di c o ty le d o n o u s p l n ts, 3 5, 40 a Dr i n g e :
a aka
.
Di se a
.
,
se p re v e n ti o n , B o rd e ux m ix be n e fits o f 1 08 , .
tu re , 33 7 c o st o f 1 09
a
. .
Di se a
se s o f re d u c e s h e v i n g 1 09 .
alf alfa2 6 7
,
sc o p e o f p ro ble m 1 09 .
ba a
.
, ,
rle y 218 , . Dr i n s :
be e ts, 248 . c o v e re d , 1 1 0 .
c o m , 2 04 d e p th to la y 1 10
a aa a
.
a
.
,
p o t to e s, 2 3 6 , 238 . o p e n d i tc h e s d v n t g es nd
a a a
,
su g r- b ee ts, 248 . d va nt g es 1 10 , .
wh e a
t 1 7 6 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 0, 1 8 1 p ro c e d u re i n i n sta lli ng 1 1 0
a
. .
a
, ,
a a
,
lfalfa2 6 2 Dry -f
rm :
aa
.
,
b ale y 2 1 6
r , . re s o f t he U S 1 1 2 . .
be a
n s 27 8 , . c ro p s 1 1 5 .
a
,
be e ts, 2 45 . m c hi n e ry fo r 1 1 7 .
a a
,
b ro m e -g r ss, 39 4 Dry -f rm i n g
k a a a a
.
b u c wh e t 2 2 2 , . i n re l ti o n to r i nf ll 1 1 1 , .
c o rn , 1 9 7 , 1 9 8 . sc o p e o f p ro b le m 1 1 1 , .
c o tt o n , 33 5, 33 6 . so ils sui te d to 1 1 3 , .
c o wp e s, 2 8 1 a so rg h u m s fo r 3 1 9 .
a
.
,
m n g e ls 252 , . tilla g e ih , 1 1 6 .
m ille t 3 2 9 , 3 3 0 a
Dry m tte r , c o st o f 47
a
. .
a
, ,
a a
,
o ts 2 1 0, 2 1 1
, . Du ty o f m c hi n e ry 3 95 , .
a
o rc h rd -g r ss, 2 9 5 a D y e p la n ts 3 51 .
a
.
,
p o t to e s, 2 2 8 .
re d c lo v e r , 2 7 2 .
re d t o p , 29 3
a o f o d e s ri be d 1 94
.
ri c e , 2 2 1 E r c rn c
Ealy blig h t 23 7
.
. ,
ry e , 2 1 9 , 22 0 r
n u re o n p la
.
E fie c t o f m a
.
,
so rg h u m , 3 2 3 nts 131
Eff e c t o f wate o n d e v e lo p m e n t o f
.
.
,
Su d na a
- r
g ss, 3 2 9 r
p la
.
a a
su g r—c n e , 3 47 n ts 1 0
E m
. .
,
swe e t c lo v e r , 2 7 5 . le e n ts li m i ti n g c rO p p ro d u c ti o n ,
swe e t p o t to e s, 3 47 a 1 22
El ai e m p e ra
. .
ti m o th y , 2 8 9 ev a
to nnd t tu re 1 6
El a
.
,
a o rs g ra
.
to b c c o 345 ev t i n 1 36
a Em b ry o o f wh e a t ke rn e l d e sc ri be d
.
, .
, ,
wh e t 1 7 3 , .
,
whi te c lo v e r 2 7 4 7 1 1
a Em b
. .
,
Di v e rsi fic ti o n o f c ro p s, 3 8 3 , 3 8 8 . ry o o r g e rm , 3 7 .
438 I nde a
:
Fl a x
a
dap ta
ti o n, 33 8 .
c ulture , 3 38 . Ga rd e n s r o o f , 3 51
. .
d e sc ri p ti o n , 33 8 G e n us 26
a a
. .
,
fibe r 339 G e rm i n ti o n n d o x y g e n , 42
aa
. .
,
hi sto ry o f , 33 8 Gl c i l so ils 7 8
a a a
. .
,
se e d 3 3 9 Gl c i e rs c tio n i n so il fo rm ti o n , 7 7 .
a
.
, ,
us e o f 3 40 . G li d i n , 1 8 2 .
a
,
v lu e o i 3 40 . G lu te n 1 8 2
, .
F le a
,
e be e t le s 344 , . Glu te ni n 1 8 2 , .
o n be e t s 249 G n e i sse s 7 1 7 2
G ra
.
d e s o f wh e a
.
, , ,
Fli n t, 7 1 t, 1 8 8
a
. .
Fli n t c o m 1 9 6 . Gr i n
Flo ri d abe g g a
,
F lo u r u li ty , 1 8 2 . h n d li ng o n l rg e sc le , 1 86 .
d e sc ri be d 3 6 tio n , 1 8 9
G ra m i ne e p la a
. .
,
pa rt s o f 3 59 n tsi n c lu d ed un d e r, 1 6 8
a a
. .
,
F lu c tu a ti o n s i n y i e ld d ue to c li m te Gr ni te 7 0, 7 3 .
G ra
,
13 p e s, se e d le ss, 364
a
.
a
.
G r ss, B e rm u d 2 99
e ria140 a
.
a
,
of ctb bl d e o i , 1 7 0
n im a
s ad a a
le f sh e a
. .
re se rv e i n p lat
,
ls n n 59 th o f 1 7 0
a
.
, ,
60 G r sse s 2 8 6 .
a
. ,
a
sto r g e b y p l n ts, 1 85 d e sc ri p ti o n , 2 8 7 .
fo ra
.
a
sto r g e i n se e d , 6 0 g e 28 8
F o ra g e c ro p s c o m p a a
. .
,
re d 29 1 i m p o rt n c e o f 2 8 7
a
. .
F o ra g e g ra
,
n sfe re n c e o f fo o d 49 ti v e 3 04
F o rm a li n fo r se e d d ise a re la
. .
, ,
se s 2 3 8 ti o n shi p s, 2 8 6
a a
. .
,
F o rm a G ra l wa
, ,
ti o n o f h um u s 1 41 . vi t t io n a te r , i ts i m p o rt n c e
F o rm e r p la
, ,
nt s p ro d u c ts o f 52 , , . 9 1 , 92 .
F o x ta il 3 6 7 G re e n h o u se s, 351 .
a
.
,
F ro st: G re e n m n ure , 1 3 6
a aaa
.
c ro p s h rd y to w rd , 1 3a . G ri m m lf lf , 2 6 1 .
14 G u r , 2 84
a a
. .
f c to rs i n flue n c i n g 1 4 G y p su m , c o m p o si ti o n nd im p o r
j a a
.
,
i n u ry to c ro p s, n tu re o i , 1 4 . t nc e , 7 3 .
ti m e o f 1 4 .
F m i ts, 3 49 .
c i tru s, 3 49
Had li m a
.
a
sm ll , 3 49 n ng 1 34 n u re ,
a Had wh a i
. .
tro p i c l , 351 r e t re g o n s, 1 7 2
Ha ad a
. .
F u n c ti o n o f p l n t p rts, 2 7 a a l
r v e st c o n tro b y c ro p n m
aa
.
F u n c ti o n s, sp e c i liz ti o n o f 3 9 hi c n e ry 6
a a aa Ha i
.
, ,
F u rro w irri g ti o n , d v nt g es o f, rv e st n g o f
1 03 aaa
lf lf , 264, 2 69
a
. .
F u s ri u m o x y sp o ru m , 2 3 8 a
b rle y , 2 1 7
a
. .
F u s ri um w i lt, 23 8 . a
be n s, 2 8 0 .
Inde x 439
Ha rve sti n g of Hy g ro sc O p i c wa
te r , 93 .
be e ts, 2 50 d e fin i ti o n , 9 2
a a
. .
bro m e -g r ss, sm o o th , 29 8 . i m p o rt n c e 93 , .
c o m , 2 03 .
c o tt o n 33 7 .
a
,
fie ld -p e s 2 7 7
a
.
a
,
m n g e ls, 252 I c e i n so il fo rm ti o n , 7 7 .
a
.
o t s 21 3 Im p le m e n ts:
a a a a
.
,
o rc h rd -g r s s 2 95 c l sse s o n f rm 1 50
a k
. .
, ,
p o t to e s, 23 5 . to i ll we e d s 1 48 , .
re d c lo v e r , 2 7 3 Im p ro v e m e n t o f c ro p s 3 53 .
a
. ,
ri c e , 2 2 1 b y b re e d i ng o f p l n ts 356 .
a a
.
,
so y be n s, 2 83 by c ulti v ti o n o f c ro p s, 357
a
. .
ti m o th y , 2 90 d e fin e d , 354
a
. .
wh e t 1 7 8 , 1 8 9 a
g i n s fro m , 3 53
a a a
. .
,
H y , o t, 2 08 i d e ls o f , 356
Ha
. .
e rt-ro t o f be e t s, 248 m e th o d s o f 3 53 , 3 57
H aa aa
. .
e t n d c o ld s g e n ts i n so il n e e d o i , 3 53
a a
.
m ti o n , 7 4 p stu re s, 308
He at
. .
se e d , c le n , 3 57 a
fa
.
cto rs i n flu e n c i n g 87 88 se e d i m p u ri ti e s i h , 358
i m p o rta a
. .
,
aa
,
nc e o f 8 7 . v ri e ti e s, d p te d , 3 56 .
l 16 1 45
He avi n g o f so il red uc e d by d rai n ag e
. .
,
, a
I n c o m e , F rm e rs , 403
’
.
1 09 I n c o m e fro m c ro p s 38 7
H a
.
a a
.
,
em t a i te , 7 3 I n c re se i n si ze o f p l n ts, m e n s o f
H k
.
e m lo c , 37 1 40
H a
. .
e m p , 240 I n d i c to rs o f so il c i d i ty , 1 57 a
aa a
. .
a
.
c u lt i v ti o n o i , 341 I n ury :
aa aka a
.
M nil , 341 by l li , n tu re o f 46 , 1 56 .
aa
.
N e w ! e l n d , 341 o f f ro st, 1 4
H a
. .
e rb i c i d e s, u se o i , 3 7 6 to wh e t b y c h i n c h -b u g , 1 80
H j aaa
.
a
.
e ssi a
n fli e s i n u ry to wh e t, 1 8 0 a
In o c u l ti o n fo r lf lf , 2 6 2
H
, . .
o p s, 351 lf lf 26 7
H a
. .
a
,
o rn b le n d e , c o m p o si ti o n nd im b rle y 2 1 8
a
.
,
p o rt n c e , 7 1 be e ts 249
H
.
aa
.
,
o rn sto ne , 7 1 c b b g e 344
H
. .
,
o rti c u ltu re , i ts fie ld , 4 c o rn 2 04
H a a
. , .
o us e -g rd e n s 351 o ts 2 1 4
H a p o ta
. .
, ,
o u si n g m c hi n e ry , 39 7 to e s 2 3 6
H a a su g a
. .
,
um i d nd ri d s o ils c o m p re d 1 20 a r b e e ts 249
-
H
. , .
a wh e a
,
u m u s fo rm t i o n 1 41 t 180
H aa Iro n m i n e ra
. .
, ,
u n g ri n c lo v e r 2 7 5 ls 7 1 7 2 7 3
H a te fo r sp ra
.
a Iro n sulfa
,
.
, , ,
y c i n th be n s, 2 8 4 y 37 7
H a a
.
a
.
,
y d ro u s si li c te s o f m g n e si , 7 2 us e by p la nts 43
a a I rri g a a n ta
d va
. , .
of lumi n 72 , . ti o n b y flo o d i n g g es , ,
o f lim e , 7 2 . 1 04 .
440 Ind ex
a
Irri g tio n o f La bli h f a
te g t o p o t to e s, 2 3 7
aaa L af d i i f
.
lf lf , 2 64 e e sc r p to n o , 3 4
L a fb
. .
,
a
, .
o rc h rd -g r s s, 3 49 e -
ee v f , 26 9 , 3 7 1
a La f
. .
,
p o t to e s, 2 3 4 e ves o c o rn , 1 93
L m 7 85
. .
ri c e , 2 2 1 eg u e s, 2 1 2 -
a a
.
ad
.
a a
. , .
Irri g ti o n w t er: d e sc ri p ti o n , 2 58
a L
.
mo u n t to u se , 1 04 es p e d e za or J a pa n c lo ve r , 2 8 4
a L
. .
m e th o d s o f p p ly i n g , 1 03 a i me :
aa
.
so ur c e s o f su p p ly 1 00 s fe rtiliz e r , 1 2 9
a a aa a
. .
,
sto r g e , d v n t g e s o i , 1 01 fe ld sp rs, 7 1 .
u se o f to o m u c h , 1 06 fo r so il a c i d i ty , 1 57
a a
. .
wh e n to p p ly , 1 05 h y d ro u s si li c te s o i , 7 2
a
. .
Istle , 3 41 sulf te o i , 7 3
L
. .
i m e sto n e 7 2
a
.
,
d i sso lv e d b y c rbo n d i o x i d e , 7 2
L
.
Ja
c k be a n s 2 84 i m o n i te , 7 3
Lq
.
i ui d m a
.
Ja
,
pa n c lo v e r 2 84 n u re 1 3 3
L aa a a
.
,
Ja i vi n g st nd rd o i , n d wh e t 1 8 4
, .
sp e r 7 1
L a a a
, .
.
,
,
Je th ro T ull 44 o c ti o n o f f rm st e d 38 3
L
. .
Jo h nso n —g ra
.
,
ss 300 o c o 37 1
L aa
.
. ,
Ju d g i n g v a
lu e o f la
.
,
nd o o p e rs, c bb g e 3 44
L a a
, .
Ju n e -g ra o ss i n w
,
ss 2 9 7 .
e ig h t o f pl n t s by re sp i r
,
c o n tro l o i , 18 1 ti o n , 42
L a
.
e s i n f rm m a
.
o ss n u re 1 33
Ju te 3 41
L
.
,
.
u p i n e s, 2 84 .
Kal e, 3 43 .
Ma
c h i n e ry
mi
e ne e so f, 3 43
K k a a
.
da a
a
.
r O f.
p t ti o n , 2 94
c
a
.
d e sc ri p ti o n , 2 93 c o hpe r to i n, 39 5 .
d e p re c 1 a
.
ti o n o i , 39 6
see d i n g 2 9 4 .
a a
,
,
v lu e n d u se 2 9 4
d u ty O f
a
.
K
.
,
a
e rn e l o f c o r n d e sc ri be d , 1 9 4
fo r d ry -f n m n g 1 1 7 , .
K
.
i n d s o f c ulti v a to rs 1 51 fo r f rmm s. 3 9 2 .
K
.
,
no w le d g e o f c ro p s, 404 11 9 11 8 1 11 8 . 3 9 7
K
.
a
o hlr bi , 3 42
m e . 3 95
a
.
a
M ggo c a
.
K ud j u , 2 8 4 t b b g e -ro o t 344 .
a
.
Ma a
.
.
g ne si mi n e r ls, 7 1 , 7 2
a
.
L Ma g n e si u m u se d by p l n ts, 43 .
Ma g n e ti te 7 3
Lab
.
aa
,
Ma
.
,
n : 1 llo w, 3 7 4
a
.
ff
e ec to f ve g e t ti o n on v a
lu e o f 161 Ma lt b a rle y , 2 1 7
jd
.
a Ma
.
u g i n g v lu e o f , 1 6 1 n
a ni m a
ats ad a
.
av a
lu e i n re l ti o n to p l n t-fo o d , 1 24 d epe nd e n c e on pl n ls n ,
wa
.
ste 3 8 6 51 , 53 , 58
Larksp ur 3 7 1 a
.
, .
, . to c o n tr o l th e e rth , 63 .
m [
min
Mo ve me n t o f c ap illa
ry w a e r 92
t
aie tie s
.
,
Mo ve me n ts o f so il mo isture 96 v r 212
Mu n g be a a
.
, , .
n s 28 4 y i e ld s by st t e s, 2 1 1
Musta aa
. .
,
rd 3 7 5 , . O c c u rre n c e o f f ts n d o ils. 56 .
c o ntro l o i , 18 1 O c h rus, 28 4
a
.
a
.
tum bli ng 3 59 O il fo rm ti o n by p l n ts 43
a
.
, , .
Op l 7 1 , .
O p p o rtu n i ti e s i n a
g ri c u lt
u re , 3
a a
.
N ti v e g r sse s, 3 04
a a a a a
.
N ti v e g r ss p sture s, 304 O rc h rd - r
g ss 295 304 —
a a
. .
,
N tur l se le c tio n 3 59 3 60
a a
.
, ,
N e g ti v e f c to rs i n c ro p p ro d uc ti o n , d e sc ri p ti o n 295 , .
1 2 20
aa
.
,
N e w ! e l n d he m p 341
a
.
,
N i tri fic ti o n 1 42 se e d i n g 29 5
a a
. .
, ,
a aq a a
. .
nd w h e t u li ty , 1 8 2 O rc h rd , so ils 349
a
. , .
c y c le , 1 43 c u lt i v ti o n , 349
a a
. .
fe rtili ze rs 1 27 , 1 2 8 O rg ni c m tte r :
a a
.
,
fix ti o n 1 2 8 1 42 c ti o n o n s o il , 1 41
a a a a
. .
, ,
i ts im p o rt n c e i n so ils 1 22 rid n d h um i d re g io n s c o m p re d ,
a a
.
e ri a
,
of s o il nd b c t 1 42 1 19
a a a a
.
, .
re st o r tio n by b c t e ri , 1 42 . be n e fic i l e fie c ts o n so ils 8 8 , .
so urc e s o f su p p ly , 1 2 7 d e c o m p o si tio n , 1 41 1 43
a a a
.
. ,
N o d e s o f g r sse s, 1 7 0 ho wm i n t in ed , 8 8
aaa a
. .
N o d ule s o f lf lf 259 , .
p l n t-fo o d c o n te n t o i , 1 24 .
N u c le u s 25 so urc e s o i 8 8
aaa
. .
, ,
N u rse c ro p s fo r lf lf , 2 63 a
O rg n i sm s o f th e so il
a a
.
N u ts, 3 51 b c te ri , 1 3 9
a
. .
i m p o rt n c e o i , 1 3 8
k
.
i n d s, 1 3 8 .
a a
O rg ni z tio n o f f rm i n g , 400 a
a a a a
.
O t—g r ss t ll m e d o w, 29 , 3 04 O ri g i n o f b r n c h e s, 3 7a .
Oa
, .
ts 208 O ri g i n o f b u d s, 3 7
a a
. .
,
da p t ti o n 2 1 0 a
O rth o c l se fe ld sp r , 7 2 a
a a
.
a
.
,
n d p e s fo r fo r g e , 2 7 6 2 7 7 O sm o sis, 46
a a a a a
. .
,
e n e m ie s 2 1 4 O vu le , 35
a
.
,
ha
.
rv e st i n g n d sto ri n g , 2 1 3 Ox yg en :
a
.
h y 2 08 a n d life 1 0 41 42
g e t i n so il fo rm a
.
n a
,
sa
.
, , ,
hi sto ry 2 08 a n ti o n 78
ak
.
,
ti o n by p la
.
,
m r e ti n g 2 1 3 li be a r n ts 43 .
a
, ,
pa
.
a
.
p e sts, 2 1 4 u se t o pl n t s, 42 .
a
.
re l t i o n sh i p s, 209 .
see d i n g 212 P
k aa
.
a
,
sp i e le ts o f o ts 2 10 P li s d e c e lls, 34 .
a
.
,
u se s, 2 1 3 . P ni c le , 3 7 .
In dex
Pa ri s g re e n , 3 44 . Pla nt -f o o d
Pa r ts o f flo w e r 3 59 c o n tro l o f 1 0
a
.
. ,
i n o rg a
,
Pa stu re s ni c m t te r , 1 24 .
ma n ufa
.
,
d e fin i ti o n o i , 302 ct u re o i 43
m e th o d o f tra
.
a
,
fo r d iff e re n t n i m a
.
g ra sse s u se d fo r 3 04 . o f th e s o il, o ld th eo ri e s 1 1 8 , .
i m p o rta
,
n c e o f 3 03 re m o v e d b y c ro p s 1 22 .
Pla n t i nd i c a to rs o f so il a
, . ,
i m p ro vi n g 3 08 c id i ty 1 57 .
nt pa
,
ma na Pla r ts a
.
,
g emento i 3 1 0 nd t h e ir fu n c ti o n s 2 7 , .
m i x e d g ra P la
.
,
ss 3 04 n ts
na a a p ta
.
da
,
ti v e g r ss 3 04 , . ti o n to e n v i ro n m e n t 1 2 2 1 , , ,
o n d ry -f a rm s 306 48 , 1 49 .
o rd i n a a
nd a
ni m a
.
,
ry c o n d i ti o n s, 3 08 . ls th e i r i n te rd e p e n d e n c e
, ,
o ri g i n , 3 02 51
k aa
. .
p e rm a a
.
,
n e n t 3 02 s g e n ts i n so i l fo rm ti o n , 7 9
q a a
. .
,
u li t i e s o f 3 03 sh o f , 56 .
a a a
.
,
te m p o r ry 303 c o nt e n t o f c rb o h y d r t e s, 55
wh e a t- g r a a a
. .
,
ss 3 04 c ont ro l o f by p l n ti n g n d p ru ni n g ,
a
P th o lo g y o f p la n ts n d a ni m a a
.
,
ls 4 62
Pe a a
. .
,
c h e s 3 49 3 8 5 d iffe re n c e i n fo o d d e m n d s 1 1 9 ,
a
.
, , ,
Pe n u ts 2 8 4 136
a j ak a
.
, .
P e rl m ille t, 3 3 1 h o w i n u re d b y l li , 1 56
a
.
a
.
P e rs 3 49, . i n re l ti o n to wi n d s, 1 9
a
.
P e s, 3 49 . m n s i n te re st i n 50, 52
’
a
a
.
,
Pe ri c y c le , 3 2 u se o f c rb o n d i o x i d e b y , 42 , 43 , 57
a a
.
a a a
.
a a
.
P e rsi n c lo v e r , 2 7 5 P l sm m e m b r n e , 2 5
. a .
P e sts, 2 0 . P l sti d s, 2 5, 34 a .
P h lo em , 3 0, 3 2 , 33 Plo wi n g
a j
.
Ph o sp h te o f li m e , 7 3 i n u ry to we t l n d 84 a
j
. .
,
P h o sp h o ru s o b e c ts o f , 1 46 , 1 48
a
.
i ts i m p o r t n c e , 43 , 1 22 Po d c o rn , 1 9 7 . .
P h o sp h o ru s-lo v i n g c ro p s, 1 1 9 , 1 36 Po p c o m , 1 9 6 . .
P h o to sy n th e si s 42 . P o p p i e s, 351
a a
.
,
Pi g we e d s, 36 7 . P o t sh -c o n t i n i n g mi n e r ls, 7 1 a
a
.
P i sti l, 3 6 P o t sh fe ld sp r , 7 1 a
a a a
.
a a a
.
Pl n n i n g ro t t i o n , i m p o rt n t f c Po t ssi u m , 43
a a
.
to rs i h , 1 53 li mi ti ng f c to r , 1 2 3
a
.
a
.
a
P l n n i n g th e f rm , 3 8 1 s fe rtili z e r , 1 2 9
a k
. .
Pl n n i n g wo r , 39 1 fe rtili ze rs, so u rc e s, 1 29
a a a a a
.
a
.
P l n t n d n i m l p th o lo g y , 4 Po t ssi u m -lo vi n g c ro p s, 1 1 9 , 1 3 6
a
. .
Pl n t-b re e d i n g , d e v e lo p m e n t o f , 3 64 Po t to , 224, 36 1 a
a
.
a
.
Pl n t c o m p o u n d s u se ful to m n , 54 c re —y i e ld s, 2 2 8 a
a aa a
. .
P l n t-fo o d : d p t ti o n s 22 8
a
.
,
n d p ro d u c t i v i ty o f so ils, 1 2 4 b li g h t 2 3 7
aaa
. .
,
v il b ili t y o f, 1 2 1 c ult i v ti o n , 2 3 4 a
aa q
.
a
.
b l n c e n e e d e d , 1 25 c u lt ur l re ui re m e n t
. s, 2 24 .
444 Ind e x
Po ta to ma
Re c la ti o n o f a
l a
li la
n d s 1 56 k , .
d e sc ri p ti o n , 2 25 Re d c lo v e r 2 7 1
a
.
dap ta
.
,
d i g g e r 3 96 ti o n 27 3
a
. .
, ,
d i se se s 2 3 6 23 8, , . d e sc ri p ti o n , 2 7 2 .
d i stri b u ti o n 22 8 d i stri b u ti o n , 2 7 2
a a
. .
ea
,
rly c r p , 2 33 h rv e sti n g , 2 7 3
a
. .
histo ry , 2 24 a
i m p o rt n c e , 27 1
k
. .
”
i n se c ts 23 6 si c n e ss 2 7 1
a a
. . .
,
i n te rn l b ro wn sp o t, 238 v lu e , 2 7 3
ak
. .
m r e ti n g 2 3 5 Re d to p , 2 9 2 , 3 04
aa a
. .
,
p e sts, 23 6 . d p t ti o n , 2 9 2 .
a
p l n ti n g , 233 c ul ture , 2 9 3 .
re la
.
ti o n shi p s 2 25 d e sc ri p ti o n , 29 2
a a
. .
,
a
. .
se e d -b e d , 2 3 0 Re g i o n s fo r h rd wh e t, 1 7 2 a
a a
. .
se e d c u tti ng , 23 3 Re l ti o n o f c o rn to o th e r c e re ls, 1 9 1
a a
. .
se e d se le c ti o n , 23 1 . Re l ti o n o f p l n ts to th e i r e n vi ro n
a
sto r g e , 235 me n t 9
Re la
. .
ti o n sh i p o f c e re a
,
u se s, 2 39 ls 1 6 8
a Re p ro d u c ti o n o f p la
. .
,
v ri e t i e s, 22 7 n ts 3 59
Re se rv e fo o d i n ni m ls a a a
. .
,
y i e ld , 22 8 . n d p la
nts ,
Pre v e n ti n g e ro si o n 1 58 59 , 6 0
aa a
. .
a
,
P ro d u c ti vi ty i n l n d v lu tio n , 1 6 3 Re sp i r ti o n , 41 , 42
aa a
. .
81 . Rhi zo c to ni , 2 38 a .
P ro te i n c o m p o u n d s, 43 . Ri c e , 2 2 1 .
c o m po s i ti o n , 56 d e sc ri p ti o n , 22 1
a a a
.
a
.
c o nc en t r t i o n by ni m ls, 59 . h rv e sti n g , 2 2 1 .
o c c u rre n c e i n p l n t s, 56 , 60 a hi sto ry , 2 2 1
a a
. .
us est o n i m ls, 56 .
p ro d u c ti o n o f wo rld , 2 2 1 .
a
P ro to p l sm , 2 4 u se s, 2 2 1
a
. .
Pru n i n g , 6 2 Ri ve rs, th e ir i m p o rt n c e i n so i l fo r
a
.
Pte rid o p hy te s o r fe rn s, 2 6 m ti o n , 7 6
k k
. .
Pum p i n s, 3 49 Ro c
a
.
Py ro x e n e , c o m p o si ti o n nd im po r d e fin i ti o n o f 7 0
a
.
,
t nc e , 7 1 so il-fo rm i n g 7 3
we a th e ri ng a
. .
,
g e n ts, 7 4
Ro lli ng la
.
Q nd e ffe c t o n m o i stu re ,
Ro o f -g a
,
ck g a
rd e n s 351
Q a
.
ss 3 58
,
u - r
Ro ? 7
Qu a
li ty i n wh e a
.
fi2
,
t 182
’
li ty o f wh e a t ad c li m a
, .
511 ty 0 27 .
f
Qu a te 1 8 3 n
233328
p ro p o r t1 o n o f e ath m a
.
Qu a
,
3
de of
rt z,
71
r ,
c ro p s, pl a
nts i n c lu d e d
241 . .
d e v e lo p m e n t o f c o rn , 1 9 1
°
a
.
d e v e lo p m e n t o f wh e t, 1 68
a aa
.
Rap e 3 43
, .
g e n e r l c h r c te ri sti c s, 241 .
e n e m i e s o f 3 43 g ro wi n g se c ti o n o i , 2 8
a
. .
wp e a
,
or co s wi th c o rn , 2 03 h i r 27 44, 46
aaa
.
Re a a
.
, ,
l sp e c i fic g r vi ty , 86 . sy ste m , o f lf lf , 30, 2 58 .
446 In d ex
So i ls
aid i ty ad ro p p ro d u tio 1 57
c n c c n, fo rm e d by wi n d , 7 8
ai d i ty o te d by li m e 1 57
.
a
.
c c rre c fo r wh e t 1 7 4
j
.
a
, , .
é a ti o
r 86
n, ud g i n g o f, 1 6 1
a a
.
b ate ri a1 3 9
.
c , n m ed c c o rd i n g to si z e o f p r a
c lassifi a
.
ti o
c 79 n, . ti c le s, 8 2
a
.
d e fini ti o n o i , 6 7 n o t sui t e d fo r d ry -f rm i n g 1 13
a aa aa
. .
a
,
d e p th n d stru c ture i n l n d v lu o f g l c i l o ri g i n , 7 8
a
.
tio n , 1 6 2 . o ri g i n n d c o m p o si t i o n , 7 0, 8 1
a
.
e ro si o n , f c t o rs e ff e c ti n g , 1 58 a
se d e n t ry , 7 9
a
. .
e x h u st i o n b y c ro p s, 1 23 so u r so i ls 1 57
a
. .
,
f c to rs, i nfl u e n c i n g p la nt s, 1 9 . c o rre c t i o n o i , 1 57
a
fo rm ti o n , a ctio n o f tm o sp h e re a te x tu re o f , 8 1
a a
.
,
78 So lv e n t c ti o n o f w te r , 7 6
a aa
. .
fo rm ti o n by h e t n d c o ld , 7 4 So rg h u m
a aa a
.
fo rm ti o n b y i c e , 7 7 d p t ti o n , 3 23
a
,
a
.
fo rm ti o n , b y p l n ts 7 9 bro o m - c o rn 3 2 3
a
.
,
a
.
,
fo rm ti o n , by ri v e rs, 7 6 c ult i v ti o n , 3 2 5
a aa
. .
fo rm ti o n , sn o w n g e n t i h 7 6 d e sc ri p ti o n , 3 2 0
a
. .
,
fo rm i n g m i n e r ls, 7 0, 7 1 d i stri b u ti o n , 3 2 3
k
. .
fo rm i n g ro c s, 7 3 e n e m i e s, 3 28
aa
.
a a
.
m n g e m e n t n ee d o f u p -to -d te
, g r i n , 3 22
a
.
m e th o d s i n , 69 h rve sti n g 3 2 6
a a
. .
,
m o i stu re n d so il h e t, 9 1 8 hi sto ry , 3 1 9
a ak
. .
,
p r ti c le s si z e o f 8 2 m r e ti n g , 3 28
a a a
.
, .
p rti c le s, till g e fie c t e d by , 8 1
'
a
p l n ti n g , 3 2 5
a a
. .
p e rm n e n c e o i 68 , . re l t i o n shi p s, 3 2 0 .
sui t ed t o d ry -f a rm i n g , 1 1 3 swe e t, 3 2 2
a a a a a
. .
te x tu re n d su rf c e re a8 3 u se s n d v lu e , 3 2 7
k a
.
,
a a a
.
th i c n e ss n d c o m p o si ti o n o f 6 7 v ri e ti e s o f c l ss i fic ti o n , 3 22
a aa
. .
,
w te r s g e n t i n fo rm i ng , 7 5 .
y i e ld s 3 2 6
a
.
,
So i li n g , 3 02 So rg h u m s n d m ille ts 3 1 8
a aa a
. .
,
d v n t g es o f 3 1 3 a
i m p o rt n c e o n d ry -f rm s, 3 1 9
a a
. .
c o n d it i o n s f v o ri n g 3 1 2 So w-thi stle , Pe re n ni l, 3 58
aa
, . .
c r 0 p m n g e m e n t fo r 3 1 6 . a
So y be n s, 2 8 2
aa a
, .
d e fin i ti o n 3 1 2 d p t ti o n , 2 8 3
a aa
.
, .
d is d v n t g e s o i , 3 1 2 . c u lt u re 2 83
, .
So ils : d e sc ri p ti o n 2 8 2
a a a a
.
,
g e n ts c ti v e i n fo rm ti o n o f 7 4 h rv e sti n g 2 83
a a a a
.
, , .
m o u n t o f p l n t-fo o d i h , 1 2 0 v lu e s fee d 2 83
aa aa
. .
,
n ly si s o i , 1 1 9 Sp e c i li z ti o n , 38 3
aa
. .
b lo wi n g o f , 1 6 0 Sp e c i li z ti o n o f c e lls, 2 6 ‘
a aa
. .
c l ss i fic a ti o n o f , 7 9 . Sp e c i li z ti o n o f fu n c ti o n s i n hi g h e r
c o m p o si t io n o f 1 1 9 ap l n ts, 3 9
a a
. .
,
d e p le ti o n o f fe rtili ty b y le c h i n g , Sp e c i lti e s, 38 9 .
1 23 Sp e c i e s d e fin e d , 2 6
a
. .
d e te rm i n i n g fe rtili z e r n e e d s o f 1 2 7 Sp e c i fic g r vi ty o f so ils 8 6
a a a
. .
,
e c h o ne p ro ble m 1 54 Sp e rm to p h y te s o r see d p l n t s, 2 6 a
a k
.
, .
e v p o ra ti o n fro m 9 5 Sp i e 3 7
k
. .
, ,
ex ha u sti o n o i , 1 2 3 . a
Sp i e o f wh e t d e sc ri be d , 1 7 0 .
In de x
Sp ra
y s 37 6 Su g ar bee t
-
s 241
a p ta
.
rb o li c a da
.
,
a
,
c c id 37 6 ti o n 243
a lk a
. .
li re si sta
,
c o p p e r sulf a
,
te 3 7 6 . nce , 245 .
i ve su b li m a
,
te 37 7 c u lt i v ti o n , 247
sa
. .
,
lt 3 7 6 d e sc ri p ti o n 2 43
S qu a
, .
di se a
.
,
sh 3 49 se s 2 48
S ta ha
. .
, ,
me s 36 n rv e st i n g 3 47 , 3 49
rd o f li vi n g a he a
. .
,
Sta nd a he a
,
nd w t 184 . rt-ro t 2 48 , .
Stac h
,
r hi sto ry , 241
ma n uf a
.
p ro d u c e d b y su n li g h t, 1 9 . ti n g 247 , .
us e by p l n t s, 60 a le a f-sp o t 248
k
.
a ma
.
,
St b le c ro p s, 3 8 2 . r et i n g , 2 50 .
Ste m , 3 0 33 p e sts, 2 49
a a
.
a
.
,
S ti g m 36 re l t i o n to g o o d f rm i ng 2 50
k a
.
, .
,
Sti n i n g o r c lo se d sm u t, 1 7 9 se e d nd s e e d i ng , 2 47
k aa
.
aa
.
a
.
Sto r g e : use lu e 2 50
aaa
, .
be e ts, 2 50 Su g r-c n e , 3 56
a
.
aa
.
c o m , 2 05 . n ly si s o f su g r fro m , 347 .
c rO p s 405 . d e sc ri p ti o n , 3 47 .
a
,
fo o d by p l n ts, 6 0 d istri b u ti o n , 3 47
a a
. .
a
o f g r i n fro m p e sts, 1 8 5 Su g r i n p l n ts, 6 1 , 2 50
a
.
a
.
o f m n u re , 1 33 wh e t, 1 84, 1 8 5
a a
. .
a
.
Stru c ture Su n li g h t, n d st rc h p ro d u c ti o n , 1 9
a
.
c o m p le x i ty o f i n s o ils, 8 4 e fie c t 0 11 p l n ts, 1 8
a
.
a a a
.
,
f c to rs ff e c ti n g 8 4 , . Su n sh i n e , th e m e n s o f ll li fe , 59 .
'
o f c e lls, 2 4 2 5 Swe e t c lo v e r, 2 7 4
a
.
a
.
,
of s o il n d c u lti v ti o n 1 45 . c o n tro l o f , 1 8 1 .
a a a
,
o f so il n d l n d v lue , 1 6 2 Swee t c o m , 1 96
a
. .
a
.
, ,
a
, .
Stru g g le fo r e x i ste n c e , 50 . u se , 3 47 .
Sty le 36
a
.
,
Su b—i rri g ti o n 1 04
a a
.
,
Su b-so il o f ri d n d h u m i d re g i o n s
a
c o m p re d 81 a
T lc , c o m p o si ti o n , 7 2
a a a a a
. .
,
Su d n -g r ss d e sc ri p ti o n , 3 29 T n g i e r p e s, 2 8 4 .
a
.
,
a
.
Su g r T e , 351
aa a
.
n ly si s o f i n su g r-c n e , 3 46 a a T e m p e r ture
a a
.
c h ng e t o st rc h 43 a a n d e le v t io n , 1 6
a a a a
. .
,
m n u f c tu re 251 d ily flu c tu ti o n s 1 6
a
. .
a
, ,
sto r g e i n p l n ts 6 1 a , . re l t i o n to wi n d s, 1 9 .
448 Imic a
:
a a
T e m p o r ry p sture s, 3 03 T urn i p s
a a
.
Te rr c i n g to p re v e n t w shin g of se e d i n g , 2 53
a a
.
so ils, 1 59 us e n d v lu e , 2 54
a a a
. .
Te x tu re o f so il n d w te r re te n ti o n , Ty p e o f f rmi n g 402! ,
9 2 , 93 . Ty p e s o f c o m , 1 95 .
T e x tu re o f so ils, 8 1 , 8 2
a
.
T h llo p hy te s, 26
a
.
T h e o ri e s o f p l n t-fo o d , 1 1 8 .
a
,
li 1 26
a
sa a blue g a
.
,
fi ec te d b y si ze of so il p rti c le s , ss 2 94
- r .
b om g a
,
81 r ss sm o o th 2 9 8
e- r
j arb h y d a te s b y p la
. .
,
a
,
o b ec ts o f i n d ry -f rm i n g 1 16 c o nts 55 r 56
a
. .
, , ,
Ti m be r c ro p s, 36 1 c o tton, 33 7
aa
. .
Ti m o th y , 2 8 8 , 304 f ts n d o ils 57
aa a a
. ,
d p t ti o n , 2 8 9 . fie ld p e s, 2 7 7 .
c ultu re , 2 8 9 .
d e sc ri p ti o n , 2 8 8 h e r bi c i d e s 3 7 6
a
. .
,
e n e m i e s, 292 li m e fo r c id so il, 1 57
a
.
a
.
h rv e st, 2 90 m n g e ls, 2 52
a
. .
o ri g i n , 2 88 o ts, 2 1 3
a a a
. .
p l n ti ng , 2 90 o rc h rd -g r ss 2 9 6
a a
. .
,
st te s p ro d u c i n g , 2 8 9 p o t to e s 2 39
a a a
. , .
v l u e , 29 1 .
p ro te i n s to ni m ls, 56 .
Ti ssu e , d e fini ti o n o f 2 5 re d c lo v e r 2 7 3
a
. , .
To b c c o , 344 . re d t o p 2 93 , .
c ulture o i , 346 ri c e 22 1
aaa
.
.
,
c u ri ng , 3 46 . ru t b g s 2 54 , .
d istri bu ti o n , 3 45 ry e , 2 2 0
ak aa
. .
m r e ti ng , 346 so il n ly si s, 1 2 7
a aa a
. .
a
T o p o g r p h y i n l n d v lu ti o n , 1 6 1 su g r-be e ts, 2 50
a a a
. .
T o t l h e t, 1 6 swee t p o t t o e s, 347
a a
. .
T r c h e l tu be s, 2 9 , 3 0, 48 turn i p s, 2 54 .
a a
.
a
,
T r n slo c ti o n o f fo o d i n p l n ts, 38 w te r by p l n ts 47 , 96 .
a a
. ,
T r n sp i r ti o n , 46 a
wh e t, 1 8 3 , 280
a
.
a a a
.
a
.
T r n sp o rte d so ils, 7 9 .
y e llo w, 2 7 5
a Va
.
T ro p i c l frui ts, 3 51 c u o le s, 25
k Val
. .
T ru c c ro p s, 3 49 ue o f
alfa lfa2 6 1 26 6
.
T u ll, J e th ro 44
na
.
,
a
, .
Tum b le wee d , 3 7 1 ly si s f so il 1 2 7 o
e ria1 42
.
a
,
ba
.
T u m b li n g m ust rd , 3 59 ct .
b ale y 2 1 9
. ,
T urn i p s : r , .
c ult u re , 2 53 b e as 28 0 n
b me g a
.
.
,
d e sc ri p ti o n , 2 53 . ro ss sm o o th
- r , ,
450 Ind e a
:
Wee d s Wh e a
t
a
bi e n n i l , 3 6 7 . q u a
li ty ih , 1 8 2 .
c o n tro l, 3 7 2 re g i o n s fo r so f t 1 7 1
iva a
. .
,
c u lt ti n g fo r d e stro y i n g 3 7 3 , . re l t i o n shi p s, 1 6 8 .
d e fin i ti o n , 3 6 6 , 36 7 ro o t d e v e lo p m e n t, 1 6 8
e ra d i c ta
. .
io n o f 37 3 . ru st, 180
aa
.
i n u ri o u s to wh e a t 18 1 sm u t, 1 7 6 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 0
j
. .
,
i n u ry d o n e by , 1 47 3 7 1 , . so ils fo r , 1 7 4 .
i n tro d u c ti o n o f 3 69 a
sp e c ul ti o n , 1 8 9
k
. .
la ws 3 7 3
, . sp i e d e sc ribe d , 1 7 0 .
lo sse s fro m , 3 7 0 a
sto r g e o f , 1 8 4, 1 85
k
. .
m e th o d s o f d e stru c ti o n , 3 7 5 T ur ey re d 3 62
a
. .
,
of va
ri e tie s 1 7 1
a
lfa
lf a2 6 7
.
. we e d s i mu ri o u s to 18 1
a a
.
, ,
p o t to e s, 2 3 6 Wh e n to p p ly irri g ti o n w te r, 1 05 .
a
.
t 18 1 Wi n d , c tio n i n so i l fo rm ti o n , 7 8
p e re n n i a
. .
a
,
l 3 68 Wi n d i n re l tio n to p l n ts, 1 9 a
a a
. .
,
p o i so n o u s, 3 7 1 Wi n d re g ul te s te m p e r tu re , 1 9
aa
.
a a
d ic a
.
ro t ti o n o f c ro p s h e lp s er te , Wo rm s, c bb g e , 3 44 .
37 6 .
a
sp r y i ng fo r , 3 7 6
a
.
su m m e r-f llo wi n g fo r , 3 7 6
X
.
a a
We ste rn wh e t-g r ss, 301 y le m , 2 9 , 30, 33
a
. .
Wh e t
a aa
n d st n d rd o f li vi n g , 1 84
a
.
m o un t to so w, 1 7 6
Y ll w
.
Durum , 3 6 2 e o
lfa
.
a
ex c h ng e d , 1 89 a lfa2 6 2 2 6 3
a q a lfa
,
. .
a
,
f c to rs d e te rm i n i n g u li ty , 1 83 lfa se e d 2 63 .
ba
.
,
flo ur , 1 7 1 , 1 8 2 . rle y 216 .
a a be a
,
g e o g r p hi c l o ri g i n , 1 6 7 n s 28 0 .
a B e rm u d a - ra
.
,
g r d e s o f, 1 8 8 .
g ss 300 .
a
,
g ro wth b o v e g ro u n d , 1 7 0 blu e g ra
-
ss 294
a a b u c kwh e a
. .
,
h rd i n e ss, re g i o n s ff e c ti n g , 1 7 1 , t 2 23 , .
172 . ca b ba g e 3 43 .
a ca
,
h i sto ry o f c ulti v ti o n , 1 6 7 a . co m 1 9 7 , 1 9 8 , 1 99 , 2 01 .
a
,
i m p ro v e d v ri e ti e s, 1 7 2 . c o tto n , 3 3 5, 33 6 .
i n se c t p e sts o f , 1 8 0 cow a
p e s, 2 8 2
j
. .
o in t w o rm , 1 8 1 c ro p s re la
ti o n to so il c o nd i ti o n ,
k
.
e rn e l d e sc ri b e d , 1 7 0 e mm e r , 2 22
a
. .
lo ss by n o t g r d i n g , 1 8 9 a fie ld - p e s, 2 7 1
ak
. .
m r e ti n g , 1 8 7 . a
fl x , 338 .
o ri g i n o f wo rd 1 67 . a
fo r g e c ro p s, 2 9 1 .
a
,
a
.
p re p r i n g fo r p l n ti n g , 1 7 5, 1 7 6 . le , 3 43 .
In de x 451
Yi ld
e of Yi ld
e of
le sse n e d by we e d s 3 7 0 Su d a a
n -g r ss 3 2 9
a
. .
, ,
o t - r s
g s 2 99 swee t c lo v e r , 2 7 5 .
a
.
,
a a
, ,
o rc h rd -g r ss 2 9 5, 2 96 , . te o si n te , 3 3 1 .
a
p e rl m i lle t 3 3 1 , . ti m o th y 2 8 9 , 2 90, 2 9 1
, .
aa
p e n i c ill ri 33 1 , . a
to b c c o 3 45. .
a
, ,
r p e , 3 54 . ve t c h , 28 4 .
re d c lo v e r 2 7 2 , 2 7 3
, . whi te c lo ve r 2 7 4 , .
re d t o p 2 93
, .
ri c e , 2 2 1 .
aaa
ru t b g s, 2 54
a
n d im p o ta
.
ry e , 2 1 9 . ! e o li te s, c o m p o si ti o n r nc e ,
so ili n g c ro p s 3 1 2 , 3 1 3 , 3 1 4 72 .
a
.
,
so y be n s, 2 8 3 .
Pri n te d i n the a
e s o f Am e ri c
e d St t
Un it a
.
Te a
chi ng o f Agricul tu re i n the Hi gh Scho o l
BY GA RLAN D A . BRIC KER
De pa
rtme n t o f Ag ri c ultu ra
l E x te n sio n , Co lle g e of Ag ric u ltu re , O hio Sta
te U n i ve rsi ty
With a
n In tr o d u c tio n by DR . W . C . BAGLEY
2 02 pag es ,
A skilfu l ex p o i
s tio n of th e p l a c e of a g ri c u l t u re i n th e h i g h
sc ho o l c o u rse o f stu d y whic h first d e h u e s th e n a tu re o f se c
o nd a ry a g r i c u l tu r e , a n d th e n p ro c e e d s to d i s c u ss t h e ri se a nd
d e v e lo p m e n t o f se c o n d a ry a r ic u l tu re in th e U n ite d Sta t e s;
g
th e so c i a l re su l ts o f te a c h in g s ec o n d a ry a g ric u l tu re ; t h e s
p y
c ho lo g ic a l a n d the se a so n a l d e te rm i n a tio n o f se q u e n c e ; th e
o rg a n iz a ti o n o f th e c o u rse ; th e a im a n d m e tho d s o f p re se n
Ma l s ad M th
t ia er n e o ds in
Hi gh Scho o l Agricul ture
BY WILLIAM G HUMMEL M S
d
.
, . .
a
Assist nt Pro fe sso r o f Ag ri c u ltura
lE uc a
ti o n , U n iv e rsi ty of Ca
lifo rn i aad
, n
a
. . .
0
38 5 P g es,
Thi s bo o k h a s b e e n p re p a re d fo r th e u s e o f p e rso n s i n te r
h ig h sc ho o l so f to wn s, c i ti e s, o r ru ra l c o m m u n itie s wh e re la rg e
o r wh e re th e p ro s e ri ty o f t h e h i h s h o l m m u i ty i s
p g c o c o n
la rg e l y d e p e n d e n t u o n a g ric u l tu re
p
a a a
.
T h e first c h a p te rs g i v e a g e n e r l t re t m e n t o f t h e re s o n s
fo r p la c in g a g ric u lt u re i n th e hi g h s c h o o l c o u rs e an d th e a u
tho rs the n p ro c e e d to d i sc u ss th e m e th o d , th e e q u i p m e n t, a nd
th e su bj e c t m a tte r o f th e c o u rse .
TILLAGE
a
B i le y s Prin c i p le s o f Ag ric u ltu re
’
a '
H ilg rd s So i ls
Ki n g s T he So il
’
K ing s Irri a
'
n d Dr i n a a a
g tio n
F d
Li vm g sto n 5 ie l C ro p Pro uc tio n
Ly o n a
'
g e
d na
Ma
F
.
n d F tp p i n s T he Pri n c i le e o f So il g e me n t
d
Ro he rts s The e rtili ty o f the
’
ti d
Sn y e r s So ils a
Fa
n d Fe rti li ze rs
’
Vo o rhee s s e rtilize rs
F
’
W h e e le r s M n u re s n d e rti lize rs
’
a
Wid sto e s Dry Fa
’
rmi n g
OR GARDEN— MAKIN G
a
B i le y s G r e n -M k in
a
'
B i le y s Ve g e ta
'
a d a
a
F b le G e n in g
re n c h s H o w to G ro w Ve g e t ble s
'
a
O R F RUIT GROWIN G, e tc
F
.
a
B ile y s ru i t O to wi
’
a
B il
d s T he Pru n in g
F
’
It
a
C r 3 Bush ru i ts
ea se s o f An i ma
'
3 o s Di s ls
’
Phi lipe s Be e k ee p in
a
V len tin e s H o w to e e p He n s fo r Pro fit k
Fa
’
Wa t
'
so n s rm Po u ltry
OR DAIRY WORK
Ec ld e s s Da
dd
'
i ry C a
She l o n s The a
tt
rm
’
le n d Mi ll: Pro
n d the Da iry F a
a
d uc tion
Sny e r s Da i ry C h e m ist
’
n
Wt g s Mill: a
'
n d its Pr s
ct o
ON PLANT DISE ASE S
Ma
sse e
a
'
s Di se se s o f Cu lti v te a
Pl n ts n d a d a a Tre e s
dF
O K n e s Inj u rio u s In se c ts
’ ’
Sli n g e rl n a a
n d C ro sby s F m tt I n se c ts
’
Ste ve n ss u ng i o f Pl n t Dise se
'
a a
OH ECONOMI CS Al“) ORGANI! ATION
Fa d aw aW a
irc hi l s Ru r l
'
Gre e n s L
e lth a
’
nd
fo r th e Ame ric a
e lfa
a
re W
F
d a
'
O g e n s Ru r l H y g ie n e
Fa'
Ro be rtss T he
n rm e r
rme r s Bu sin e ss H a
'
n bo o k d
TH E MAC MI L LA N C O MPA N Y
6 66 Fi fth Aven u e ,
4-
Ne w Yo rk
B OSTON CHICAGO ATLANTA DALLAS SAN FRANCISCO
So i l s a
nd Pl a
nt Li fe a
s
Re l a
te d to Agricul tu re
BY J . c . CU N N I N GHAM
Tea
c h e r o f Ag ri c ultu re to Rura
la de T e a
n d G ra c h e rs I o waS ta te C o lle g , e
Ame s Io wa . .
AND
BY W . H . LAN C ELO T
Clo th , 1 2 m , 3 48 p g es, 3 a
A bo o k a
th t pre se n tsafi st stud y i n a g i ur lt u b as e d o so u d d u
r c re n n e
th a t th e i m e n ta
r l p o we s a e d e e lo pe d b y t
r r h e i r o wn o lun ta
v ry e ffo t s v r .
Th e m a te i al i n th e b o o k d a
r ls a l e wi th so i ls ad plats Th e
e on n n .
stud i e s a re ut i t h e fo m
n f e pe i me t
r s t ob e w k e d o ut c a fully b y
r n o or re
p x
th e stu d e t i th sc h o o lro o m
n n e at h m e th e sults e c o d e d i n syste m
or o ,
re r r
a ti c f m i a te bo o k
or n no .
Ap pe d i
n x eg ar d i n g th e su c e ssful m aa
r g m c t o f th e c o u se na d th
e en r n e
c ultu e a
r n d g o o d pe d a g og y .