Kip`rig Jisus

RT\@JC MRJCHMJ

Dmsusug @kcf >

E\IRMIGSR \MDF@ FMI

9619112<

Qchlmhlmge >

dr. Hirmi Rmtcpu, RQ.R

OIJSKTIR JCD@JTC\IG SGM_C\RMTIR FJLQ G@HHCGRCG JCQIGMTC\IIG

JKMGMJ RCGM@\ DCQI\TCHCG MKHS QCG]IJMT RI\IO \SHIF RIJMT
HCH@\MIK F@RQMTIK HCDIG <19=
 

JITI QCGEIGTI\ 

Qunmm dig syujur

Qun syujur pcgukms
pcgukms pignitj
pignitjig
ig jcpidi
jcpidi Tufig
Tufig ]ige
]ige Hifi
Hifi Csi itis rifhit
rifhit dig
jirugm
jirugmiGyi
iGyi scfmge
scfmgeei
ei pcgukm
pcgukmss dipit
dipit hcgyus
hcgyusug
ug hijiki
hijikif
f yige lcrnud
lcrnuduk
uk ‛Rtr`j
‛Rtr`jcc Msjchm
Msjchmj”.
j”.
Qcgyusugig hijikif mgm lcrtunuig ugtuj hchcgufm pcrsyiritig sckihi hcgnikigm Jcpigmtcriig
Jkmgmj Rcgm`r dm Liemig Mkhu Qcgyijmt Ririo dm \uhif Rijmt Hurgm Tceuf Hch`rmik F`spmtik,
Hcdig.

Dikih jcschpitig mgm pcgukms mgemg hcgyihpimjig tcrmhijismf jcpidi dr. Hirmi Rmtcpu,
Rp.R sclieim pclmhlmge yige tckif ligyij hchlcrmjig lmhlmgeig sckihi jcpigmtcriig jkmgmj dm
 liemig Mkhu Qcgyijmt Ririo.

Qcgukms hcgyidirm lifwi hijikif mgm hismf tcrdipit ligyij jcjurigeig yige firus

dmpcrlimj
dmpcrl imjm,
m, hiji
hiji dirm
dirm mtu
mtu pcgukm
pcgukmss hcgefi
hcgefirip
ripjig
jig jrmtm
jrmtmj
j dig sirig
sirig dirm
dirm lcrliei
lcrlieimm pmfij
pmfij yige
yige
smoitgyi hchligeug

Ijfm
Ijfmrr ji
jiti
ti pcguk
pcgukms
ms lcrfi
lcrfiri
rip
p tukm
tukmsi
sig
g mgm
mgm dipit
dipit lcrhi
lcrhigo
goiit
iit li
liem
em jm
jmti
ti sc
schu
huii yige
yige
hcgeeugijiggyi.

m
 

DIOTI\ MRM

JITI QCGEIGTI\ ....................................................................................................

............................................... .......................................................
.. m

DIOTI\
DIOTI\ MRM ....
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.... mm

LIL 9 QCGDIF
QCGDIFSKS
SKSIG
IG ...
.......
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... 9

9.9............................................................................................................................ Kitir
 lckijige ..............................................................................................
................................................. .....................................................
..............
...... 9

LIL < TMGNIS

TMGNISIG
IG QSRTIJ
QSRTIJI
I ...
.......
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......
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......
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.... <

<.9. Dcom
Dcomgms
gmsmm str`jc
str`jc .....
........
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
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......
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......
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......
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... <

<.<. Cpmdch
Cpmdchm`k
m`k`em
`em str`jc
str`jc ...
......
.......
.......
......
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......
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......
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......
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....... <

<.2. Ctm`k`
Ctm`k`em
em str`c
str`c msjc
msjchmj
hmj ....
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
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.........
.........
.........
.... 2

<.4. Oijt`r
Oijt`r rmsmj
rmsmj`
` str
str`jc
`jc msjchm
msjchmj...
j.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
....... 4

<.3. Jkismo
Jkismomji
mjism
sm str`
str`jc
jc msjc
msjchmj
hmj ...
......
.......
.......
......
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......
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......
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......
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......
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......
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.. 5

<.?. Higmoc
Higmocsti
stism
sm jkmgms
jkmgms str
str`jc
`jc msjchm
msjchmj
j ....
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
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.......
.. 6

<.5. Dcrini
Dcrinitt str`jc
str`jc msjchm
msjchmj
j hcguru
hcgurutt GMFRR.
GMFRR.....
.......
......
.......
.......
......
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......
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... 6

<.6. Qit`ec
Qit`ecgcs
gcsms
ms str
str`jc
`jc ms
msjch
jchmj.
mj....
......
......
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......
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......
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... =

<.=. Qcgceij
Qcgceijjig
jig dmieg`s
dmieg`sms
ms str
str`jc
`jc msjchm
msjchmj
j .....
.......
.......
......
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......
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......
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.......
......
.......
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.......
.... 99

<.91.. Titi
<.91 Titikij
kijsig
sigii str`
str`jc
jc msjchm
msjchmj
j ....
........
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......
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......
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..... 9<

LIL 2 RTIT
RTITSR
SR QIRMC
QIRMCG
G ........
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........
.... 93

LIL 4 QCHLIF
QCHLIFIRI
IRIG
G JIRSR
JIRSR ...
......
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......
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.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
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... 2?

LIL 3 JCRMHQ
JCRMHQSKI
SKIG
G ......
.........
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......
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... 96

DIOTI\
DIOTI\ QSRTIJI
QSRTIJI ....
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... 2=

mm
 

Kihpmrig ..........................................................................................................................
49

mmm
 

LIL M

QCGDIFSKSIG

9.9. Kitirlckijige
Rtr`jc hcrupijig pcgyijmt itiu eigeeuig ougesm`gik `tij lcrupi jckuhpufig
sirio (dcombmt
(dcombmt gcur`k`emb)
gcur`k`emb) ijmlit tcrfihlitgyi ikmrig dirif jc `tij. Rtr`jc idikif smgdr`h
yige tcrdmrm dirm tigdi dig/itiu ecniki fmkigegyi ougesm smstch sirio pusit o`jik (itiu ek`lik)
yige lcrjchlige bcpit (dikih dctmj itiu hcgmt). Ecniki-ecniki mgm lcrkigesuge kclmf dirm <4
 nih itiu hcgycliljig jchitmig, sckimg hcgycliljig jchitmig str`jc nuei ijig
hcgei
hcgeijm
jmlit
litji
jig
g di
dihp
hpij
ij ug
ugtu
tuj
j jc
jcfm
fmdu
dupi
pig.
g. Dihpi
Dihpij
j st
str`
r`jc
jc dm
dmigt
igtir
irig
igyi
yi,, mg
mgei
eiti
tig
g ni
nidm
dm
tcreig
tcreigeeu
eeu dig tcrnid
tcrnidmm pcgurug
pcgurugig
ig diyi
diyi mgeit,
mgeit, hcguru
hcgurugji
gjig
g juikmti
juikmtiss fmdup
fmdup pcgdcr
pcgdcrmti
mti nuei
nuei
jcfmdupig jckuirei dig `rige-`rige dm scjckmkmgegyi, hcgeikihm pcgurugig juikmtis fmdup
yige kclmf dristms, jcbibitig omsmj hiupug hcgtik pidi usmi pr`dujtmo dig usmi kignut dig
jchitmig dikih wijtu smgejit.
Rcri
Rcrige
geig
ig st
str`
r`jc
jc dcge
dcgeig
ig oijt
oijt`r
`r rmsm
rmsmj`
j` yi
yige
ge tc
tcrn
rnid
idmm pi
pidi
di us
usmi
mi hudi
hudi ij
ijig
ig
hcgeijmlitji
hcgeijmlitjig
g idi pcgurugig
pcgurugig pirsmik/t
pirsmik/t`tik
`tik ecrijig kcgeig dig tugejim,
tugejim, lcrhisikif
lcrhisikif dikih
 lcrpmjmr dig hcgemgeit, hcgdcrmti dcprcsm, dig hcgeikihm jcsukmtig lmbiri, hcgckig, scrti
hchlcdijig jigig dig jmrm. Rtr`jc tij kiem figyi hcgycrige jck`hp`j kigsmi, gihuh jmgm
bcgdcruge hcgycrige ecgcrism hudi yige hismf pr`dujtmo. Nmji str`jc sudif hcgycrige
us
usmi
mi hu
hudi
di yi
yige
ge pr
pr`du
`dujt
jtmo
mo,, fi
fikk mtu
mtu ijig
ijig lc
lcrd
rdih
ihpi
pij
j tc
tcrf
rfid
idip
ip hcgu
hcguru
rugg
ggyi
yi tm
tmge
geji
jitt
 pr`dujtmomtis pcgdcrmtigyi.

9
 

LIL MM
TMGNISIG QSRTIJI

<.9. Dcomgmsm
Dcomgmsm str`jc
str`jc
Rtr`jc dmdcomgmsmjig sclieim dcomsmt gcur`k`ems o`jik itiu ek`lik ijut yige   tcrnidm
hcgdidij dig bcpit,  lcrkigesuge kclmf dirm <4 nih itiu hcgycliljig jchitmig dig
yige tmdij idi ctm`k`em sckimg visjukir 9. Rtr`jc dmjkismomjismjig hcgnidm fch`riemj dig
msjchmj tcreigtuge pidi pr`scs pit`k`ems yige hcgdisirmgyi 9. Lclcripi pcgckmtmig tckif
hcgugnujjig lifwi sultmpc msjchmj hcgyuhlige nuhkif jisus str`jc yige kclmf lcsir.
Rtr`jc msjchmj idikif cpms`dc dmsougesm gcur`k`ems yige dmscliljig `kcf mgoirj scrclrik,
spmgik
spmgik itiu rctmgi<. Rtr`jc
itiu rctmgi Rtr`jc msjchm
msjchmj
j tcrnid
tcrnidmm jctmji
jctmji pchluk
pchlukuf
uf dirif
dirif `tij
`tij tcr
tcrsuh
suhlit
lit,,
hcgefikigem ikmrig dirif jc scliemig `tij 9.

<.<. Cpmdchm`k`e
Cpmdchm`k`emm str`jc
str`jc
Rtr`jc tctip hcgnidm pcgyclil jchitmig g`h`r dui dm tmgejit ek`lik dig dm
jiwisig Cr`pi9. Dirm 3? nuti jchitmig yige tcrnidm sctmip tifug dm sckuruf dugmi, 91,6%
dmscliljig `kcf str`jc. Dckipig pukuf kmhi pcrscg dirm jchitmig ijmlit str`jc dm igtiri
schui uhur tcrnidm dm gceiri-gceiri lcrjchlige 9. Uigmti hchmkmjm rmsmj` str`jc yige
kclmf tmgeem dmligdmgejig prmi, jmri-jmri situ dirm kmhi wigmti (<1% - <9%) dig situ dirm
cgih prmi (94% - 95%) ijig hcgdcrmti str`jc hcgurut pcgckmtmig <11? 9.

Eihlir <.9. Cpmdchm`k`em Rtr`jc 9 

<
 

Tctipm igeji jchitmig str`jc scbiri jcsckurufig tckif hcgurug dm sckuruf dugmi
hcsjmpug idi pcgmgejitig pcrscgtisc pidi `rige lcrusmi dm itis ?3 tifug (53% j`rlig
str`jc lcrusmi dm itis ?3 tifug)9. Mgm tcrutihi dmscliljig `kcf pcgurugig pipirig oijt`r 
rmsmj`, tcrutihi fmpcrtcgsm dig hcr`j`j dig hcgmgejitgyi ijscs jc kiyigig jcscfitig9.
Qrcvik
Qrcvikcgs
cgsmm jcnidm
jcnidmig
ig st
str`j
r`jcc dmpcrj
dmpcrjmri
mrijig
jig ijig hcgmge
hcgmgejit
jit scbiri
scbiri smegmo
smegmomji
mjig
g dm
sckuruf
sckuruf dugmi jircgi p`pukism ek`lik
ek`lik yige lcrusmi kclmf dirm ?3 tifug tcrus hcgmgejit
hcgmgejit
scjmtir schlmkig nuti `rige pcr tifug9. Dm Cr`pi, pr`p`rsm p`pukism yige lcrusmi dm itis
?3 tifug dmpcrjmrijig ijig hcgmgejit dirm <1% pidi <111 hcgnidm 23% pidi <131.
Nuhkif jcnidmig str`jc dm Cr`pi dmprcdmjsm hcgmgejit dirm 9,9 nuti pidi <111 hcgnidm
9,3 nuti
nuti pcr tifug
tifug pidi
pidi tifug
tifug <1<3,
<1<3, scliem
scliemig
ig lcsir
lcsir dmscli
dmscliljig
ljig `kcf p`pukis
p`pukismm yige
yige
hcgui9.
Jircgi p`pukism yige hcgui, tcrutihi dm gceiri-gceiri yige siit mgm hcgeikihm
 pcrtuhlufig cj`g`hm yige bcpit, pr`ycjsm fmgeei <1<1 hcgugnujjig lifwi str`jc

ij
ijig
ig hcgb
hcgbipipim
im ?,
?,2%
2% di
dirm
rm t`ti
t`tikk lc
lclig
lig pc
pcgyi
gyijm
jmtt9. Rc
Rcki
kimg
mg mt
mtu,
u, pc
pcrj
rjmr
mrii
iig
g ti
tifu
fug
g <1
<114
14
hchpcr
hch pcrjmr
jmriji
ijig
g lifwi
lifwi str
str`jc
`jc ijig hcgnid
hcgnidmm dm igtiri
igtiri kmhi
kmhi pcgyclil
pcgyclil pikmge
pikmge pcgtmge
pcgtmge
dmsilmkmtis dm gceiri lcrjchlige dig gceiri hinu. Nckis lifwi str`jc ijig hcgmgejit
sc
scbi
biri
ri dr
drih
ihit
itms
ms limj
limj dm Cr
Cr`p
`pii hiupu
hiupug
g dm sc
scku
kuru
ruf
f dugmi
dugmi di
diki
kih
h lc
lclcr
lcrip
ipii dc
dcji
jidc
dc
hcgditige.

<.2. Ctm`k`em
Ctm`k`em str`jc
str`jc msjchmj 
msjchmj 
Rtr`jc msjchmj tcrnidm jctmji supkim dirif jc liemig `tij tmli-tmli tcreigeeu `kcf
`jkusm2. Qcgyijmt scrclr`visjukir msjchmj tcrutihi dmscliljig `kcf tr`hl`sms, chl`km
dig fmp`pcrousm
fmp`pcrousm o`jik yige schuigyi dipit hcgeirif
hcgeirif pidi pcgeurigeig itiu eigeeuig
ikmrig dirif `tij yige hchpcgeirufm ougesm gcur`k`ems jircgi jcjurigeig ekuj`si dig
`jsmecg2. Rcjmtir 43% dirm str`jc msjchmj dmscliljig `kcf tr`hlus irtcrm jcbmk itiu
 lcsir, <1% lcrisik dirm chl`km dig yige kimggyi `kcf pcgyclil yige tmdij dmjctifum2.
Rtr`jc msjchmj o`jik dmscliljig `kcf eigeeuig ikmrig dirif irtcrm jc irci dcpcgdcg
 pircgjmh `tij `kcf tr`hlus itiu chl`kus2. Dc
Dcge
geig
ig ji
jiti
ti ki
kimg
mg,, st
str`
r`jc
jc ms
msjc
jchm
hmj 
j 
dmdcom
dmdcomgms
gmsmji
mjig
g scliei
sclieimm `gsct
`gsct ijut
ijut (hcgmt
(hcgmt itiu
itiu nih)
nih) dirm
dirm dcomsm
dcomsmtt gcur`k
gcur`k`em
`emss o`jik
o`jik yige
j`gsmstcg dcgeig kcsm visjukir yige lcrtifig sckihi kclmf dirm <4 nih 2.

2
 

Rtr`jc msjchmj idikif pr`scs yige dmgihms dm higi schijmg kihi `jkusm irtcrm
 lcrtifig schijmg lcsir ujurig mgoirj dig schijmg tmgeem rmsmj` pcrdirifig pisbi
 pcrousm2. Rtr`jc msjchmj idikif pcgyijmt yige j`hpkcjs dcgeig lcrieih ctm`k`em dig
higmocstism jkmgms yige lcrvirmism. Dikih 91 dctmj sctckif ikmrig `tij lcrfcgtm, jceieikig
hctil`kmshc nirmgeig `tij tcrnidm 2. CCE hcgugnujjig pcrkihlitig ijtmvmtis kmstrmj dig
dmsoug
dmsougesm
esm `tij
`tij hcgnid
hcgnidmm gyiti
gyiti scbiri
scbiri jkmgms
jkmgms.. Nmji
Nmji smr
smrjuk
jukism
ism scecri
scecri dmpukm
dmpukmfjig
fjig,, tcr
tcrnid
nidmm
 pchukmfig ougesm `tij scbiri tmli-tmli dig kcgejip2.

<.4. Oijt`r rmsmj`

rmsmj` str`jc
str`jc msjchmj
msjchmj

Oijt`r rmsmj` yige tmdij  Oijt`r rmsmj` yige dipit

dipit dmh`dmomjism dmh`dmomjism
Rtr`jc msjchmj Ssmi Fmpcrtcgsm

Ncgms jckihmg Hcr`j`j

\is/ctgms \ism` pmgeeige/pmgeeuk
Ecgctmj Dmct
Ijtmvmtis omsmj
Fypcrkmpmdchmi

Dmilctcs hckkmtus
Ikb`f`k
Qcgyijmt nigtuge

4
 

i. Oi
Oijt
jt`r
`r yig
yige
e tmdi
tmdij
j dipit
dipit dm
dmh`
h`dm
dmom
omjis
jismm
Oijt`r rmsmj` yige tmdij dipit dmh`dmomjism ugtuj str`jc idikif usmi, ncgms
jckihmg, ris-ctgms dig ecgctmji 4. Rcbiri uhuh str`jc idikif pcgyijmt
pcgyijmt tcrjimt usmi.
Mgsmdcg str`jc hcgmgejit dcgeig lcrtihlifgyi usmi, dcgeig jcnidmig dui jikm kmpit
ugtuj sctmip dcjidc sctckif usmi 33 tifug 4. Ssmi riti-riti jcnidmig str`jc msjchmj 
 pidi tifug <113 idikif usmi ?= tifug. Lujtm tcrliru hcgugnujjig lifwi jcnidmig
tcrsclut dig prcvikcgsm str`jc msjchmj tckif hcgmgejit dm jck`hp`j usmi <1 fmgeei
34 tifug, dirm 9<,=% pidi 9==2/9==4 fmgeei 96,?% dm tifug <113 4.
Fulugeig igtiri ncgms jckihmg dcgeig rmsmj` str`jc tcreigtuge pidi usmi 4.
Dm usmi hudi, wigmti hchmkmjm rmsmj` str`jc yige kclmf tmgeem itiu kclmf tmgeem prmi,
hcsjmpug pidi usmi yige kclmf tui rmsmj` rckitmo scdmjmt kclmf tmgeem ugtuj prmi 4.
\msmj`
\msmj` str
str`jc
`jc kclmf
kclmf tmgeem
tmgeem dm igtiri
igtiri wigmti
wigmti yige
yige usmi
usmi kclmf
kclmf hudi,
hudi, bcgdcru
bcgdcruge
ge
hcgbcrhmgjig rmsmj` yige tcrjimt dcgeig jcfihmkig dig pisbi pcrsikmgig scrti

oijt`r f`rh`g
oijt`r f`rh`gikik kimggyi
kimggyi,, scpcrt
scpcrtmm pcgeeug
pcgeeugiig
iig j`gtris
j`gtriscps
cpsmm f`rh`g
f`rh`gikik4. Rc
Rcbi
biri
ri
jcsckurufig, kclmf ligyij str`jc tcrnidm pidi wigmti dirmpidi prmi, jircgi rcgtige
fmdup wigmti yige kclmf pignige dmligdmgejig dcgeig prmi 4.
@rige
@rige jukmt
jukmt fmtih
fmtih hchmkm
hchmkmjm
jm rms
rmsmj`
mj` dui jikm
jikm kmpit
kmpit tcr
tcrjcgi
jcgi str
str`jc
`jc lmk
lmkii
dmligdmgejig dcgeig `rige jukmt putmf dig hchmkmjm igeji jchitmig yige kclmf
tmgeem tcrjimt dcgeig str`jc 4. \is jukmt fmtih tckif dmmdcgtmomjism hchmkmjm oijt`r 
rmsmj`
rmsmj` dikih
dikih str
str`jc
`jc tctipm
tctipm mgm lmsi dmjimt
dmjimtjig
jig dcgeig
dcgeig hisiki
hisikif
f dcgeig
dcgeig ijscs
ijscs jc
 pcriwitig jcscfitig4.
 l. Oijt`r rmsmj` yige dipit dmh`dmomjism
 Tcjigig dirif tmgeem
Tcjigi
Tcjigig
g dirif
dirif tmgeem
tmgeem idikif
idikif situ-s
situ-situ
itugyi
gyi oijt`r
oijt`r rms
rmsmj`
mj` pikmge
pikmge
 pcgtmge yige dipit dmh`dmomjism ugtuj str`jc2. Irt
Irtcrm
crmik
ik fypcrtc
fypcrtcgsm
gsm`g
`g
hchl
hchlcr
crmj
mjig
ig j`
j`gt
gtrm
rmlu
lusm
sm ?1
?1%
% di
dirm
rm sc
schu
huii st
str`
r`jc
jc dc
dcge
geig
ig lc
lclc
lcri
ripi
pi
hcji
hcjigm
gmsh
shcc sc
scpc
pcrt
rtmm itfc
itfcr`
r`hi
hi pi
pidi
di ji
jir`
r`tm
tmd,
d, ir
irtc
tcrm
rm vc
vcrt
rtcl
clri
rikm
kmss di
dig
g
kcgej
kcgejug
ugeig
eig i`
i`rt
rti,
i, jc
jcri
ripu
pufig
fig pc
pchl
hluk
ukuf
uf di
diri
rif
f `t
`tij
ij jc
jcbm
bmk,
k, dm
dmso
souge
ugesm
sm
vcgtrmjck jmrm dig omlrmkism itrmuh. Qcge`litig dmpcrkujig nmji TD7 941 /
=1 hhFe2.
 Dmilctcs hckkmtus

3
 

Dmilctcs dmtctipjig sclieim oijt`r rmsmj` ugtuj str`jc. Rcjmtir 99%

di
dirm
rm st
str`
r`jc
jc dig =,
=,9%
9% di
dirm
rm dirm
dirm st
str`
r`jc
jc lc
lcru
ruki
kige
ge tc
tcki
kif
f dm
dmpcr
pcrjm
jmri
riji
jig
g
dmscli
dmscliljig
ljig `kcf
`kcf dmilctcs2. Qi
dmilctcs Qism
smcg
cg dcgei
dcgeig
g dm
dmilc
ilctc
tcss hchm
hchmkm
kmjm
jm igeji
igeji
jchitmig yige kclmf tmgeem, jcbibitig yige kclmf pirif, dig pchukmfig
yige kclmf kihlit sctckif str`jc scrti tmgejit jcjihlufig str`jc yige
kclmf tmgeem dmligdmgejig dcgeig pismcg str`jc yige tmdij dmilctcs2.

 Fypcrkmpmdchmi
Fypcrkmpmdc
Fypcrkmpmdchmi
hmi idikif oijt`r rmsmj`
rmsmj` tctip ugtuj str`jc.
str`jc. Tmgejit
Tmgejit
j`kcstcr`k hcrupijig oijt`r rmsmj` yige pcgtmge dig dipit dmh`dmomjism
ugtuj pcgyijmt irtcrm j`r`gcr (BID) 2. Gihug, fulugeig cpmdchm`k`ems
igtiri j`kcstcr`k dig str`jc hismf j`gtr`vcrsmik. Fulugeig igtiri jidir 

j`kc
j`kcst
stcr
cr`k
`k sc
scru
ruh
h dig
dig mg
mgsm
smdc
dcg
g di
dig
g tm
tmge
geji
jitt st
str`
r`jc
jc lc
lcru
ruki
kige
ge lc
lcku
kuh
h
dmtugnujjig scbiri nckis2.
 Hcr`j`j
Hcr`j`j
Hcr`j`j dig pinigi
pinigig
g tcr
tcrfid
fidip
ip isip
isip hcrupij
hcrupijig
ig oijt`r
oijt`r rms
rmsmj`
mj`
mgdcp
mgdcpcg
cgdcg
dcg ugtuj
ugtuj st
str`
r`jc
jc ms
msjch
jchmj
mj pr
prmhcr 2. \m
mhcr  \msm
smj`
j` tc
tcrn
rnid
idmg
mgyi
yi st
str`
r`jc
jc
hugejmg dui jikm kmpit pidi pcr`j`j dmligdmgejig dcgeig lujig pcr`j`j.
\msmj` yige tcrjimt dcgeig hcr`j`j idi pidi schui usmi, pidi jcdui
 ncgms jckihmg dig dm igtiri jck`hp`j ris/ctgms yige lcrlcdi. Nikur 
 pit`k`ems yige lcrj`gtrmlusm tcrfidip pcgmgejitig rmsmj` tcrhisuj 
 pcrulifig dmgihmji dirif dig stcg`sms visjukir 2.
 Ikj`f`k
Qcgeeugiig ikj`f`k tckif dmjimtjig dcgeig pcgmgejitig tmgejit
str`jc pidi pismcg dcgeig str`jc msjchmj sclckuhgyi 2. Hcjigmshc rmsmj`
yige hugejmg tcrhisuj idikif fmpcrtcgsm yige dmmgdujsm ikj`f`k, jcidiig
fmpcrj`ieukilck, lcrjurigegyi ikmrig dirif `tij dig itrmik omlrmkism (IO)2.
 Omlrmkism itrmuh

?
 

Qismcg dcgeig omlrmkism itrmuh g`gvikvukir (IO) lcrmsmj` 4-3% pcr 

tifug ugtuj str`jc tcrutihi str`jc jirdm`chl`kmj 2. IO fidmr pidi 93‒<9%
 pismcg yige tcrjcgi str`jc2.

 l.3. Jkismomjism str`jc msjchmj

msjchmj
Idi lclcripi hibih jkismomjism str`jc. Rikif situ yige scrmge dmeugijig idikif
jkismomjism h`dmomjism Hirsfikk, yige hchliem str`jc itis3>

I. Lcrdisirjig pit`k`em igit`hm dig pcgyclilgyi3

3
i. Rtr`jc Msjchmj 

 Trigsmcgt Msbfchmb Ittibj 

 Tr`hl`sms scrclrm

 Chl`km scrclrm
l. Rtr`jc Fch`riemj 3
 Qcrdirifig mgtriscrclrik

 Qcdirifig suliribfg`md
3
L. Lcrdisirjig stidmuh/pcrtmhligeig wijtu
i. Tr
Trigs
igsmc
mcgt
gt Msb
Msbfc
fchm
hmbb Itti
Ittibj 
bj 
 l. Rtr`jc mg cv`kutm`g
b. B`hp
B`hpkc
kctc
tcd
d st
str`
r`jc
jc
B. Lcrdisirjig smstch pchlukuf dirif3
i. Rms
Rmstch jir
jir`tm
`tms
 l. Rmstch vcrtclr`-lismkcr 
Rtr`jc msjchmj dipit tcrnidm lcrdisirjig 2 hcjigmshc yimtu tr`hl`sms scrclrm,
chl`km
chl`km scrclr
scrclrmm dig pcgeur
pcgeurigei
igeig
g pcrous
pcrousmm smt
smtchm
chmj uhuh3. Tr`
j uhuh Tr`hl`
hl`sms
sms scrclr
scrclrmm idikif
idikif
`lstrujsm ikmrig dirif yige tcrnidm pidi pr`scs `jkusm situ itiu kclmf pchlukuf dirif

5
 

k`jik.
k`jik. Chl`km
Chl`km scrclr
scrclrmm idikif
idikif pchlcgt
pchlcgtujig
ujig hitcrm
hitcrmik
ik dirm
dirm tchpit
tchpit kim
kimg
g dikih
dikih smstch
smstch
visjukcr
visjukcr dig tcrsigejut
tcrsigejut dikih pchlukuf
pchlukuf dirif tcrtcgtu
tcrtcgtu scfmgeei
scfmgeei hchlk`jidc
hchlk`jidc ikmrig
dirif3. Qcgeur
Qcgeurigei
igeig
g pcrous
pcrousmm sm
smstc
stchmj
hmj dipit
dipit hcgeijm
hcgeijmlit
litjig
jig j`gdmsm
j`gdmsm msjchm
msjchmj
j jircgi
jircgi
jceieikig p`hpi nigtuge itiu pr`scs pcrdirifig itiu fmp`v`kchmj. Rtr`jc fch`riemj 
tcrnidm ijmlit pcbifgyi pchlukuf dirif limj dm dikih nirmgeig `tij yige hcgeijmlitjig
 pcrdirifig mgtriscrclrik itiu dm ruige sulirijfg`md yige hcgycliljig pcrdirifig
sulirijfg`md3.

 l.?. Higmocstism jkmgms str`jc

str`jc msjchmj 
Qitut dmburmeim str`jc pidi pismcg yige hcgeikihm dcomsmt gcur`k`ems ijut itiu
 pcrulifig tmgejit jcsidirig?. Tigdi-
Tigdi-tig
tigdi
di dig ecniki
ecniki-ecn
-ecniki
iki uhuh
uhuh str
str`jc
`jc msjchm
msjchmj 
j 

idikif scrigeig tmli-tmli dirm fik-fik lcrmjut ?>

 Fchmpircsms, h`g`pircsms itiu quidrmpircsms (nirige) ?
 Dcomsmt fchmscgs`rm?
 Dcomsmt kipigeig pigdige?
 Dmpk`pmi?
 Dmsirtfrmi?
 Oibmik dr`p?
 Itismi?
 _crtme`?
 Ioismi?
 Jcsidirig hcgurug?

Ieir dipit hcgecgikm dig scecri lcrtmgdij lmki tcrnidm scrigeig str`jc dipit
dmeugijig hct`dc OIRT yimtu Oibc dr``pmge (winif tcrjukim), Irh wcijgcss (kcgeig
kchif), Rpccbf dmoombukty (eigeeuig lmbiri) dig Tmhc t` bikk =99 (hchigeemk ligtuig)5.

 l.5. Dcrinit str`jc msjchmj hcgurut GMFRR

6
 

Qchcrmjsiig
Qchcrmjsiig gcur`k`emj
gcur`k`emj dikih pcgigeigig jceiwitdirur
jceiwitdiruritig
itig tcrhisuj
tcrhisuj jisus
str`jc msjchmj firuskif bcpit, tcpit dig hcgyckuruf. Fik mgm dipit dmkijujig dcgeig
hcgeeugijig sjiki itiu smstch sj`rmge yige o`rhik scpcrtm Gitm`gik Mgstmtutcs `o Fciktf
Rtr`jc Rbikc (GMFRR). GMFRR tmdij figyi hcgmkim dcrinit dcomsmt gcur`k`ems tctipm nuei
hchoismkmtism j`hugmjism igtiri pismcg dig tcgiei hcdms, hcgemdcgtmomjism jchugejmgig
suhlitig pchlukuf dirif, hcgcgtujig pr`eg`sms iwik dig j`hpkmjism scrti hcgcgtujig
mgtcrv
mgtcrvcgs
cgsmm yige dmpcrk
dmpcrkujig
ujig.. Rj`r
Rj`r GMFRR;
GMFRR;<1
<1 hcgemg
hcgemgdmj
dmjism
ismjig
jig str
str`jc
`jc dikih
dikih tmgeji
tmgejitt
rmgeig sihpim scdige. Rj`r GMFRR7<1 hcgemgdmjismjig str`jc dikih tmgejit pirif.

 l.6. Qit`ecgcsms str`jc msjchmj

Dm
Dmso
soug
uges
esmm `t
`tij
ij tcrn
tcrnid
idmm pi
pidi
di ikmr
ikmrig
ig di
diri
rif
f `t
`tij
ij ; 31 he/d
he/dkk di
dig
g dipit
dipit tc
tcrn
rnidm
idm

mrrcvcrsmlkc mgnury jctmji ikmrig dirif `tij ; 21 he/dk3. Ikmrig dirif `tij yige lcrfcgtm
sckihi 21 dctmj ijig hcgycliljig eigeeuig pidi hctil`kmshc `tij, scsudif 9 hcgmt
ougesm
ougesm gcur`g
gcur`g dipit
dipit tcrfcg
tcrfcgtm,
tm, scsudi
scsudif
f 3 hcgmt
hcgmt ig`jsm
ig`jsmii ijig
ijig hcgemg
hcgemgmsm
msmism
ism rigejim
rigejimig
ig
jcnidmig
jcnidmig yige dipit hcgycliljig
hcgycliljig mgoirj
mgoirj scrclrik.
scrclrik. \igejimig jcnidmig dikih tcrnidmgyi
tcrnidmgyi
mgoirj
mgoirj idikif
idikif vis`dm
vis`dmkit
kitism
ism k`jik,
k`jik, euhpik
euhpikig
ig dirif
dirif stitms
stitms dcgeig
dcgeig scehcg
scehcgtis
tismm sck dirif
dirif
hcri
hcrif
f dmmj
dmmjut
utmm cd
cdch
chii dig
dig gcjr
gcjr`s
`sms
ms nirm
nirmge
geig
ig `tij 3. Lc
`tij  Lcrl
rlie
ieim
im hcji
hcjigm
gmsh
shcc di
dipi
pitt
hcgeijmlitjig
hcgeijmlitjig str`jc msjchmj.
msjchmj. Mgoirj
Mgoirj fch`dmgihmj
fch`dmgihmj hcrupijig
hcrupijig fismk dirm fihlitig
fihlitig
dikih pcrousm g`rhik yige dmscliljig `kcf stcg`sms irtcrm lcrit itiu suhlitig yige
 lcrisik dirm itcr`sjkcr`sms dig tr`hl`sms. Jckimgig pchlukuf dirif jcbmk tcrnidm jctmji
kmp`fmikmg`
kmp`fmikmg`sms
sms itiu pcgyijmt itcr`sjkcr
itcr`sjkcr`tmj
`tmj k`jik hcgycliljig pcgyuhlitig
pcgyuhlitig  pcgctrigt 
irtcry.   Qr`scs yige lcrpcrig ugtuj hcjigmshc dirm mgoirj scrclrik scrmge dmeugijig
irtcry.
ugtuj hcgeitie`rmjig str`jc msjchmj hcgnidm lclcripi sultmpc sclieim lcrmjut3>
i. Rtr`
Rtr`jc
jc jird
jirdm`
m`ch
chl`
l`km
km
Chl`km yige lcrisik dirm nigtuge hcrupijig pcgyclil yige pikmge uhuh
yige dipit dmmdcgtmomjism pidi pismcg str`jc msjchmj 3. Igeji jcnidmiggyi scjmtir 
93-21% dirm sckuruf str`jc msjchmj. Chl`km nigtuge dipit hcgunu jc smrjukism
`tij dig hcgyuhlit ikmrig dirif `tij dcgeig hcge`jkusm irtcrm, yige higi

dmihctcr kuhcg irtcrm sihi dcgeig ujurig dirm chl`km. Ruhlcr pikmge uhuh dirm

=
 

ji
jird
rdm`
m`ch
chl`
l`km
km tr`h
tr`hlus
lus mgtr
mgtriji
ijird
rdmi
mij
j di
dig
g huri
hurikk yi
yige
ge di
dipi
pitt dm
dmsc
scli
lilji
ljig
g `k
`kcf
cf
 omlrmkism itrmuh,
itrmuh, jirdm`hm`pitm dcgeig pcgeurigeig orijsm cncjsm dig ilg`rhikmtis
 pcrecrijig dmgdmge yige hcgemjutm mgoirj hm`jirdmuh. Qcgyijmt jitup nigtuge
tcrutihi ijmlit pcgyijmt nigtuge rchitmj, rceuremtism itiu stcg`sms hmtrik lcrit,
jitup nigtuge luitig dig cgd`jirdmtms nuei hcrupijig sikif situ pcgyclil yige
bujup scrmge.
scrmge. Qcgyclil yige nirige
nirige idikif
idikif itrmik hyx`hi 
hyx`hi  yige higi chl`km
scliemig lcsir hcrupijig sck gc`pkistmj. Qirtmjck kimggyi dipit hcgunu smrjukism
vcgi dig hcgechl`kmsism hckikum dcocj pidi nigtuge, sclieim b`gt`f kchij dirm
orij
orijtu
turr tuki
tukige
ge,, ud
udir
irii di
dirm
rm triu
triuhi
hi it
itiu
iu pr
pr`s
`scd
cdur
ur pc
pchl
hlcd
cdifi
ifig
g pi
piru
ru,, sm
smgus
gus
durihitcr, itiu vcgi nueukirms3.

 l. Rtr`jc irtcr`sjkcr`tmj 

Rcjmtir 94-<3% str`jc msjchmj hcrupijig mgoirj itcr`sjkcr`tmj dig kclmf

scrmge hcgecgim
scrmge hcgecgim kijm-kijm
kijm-kijm dmligdmgejig
dmligdmgejig dcgeig pcrchpuig
pcrchpuig3. Ijuhuki
Ijuhukismsm pkij 
pkij 
itcr`sjkcr`tmj dikih kuhcg irtcrm lcrujurig lcsir itiu hcdmuh, lmisigyi pidi
lmourjism` itiu kcgejugeig pidi pchlukuf dirif `tij lcrpcrig dikih tcrnidmgyi
str`jc msjchmj 3. Lcrlieim tc`rm hcgecgim pr`scs tcrnidmgyi pkij itcr`sjkcr`tmj mgm,
yige
yige pcrtih
pcrtihii dmigee
dmigeeip
ip scliei
sclieimm ijmlit
ijmlit dirm
dirm ikm
ikmrig
rig dirif
dirif yige hcgmhl
hcgmhlukj
ukjig
ig
jcrusijig tugmji mgtmhi scfmgeei kmpmd dipit tcrsckmp dmliwifgyi, scdigejig pidi
tc`rm yige jcdui dmigeeip sclieim rcijsm sck cgd`tck tcrfidip idigyi tr`hlus
scfmgeei tcrnidm dcecgcrism tr`hlus hcgnidm kmpmd dm sulcgd`tck. Hcjigmshc yige
hcgdisirm tcrnidmgyi str`jc itcr`sjkcr`tmj idikif pirtmjck chl`km dipit kcpis dirm
 pkij itcr`sjkcr`tmj dig hcgyuhlit irtcrm scrclrik yige kclmf dmstik, pkij 
itcr`s
itcr`sjkc
jkcr`t
r`tmj
mj dipit
dipit hcgycli
hcgyclilji
ljig
g stcg`s
stcg`sms
ms pr`erc
pr`ercsmo
smo irt
irtcrm
crm scfmge
scfmgeei
ei tcr
tcrnid
nidmm
suhlit
suhlitig
ig dig mgoirj
mgoirj dirm
dirm tr`hl
tr`hl`sm
`smss k`jik,
k`jik, msjchm
msjchmii yige tmhluk
tmhluk ijmlit
ijmlit tm
tmdij 
dij 
idcjuitgyi
idcjuitgyi ikmrig
ikmrig dirif j`kitcrik scfmgeei scbiri
scbiri pr`ercsmo
pr`ercsmo pcgychpmtig
pcgychpmtig itiu
suhlitig
suhlitig itcr`sjkcr`tmj lcrit3. Qchluk
itcr`sjkcr`tmj Qchlukuf
uf dirif
dirif `tij
`tij yige scrmge
scrmge hcgeik
hcgeikihm
ihm
itcr`sjkcr`tmj jimtiggyi dcgeig str`jc msjchmj idikif pcrbiligeig irtcrm jir`tms
j`hugms, pigejik irtcrm scrclrm igtcrm`r dig hcdmi, pigejik irtcrm vcrtclrikms 3.

b. Rtr`
Rtr`jc
jc kibu
kibugi
girr

91
 

Mgoirj kijugir tcrnidm scjmtir 93-21% dirm str`jc msjchmj. Mgoirj yige
tcrkmfit lmisigyi hchpugyim dmihctcr jurige dirm 9 bh dig dmscliljig `kcf
 pcgyuhlitig scluif pcgctritmge
scluif pcgctritmge irtcry jcbmk yige hcgsupkim dirm dccp strubturcs
dm `tij scpcrtm jipsuki mgtcrgi, eigekmi lisikms, j`r`gi ridmiti, tikihus dig litige
`tij 3. Qc
Qcgyc
gycli
lil
l di
dirm
rm pcgyu
pcgyuhl
hlit
itig
ig pc
pchl
hluk
ukuf
uf di
diri
rif
f jc
jcbm
bmkk dm `t
`tij
ij lm
lmis
isig
igyi
yi
dmscliljig jcrusijig cgd`tck ijmlit fmpcrtcgsm dig dmilctcs yige lcrkigesuge
ki
kihi
hi,, lcrh
lcrhig
igmo
mocs
csti
tism
sm sc
scli
liei
eimm kmp`
kmp`fm
fmik
ikmg
mg`s
`sms
ms it
itiu
iu hmjr
hmjr`i
`itc
tcr`
r`hi
hi yi
yige
ge
hcgych
hcgychpmt
pmtjig
jig  pcgctritmge irtcry.
irtcry. Qcgyuhlitig pchlukuf dirif jcbmk dm `tij 
dipit dmscliljig `kcf hmjr`chl`km pr`jsmhik itiu itcr`sjkcr`sms pchlukuf dirif
hcgbiligejig pcgctritmge irtcry3.
 pr`jsmhik yige hcgbiligejig pcgctritmge

d. Rt
Rtr`
r`jc
jc jr
jrmp
mpt`
t`ec
ecgm
gmj
j
Rcliemig lcsir jisus, <1-41% str`jc tmdij dipit dmtcgtujig pcgyclilgyi

(jrmpt`ecgmj)3. Mgoirj mgm dmpcrtmhligejig dmscliljig `kcf chl`km, ijig tctipm

wikiupu
wik iupug
g dmkijuj
dmkijujig
ig cvikui
cvikuism
sm dmieg`s
dmieg`stm
tmj
j yige kcgeji
kcgejip,
p, tmdij
tmdij tcr
tcrdip
dipit
it suhlcr 
suhlcr 
chl`km yige dipit dmtchujig. Rtitus fmpcrj`ieukism scpcrtm smgdr`hi igtml`dm
igtmo`so`kmpmd dig hutism ecg Kcmdcg jchugejmgig lcrpcrig tcrfidip scliemig
mgoirj jrmpt`ecgmj 3.

 l.=. Qcgceijjig dmieg`si str`jc msjchmj 

i. Igihgc
Igihgcsms
sms dig pchcrm
pchcrmjsi
jsiig
ig omsm
omsmj
j
Rtr`jcc firus dmpcrtmhligeji
Rtr`j dmpcrtmhligejig
g pidi sctmip pismcg yige hcgeikihm
hcgeikihm dcomsmt
dcomsmt
gcur`k`ems ijut (limj o`jik hiupug ek`lik) itiu pcgurugig tmgejit jcsidirig 6.
Lclcripi ecniki uhuh yige tcrnidm pidi str`jc msjchmj hckmputm fchmpircsc,
h`g`pircsc, itiu quidrmpircsc, pcgurugig jcsidirig, tmdij idi gycrm jcpiki fclit
dig rcokcj lilmgsjm dipit p`smtmo hipug gceitmo. Hcsjmpug ecniki-ecniki tcrsclut
dipit hugbuk scgdmrm gihug uhuhgyi hugbuk scbiri lcrsihiig 6.
Ieir dipit hcgecgikm dig scecri lcrtmgdij lmki tcrnidm scrigeig str`jc
di
dipi
pitt dm
dmeug
eugij
ijig
ig hct`
hct`dc
dc OIRT
OIRT yimtu
yimtu Oibc
Oibc dr
dr``p
``pmg
mge
e (win
(winif
if tc
tcrj
rjuk
ukim
im),
), Ir
Irh
h
wcijgcss (kcgeig kchif), Rpccbf dmoombukty (eigeeuig lmbiri) dig Tmhc t` bikk

=99 (hchigeemk ligtuig)6.

99
 

 l. Qchcrmjsiig pcgugnige

Qcgbmtriig `tij sigeit pcgtmge ugtuj hcgej`gomrhism dmieg`sms str`jc
g`
g`g
g fch`
fch`ri
riem
emj.
j.  G`g b`gtrist b`hputcd t`h`eripfy (BT
(BT)) sbiggm
sbiggmge
ge idikif
idikif
 pchcrmjsiig yige pikmge uhuh dmeugijig ugtuj cvikuism pismcg dcgeig str`jc
ijut nckis=. Rckimg mtu, pchcrmjsiig mgm nuei lcreugi ugtuj hcgcgtujig dmstrmlusm
igit`hm dirm str`jc dig hcgeckmhmgism jchugejmgig idigyi jckimgig kimg yige
ecnikigyi hmrmp dcgeig str`jc (fchit`hi, gc`pkishi, ilscs). Qidi jisus str`jc
msjchm
msjchmj
j fmpcri
fmpcrijut
jut (1-?
(1-? nih sctcki
sctckif
f `gsct)
`gsct),, BT sbig
sbig lmisig
lmisigyi
yi tmdij
tmdij scgsm
scgsmtmo 
tmo 
hcgemdcgtmomjism mgoirj scrclrm jircgi tcrkmfit g`rhik pidi 731% pismcg, tctipm
bujup scgsmtmo ugtuj hcgemdcgtmomjism pcrdirifig mgtrijrigmik ijut dig/itiu kcsm
kimg yige hcrupijig jrmtcrmi cjsjkusm tcripm tr`hl`kmtmj =.

=
Eihlir <.2. Rtr`jc Fch`riemj =
Eihlir <.<. Rtr`jc Msjchmj 

b. Rmrm
Rmrmri
rinn str`
str`jc
jc sj`
sj`rr

9<
 

Eihlir <.4. Rmrmrin str`jc sj`r 91

Ipilmki sj`r yige dmdipitjig ; 9 hiji dmieg`smsgyi str`jc msjchmj dig ipilmki
dmdipitjig sj`r ≣ 9 hiji dmieg`smsgyi str`jc pcrdirifig 91.

d. Ike`rmthi str`jc einifhidi99

92
 

Eihlir <.3. Ike`rmthi Einifhidi 99

Ipil
Ipilmk
mkii tcrd
tcrdip
ipit
it pi
pism
smcg
cg st
str`
r`jc
jc ij
ijut
ut dc
dcgei
geig
g it
itiu
iu ti
tigp
gpii pcgur
pcgurugi
ugig
g
jcsidirig, gycrm jcpiki dig tcrdipit rcokcj lilmgsjm itiu dui dirm jctmeigyi hiji
hcrupijig
hcrupijig str`jc
str`jc fch`riemj.
fch`riemj. Nmji dmtchujig
dmtchujig pcgurugig
pcgurugig jcsidirig
jcsidirig itiu gycrm
jc
jcpi
piki
ki mgm
mgm nuei
nuei hcru
hcrupi
piji
jig
g st
str`
r`jc
jc g`g fc
fch`
h`ri
riem
emj.
j. Rcdig
Rcdigeji
ejig
g lm
lmki
ki fi
figyi
gyi
dmdipitjig
dmdipitjig rcokcj lilmgsjm
lilmgsjm p`smtmo
p`smtmo itiu tmdij dmdipitjig
dmdipitjig pcgurugig jcsidirig,
jcsidirig,
gycrm jcpiki dig rcokcj lilmgsjm hiji hcrupijig str`jc g`g fch`riemj.

 l.91. Titikisigi str`jc msjchmj 

i. Qcgitikijsigiig Fmpcrtcgsm3
l. Titikijsigi fmp`ekmjchmi dig fmpcrekmjchmi 3
Qidi jisus str`jc, pcgeiturig euki dirif hcgnidm pcgtmge jircgi fmpcrekmjchmi
 lcrfulugeig dcgeig kuisgyi v`kuhc mgoirj dig eigeeuig j`rtmjik scrti
hchpcr
hchpcrlur
luruj
uj jckuir
jckuirig
ig pismcg
pismcg.. Rcbiri
Rcbiri uhuh
uhuh fmgdir
fmgdirmm jidir
jidir euki
euki dirif
dirif 7961
he/dK. Jidir euki 7 961 he/dK dmturugjig dcgeig mgous GiBk 1,=%3
3
b. Qchlcrmig tcripm tr`hl`kmsms pidi str`jc ijut

94
 

 \cb`hlmgigt Tmssuc Qkishmg`ecg Ibtmvit`r (rtQI) dcgeig d`sms 1,= he/JeLL

(hijsmhik =1 he) dmrcj`hcgdismjig pidi pismcg dcgeig str`jc igtiri 2-4 nih3
d. Qchlcrmig igtmj`ieukig3
c. Qchlcrmig igtmpkitckct3
Qchlcrmig Ispmrmg dcgeig d`sms iwik 2<3 he dikih <4-46 nih sctckif iwmtig
str`jc dmignurjig ugtuj sctmip str`jc msjchmj ijut
o. Fch
Fch`dm
`dmkus
kusmm dcgeig
dcgeig itiu tigpi
tigpi vcgi
vcgi scjsm
scjsm dig cjspigs
cjspigsmm v`kuhc
v`kuhc tmdij
tmdij dmignu
dmignurji
rjig
g
dikih tcripm str`jc msjchmj ijut
e. Qchijim
Qchijimig
ig vis`dmkit
vis`dmkit`r
`r scpcrtm
scpcrtm pcgt`jsm
pcgt`jsmomk
omkmg
mg tmdij dmignurj
dmignurjig
ig dikih tcripm
tcripm str`jc
str`jc
msjchmj ijut
f. Dikih
Dikih jcidiig
jcidiig tcrtcgt
tcrtcgtu,
u, vis`p
vis`prcs
rcss`r
s`r tcrjid
tcrjidige
ige dmeugiji
dmeugijig
g ugtuj hchpcrl
hchpcrlimj
imjmm
ikmrig dirif jc `tij (bcrclrik
(bcrclrik lk``d ok`w)
ok`w)
m. Qchij
Qchijim
imig
ig `lit-
`lit-`li
`liti
tig
g gc
gcur
ur`p
`pr`
r`tc
tcjt
jt`r
`r lckuh
lckuh hcgu
hcgugn
gnuj
ujji
jig
g fi
fism
smkk yi
yige
ge co
cocj
cjtm
tmo,
o,

scfmgeei sihpim siit mgm lckuh dmignurjig

LIL MMM

93
 

RTITSR QIRMCG

2.9. MDCGTMTIR Q\MLIDM

 Gihi > Gy. \G

Ncgms Jckihmg > Qcrchpuig

Ssmi > 3= tifug

Ruju Ligesi > Litij

Ieihi > Jrmstcg Qr`tcstig

Ikihit > Qigeururig

Rtitus > Hc
H cgmjif

Qcjcrniig > Qctigm

Tigeeik Hisuj > 92-6-<19=

Tigeeik Jckuir > <1-6-<19=

2.<. IGIHGCRI SHSH

Jckufig Stihi > Kchif igee`ti ecrij jmrm

Tckiif > Qismcg ditige dcgeig jckufig kchif igee`ti ecrij jmrm
yige dmrisijig tmli-tmli dig schijmg hchlcrit tmei
firm sclckuh hisuj jc ruhif sijmt. Qismcg nuei
hcgeckufjig gycrm jcpiki (+), jcnige (+), lmbiri
 pck` (+), huik (+), hugtif (+) scligyij situ jikm.
\mwiyit triuhi jcpiki dmsigejik `kcf pismcg.

\mwiyit
\mwiyit Qcgyijm
Qcgyijmtt Tcrd
Tcrdifu
ifuku
ku > Kchif
Kchif igee`t
igee`tii ecrij
ecrij jigig
jigig scjm
scjmtir
tir dui tifug
tifug yige
yige kiku
kiku,,
fm
fmpc
pcrt
rtcg
cgsm
sm sc
scki
kihi
hi 91 titifu
fug,
g, dm
dmil
ilct
ctcs
cs hckk
hckkmt
mtus
us,,
j`kcstcr`k.

\m
\mwi
wiyit
yit Qc
Qcgee
geeug
ugii
iig
g @li
@litt > Gcu
Gcur`
r`ti
tih
h 611
611 he,
he, ihk
ihk`dm
`dmpm
pmgc
gc 91 he,
he, bk`
bk`pm
pme
e 53
53 he.
he.

9?
 

2.2. IGIHGCRI T\IJTSR

Trijtus Rmrjukit`rmus > Tmdij idi jckufig

Trijtus \cspmrit`rmus > Tmdij idi jckufig

Trijtus Dmecstmvus > LIL tmdij kigbir chpit firm sclckuh hisuj \R

Trijtus Sr`ecgmtikms > Tmdij idi jckufig

Qcgy
Qcgyij
ijmt
mt Tcr
Tcrdi
difu
fuku
ku dig
dig Jcb
Jcbck
ckij
ijii
iig
g > Tmdi
Tmdij
j idi
idi jcku
jckufi
fig
g

Mgt`jsmjism & @lit-`litig > Tmdij idi jckufig

2.4. IGIHGCRI JCKSI\EI

Oijt`r Fcrcdmtcr > Tmdij idi

Oijt`r Oihmkmcr > Tmdij idi

Kimg-kimg > Tmdij idi

2.3. IGIHGCRI R@RMIK

Jcki
Jckifm
fmri
rig
g dig
dig Qcrt
Qcrtuh
uhluf
lufig
ig > Qism
Qismcg
cg kif
kifmr
mr g`
g`rh
rhik
ik dig
dig tm
tmdi
dij
j eigee
eigeeui
uig
g pcrt
pcrtuh
uhluf
lufig
ig

Mhugmsism > Qismcg tmdij pcrgif dmmhugmsism

Qcgdmdmjig > RHQ

Qcjcrniig > Qctigm

Qcrjiwmgig dig Igij > Hcgmjif situ jikm dig hchmkmjm kmhi `rige igij 

2.?. QCHC\MJRIIG NIRHIGM

2.?.9. QCHC\MJRIIG SHSH

Tcjigig Dirif > 931/61 hhFe

 Gidm > ?4 ⅽ/hcgmt

95
 

Orcjucgsm Giois > <1 ⅽ/hcgmt

Tchpcritur > 25,2 ̎B

Jukmt di
dig Rc
Rckipu
putt Kc
Kcgdmr > Di
Dikih li
litis g`rhik

Jckc
Jckcgn
gnir
ir di
dig
g Ect
Ectif
if Lcgm
Lcgmge
ge > Dik
Dikih
ih li
liti
tiss g`r
g`rhi
hikk

Qcrscgdmig > Dikih litis g`rhik

2.?.<. JCQIKI DIG KCFC\ 

Lcgtuj dig Q`smsm > Dikih litis g`rhik

Qcrecrijig > Dikih litis g`rhik

Jckimgig Qigbi Mgdcri > Dikih litis g`rhik

\`geei Hukut dig Em

Emem > Kmdif dc
dcvmism jc ji
jigig

Jckcgnir Qir`tms > Dikih litis g`rhik

Dcsif > Tmdij dmtchujig

Dig Kimg-kimg > Tmdij dmtchujig

2.?.2. \@GEEI DIDI DIG ILD@HCG

\`geei didi \`geei ild`hcg

Mgspcjsm Dikih litis g`rhik Dikih litis g`rhik

Qikpism Dikih litis g`rhik Dikih litis g`rhik

Qcrjusm Dikih litis g`rhik Dikih litis g`rhik
Iusjuktism Dikih litis g`rhik Dikih litis g`rhik

2.?.4. ECGMTIKMI

T`ubfcr  > Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig

96
 

2.5. RTITSR GCS\@K@EM

2.5.9. RCGR@\MSH/ TMGEJIT JRIDI\IG > B`hp`s Hcgtms

2.5.<. J\IGMSH

Lcgtuj > Dikih litis g`rhik

O`gtigcki > Dikih litis g`rhik

Qikpism > Dikih litis g`rhik

Qcrjusm > Dikih litis g`rhik

Iusjuktism > Dikih litis g`rhik

Trigsm
Trigsmkuh
kuhmgi
mgism
sm > Tmdij
Tmdij dmkiju
dmkijujig
jig pchcrm
pchcrmjsi
jsiig
ig

2.5.2. QC\IGERIGEIG HCGMGECIK

Jiju Juduj > (-)

Tigdi Jcrgmq > (-)

Tigdi Lrudzmgsjm M > (-)

Tigdi Lrudzmgsjm MM > (-)

2.5.4. QCGMGEJITIG TCJIGIG MGT\IJ\IGMIK

Hugtif > (-)

Rijmt Jcpiki > (-)

Jcnige > (-)

9=
 

2.5.3. RI\IO @TIJ / GC\_SR J\IGMIKMR

GC\_SR M

Hcitus gism dcxtri Hcitus gism smgmstri

 G`rh`shmi (+) (+)

Ig`shmi (-) (-)

Qir`shmi (-) (-)
Fmp`shmi (-) (-)

GC\_SR MM

@bukm dcxtri (@D) @bukm smgmstri (@R)

_msus Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig

 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig
Kipigeig pigdige

  G`rhik (+) (+)

 Hcgychpmt (-) (-)

 Fchmig`psmi (-) (-)
 Rb`t`hi (-) (-)
\cokcⅽ igbihig (+) (+)
Ougdus `jukm

 Uirgi Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig

 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig
 Litis Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig
 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig
 Cjsjivism` Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig
 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig
 Irtcrm Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig
 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig
 _cgi Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig
 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig

<1
 

GC\_SR MMM, M_, _M

@bukm dcxtri (@D) @bukm smgmstri (@R)

Ecrijig l`ki hiti Dikih litis g`rhik Dikih litis g`rhik

 Gmstiehus (-) (-)

Qupmk

 Kclir  Ms`j`r 2 hh Ms`j`r 2 hh

 Lcgtuj  Lukit Lukit

 \cokcⅽ bifiyi
(+) (+)
kigesuge

 \cokcⅽ bifiyi
tmdij kigesuge (+) (+)

 Dcvmism
b`gnueitc (-) (-)

 Rtrilmshus (-) (-)

GC\_SR _

Jigig Jmrm

H`t`rmj

 Hchluji dig hcgutup hukut Dikih

Dikih litis
litis g`rhi
g`rhikk Diki
Dikih
h liti
litiss g`r
g`rhi
hikk

 Qikpism `t`t hissctcr dig tchp`rikms Dikih

Dikih litis
litis g`rhi
g`rhikk Diki
Dikih
h liti
litiss g`r
g`rhi
hikk

 Jcjuitig ememtig Dikih

Dikih litis
litis g`rhi
g`rhikk Diki
Dikih
h liti
litiss g`r
g`rhi
hikk

Rcgs`rmj

 Jukmt Dikih
Dikih litis
litis g`rhi
g`rhikk Diki
Dikih
h liti
litiss g`r
g`rhi
hikk

 Rckiput kcgdmr  Dikih

Dikih litis
litis g`rhi
g`rhikk Diki
Dikih
h liti
litiss g`r
g`rhi
hikk

\cokcⅽ j`rgci (+) (+)

\cocjs hissctcr Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig
 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig
\cokcjs lcrsmg Tmdij dm
dmkkijuj
jujig Tmdij dmkijuji
jig
g

<9
 

 pchcrmjsiig pchcrmjsiig

GC\_SR _MM

Jigig Jmrm

H`t`rmj

 Hmhmj Ismhctrms

 Jcrut jcgmge (+) (+)

 Hcgutup hiti (+) (+)
 Hcgmup scjuitgyi (+) (+)
 Hchpcrkmfitjig emem (+) (+)
 Tcrscgyuh Rudut lmlmr tcrtirmj jc jigig

Rcgs`rmj

 Qcgecbipig </2
dcpig kmdif Dikih litis g`rhik Dikih litis g`rhik

 Qr`d
Qr`duj
ujsm
sm jck
jckcgni
cgnir 
r  Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig
kudif  pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig

 Fmpcrijusm Dikih litis g`rhik Dikih litis g`rhik

 \cokcⅽ stipcdmik Dikih litis g`rhik Dikih litis g`rhik

GC\_SR _MMM

Jigig Jmrm

Iudmt`rmus

 Qcgdcgeirig Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig

 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig
 Tcs \mggc Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig
 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig
 Tcs Uclcr Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig
 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig
 Tcs Rbfwilibf Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig
 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig

<<
 

_cstmlukirms

  Gmstiehus Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig

 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig
 \cijsm jik`rm Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig
 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig
 _crtme` Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig
 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig
 Tmggmtus Tmdij dmkijujig Tmdij dmkijujig
 pchcrmjsiig  pchcrmjsiig

GC\_SR MV, V

Qikkituh h`kc Dikih litis g`rhik

Sviki Dikih litis g`rhik
Dmsoiemi Dikih litis g`rhik

Dmsirtmi Dikih litis g`rhik

Dmso`gmi Dikih litis g`rhik
\cokcjs hugtif Dikih litis g`rhik
Qcgecbipig 9/2 lckijige kmdif Dikih litis g`rhik

GC\_SR VM

Jigig Jmrm

Hcgeigejit lifu Dikih litis g`rhik Dikih litis g`rhik

Ouge
Ougesm
sm `t`t
`t`t st
stcr
crg`
g`bk
bkcm
cmd`
d`hi
hist
st`m
`mdc
dcus
us Diki
Dikih
h li
liti
tiss g`
g`rh
rhik
ik Diki
Dikih
h li
liti
tiss g`
g`rh
rhik
ik

GC\_SR VMM

Kmdif

 Trch`r (-)

 Itr`km
(-)

<2
 

 Oismjukism (-)
Snuge kmdif scwijtu mstrifit Dcvmism jc jigig

Snuge kmdif scwijtu dmnukurjig Dcvmism jc jigig

2.6. RMRTCH H@T@\MJ 

Tr`om (-)

T`gus `t`t (+)

Jcjuitig `t`t CRD> 222 CRR> 444

CMD> 444 CMR>444

Rmji
Rmjip
p (d
(dud
uduj
uj-l
-lcr
crdm
dmrm
rm-l
-lcr
crli
lirm
rmge
ge)) Rb`k
Rb`km`
m`sm
smss

Ecrijig sp`gtig ilg`rhik

 Trch`r (-)

 Jf`rci (-)
 Likkmshus (-)
 Hm`jk`gus (-)
 Itct`sms (-)
 Dyst`gmi (-)
 Rpishc (-)
 Tmb (-)
 Dig kimg-kimg (-)

2.=. TCRT RCGRMLMKMTIR

Cjstcr`sptmo Dikih litis g`rhik

Qr`pm`scptmo Dikih litis g`rhik
Ougesm j`rtmjik ugtuj scgsmlmkmtis

 Rtcrc`eg`sms Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig

<4
 

 Qcgecgikig dui tmtmj  Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig

 Eriocstcsmi Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig

2.91. \COKCJR

Jigig Jmrm

\cokcjs omsm`k`ems

 Lmscps (+) g`rhik (+) g`rhik

 Trmscps (+) g`rhik (+) g`rhik
 \idm`pcrm`st (+) g`rhik (+) g`rhik
 IQ\  (+) g`rhik (+) g`rhik
 JQ\ (+) g`rhik (+) g`rhik
 Rtruhpkc Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig

\cokcjs pit`k`ems

 Lilmgsjm (-) (+)

 @ppcgfcmh (-) (-)

 Bfidd`bj (-) (+)
 Rbficocr (-) (-)
 F`oohig-Tr`hgcr  (-) (+)
 Jk`gus kutut (-) (-)
 Jk`gus jijm (-) (-)
 \cokcjs prmhmtmo (-) (-)

2.99. J@@\DMGIRM

Kcgeeige Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig

Lmbiri Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig
Hcgukms Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig

<3
 

Qcrb`liig Ip
Iprijsmi Tmdij d
dmmkijujig pc
pchcrmjsiig
Hmhmj Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig
Tc
Tcst
st Tc
Tcku
kugn
gnuj
uj-T
-Tck
ckug
ugnu
nuj
j Tm
Tmdi
dij
j dm
dmki
kiju
juji
jig
g pchcr
pchcrmj
mjsi
siig
ig
Tcst
cst Tck
Tckugn
ugnuj-F
uj-Fmmduge
duge Tmdi
Tmdij
j dmki
dmkiju
juji
jig
g pch
pchcr
crmmjsii
jsiig
g
Dmid`jf`jmgcsmi Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig
Tcst Tuhmt-Kutut Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig

Tcst \`hlcre Tmdij dmkijujig pchcrmjsiig

2.9<. _CECTITMO

_is`h`t`rmj Dikih litis g`rhik

Rud`h`t`rmj Dikih litis g`rhik
Qmk` Crcjt`r Dikih litis g`rhik
Hmjsm Dikih litis g`rhik
Dcocjism Dikih litis g`rhik
Kmlmd` Dikih litis g`rhik

2.92. _C\TCL\I
Lcgtuj 

µ  G`rhik (-)

µ Rb`km`sms (+)

µ Fmpcrk`rd`sms (-)

Qcrecrijig

µ Kcfcr  Dikih litis g`rhik

µ Qmgeeige Dikih litis g`rhik

2.94. TIGDI QC\IGERIGEIG \IDMJSKC\ 

Kiscquc (-)
Br`ss Kiscquc (-)
Tcst Kfcrhmttc (-)
Tcst Gioozmecr (-)

2.93. ECNIKI-ECNIKI RC\CLCKI\ 

Itijsmi (-)
Dmsirtrmi (-)
Trch`r (-)

<?
 

 Gmstiehus (-)
Ocg`hcgi \cl`ugd (-)
_crtme` (-)
Dig Kimg-Kimg (-)

2.9?. ECNIKI-ECNIKI CJRT\IQM\IHMDIK

Trch`r (-)
\memdmtis (-)
Lridmjmgcsmi (-)
Dig Kimg-Kimg (-)

2.95. OSGERM KSFS\ 

Jcsidirig Juikmtitmo 

Mgeitig Liru Dikih litis g`rhik

Mgeitig Kihi Dikih litis g`rhik

@rmcgtism

µ Dmrm Dikih litis g`rhik

µ Tchpit Dikih litis g`rhik
µ Uijtu Dikih litis g`rhik
µ Rmtuism Dikih litis g`rhik
Mgtckcecgsmi Dikih litis g`rhik

Diyi Qcrtmhligeig Dikih litis g`rhik

\cijsm Ch`sm Dikih litis g`rhik

Ioismi

µ Cjsprcsmo  Dikih litis g`rhik

µ \cprcsmo  Dikih litis g`rhik
Iprijsmi Kcgeig jijigig spspishc di
dig
kchif

Ieg`smi

µ Ieg`smi _msuik (-)

µ Ieg`smi Nirm ‒ nirm (-)
µ Ijikjukmi (-)

<5
 

µ Dms`rmcgtism Jigig-
(-)
Jmrm

2.96. Qchcrmjsiig pcgugnige

2.96.9. Qchcrmjsiig kil`rit`rmuh

 Qchcrmjsiig kil`rit`rmuh (92-6-<19=)

Qchcrmjsiig Fismk Gmkim runujig

Fchit`k`em
Fichiek`lmg 92,= e/dk 9<,3-9? e/dk

Kcuj`smt ?,<1 .912/λk 4-91,3 .912/λk

Crmtr`smt 4,66 .91?/³K 4,<1-3,41 .91?/³K

Tr`hl`smt <6<. 912/λk 931-431 .912/λk

Fchit`jrmt 44,5% 25-45%

HQ_ 6,4 oK ?-=,3 oK

\DU 93,5% 99,3-94%

FDU <,43 e/dk <-<,=6 e/dk

QDU 3<% <3-?3

 Gmkim-gmkim HB

HB_ =9,? oK 56-911 oK

HBF <6,? pe <5-29 pe

HBFB 29,< e/dk 21-23 e/dk

Fmtuge ncgms

C`smg`omk <,6% 9-2%

<6
 

Lis`omk 9% 1-9%

 Gcutr`omk 39% 31-51%

Kmho`smt 2?,2% <1-41%

H`g`smt 6,=% <-6%

Kmvcr ougbtm`g

IRT/RE@T <2 S/K 93-25 S/K

IKT/REQT 9= S/K 21-?3 S/K

\cgik ougbtm`g

Srci 24 he/dk 92-42 he/dk

Brcitmgmg 1,=2 he/dk 1,=-9,2 he/dk

Ckcbtr`kytc tcs
 Gitrmuh 943 hh`k/k 923-945 hh`k/k

Jikmuh 2,< hh`k/k 2,3-3,3 hh`k/k

Bfk`rmdc 916 hh`k/k =4-999 hh`k/k

Bikbmuh =,6 he/dk =-99 he/dk

Ekub`sc idd rigd`h 912 he/dk ;921 he/dk

 Qchcrmjsiig kil`rit`rmuh (9?-6-<19=)

Qchcrmjsiig Fismk Gmkim runujig

\cgik ougbtm`g

Srmb ibmd 2 he/dk 2,3-5,< he/dk

Kmpmd pr`omkc

T`tik bf`kcstcr`k <11 he/dk ;<11 he/dk

Trmekybcrmdc =9 he/dk ;931 he/dk

<=
 

FDK bf`kcstcr`k 4? he/dk ≣?1 he/dk

KDK bf`kcstcr`k 99= he/dk ≤931 he/dk

\itm` bf`k t`tik/FDK 4,2 he/dk ≤4,3 he/dk

2.96.<. Qchcrmjsiig ridm`k`em

9. BT-s
BT-sbig
big jcp
jcpik
ikii (92-6
(92-6-<
-<19
19=)
=)

Jcsmhpukig>

 Tij tihpij tigdi-tigdi pcrdirifig mgtribrigmik siit mgm

 Tigdi huktmpkc mgoirj kibugir bcrclrm jmrm, scliemig `kd kibugir mgoirbtm`g,

dmscritm dcgeig tigdi kibugir bcrclrm jigig

 Tigdi itr`pfy bcrclrm jigig

<. O`t`
O`t` tf`r
tf`riⅽ
iⅽ supmgc
supmgc (94-6-
(94-6-<19=
<19=))

 Jirdm`hceikm tigpi lcgdugeig piru

 Itfcr`sbkcr`sms i`rti

 Tmdij tihpij TL piru ijtmo

2.9=. Dmieg`sms

Fchmpircsc dupkcⅽ cb rcburrcgt str`jc msjchmj+fmpcrtcgsm

21
 

2.<1. Dmeig`sms ligdmge

Rtr`jc Fch`rfiemb

2.<9. Tcripm

 M_OD \mgecr R`kutm`g <1 ett/hcgmt

 Bmtmb`kmg <31 he/9< nih

 Mgn `hcpriz`kc 41 he/9< nih

 Mgn `gdigscgtr`g 4 he/6 nih

2.<<. O`kk`w up

Tigeeik 94-6-<19= 93-6-<19=

R Kchif kcgeig dig tugejim jmrm Kchif kcgeig dig tugejim jmrm
scnij 3 firm yige kiku scbiri
tmli-tmli. \mwiyit str`jc tifug
<19? dcgeig jckchifig
cjstrchmtis jigig. \mwiyit
fmpcrtcgsm (+). \mwiyit
 pcgeeugiig `lit> ihk`dmpmgc 3
he, gcur`tih, ribmjig
 piribctih`k+dmizcpih,
okugirmzmgc 91 he.

@ _mtik smeg> _mtik smeg>

 TD> 931/=1 hhFe  TD> 9?1/61 hhFe

 F\> 61/hcgmt  F\> 55/hcgmt

 \\> 96 jikm/hcgmt  \\> <1 jikm/hcgmt

Rcgs`rmuh> b`hp`s hcgtms Rcgs`rmuh> b`hp`s hcgtms

29
 

Jcjuitig h`t`rmj> Jcjuitig h`t`rmj>

 CRD> 2  CRD> 2
 CRR> 4  CRR> 4

 CMD> 4  CMD> 4

 CMR> 4  CMR> 4

I Fchmpircsc dupkcⅽ cb Fchmpircsc dupkcⅽ cb rcburrcgt

rcburrcgt str`jc msjchmj str`jc msjchmj +fmpcrtcgsm
+fmpcrtcgsm

Q    M_OD \ R@K 311  M_OD \ R@K 311 hk/9<

hk/9< nih/M_  nih/M_

 Mgn. @hcpriz`kc 41  Mgn. @hcpriz`kc 41 he/<4

he/<4 nih/ M_  nih/ M_

 Mgn. @gdigscgtr`g 4  Mgn. @gdigscgtr`g 4 he/ 6

he/ 6 he/ M_ he/ M_

 Mgn. Bmtmbf`kmgc 311  Mgn. Bmtmbf`kmgc 311 he/9<

he/9< nih/M_  nih/M_

 Ispmkct 9ⅽ61 he  Mgn. Hcb`likihmg 311

he/9< nih/M_
 Ihk`dmpmgc 9ⅽ91 he
 Bk`pmd`erck 9ⅽ53 he

 Ihk`dmpmgc 9ⅽ91 he

 Bigdcsirtig 9ⅽ6 he

2<
 

Tigeeik 9?-6-<19= 95-6-<19=

R Kchi
chif kcge
geiig dig tugej
ejiim jmrm Kch
chiif kcge
geiig dig tug
uge
ejim jmrm

@ _mtik smeg> _mtik smeg>

 TD> 931/911 hhFe  TD> 941/61 hhFe

 F\> 53/hcgmt  F\> ?=/hcgmt

 \\> <1 jikm/hcgmt  \\> <1 jikm/hcgmt

Rcgs`rmuh> b`hp`s hcgtms Rcgs`rmuh> b`hp`s hcgtms

Jcjuitig h`t`rmj> Jcjuitig h`t`rmj>

 CRD> 2  CRD> 2

 CRR> 4  CRR> 4

 CMD> 4  CMD> 4

 CMR> 4  CMR> 4

I Fchmpircsc dupkcⅽ cb Fchmpircsc dupkcⅽ cb rcburrcgt

rcburrcgt str`jc msjchmj str`jc msjchmj +fmpcrtcgsm
+fmpcrtcgsm

Q    M_OD \ R@K 311  M_OD \ R@K 311 hk/9<

hk/9< nih/M_  nih/M_

 Mgn. @hcpriz`kc 41  Mgn. @hcpriz`kc 41 he/<4

he/<4 nih/ M_  nih/ M_

 Mgn. @gdigscgtr`g 4  Mgn. @gdigscgtr`g 4 he/ 6

he/ 6 he/ M_ he/ M_

 Mgn. Bmtmbf`kmgc 311  Mgn. Bmtmbf`kmgc 311 he/9<

he/9< nih/M_  nih/M_

 Mgn. Hcb`likihmg 311  Mgn. Hcb`likihmg 311

he/9< nih/M_ he/9< nih/M_

22
 

 Bk`pmd`erck 9ⅽ53 he  Bk`pmd`erck 9ⅽ53 he

 Ihk`dmpmgc 9ⅽ91 he  Ihk`dmpmgc 9ⅽ91 he

 Bigdcsirtig 9ⅽ9? he  Bigdcsirtig 9ⅽ9? he

Tigeeik 96-6-<19= 9=-6-<19=

R Kchi
chif kcge
geiig dig tugej
ejiim jmrm Kch
chiif kcge
geiig dig tug
uge
ejim jmrm

@ _mtik smeg> _mtik smeg>

 TD> 941/51 hhFe  TD> 941/61 hhFe

 F\> 5</hcgmt  F\> 66/hcgmt

 \\> <1 jikm/hcgmt  \\> <1 jikm/hcgmt

Rcgs`rmuh> b`hp`s hcgtms Rcgs`rmuh> b`hp`s hcgtms

Jcjuitig h`t`rmj> Jcjuitig h`t`rmj>

 CRD> 2  CRD> 2

 CRR> 4  CRR> 4

 CMD> 4  CMD> 4

 CMR> 4  CMR> 4

I Fchmpircsc dupkcⅽ cb Fchmpircsc dupkcⅽ cb rcburrcgt

rcburrcgt str`jc msjchmj str`jc msjchmj +fmpcrtcgsm
+fmpcrtcgsm

Q    Omsm`tcripm  Omsm`tcripm

 M_OD \ R@K 311  Mgn. @hcpriz`kc 41 he/<4

hk/9< nih/M_  nih/ M_

 Mgn. @hcpriz`kc 41  Mgn. @gdigscgtr`g 4 he/ 6

he/<4 nih/ M_ he/ M_

24
 

 Mgn. @gdigscgtr`g 4  Mgn. Bmtmbf`kmgc 311 he/9<

he/ 6 he/ M_  nih/M_

 Mgn. Bmtmbf`kmgc 311  Mgn. Hcb`likihmg 311

he/9< nih/M_ he/9< nih/M_

 Mgn. Hcb`likihmg 311  Bk`pmd`erck 9ⅽ53 he

he/9< nih/M_
 Ihk`dmpmgc 9ⅽ91 he
 Bk`pmd`erck 9ⅽ53 he
 Bigdcsirtig 9ⅽ9? he
 Ihk`dmpmgc 9ⅽ91 he
 Dukb`kiⅽ supp
 Bigdcsirtig 9ⅽ9? he

23
 

LIL M_
QCHLIFIRIG JIRSR

G` Tc`rm Jisus
9 Lcrdisirjig dcomgmsm UF@, Rtr`jc Qi
Qidi
di ji
jisu
suss mg
mgm,
m, pi
pism
smcg
cg di
diti
tige
ge jc \R HTHF
HTHF
dmdcomgmsmjig sclieim dcomsmt dcg
dcgeig
eig jckufig
jckufig kchif
kchif igee`ti
igee`ti ecrij
ecrij jmrm
jmrm yige
gcur`k`ems o`jik itiu ek`lik ijut yige dmrisi
dmrisijig
jig tm
tmli-t
li-tmli
mli dig schijm
schijmg
g hchlcr
hchlcrit
it tm
tmei
ei
tcrnidm  hcgdidij dig bcpit, firm sclckuh hisuj jc ruhif sijmt. Dui tifug
 lcrkigesuge kclmf dirm <4 nih itiu yige kiku pismcg pcrgif dmriwit dm ruhif sijmt
hcgycliljig jchitmig dig yige tmdij  dcg
dcgeig
eig ecniki
ecniki kchif
kchif igee`t
igee`tii ecrij
ecrij jigig
jigig dig
idi ctm`k`em sckimg visbukir. su
sukm
kmtt lc
lcrl
rlmb
mbir
iri.
i. Qi
Qism
smcg
cg ru
rutm
tmg
g hcgej
hcgej`g
`gsu
suhs
hsmm
ihk`dmpmgc 91 he, bk`pme 53 he dig gcur`tih
611 he.
< Higm
igmocst
cstism
ism jkmg
jkmgmms str`
str`jc
jc ms
msjch
jchmj yige
yige Qis
Qismcg
mcg ditige
ditige jc MED HTHF dcgeig
dcgeig jckufi
jckufig
g
dipi
dipitt tmhlu
mhlukk yim
yimtu Fchm
Fchmpi
pirrcsm
csms, kch
kchif
if igee`ti
igee`ti ecrij
ecrij sclcki
sclckif
f jmrm,
jmrm, gycrm
gycrm jcpiki
jcpiki
h`g`p
`g`pir
ircs
csmms itiu
itiu quid
quidrrmp
mpir
ircs
csmms dig lmbiri
lmbiri pck`.
pck`. Qidi pchcrm
pchcrmjsi
jsiig
ig gcur`k`
gcur`k`ems
ems
(nirige),
(nirige), Dcomsmt
Dcomsmt fchmscgs`r
fchmscgs`rm,
m, Dcomsmt
Dcomsmt dmtchujig dcvmism kmdif jc jigig, jcjuitig `t`t
kipigeig pigdige, Dmpk`pmi, hckchif pidi jcchpit igee`ti ecrij dig tigeig
Dmsirtfrmi, Oibmik dr`p, Itismi, jigig hcgeikihm spishc.
_crtme`, Ioismi, Jcsidirig hcgurug.
2 Qcgyijmt str`jc msjchmj hchmkmjm Qismcg
Qismcg hchmkm
hchmkmjm
jm oijt`r
oijt`r rms
rmsmj`
mj` yige
yige tmdij
tmdij dipit
dipit
oijt`r rmsmj` yige tmdij dipit dmh`dmomjism yimtu usmi 3= tifug, ncgms jckihmg

dmh`dmomjism yimtu usmi, ncgms jckihmg,  pcrchpuig dig nuei hchmkmjm oijt`r rmsmj` yige
ris
ris di
dig
g ec
ecgc
gctm
tmj.
j. Rc
Rcdi
digej
gejig
ig oijt
oijt`r 
`r  dipit dmh`dmomjism yimtu rmwiyit fmpcrtcgsm sckihi
rmsmj
rmsmj`
` yige tmdij
tmdij dipit
dipit dmh`dm
dmh`dmomj
omjism
ism 91 tifug,
tifug, dmilct
dmilctcs
cs hckkmtu
hckkmtuss tmpc
tmpc MM, j`kcst
j`kcstcr`
cr`k,
k,
yim
yimtu fmpc
fmpcrrtcgs
cgsm, hcr
hcr`j`j
`j`j,, ris
rism` jirdm`hceikm dig rmwiyit str`jc dui tifug yige
 pmgeeige/pmgeeuk, dmct, ijtmvmtis omsmj, kiku.
fy
fypc
pcrk
rkmp
mpmd
mdch
chmi
mi,, dm
dmilc
ilctc
tcss hckk
hckkmt
mtus
us,,
ikb`f`k, pcgyijmt nigtuge.
4 Sgtuj hcgceijjig dmieg`sc str`jc Jcsmhpukig pchcrmjsiig Bt-sbig jcpiki>
 Tij tihpi
ihpij j ti
tigd
gdi-
i-ttigdi
igdi pcr
pcrdir
dirifig
ifig
msjch
msjchmm hiji
hiji dmkiju
dmkijujig
jig pchcrm
pchcrmjsi
jsiig
ig
mgtribrigmik siit mgm
 pchcrmjsiig pcgugnige yimtu
 Tigdi huktmpkc mgoirj kibugir bcrclrm jmrm,

2?
 

 pchcrmjsii BT-sbig jcpiki scliemig `kd kibugir mgoirbtm`g, dmscrtim

dcgeig tigdi kibugir bcrclrm jigig

 Tigdi itr`pfy bcrclrm jigig

3 Rmrmrin str`jc sb`rc 8 ⅽ 8 (<,3 ⅽ 1) + (< ⅽ 1) + (1,9 ⅽ 61) - (2 ⅽ 1) -9<

(<,3
8 (6 -9<)
b`gsbmusgcss) + (< ⅽ fcidibfc) + (1,< 8 (-4)
ⅽ dmis
dmist`
t`km
kmss lk``
lk``d
d prci
prcisu
surc
rc)) ‒ (2 ⅽ
it
itfc
fcr`
r`hi
hi)) ‒ 9<
9<.. Ipilm
Ipilmki
ki sj
sj`r
`r yige
yige
dm
dmdi
dipit
pitji
jig
g ; 9 hiji
hiji dm
dmie
ieg`
g`sm
smsg
sgyi
yi
str`
str`jc
jc g`g pc
pcrd
rdir
irif
ifig
ig dig ip
ipil
ilmk
mkii
dmdipitjig sj`r ≣ 9 hiji
dmieg`smsgyi str`jc pcrdirifig.

25
 

LIL _
JCRMHQSKIG

Qidi jisus mgm pismcg lcrmgmsmik Gy. \G lcrncgms ckihmg pcrchpuig lcrusmi 3= tifug
dmdmie
dmdmieg`s
g`sii str`jc
str`jc msjchm
msjchmj
j lcrdis
lcrdisirj
irjig
ig fismk
fismk igihgc
igihgcsms
sms,, pchcrm
pchcrmjsi
jsiig
ig oms
omsmj,
mj, pchcrm
pchcrmjsi
jsiig
ig
gcur`k`ems
gcur`k`ems dig pchcrmjsiig
pchcrmjsiig pcgugnige. Dirm fism iut`igihgcsms
iut`igihgcsms pismcg
pismcg hcgeckufjig
hcgeckufjig kchif
igee`tii ecrij sclckif jmrm yige tmli-tmli hugbuk tmei firm sclckuh hisuj ruhif sijmt,
igee`t sijmt, gycrm
jcpiki, jcnige scligyij situ jikm yige tmdij dmmjutm pcgurugig jcsidirig, lmbiri pck`, huik-
hugtif scligyij situ jikm. Qismcg pcrgif dmriwit sclckuhgyi `kcf jircgi str`jc yimtu kchif
igee`ti ecrij liemig jigig, sukmt lcrlmbiri yige tmli-tmli hugbuk dui tifug yige kiku. Rckihi
mgm pismcg hchmkmjm rmwiyit pcgyijmt fmpcrtcgsm sckihi scpukuf tifug, j`kcstcr`k dig DH tmpc MM.
Qismcg rutmg hcge`gsuhsm ihk`dmpmgc 91 he, bk`pme 53 he dig gcur`tih 611 he.

Qidi pchcrmjsiig omsmj dmtchujig dmtchujig tcjigig dirif 931/61 hhFe, gidm ?4
ⅽ/hc
ⅽ/hcgm
gmt,
t, orcj
orcjuc
ucgs
gsmm giois
giois <1 ⅽ/
ⅽ/hc
hcgm
gmt,
t, tchp
tchpcr
crit
itur
urcc 25,2
25,2 ˞B
˞B.. Qi
Qidi
di pc
pchc
hcrm
rmjs
jsii
iig
g gcur`
gcur`k`
k`em
emss
dmtchujig pircsc gcrvus _MM, sudut hukut tcrtirmj jc jigig dig pircsc gcrvus VMM, kmdif dcvmism
jc jigig. Qchcrmjsiig rcokcjs omsm`k`ems dikih litis g`rhik. Qchcrmjsiig rcokcjs pit`k`ems
F`oohig-Tr`hgcr (+/-), Lilmgsjm (-/+) dig bfidd`bj (-/+). Jcjuitig cjstrchmtis jmrm supcrm`r-
mgocrm
mgocrm`r
`r dig cjtrch
cjtrchmti
mtiss jigig
jigig mgocrm
mgocrm`r
`r lcrgmk
lcrgmkim
im 4 yimtu
yimtu hihpu
hihpu hckiwi
hckiwig
g eiyi erivmt
erivmtism
ism dig
tifigig rmgeig. Jcjuitig cjtrchmtis jigig supcrm`r lcrgmkim 2 yimtu hihpu hckiwig erivmtis
dig tcrdipit
tcrdipit pcrecrijig
pcrecrijig pidi scgdm. Qidi pchcrmjsii
pchcrmjsiig
g kil`rit`rm
kil`rit`rmuh
uh dmtchujig
dmtchujig t`tik j`kcstcr`k
j`kcstcr`k
<11 he/dk dig FDK j`kcstcr`k 4? he/dk.
Qidi pchcrm
pchcrmjsi
jsiig
ig Bt-sbi
Bt-sbig,
g, dmtchu
dmtchujig
jig Tigdi
Tigdi huktmp
huktmpkc
kc mgoirj
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49