id § ama own Liquic separating Md ution is formed. Exar, 3.6! ginasowent 250 solution. To collect y nenasolid iss elution an e the solvent. What meth, 7 nt instead? of solutions solute oe " 5 _ t from a solution? How do we obtain a solver fe (ro solution by sin A pure solvent cal be Pee racess " F boiling @ liquid stillation is erect ditt oe apouT For example, pure eee slag bain esa solution by distillation. The ore us sim; i i i 15. distillation in the laboratory 1S shown in Fi: the solution: we e need to collect the solvel we In the condenser, water vapour is cooled. The vapour condenses and changes back into pure water (the distillate). ‘the solution boils. Water vaporises, ries and enters ‘the condenser. thermometer Pure water is collected a a distillate in the receiver | (a beaker). | water out t condenser salt solution beaker Pure water (aistillat? mr, 5 ae Solution, Which Ter s ditilation gene cia Owed leslie YON pe eaeeeds Sidue of s Scanned with CamScannerWhat steps are taken during distillation? When setting up the distillation apparatus, note the following procedure: Ferhe thermometer should be placed beside the side arm of the distillation flask (Fig, 3.19). It should not be dipped into the eh solution. This ensures that the thermometer measures the C boiling point of the substance that is being distilled. side arm thermometer ennetenemumei tt 2. The condenser consists of two tubes: an inner tube and an Fig. 3.19 Distillation flask outer water jacket (Fig. 3.20). Cold running water is allowed to enter the water jacket from the bottom of the condenser vemter obt and leave from the top. outer water jacket ~ 3. The condenser slopes downwards so that the pure solvent — formed can run into the receiver (a beaker). Yi ot) coun evap orat, of (O84 4 4, If the distillate is volatile, the receiver can be put in a large container filled with Tce. This helps to keep the temperature of the distillate low so that it remains in the liquid state. eonpere® inner tube ' water in Fig. 3.20 Condenser How does temperature that is recorded vary asa salt solution Temperature CO is distilled? At 100°C, water boils off. As the salt solution is heated, its temperature increases (Fig. 3.21). When the solution finally boils, the thermometer records a temperature of 100 °C. This is the temperature of the water vapour. The temperature remains unchanged until all the - water has boiled off. 100°C What are the uses of simple distillation? Simple distillation can be used to: Time (mit e recover a solvent from a non-volatile solute. A non-volatile Fig. 3.21 Graph showing how substance, for example, sodium chloride, has a high boiling temperature changes as & sat solute point. ; + separate mixtures of liquids with different boiling points. pp frowigh bu Laquadl one tet However, it is difficult to separate mixtures of liquids whose boiling >" isefd1e Uo fre! points differ by less than 20 °C. This problem can be solved If we use fractional distillation to separate the liquids. o : . ' WIS wee Seprcttione eecil by whuutl 13 We! +o SPUSU vomPensild uf ‘Lor ool Arntlity TidBit___ 37 Se rea When immiscible liquids are | Separating Liquid resis segue a _ ae [mm A " fact, t ym an 1 Separating immiscible Liquids +++ pee ea into different lé Liquids that do not dissolve in each other are described as pee rent layers, immiscible. Oil and water are Immiscible in each other. Scanned with CamScanner— ——- ars Simple distillation can be used to: * recover a solvent from a non-volatile solute. A non-volatile ' substance, for example, sodium chloride, has a high boiling 1 point. « separate mixtures of liquids with different boiling points. 1 However, it is difficult to separate mixtures of liquids whose boiling 2 points differ by less than 20 °C. This problem can be solved if we use fractional distillation to separate the liquids. WS whee Sepr-cor xe was CHa Ponsdtd ob | 3.7| Separating Liquids 4 us, aye, oe f MM WAS Uns Separating Immiscible Liquids 4... Liquids that do not dissolve in each other are described as immiscible. Oil and water are immiscible in each other. #10 i, Scanned with CamScannerwe - 4 : ynel © sepa ind a separ’ ing (ut Figs 3.22 sit ids ble Liat | 7 re _ , completely to forma solution. They me ot, miscible, they Must be sagen min (08 Ethanol and W ater ' tiquids ré > be miscible grwo Ha tion distillation. Fractional ater and ethanol. Fig. 3,23 are said te nia ratechnte separated by ® sna solution of Wé ceaeiee sepa e fractional distillation of, distillation ca0 : shows the Jaboratory appara and water. solution of ethanol the fractionating column, is attached to the and the condenser. Many glass beads in the face area for vapour to rovide a large sur’ n glass beads, a fractionating column may A column, called round-bottomed flask fractionating column Pp condense on. Other thar be filled with plates or a spiral. During fractional distillation, e the liquid with the lowest boiling point wi ¢ the vapours of liquids with higher bo! li oints Cc S ‘Pp ig) ng p condense along the fractionating column and re-enter the round-bottome ni 10! flask. Il distil over to the Scanned with CamScanner