POLITICAL LAW FUNDAMENTALS
1. Which of the following changes would require: (x)
REMINDERS
1. The following material does not predict bar
questions. It is meant to orient and prepare the
mind to approach questions in Political Law,
and to thus “think consti; think poli law.”
2. Do not base your answers on logic, political
beliefs or sense of morality. All answers must be
based on a LEGAL PRINCIPLE. Cite a
constitutional provision (do not quote the
provision, just state the principle), a statutory
provision, a legal doctrine, or jurisprudence (no
need to cite the case title).
3. Do not use civil law, criminal law or remedial
law concepts in answering Political Law
questions. Stick to the Constitution, the Local
Government Code, the Administrative Code,
the Election Law, the International and
principles enumerated in the Bar Syllabus.
4. Think long, write short. Please go straight to the
point and DO NOT use up an entire page for an
answer. TRY YOUR BEST TO LIMIT THE
ANSWER TO NO MORE THAN 3-4
SENTENCES.
5. Make sure the answer is COMPLETE. It is
complete if it has a LEGAL PRINCIPLE AND IT
IS APPLIED TO THE FACTS. To get full points,
the answer must be SHORT and COMPLETE.
6. Take time to choose the proper words to use in
your answer. In the suggested answers below,
the magic words are in bold. Remember that the
examiner is looking for certain words or
phrases.
YOU WILL PASS THE BAR. TIWALA.
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amendment of the Constitution; (y) revision of the
Constitution; or, (z) new legislation?
a. Conversion of the form of government from
unitary to federal.
b. Increasing the number of senators from 24 to
42.
c. Increasing the required number of inhabitants
of a city from 250,000 to 300,000 to be entitled
to a district representative.
d. Creating a new intermediate appellate court
with jurisdiction to review judgments of the
Sandiganbayan.
e. Recognizing all children born on Philippine
soil as Filipino citizens.
Answer:
1. Revision - because it changes the basic form of
government that in turn affects the other
fundamental provisions of the constitution.
2. Amendment - because it pertains to a particular
provision of the constitution that does not affect
the structure of government.
3. Statutory amendment - because under the
constitution, the apportionment of districts
among provinces and cities according to number
of inhabitants shall be by law.
4. Enactment of a law - because it is the congress
that has the power to define the jurisdiction of
various courts, except that no law may diminish
the jurisdiction of the supreme as provided for in
the constitution.
2. What are the methods of amending the
Constitution?
Answer: The constitution may be amended through
(1) a vote of ¾ of all the members of Congress; (2) a
constitutional convention; or, (3) by People’s
Initiative upon petition of at least 12 percentum of the
total number of all registered voters.
3. Mr. A, a natural born Filipino who acquired US
citizenship eventually applied for re-acquisition of
citizenship under Rep. Act No. 9225. He now
claims that he has reverted to full rights as Filipino,
and that he must be deemed a natural born citizen
again. On this basis, can Mr. A run for the Senate
of the Philippines?
Answer: A senator must be a natural born Filipino.
To obtain full rights as a natural born Filipino, the re-
acquisition of citizenship under RA 9225 must be
accompanied a renunciation of the foreign citizenship.
Without renunciation, the candidate cannot run for
public office.
4. In another situation, a naturalized US citizen
executed an affidavit renouncing his foreign
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 citizenship, preparatory to filing his application for
candidacy for a seat in Congress as Representative
of his district. After he had been declared the
winner in the election, it was discovered that
despite his renunciation of foreign citizenship, he
continued to use his US passport in his travels
abroad. If you were counsel for the winner’s closest
rival, what action if any would you institute? (Use
your knowledge of election law).
Answer: It has been held that the use of a foreign
passport, despite renunciation of foreign citizenship, is
evidence of an intent not to renounce the foreign
citizenship. Since a representative of congress must
be a natural born citizen, the candidate in this case
was not qualified to run for office. His proclamation
may be recalled through a quo warranto proceeding.
5. What is the difference between pardon and
amnesty?
Answer: Pardon is a presidential prerogative that is
extended to an individual who is convicted by a final
judgment.
Amnesty is extended to a class of individuals accused
(not necessarily convicted) of a crime against the state,
and requires the concurrence of congress.
6. Enumerate and briefly explain three Presidential
Powers stated in the Constitution.
Answer:
a. Executive power: includes the power to appoint,
remove, control executive officers.
b. Treaty making: may enter into treaties with the
concurrence of at least 2/3 of all members of the
senate.
c. As commander in chief: may call out the armed
forces to suppress lawless violence, invasion or
rebellion; suspend the writ of habeas corpus, or
declare martial law.
7. What is the doctrine of qualified political agency?
Answer: The president, in the exercise of his power of
control, can amend, adopt, revoke any action of a
subordinate or alter ego.
8. Can the President practice his profession as a
lawyer?
Answer: No, there is a constitutional prohibition
against the exercise by the president of any profession.
9. Explain how the principle of checks and balances
operates among or between the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches of government in
the following areas of concern:
a. Appointment and removal of members of
the Supreme Court;
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b. Statute-making process; and
c. Declaration of martial law.
Answer:
a. Judicial and Bar Council recommends, the
president appoints, and the member of the
supreme court can only be removed by
impeachment.
b. The Congress makes the law, the President can
veto.
c. The President declares martial law, the Congress
may revoke or extend it, and the Supreme Court
may review the sufficiency of the factual basis.
10. At the end of the fiscal year, the Office of the
President accumulated savings of 1B Pesos arising
from the non-utilization of funds provided for in
the General Appropriations Act. Meanwhile, the
COMELEC now needs about 600M Pesos to
conduct a plebiscite for the creation of a new city
under a newly-promulgated law. COMELEC
requests the Office of the President to divert some
of the savings aforesaid to cover the cost of the
plebiscite, claiming that it is for a most urgent and
public purpose. Rule on the propriety of granting
COMELEC’s request for diversion of funds.
Answer: The request is not valid. It has been held that
cross border transfer of funds is not allowed. The
authority to allocate funds is reserved to Congress.
11. There was a very strong opposition to the
President’s appointment of Atty. AB to the position
of Secretary of National Defense on ground that he
is corrupt and does not have the necessary
qualifications to run the department. The
President, however, maintained his appointment
and submitted the name of Atty AB to the
Commission on Appointments for confirmation.
NGO Bantay Alagad Para sa Bayan filed a case
before the Supreme Court to enjoin the
confirmation of Atty. AB. Will the case prosper?
Answer: No, it will not prosper. The appointment of a
department secretary is reserved to the President, and
is a political question that is not justiciable.
12. What is the concept of fiscal autonomy of the
Supreme Court? (Make sure to always invoke a
constitutional law provision or concept.)
Answer: Under the constitution, the Supreme Court
budget cannot be decreased from the prior year, and
should be automatically released.
13. A. X, a student at Andres Bonifacio Public High
School, and Y, a teacher at the same school, both
belong to a religion which prohibits participation in
any political activity, including rallies and
demonstrations. During an anti-government rally
that was organized by the faculty and students,
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 Student X and Teacher Y stayed away from the
rally and instead went to the library where teacher
Y mentored student X on the tenets and teachings
of their religion. The principal then sanctions
Teacher Y for teaching religion inside the school,
which is not included in the curriculum.
Can Teacher Y be sanctioned?
B. In the same situation, can Student X be
compelled by the principal to attend the rally on
ground that it is an official school activity?
Answer:
a. Yes. It has been held that for religion to be taught
in a public school, there must be written consent
of the parents. No one can be compelled to
receive religious instruction in a public school.
This is in keeping with the doctrine of separation
of church and state.
b. No. To compel him is to violate his freedom of
expression.
14. In another situation, the Congress passed a law for
the purpose of promoting peace through inter-faith
dialogue and understanding. The law provides for
the establishment of an Inter-Faith Academy to be
run and managed by priests, preachers, imams,
monks, and ministers of different religions, whose
primary function would be to teach and propagate
the different precepts and beliefs of religions in
order that the students may understand and
empathize with the culture and beliefs of peoples of
varying faiths. The law was criticized for violating
the doctrine of separation of church and state,
particularly in providing public funds for the
establishment of church buildings.
Is the law valid? Explain.
Answer: The doctrine of separation of church and state
(Lemons doctrine) provides that:
1. the law should have a secular purpose;
2. its effect should not favor or prejudice
any religion; and
3. it should not entangle with religious
belief.
Under this principle, the law in the above problem
appears unconstitutional because while the purpose
seems to be secular, i.e., to promote peace, it would
result in promoting belief for, or rejection of, one or the
other religion. The outcome is therefore the
disbursement of public money to promote religious
beliefs.
(Alternative Answer: As applied to the facts, the law
will not violate the separation of church and state
because there is no particular religion that is preferred
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or discriminated against as shown by the presence of
all religions in the educational institution. Also, the
purpose is secular and has nothing to do with
advancing or propagating the faith of any religion.)
15. Ms. Z is a strong advocate of the government’s war
against drugs. She has verbalized her support for
the vigilante groups who have been accused as
responsible for the spate of killings of suspected
drug users and pushers. Following an
announcement from the chief of police that there
would be a crackdown on vigilante groups, Ms. Z
was invited by the police for a dialogue at the police
station.
(In answering the following questions, please focus
on what constitutional rights, and any limitations
to such rights, are involved. Always BRIEFLY
explain your answer.)
a. Can Ms. Z be compelled to go with the police
to the station?
b. If Ms. Z willingly agreed to go with the police
to the police station, can the police ask her the
question: “Ms. Z, did you participate in any of
the vigilante killings under investigation?”
c. If Ms. Z unguardedly admitted to the police
that she in fact acted as a lookout in one of the
vigilante activities that resulted in the death of
a person, can the police arrest her?
d. Is her confession of participation as such
lookout admissible as evidence in a case filed
against her and those principally responsible
for the killing?
Answer:
a. No. Without a warrant of arrest, no individual
can be compelled to go with the police.
b. No. Ms. Z can refuse to answer on ground of her
constitutional right to remain silent. The
questioning has become a custodial
interrogation.
c. No. Her admission cannot be used against her
because it was obtained in violation of her right
to remain silent; Miranda rights; right to
counsel. The admission is fruit of the poisonous
tree.
16. Alarmed by the prevalence and intensity of the
culture of graft and corrupt practices in the city
government, and in response to the people’s
insistent clamor for the Mayor to exercise his
executive powers over the local government officers
and employees to curb corruption, Mayor Y issued
an executive order that all those who are charged or
accused with graft and corrupt practices before the
investigating bodies or the courts shall be presented
every Monday at the city hall podium, and the
charges against them read through the public
address system for the people to hear. He also
directed that the accused wear tags around the neck
with the words “AKO AY NASASAKDAL SA
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 SALANG PAGNANAKAW NG PERA NG
BAYAN.” Mayor Y defends his action by saying it
is a valid exercise of his executive powers to deter
the commission of graft and corruption in the city.
Do you agree with the Mayor? What rights of the
accused are involved? (Focus on the civil rights of
the accused, and balance them with the
prerogatives of the executive. Always answer
briefly but completely).
Answer: The Mayor is wrong. There are no
circumstances to justify the use of executive power by
the Mayor to curb graft and corruption. The basic
rights of the accused must prevail, namely: the right
to be presumed innocent, and the right against cruel
and inhuman punishment.
17. Can the right to travel be curtailed?
Answer: Yes. When a person is an accused in a
criminal case, the court may issue a hold departure
order against him.
The right to travel may be curtailed by the state for
extreme causes like to protect public health and
safety.
It is also necessarily curtailed when a person is
convicted of crime and he is deprived of liberty by
final judgment, or when a person is accused of a non-
bailable offense and evidence against him is strong.
18. Student X is conducting a research on government
procurement and bidding processes, and wants to
thoroughly study the terms and conditions of a
contract between the DPWH and the winning
bidder to an infrastructure project. The DPWH
declined her request to have a copy of the contract
that had not yet then been executed on ground that
it is not yet a public document, and, hence, could
not accessed by a private individual who is not a
party to the transaction.
Is the DPWH correct? (Identify constitutional
rights that are involved.)
Answer: The right of the people to information,
including access to official records, is not absolute,
but may be limited by law. In this case, the refusal of
the agency to grant access to the document is
reasonable.
19. A municipal councilor had been declared winner in
the 2019 election, and has since been discharging
his duties as such, attending council meetings and
casting his vote on many issues. Recently, his rival
exposed evidence that in fact the councilor never
resided in the municipality to which he was elected,
and that his certificate of candidacy was falsified to
make it appear that he had the minimum residency
of required under the law.
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What kind of action can the rival candidate
institute in order to unseat the councilor? Before
which tribunal or body must it be filed?
Answer: Inasmuch as the ground is lack of
qualification, a quo warranto proceeding can be filed.
The Regional Trial Court has jurisdiction over the
case.
20. An impeachment complaint was filed against a
Supreme Court Justice on September 5, 2018 on
ground of culpable violation of the Constitution,
bribery, graft and corruption. The impeachment
complaint was dismissed on ground that it was it
was not sufficient in form and substance.
On February 25, 2019, another complaint was filed
against the Supreme Court Justice, this time
alleging high crimes and betrayal of public trust,
and based on newly discovered evidence.
a. Where, and by whom, is an impeachment
complaint filed?
b. Is the filing of the 2nd complaint based on
different grounds and on newly discovered
evidence valid?
Answer:
a. By a verified complaint filed by a member of the
house of representatives, or by any citizen upon
the endorsement of any member of the house.
b. No. The 2nd complaint cannot be filed. Under the
constitution no impeachment proceedings can be
filed more than once within a period of one
year.
21. Under the Constitution the Ombudsman may be
removed by impeachment. May the Ombudsman be
disbarred in an administrative proceeding filed and
prosecuted during her/his incumbency? (Always
explain your answer).
Answer: No. Under the provisions on accountability of
public officers, the Ombudsman cannot be removed
except by impeachment. Removing the Ombudsman
by disbarment results in the circumvention of the
constitution.
22. Can the Deputy Ombudsman be dismissed by the
President who appointed him?
Answer: It has been held by the supreme court that the
deputy Ombudsman can only be removed by the
ombudsman. This is in keeping with the
independence of the Office of the Ombudsman.
23. What is the national territory of the Philippines
under the Constitution?
Answer: The national territory comprises the
Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and
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waters embraced therein, and all other territories
over which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and
aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed,
the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine
areas. The waters around, between, and connecting
the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their
breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal
waters of the Philippines.
24. How do you distinguish the concepts of:
a. jus cogens
b. obligations erga omnes
c. et aequo et bono?
Answer:
a. Jus cogens (compelling law) refers to norms that
are considered peremptory in the sense that they
are mandatory, do not admit of derogation, and
cannot be reduced by treaty or agreement.
Examples of norms are the prohibitions against
genocide, slavery, aggression.
b. Obligations erga omnes (towards all) are
obligations that are universally undeniable and
acceptable as owed by states towards the
community of states as a whole. Example of this
is the obligation to respect, and the obligation to
answer for any breach of, norms considered jus
cogens.
c. Ex aequo et bono (fair and equitable) is the idea of
‘fundamental fairness’ as a guideline principle in
arbitration and other dispute settlement
processes.
25. What is the difference between a treaty and an
executive agreement in terms of requirements for its
becoming binding and effective? Give examples.
Answer: Treaties are superior to executive
agreements. Treaties are products of the acts of both
the Executive and the Senate, unlike executive
agreements, which are solely executive actions and do
not need the concurrence of the Senate.
International conventions like the convention on the
law of the sea or the Rome Statute, are treaties. The
enhanced defense cooperation agreement (EDCA) is
an executive agreement.
26. What was originally just a rock island eventually
became a fairly large tract of dry land measuring
10 square kilometers, partly through the subsidence
of the water level and/or the continuous and
natural accretion of land and other solid deposits
and particles floating about the sea from other land
formations in the area. This new land mass is not
within the territorial jurisdiction of any country.
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How will you classify this land mass under
International Law?
Does it have an exclusive economic zone or
continental shelf?
Answer: Under international law, the land may
qualify as an island. However, since it does not belong
to any state, it cannot be considered as a state by
itself. It does not appear to be habitable and does not
have the elements of a state. It therefore has no rights
to an exclusive economic zone or continental shelf.
27. The “European Migrant Crisis” refers to an
enormous and unprecedented wave of refugees
coming from Syria, Turkey and many countries in
Africa who flee their country of origin because of
persecution, war, violence, or poverty. According
to the UNHCR (United Nations High
Commissioner on Refugees) the number of forcibly
displaced people worldwide reached 65,600,000 at
the end of 2016. Many countries in Europe refuse
to admit these refugees.
What principles of international law are relevant in
the appreciation of the issues besetting migration?
(Answer briefly by citing applicable conventions or
international law concepts).
Answer: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
provides that everyone has the right to seek and enjoy
in other countries asylum from persecution.
The Convention on the Status of Refugees provides
that states shall as far as possible facilitate the
assimilation and naturalization of refugees. They
shall in particular make every effort to expedite
naturalization proceedings.
28. The Japanese husband of a Filipino wife wants to
buy a residential land in the Philippines where he
and his wife may build a house where they can raise
a family. The Japanese hires you to advise him on
his eligibility to buy land. What will you advise
your Japanese client?
Answer: The Japanese is not eligible to purchase land
in the Philippines. Under the constitution, individual
ownership of lands is reserved only to Filipino
citizens. In case of corporate ownership, domestic
corporations 60% Filipino and 40% foreign may own
lands, and may be explored as the vehicle for owning
the intended purchase.
29. ABC Corporation, a 60% Filipino and 40% foreign
owned company, is applying for a franchise to
operate a telecommunications company in the
country. XYZ Corporation, an oppositor to the
franchise application, insists that ABC Corporation
must prove the truth of its 60-40 ownership
through the application of the Grandfather Rule. Is
the objection valid?
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Answer: The objection is not valid. The grandfather
rule will only be applied in cases where there is
doubt as to the true ownership of the shares.
Otherwise, the control test will apply.
30. A parcel of land is being expropriated by the
National Housing Authority for the development of
low cost housing for the employees of the
government. It however appears that once
successfully expropriated, the NHA would assign
to a private contractor the construction and
implementation of the project under which the
contractor may sell to the ultimate beneficiaries the
developed house and lot packages. The construction
company will then have the right to the proceeds
and profits of the sales.
The owner of the land opposes the expropriation on
ground that the use of the property is not for a
public purpose but for a commercial purpose that
will benefit the private construction company. Rule
on the opposition.
Answer:
It has been held that in the situation above, the
purpose for the taking of the land remains public in
character. The fact that the government contracts out
the development of the project, which is within its
power to do, does not negate the fact that the
development is for the benefit of the employees of
the government that justifies expropriation.
31. The Sangguniang Panlunsod passed an ordinance
imposing a “city business tax” on all businesses
operating within its territory, computed at 1% of
the gross income of the business during the taxable
year. The business community protested saying
that they are already paying business income taxes
under the national internal revenue code, and the
ordinance that imposes a separate business tax
amounts to double taxation and unconstitutional.
Are the oppositors correct?
Answer: No, the oppositors are not correct. The LGU
can impose levy, taxes, fees or charges on any base or
subject not otherwise specifically taxed under the
provisions of the national tax code. While it would
seem that this is the same tax on the same taxable base,
the LGU ordinance is not a tax on income, but a tax
for the privilege of doing business in the city. The
city is also a different taxing authority from the
national government. Considering further the
autonomy of the LGU to collect revenue under the
local government code, it has been held that the local
business taxes do not amount to double taxation.
(N. N. The above is a different situation from a case
that involved double taxation under the same local
government ordinance, such that the same taxing
UP LAW CENTER TRAINING AND CONVENTION DIVISION
authority is taxing the same tax base for the same
purpose and within the same taxing period. The above
problem distinguishes between the national
government taxing authority and the local government
power to tax.)
32. In an administrative proceeding before the DENR
to determine whether Farmer 101, an awardee of a
land grant, committed fraud in his application for
such grant, the hearing officer declared the grant
invalid and subject to recall. The evidence of the
fraud was singularly the testimony of the
complainant that contrary to the declaration of
Farmer 101 in his application, Farmer 101 never
tilled nor possessed the land subject of the grant.
Farmer 101 now says that the decision of the
DENR must be overturned because the evidence is
insufficient to establish his guilt beyond reasonable
doubt, and that therefore the recall of his patent is a
denial of his right to due process.
a. To which body or tribunal should Farmer 101
appeal the DENR decision?
b. Rule on the issue of denial of due process.
Answer:
a. Farmer 101 can appeal the DENR decision, first,
to the Office of the President, then, to the Court
of Appeals.
b. There is here no denial of due process. In an
administrative quasi-judicial proceeding, only
substantial evidence is required, or that
evidence which is sufficient to support a
conclusion; more than a scintilla; but not
speculative or conjecture. Proof beyond
reasonable doubt is not required.
33. What is the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of
Muslim Mindanao? Provide at least 3 key features
of the BARMM.
Answer:
a. It is a parliamentary form of government (within
a unitary Philippine government).
b. The justice system shall include the Shar’ia and
traditional or tribal laws on disputes of
indigenous peoples.
c. It shall be entitled to a receive a block
apportionment of 5% of the national income from
internal revenue and customs collections.
34. The President has not been seen in public for two
weeks; the Presidential spokesperson has dismissed
concerns about his health saying that the President
is merely resting. Under the circumstances, may
the Vice-President assume the position of acting
President?
Answer: Under the constitution, the Vice-President
can only discharge the function of Acting President:
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a. when the President transmits to the senate
president and the speaker a written declaration he
is unable to discharge the duties of his office; or
b. when a majority of all the members of the
cabinet transmits to the president of the senate
and to the speaker of the house of representatives
their written declaration that the president is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
office.
In case there is conflict between the cabinet and the
president on the latter’s disability to perform his
duties, the Congress shall decide the issue.
35. May a Petition for Mandamus, filed before the
Supreme Court, compel the President to reveal his
medical records to assuage fears that he is not in
any condition to run the country?
Answer: A petition for mandamus will not prosper.
The above cited provisions do not confer a duty on the
part of the president to reveal the state of his health.
36. The President warned that he would use his
“extraordinary powers” for the construction of the
P18.7 billion China-funded Kaliwa Dam project in
Quezon and Rizal provinces. The Kaliwa Dam is
touted to be the solution to the water shortage in
Metro Manila and nearby areas. But
environmentalists, indigenous groups and local
governments have opposed its construction. Is the
President’s statement consistent with the
constitution and statutes?
Answer:
The President does not have “extraordinary powers.”
His emergency powers under the constitution may be
exercised only (1) in times of war or national
emergency, during which the president may be
authorized by Congress to exercise powers necessary
to carry out a declared national policy; or (2) during
national emergency when the public interest so
requires, to take over operation of private units or
businesses.
In the problem above, there is no war or national
emergency as contemplated in the constitution.
37. The military conducted warrantless arrests of
journalists who were covering a standoff between
military forces and a small rebel band (military).
The journalists questioned the arrests saying they
violate their right to press and that they project a
“chilling effect” on the constitutionally-protected
freedom. Petitioners argued that the acts
complained of constitute prior restraint, as such
acts prevented journalists from carrying out the
duties of their profession to report on a matter of
public interest. Rule on the validity of the arrests.
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Answer: The Supreme Court held that there is no prior
restraint nor an impermissible regulation on the
journalists’ freedom of speech and of the press. The
acts of the military were merely brought about by the
exigencies of the situation, and were undertaken to
protect the safety of the civilians at the scene of the
incident. It is not unreasonable for the authorities to
anticipate and deter a possible mayhem, and to act
upon the substantive interest of the state on public
safety and order.|||
38. A motorcycle driver is flagged down at a police check
point because the driver was not wearing any helmet as
prescribed by a local ordinance. The subsequent search
was conducted and police claim that they found a
controlled substance. Charges are filed against the
driver for violations of Republic Act No. 9165.
Rule on the validity of the search.
Answer:
The "stop and frisk" doctrine has been allowed
despite the right against unreasonable searches and
seizures, in order to give law enforcers a legal
opportunity to prevent the commission of offenses.
However, "stop and frisk" searches are exceptions to
the general rule that warrants are necessary to
conduct a search. This should be balanced with the
need to protect the privacy of citizens in accordance
with the constitution.
"Stop and frisk" searches should thus be allowed
only:
a. on the basis of a reasonable suspicion that
there is criminal activity and that
individuals are armed and dangerous;
b. when carefully limited search of the outer
clothing; and,
c. when conducted for the purpose of
discovering weapons which might be used
to assault him/her or other persons in the
area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
UP LAW BAR COMMITTEE Dean Fides Cordero-Tan
Assoc. Dean Concepcion L. Jardaleza
SUBJECT EXPERTS Atty. Arnold F. De Vera
Prof. Dante Gatmaytan
LAYOUT Renee Louise M. Co
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