1.

  Dr. Thomas designed and conducted an experiment to determine whether a playing violent
video games caused increased aggression in children. By designing and conducting this
experiment, the researcher was able to _____.
confirm the results
establish a positive correlation
 
demonstrate proof
test the hypothesis
    Score: 1 of 1
2.  Jenny learned to play the piano as a child and played very well until she stopped practicing
in her late teenage years. In her 40s, Jenny decided to start playing the piano again. She
quickly realized that she had lost most of her ability to play, so she took lessons to relearn
how to play the piano. After several years of lessons, Jenny plays the piano very well. This
example illustrates the multidirectional nature of development.
False
 
True
    Score: 1 of 1
3.  Replication involves _____.
designing a new study using new ideas and information
the repetition of a study using the same participants
 
designing a new study based on information from a previous study
the repetition of a study using different participants
    Score: 0 of 1
4.  Dr. Kong conducts a study in which he finds that smoking is related to an increased risk of
high blood pressure. He publishes his results. Then Dr. Meco conducts the same study
using different participants in another city. Dr. Meco's work is an example of _____.
data analyses
replication
 
scientific controversy
ethics
    Score: 1 of 1
5.  An effort to replicate 100 published studies in psychology found that many of them did not
replicate and that others were less conclusive, causing what has been called a(n) _____.
  empirical evidence issue
research design crisis
false results claim
 replication crisis
    Score: 1 of 1
6.  Scientists believe that race is a genetic construct.
True
 
False
    Score: 0 of 1
7.  Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West
believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. They
are on different sides of the _____ debate.
intelligent design–evolution
nature–nurture
 
genes–development
traits–conditioning
    Score: 1 of 1
8.  Dr. Tucker and his research team are interested in how aggression changes as we age. The
team will recruit 100 3-year-old children and assess their levels of aggression every three
years until the participants turn 21. This is an example of cross-sectional research.
False
 
True
    Score: 1 of 1
9.  The cross-sectional design combines aspects of the cohort sequential design and the
longitudinal design.
False
 
True
    Score: 0 of 1
10.  The life-span perspective takes into account development from _____.
birth to death
conception to death
 
birth to adolescence
childhood to middle age
    Score: 1 of 1
11.  Juanita was born during World War II. Within the context of the ecological-systems
approach, Juanita's experience of growing up during this time period falls within the
_____.
  microsystem
exosystem
 chronosystem
macrosystem
    Score: 1 of 1
12.  In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, family and peers are part of one's _____.
microsystem
macrosystem
 
social system
exosystem
    Score: 1 of 1
13.  Bree and Stacey are both currently in high school. They are part of the same _____.
network
social construction
 
socioeconomic status
cohort
    Score: 1 of 1
14.  An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her _____.
political beliefs
religion
 
ethnicity
education level
    Score: 1 of 1
15.  Zachary is a part-time construction worker. Noah is an attorney. These occupations reflect
Zachary and Noah's _____.
political values
SES
 
family values
cohorts
    Score: 1 of 1
16.  A system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations, and symbolic
representations is the definition of _____.
nurture
nature
 
culture
a cohort
    Score: 1 of 1
17.  Li, age 11, is a recent Chinese immigrant. Li's new teachers have noticed that he rarely
talks, does not make eye contact, and seems very shy. When they speak to Li's parents,
they are surprised, as these characteristics are valued in Li's culture. The perception of
Li's behavior reflects the concept of a(n) “_____.”
microsystem
exosystem
 
social phobia
social construction
    Score: 1 of 1
18.  The idea that the various identities need to be combined is referred to as _____.
the microsystem
intersectionality
 
social construction
a sensitive period
    Score: 1 of 1
19.  The effects of marijuana on the brain are influenced by the _____.
genetics of the user
All of these can influence the effect of marijuana on the brain of the user.
 
age of the user
specific aspects of marijuana
    Score: 1 of 1
20.  The fact that race is a social construction _____.
does not make the term meaningless
reflects inconsistencies in ethnic categories
 
shows how powerful genetic influences are on development
means that it should be replaced with the term “culture”
    Score: 1 of 1
21.  Genes alone do not determine development; environmental forces also shape
development. This information has led to the understanding that many human
characteristics are _____.
plastic
static
 
diverse
epigenetic
    Score: 1 of 1
22.  When a researcher wants to determine the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate
research method to use is a(n) _____.
experiment
survey
 
case study
meta-analysis
    Score: 1 of 1
23.  In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special
condition is referred to as the “_____ group.”
comparison
independent
 
dependent
experimental
    Score: 1 of 1
24.  Combining the results of many studies to reach a general conclusion is called a(n) _____.
longitudinal study
experimental design
 
correlational study
meta-analysis
    Score: 1 of 1
25.  _____ research reflects cultural and contextual diversity but is also more vulnerable to
bias and harder to replicate.
Longitudinal
Qualitative
 
Quantitative
Experimental
    Score: 1 of 1
26.  A “_____” organizes scattered facts and confusing observations into patterns, weaving the
details into a meaningful whole.
conclusion
hypothesis
 
development
theory
    Score: 1 of 1
 27.  Hannah theorized that sleep helps people behave in safer ways. She tested her theory by
conducting an experiment. She manipulated the amount of sleep participants got and then
tested their driving ability. Hannah learned that participants who got more sleep were
safer drivers. In this example, Hannah's theory led her to _____.
change the behavior of many people
solve a developmental problem
 
generate a discovery
replicate research
    Score: 1 of 1
28.  In classical conditioning, a meaningful stimulus becomes linked to a neutral stimulus.
True
 
False
    Score: 1 of 1
29.  According to John Watson, psychologists should only study observable behavior.
True
 
False
    Score: 1 of 1
30.  Michael was always teased in elementary, middle, and high school and did not do well in
his classes. He is now in college and is taking a comprehensive final exam in his
psychology class. He is extremely stressed and is having a difficult time remembering
what he learned this semester. This could be best explained by:
Freudian psychology.
the white coat syndrome.
 
psychosocial development.
classical conditioning.
    Score: 1 of 1
31.  Social learning theory compares a human's thinking processes to a computer's analysis of
data.
False
 
True
    Score: 0 of 1
32.  Psychodynamic theory originated with _____.
Watson
Freud
 
Piaget
Erikson
    Score: 1 of 1
33.  Evolutionary theory is based on the idea that thoughts and expectations affect actions.
True
 
False
    Score: 1 of 1
34.  _____ emphasizes unconscious drives and early experiences with respect to development,
whereas _____ emphasizes learning by understanding how a person thinks.
Psychodynamic theory; cognitive theory
Cognitive theory; psychodynamic theory
 
Behaviorism; psychodynamic theory
Psychodynamic theory; behaviorism
    Score: 1 of 1
35.  Each stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of development is characterized by a conflict
associated with different parts of the body. According to Freud, how people experience
and resolve each conflict influences personality _____.
at a particular stage of development, also called a sensitive period
throughout life, because early years provide the foundation of adult behavior
 
only in childhood, with new conflicts emerging later that shape adult identity
throughout life, only if some of the conflicts are successfully resolved
    Score: 1 of 1
36.  Freud argued that the goal of a healthy life is to _____.
love and to work
connect spiritually with another person
 
avoid conflict and promote social harmony
follow moral codes set by society
    Score: 1 of 1
37.  Unlike Freud, Erikson _____.
leaned toward the behaviorist perspective
believed that adult problems reflect childhood conflicts
 
emphasized family and culture in his stages
only described development in childhood
    Score: 1 of 1
38.  The type of conditioning that Skinner identified is referred to as “_____ conditioning.”
  classical
cognitive
 operant
observational
    Score: 1 of 1
39.  Dominique, age 14, dislikes school. Her parents were recently informed that Dominique
has missed 12 days of school this quarter and has left school early on at least four
occasions. Dominique's father has decided to drop his daughter off every morning and
pick her up every afternoon to make sure she is attending school. Dominique is now
attending school, but she has gotten into serious trouble on multiple occasions, leading to
a five-day out-of-school suspension. Since Dominique dislikes school and prefers to skip
rather than attend, the out-of-school suspension represents a _____.
reinforcement
punishment
 
conditioner
norm
    Score: 1 of 1
40.  _____ is a perspective that compares a human's thinking processes, by analogy, to a
computer's analysis of data.
Social learning theory
Psychodynamic theory
 
Behaviorism
Information-processing theory
    Score: 1 of 1
41.  Which of the following statements is TRUE?
All humans learn using all of their modalities.
There are no universal learning styles.
 
Each person has a preferred learning style.
The visual learning style is the most universal.
    Score: 0 of 1
42.  Vygotsky used the term _____ to describe the method used by parents, teachers, and
entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture.
guided participation
zone of proximal development
 
selective adaptation
apprenticeship in thinking
    Score: 1 of 1
43.  According to Vygotsky, the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to
 acquiring but cannot yet master without help is referred to as “_____.”
guided participation
selective adaptation
 
the zone of proximal development
operant conditioning
    Score: 1 of 1
44.  According to the sociocultural theory, the environment is _____.
active
passive
 
unidirectional
outdated
    Score: 1 of 1
45.  Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point, it was suggested that
parents toilet-train whenever they wished, using reinforcement as part of the training. This
view is most consistent with _____.
information-processing theory
cognitive theory
 
behaviorism
psychodynamic theory
    Score: 1 of 1
46.  In order to understand the emotions, impulses, and habits of humans over the life span, it
is important to understand how those same emotions, impulses, and habits developed
within Homo sapiens over the past 200,000 years. This concept is consistent with _____
theory.
sociocultural
information-processing
 
evolutionary
psychodynamic
    Score: 1 of 1
47.  According to the _____ hypothesis, menopause and female longevity are evolutionary
adaptations arising from children's survival needs.
selectivity
grandmother
 
sociocultural
extended family
    Score: 1 of 1
48.  _____ is when genes for traits that aid survival and reproduction are selected over time to
allow the species to thrive.
Selective adaptation
Reinforcement
 
Cognitive equilibrium
Conditioning
    Score: 1 of 1
49.  _____ theories have reminded us that development is embedded in a rich and multifaceted
cultural context that is evident in every social interaction.
Psychodynamic
Cognitive
 
Evolutionary
Sociocultural
    Score: 1 of 1
50.  Critics of behaviorism argue that the theory _____.
is too mechanistic
undervalues emotions
 
neglects individuals
is too subjective
    Score: 1 of 1
51.  Each human body cell contains _____ chromosomes.
23
46 pairs of
 
46
20 pairs of
    Score: 1 of 1
52.  The name of the full set of genes that provides the instructions for making living
organisms is the _____.
allele
chromosome
 
genome
phenotype
    Score: 1 of 1
53.  All living things are composed of cells. The work of cells is done by _____.
 phenotypes
genotypes
 
proteins
zygotes
    Score: 1 of 1
54.  Hatching is biological material that provides energy for the cell.
True
 
False
    Score: 1 of 1
55.  The process of methylation can do all the following to genetic instructions EXCEPT
_____ them.
connect
remove
 
transcribe
alter
    Score: 1 of 1
56.  If the 23rd pair of chromosomes contains two X chromosomes, then that individual is a
male.
True
 
False
    Score: 1 of 1
57.  Dr. Otto studies how environmental factors affect gene expression. Dr. Otto's research
focuses on:
human pathogenesis.
atypical longevity.
 
sociobiology.
epigenetics.
    Score: 1 of 1
58.  The single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum, is called a
“_____.”
phenotype
genotype
 
chromosome
zygote
    Score: 1 of 1
 59.  Humans have 23 pairs of _____, which contain the instructions to make the proteins
needed for life and growth.
chromosomes
alleles
 
zygotes
genotypes
    Score: 1 of 1
60.  The cells that result from the early duplication and division processes are called stem
cells, which are able to produce any other specialized cell.
True
 
False
    Score: 1 of 1
61.  Dizygotic twins originate from the same zygote; therefore, they have the same genotype.
False
 
True
    Score: 1 of 1
62.  If a harmful allele on chromosome 15 came from the mother, the child will develop
Angelman syndrome.
Prader-Willi syndrome.
 
Down syndrome.
Huntington's disease.
    Score: 0 of 1
63.  Genes, culture, and age all affect vision.
True
 
False
    Score: 1 of 1
64.  An individual's genetic inheritance is called a(n) “_____.”
phenotype
gamete
 
allele
genotype
    Score: 1 of 1
65.  Justin and Jacob are identical twins. They are the result of _____.
  one ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes
two separate ova that were fertilized by two different sperm
 one ovum that was fertilized by two sperm
two ova that were fertilized by one sperm
    Score: 1 of 1
66.  Preterm births and congenital malformation _____ with in vitro fertilization (IVF).
increase slightly
increase greatly
 
decrease greatly
decrease slightly
    Score: 0 of 1
67.  Which of the following women is most likely to have dizygotic twins?
Oluchi, who is Nigerian
Pallavi, who is Korean
 
Wei, who is Chinese
Ember, who is American
    Score: 1 of 1
68.  Almost every trait is _____, which means it is affected by many genes.
polygenic
nonadditive
 
monozygotic
X-linked
    Score: 1 of 1
69.  When the effects of genes combine to create the phenotype, they are called “_____
genes.”
additive
nonadditive
 
dominant
recessive
    Score: 1 of 1
70.  Genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs are referred to as “_____.”
polygenic
polymorphic
 
autosomes
copy number variations
    Score: 1 of 1
 71.  _____ of human genes are shared with other animals.
Almost 25 percent
Ninety-eight percent
 
Ten percent
Seventy percent
    Score: 1 of 1
72.  The statistic that indicates how much of the variation in a particular trait within a
particular population, in a particular context and era, can be traced to genes is called
“_____.”
the mean
heritability
 
probability
a correlation
    Score: 1 of 1
73.  Ways in which chromosomal and genetic problems are relevant to human development
include all the following EXCEPT _____.
knowing the origins helps limit their effects
knowing that nature influences means that nurture can be ignored
 
information combats prejudice: Difference is not always deficit
they provide insight into the complexities of nature and nurture
    Score: 1 of 1
74.  An individual with an extra chromosome on the 21st pair of chromosomes has _____.
fragile X syndrome
Down syndrome
 
Tourette syndrome
nearsightedness
    Score: 1 of 1
75.  Individuals who may especially benefit from preconception, prenatal, or even prenuptial
(before marriage) genetic counseling include all the following EXCEPT _____.
couples who are infertile
women who are younger than 25 and men who are younger than 30
 
couples who have had several spontaneous abortions or stillbirths
women over age 35 and men over age 40
    Score: 1 of 1
76.  Every person starts life as a single cell called an embryo.
 True
 
False
    Score: 1 of 1
77.  An estimated _____ percent of all zygotes do not grow or implant properly.
10
25
 
75
60
    Score: 1 of 1
78.  About 20 percent of all children have difficulties that could be connected to behavioral
teratogens.
False
 
True
    Score: 1 of 1
79.  Jose and Keta recently learned that they were pregnant. The couple is very excited about
the pregnancy and are eager to know the sex of the fetus. The doctor explains that she will
be able to determine the sex by the end of the third month using _____.
amniocentesis
the Apgar scale
 
an X-ray
ultrasound
    Score: 1 of 1
80.  The longest period of prenatal development is the _____ period.
germinal
embryonic
 
fetal
proximodistal
    Score: 1 of 1
81.  By the end of the ____ prenatal month, sex organs develop and are soon visible via
ultrasound.
third
second
 
fifth
fourth
    Score: 0 of 1
 82.  “Small for gestational age” is a term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower
than expected, given the time since conception.
True
 
False
    Score: 1 of 1
83.  Programmed cell death that occurs prenatally is called _____.
apoptosis
plasticity
 
fontanels
anoxia
    Score: 1 of 1
84.  Which of the following is the best indication of health after birth?
weight
length
 
color
reflexes
    Score: 0 of 1
85.  Midwife births have lower rates of complications compared to physician births. Which of
the following is NOT a reason for this?
Midwives emphasize breathing.
Midwives emphasize c-sections.
 
Midwives emphasize social support.
Midwives emphasize massage.
    Score: 1 of 1
86.  Today, ______ are likely to arrive at a pregnant woman's home during early labor and
later work alongside hospital staff.
doulas
physicians' assistants
 
neonatal support teams
birthing coaches
    Score: 1 of 1
87.  The Apgar scale is used at one minute and five minutes after birth to _____.
  evaluate the health of the new mother
evaluate the health of the newborn
 evaluate the newborn's sensory abilities
help the mother recover from childbirth
    Score: 1 of 1
88.  Which of the following is TRUE regarding rates for cesarean sections and epidurals?
They are higher for births attended by midwives.
They are the same in the United States as in most other developed nations.
 
They vary by doctor and by hospital.
They have been relatively steady over the past three decades.
    Score: 1 of 1
89.  Drugs, viruses, pollutants, malnutrition, and stress during pregnancy are referred to as
“______.”
teratogens
risk factors
 
threshold effects
vulnerability factors
    Score: 1 of 1
90.  The first days and weeks after conception (the germinal and embryonic periods) are
_____ for body formation, but health during the entire fetal period affects the _____.
sensitive; brain
sensitive; heart
 
critical; brain
critical; heart
    Score: 1 of 1
91.  Low folic acid during pregnancy can result in _____.
neural-tube defects
lung defects
 
heart defects
limb deformities
    Score: 1 of 1
92.  Which of the following is a protective factor in pregnancy?
moderate alcohol consumption
optimal weight gain
 
minimal exercise
being older than age 35
    Score: 1 of 1
93.  A baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected given the time since
conception is referred to as “_____.”
premature
preterm
 
low birthweight
small for gestational age
    Score: 1 of 1
94.  Which of the following statements about international rates of low birthweight is true?
Japan has the lowest rate of low-birthweight babies in the world.
The U.S. rate is higher than that of virtually every other developed nation.
  Germany, Denmark, and Australia have higher rates of low birthweight than the
U.S.
Canada, Sweden, and the U.S. have the lowest rate of low birthweight babies in
the world.
    Score: 1 of 1
95.  Statistically, which woman is at greatest risk for having a low-birthweight baby?
Jody, who has been diagnosed with diabetes
Delfina, who is a Hispanic immigrant
 
Kate, who regularly misses meals
Ashley, who is 27 years old and middle-class
    Score: 1 of 1
96.  Sammy, age 5, spends his day in a wheelchair, assisted by an aid. Sammy can't control
any of his muscles due to experiencing a lack of oxygen during birth. However, he is
extremely intelligent. Sammy's condition has been evident since birth. Sammy has _____.
Huntington disease
anoxia
 
Parkinson's disease
cerebral palsy
    Score: 1 of 1
97.  When Alexia was born, she had a lack of oxygen for a small amount of time. Alexia
experienced _____.
  anoxia
cerebral palsy
couvade
 cerebral hemorrhaging
    Score: 1 of 1
98.  When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are
demonstrating the _____ reflex.
thrashing
sucking
 
Moro
rooting
    Score: 1 of 1
99.  While Bill's wife was pregnant, he experienced weight gain and indigestion. When she
gave birth, he felt sharp physical pain as well. Bill was experiencing _____.
couvade
postpartum depression
 
false labor
the Moro reflex
    Score: 1 of 1
100.  Kelley just had a baby and now is experiencing a sense of inadequacy and sadness. She
may have _____.
couvade
postpartum depression
 
separation anxiety
a psychotic episode