Contents Se eens Pee Tips for Reading and Note Taking Reading fluently a speed? king critically sing ace wring182 Note taking Taking notes 28 you red lhe you undersand the meaning and crganzation af atx. Note aking aso a way to record the most mocriant kas andinformaton rom a ead, You Can use your notes o prepare eran exam Cr complete& witng assignment. “Tootniques fr tft noe taking “As youread, underna or highightimpatantiforation such as dates, names, places, and othe acts ‘+ Toke notes inthe marinas you read, rte the maine and supporting deals et to each paragraph ‘Also, nots your onm ideas or questions about the paragrao ‘On paper er ona computer, wnt the key pons oho txt in you ov werd ‘+ Koop your note short inctud short headings o organza the formation ey words and phrases [not sentences, and abbrvations and symbols. “Use a graphic organi otke nts, partculay the reading cscusses cause and effec, problem and sokton, or tine sequence Useful abbreviations Useful symbols pero approxima inet important > ct cases ce show unde /yea) fk udng 1 erases reensed 3 could io ermaton 1 screses decree i Chante bo) pagolpages) Bors nd ot development fom para : tere Sg’ samoe r fogardng. conning bie ——_bacasse fic. anders andiherest wd wuld wth eck eclag me) Sear > iste same a fon gave Go Fahomtuy 3 ismore tan < iste Learning vocabulary You probably wll nat remember 2 new werd phrase aftr reading or hearing ence, You need to use the werd several times, Then twill stan your longtem memory. ‘Stateges fr leering vocabulary: “Use fash cards. Wie the words you watt lam on one side of an index card, White the dain andor an exanple santoncs that uses the word on the other side. Use you fash cards fo test your krowedge fnew vocaauary, ‘+ Koep a vocabulary jours Whan you come across a new werd or phrase, wie a short dition of the werd {in Engst, i posse) and the sentence or stuston where you found Its core), Write another sanence of you ovtn that uses the word. Include sy common colocation See the Word Partners bowasin tis book forsxamples of colocatons) Common affixes ‘Some words contain sn ffx at he start ofthe word fore andor tthe end sue. These atfxes can be useful for gvesing the meaning of unfamlar words and for expanding your vocabulary. general, a pra afects the ‘mooning of word, horeos a affix offocta fe part of apooch. (B00 the Werd Lnk bowen this bok or Specie examples) Prefix Meaning Example Sutfix Parte Speech Example an together wth connected able adjecve comiotabie of rot dasppos at aajctie ‘00a im ot Impasse ‘noa/ence noun sanos. experiance cs ate predet ae ver cakalale back aga flu a aaectio crowded ies ot usa ont adectie como iru aver, preessor ‘y agectie iccess % oun acteny y sae senstantyTips for Writing What is a sentence? A semtence is a grup of words tht expresses ania, Santenoas barn with capital eters and end with aunctution ‘marks such a pelos (question mars (2) and exclamation pins) A sentence must have atleast one sujet fand one verb Most sertonces algo include cer words such as adjectives Jagat, adverbs constant, prepositions lvougrout, and ernecing wores nd ver connecting word preposition le T china has the wor largest ethnic group and the mest common language on the planet. aa subject ecto Proofreading tips Capitalization Remember to capt the folowing tems: + the fest ete of the word tthe beginning of every sentence * proper names suchas names of peeps, googranhical names, company rams, and names of organizations. Says, months, and holidays the word the frst eter of aie such asthe tle of movie ora book the words in tiles that have meaning (canent werd eg. Living onthe Edbe. Don't cape a an, the, anc, cor prepostions such as fo of fom ain and on unless tey rete ist word ft. Punctuation ‘Remember hase res: ‘+ Uso.8 uoston mark (tthe end of every quoston. iso a pov () the end of ary sentence thats ‘ota question, + ©xclamation marks) which ndcatestong felngs such as suprise or oy, are general not used in cade wting + Use commas ()o seperate a Ist of three or mors things. (Tay travel hough dangerous lands, encounter ‘wid animas, and expenence extreme stuatons) += Use a comma belore a combining werd (oordnating conjunction —ane, but, 0, yt or and nar—tha ons two sontonces.(Fueros was worried about see trl eggs, 80 she got help rom focal angers) + Use an apostrophe (for showing possession. (Oni Baumgartner’ specie sut protected him rom tase danger) Other Proofreading Tips: ‘Read your sertances out lou. Use your frger ora pan o pein to each werd as you read “+ Have someone 0 162d your senienogs and give comments ask you questions. “+ When your cormputrsepel-check suggests a corraction, check t before you accept the change + Remembor to pay attention othe folowing tems: short words such as, and, but, 0 fo, fom, an = speling of proper nouns nurs an dates + Keep a st of speling anc grammar mistakes that you commeriy make 80 that you can be aware ‘of them as you et your dra. ‘Wate out for werd that ae sila: + ter, he, ana theyre + woes andwho® + nto and ight + teanaits war wear wete andwore + affctandeect + by buy andbye | then and han {trough and svew { jourendyoure| + gut quet endqute¢ Weck arcneck Seiten ana woCommon signal phrases Giving reasons ‘Aiding information Giving an opinion Tiss because) eo, Ini opion, (ne reason fr ths In adn, nko that The main reason Fray ote that Ansar reasons Coordinating conjunctions CCoordrting corunctons connect independ clauees ‘coorainating Purpot Conjunction Example ‘wadttinormation and | pos en Faabook once aay, and I post on Fees onc a week tostowcontast but nee post on Pret, but past a ton Tt, togiwachaco | canseed ha phot by emal, orl can positon Facebook tosrovreaut Cmte change ie meting Act co, othe par bor! habia i asppowring, Grammar Reference Unit 1 Language for Writing: Simple Prosont Tens: of 89 and Other Verbs ‘Affirmative Statements with Be cues ‘Subject___Am/Are/Is__ Noun, Adjective, Prepositional Phrase 1 am ‘a stucent exces at work | You we We They He s a stucont = sho | eet | wn a ‘awotsie great nthe table ‘Affirmative Statements with Other Verbs ‘Subject ‘Verb ‘Spelling Ful 1 Ike Priest. Use the base form of a verb with you, wo, have a opto. fand they. For most verbs, use te base form study in the evenings. | + with he, she, andi You use Facebook, We lve on Main Stost. They study in the tary He loves Tagged ‘Some vers are regular. You do not use the She hae a tebe ‘base form + -2 wth he. sho, and studies aisrcss8, do—does —have—has go—goes, looks greet aver ends in, drop the -y and ad ies. 164 | InogPenDenr sruoeNT HANoROOKUnit 2 Language for Writing: Simo Present Negative of Be and Other Verbs ‘Subject Am/Are/ie 1 ‘am not Yu singular er plural | are not ipa Wie aren't ee i | | alone He le not Pa She fant ® take risks, doesnot Sno doesn't Unit 3 [Language for Writing: Comparatve Forme of Acecives anc Nouns Example ‘The subways faster than the bus, “The tran is nlegr than the subway. [Wn two eae aoctvos ena n-x dap the and od ir Aaiectve ‘Comparative form | Example — [ier Now York is Busier than San Franco. rtor “The bus dirtier than the subway. ‘ity [TAatective | Comparative fm | Example crowded mete crowded |The Wain more erowded than the subway. cere ree expense | Their more expensive an the sy INDEPENDENT STUDENT HANDBOOK | 185Unit 7 Language for Writing: Simple Pas of Bo ard Oor Verbs ‘Was / Were aoe ‘You (singular or plural) | were We They He was she t Verb Noun, Adjective, Prepositional Phrase ‘a toachor / teachers. excites, inoue, ‘an iventor talented in London, xcting fon tha paws. ‘Spelling Fules You we Invented something TY | ved in Now Yor He met a famous inventor She ‘row up in a small town, |Add -00 tothe base frm of a regular ver to form the Simple pest. Acs -d tha verb already ends in-2 invent-invented —_tive-lived For verbs that end in consonant +, drop the -y and ad ioc, study—studied For mast verbs that end in consonant + vowel + ‘consonant, double the final consonant ancl added. "Some verbe have irregular ecoma—became ‘ind—foune put—put bagin—bogan forget—trgot | tesd—read bulld—buit | g0t—gor say—sald bbuy—bougnt | ave—aev0 see-saw come—came 90— went spond spent cod havea take—tcok craw drew hear—heard teach—taught eat—ato know—bnew think—thought painipeaairoer make—nade understand understood ‘aot | meet—met wrte—wTois