(JEE For You) - MAHA Formula Book - 29th Jan

Anuj Mishra
B.Tech - IIT Kanpur (Mechanical Engineering)
15+ years Te a c h in g e xp e rie n c e

Interned at IIM, IISc Bengaluru ,
NTU Singapore
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Stoichiometry
Mass of one atom of element

Relative atomic mass (R.A.M) = = Total Number of nucleons
1 x mass of one carbon atom
12
Stoichiometry
Y- map
Number Volume at STP
Mole
Mass
Stoichiometry
density of the substance

Density
Specific gravity =
density of water at 4 0 C
Stoichiometry
For gases
Molar mass of the gas

⇒ ρ = PM
Absolute density (mass/volume) = RT
Molar volume of the gas
Stoichiometry
For gases
dgas PM gas/RT Mgas Mgas Mgas = 2 V.D.

Vapour density V.D. = = = =
dH2 PMH2s/RT MH2 2
Stoichiometry
Mole - mole analysis
÷At.wt. / Mol. Wt Mole - mole

Mass Mole relationship Mole
of equation
x 22.4 lt
x mol. wt./At. wt.
Mass Volume
at STP
Stoichiometry
Concentration terms
w x 1000
Molarity (M) ∴ Molarity (M) =
(Mol wt of solute) x V in ml
Stoichiometry
Molarity (m)
number of moles of solute

Molarity = X 1000 = 1000 w 1 / M1 w 2
mass of solvent in gram
Stoichiometry
Molarity fraction (x)
n
∴ Mole of fraction of solution (x1) =
n+N
N
∴ Mole of fraction of solution (x2) =
n+N
x1 + x2 = 1
Stoichiometry
% Calculation
mass of solute in gm
(i) % w/w = X 100
mass of solution in gm
mass of solute in gm
(ii) % w/v = X 100
mass of solution in ml
Volume of solute in ml
(iii) % w/w = X 100
Volume of solution
Stoichiometry
Derive the following conversation
x2ρ x 1000
1. Mole fraction of solute into molarity of solution M =
x1 M1 + M2 x2
MM1 x 1000
2. Mole in to mole fraction x2 =
ρ x 1000 - MM2
x2 x 1000
3. Mole fraction into molarity m =
x1 M1
Stoichiometry
Derive the following conversation
mM 1
4. Mole into mole fraction x2 =
1000 + mM 1
mρ x 1000
5. Mole into molarity M =
1000 + mM2
Stoichiometry
Average/Mean atomic mass
a1x1 + a2x2 + ….. + anxn

Ax =
100
Stoichiometry
Mean molar or molecular mass
n1M1 + n2M2 + ….. + nnMn Σ n jMj

j= 1
Mavg = or Mavg =
n1 + n2 + nn j= n
Σ nj
j= 1
Stoichiometry
Calculation of individual oxidation number
Oxidation Number = number of electrons in the valence shell - number of

Formula
electrons left after bonding
Stoichiometry
Concept of Equivalent weight/Mass
Atomic weight
For elements, equivalent weight (E) =
Valency - factor
M
For acid/base, E = Where M = Molar mass
Basicity / Acidity
M
For O.R/R.A, E=
no. of moles of e - gained / lost
Stoichiometry
Concept of Equivalent weight/Mass
Atomic or molecular weight

Equivalent weight (E) = (v.f. = valency factor)
v.f.
Stoichiometry
Concept of number of equivalents
Wt W W
No. of equivalents of solute = = =
Eq. wt . E M/n
No. of equivalents of solute = No. of moles of solute x V.f.

Stoichiometry
Normality (N)
Number of equivalents of solute

Normality (N) =
Volume of solution (in litres)
Normality = Molarity x v.f.

Stoichiometry
Calculation of valency Factor
n-factor of acid = basicity = no. of H+ ion(s) furnished per molecule of the acid.
n-factor of base = acidity = no. of OH- ion(s) furnished by the base per molecule.
Stoichiometry
At equivalence point
N1 V1 = N2 V2
n1 M 1 V 1 = n2 M 2 V 2
Stoichiometry
Volume strength of H 2 O2
20 V H 2O2 means one litre of this sample of H 2O2 on decomposition gives 20 lt . of

O2 gas at S.T.P.
Stoichiometry
Volume strength of H 2 O2
Volume, strength of H 2O2

Normality of H 2O2 (M) =
5.6
Volume, strength of H 2O2

Molarity of H 2O2 (M) =
11.2
Stoichiometry
Measurement of Hardness
mass of CaCO3
Hardness in ppm = X 10 6
Total mass of water
Stoichiometry
Calculation of available chlorine from a sample of bleaching powder
3.55 x X x V (mL)
% of Cl2 =
W(g)
where X = molarity of hypo solution and v = mL. of hypo solution used in titration .
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Atomic Structure
4kZe 2
Estimation of closest distance of approach (derivation) of α-particle: R=
m αVα
2
The radius of a nucleus: R = R0 (A)1/3 cm
Planck’s Quantum Theory: Energy of one photon = hv = hc

λ
Atomic Structure
1
Photoelectric effect: hv = hv0 + m e v2
2
Atomic Structure
Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen like atoms
1. mvr = n h (Quantization of angular momentum)

2π
E1 z2 z2
2. En = - z2 = 2.178 x 10 -18 J/atom = 13.6 eV
n2 n2 n2
Atomic Structure
Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen like atoms
n2 0.529 x n2 Å
3. rn = x
Z Z
-2πe2 2.18 x 10 6 x z
4. v = = m/s
nh n
Atomic Structure
De- Brogile wavelength
λ= h = h (for photon)
mc p
Atomic Structure
Wavelength of emitted photon
1 1 1
= ⊽ = Rz2 -
λ
n21 n22
Atomic Structure
No. of photons emitted by a sample of H atom
Δn (Δn + 1)
2
Atomic Structure
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
h h h
Δx . Δp > or mΔx . Δv ≥ or Δx . Δv ≥
4π 4π 4π
Atomic Structure
Quantum Numbers
1. Principal quantum number (n) = 1, 2, 3, 4 ….. to ∞.
1. Orbital angular momentum of electron in any orbit = nh

2π
1. Azimuthal quantum number (l) = 0, 1, …. to (n - 1).
Atomic Structure
Quantum Numbers
4. Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2l + 1.
4. Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell = 2 (2l + 1).
h √l(l + 1) = ħ √l(l + 1)
4. Orbital angular momentum L =
2π ħ= h
2π
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure
Gaseous State
Temperature Scale
C- O K - 273 F - 32 R - R(O)
= = = where R = Temp. on unknown
100 - 0 373 - 273 212 - 32 R(100 ) - R(O) scale
Gaseous State
Boyle’s law and measurement of pressure
1
At constant temperature, Vα
P
P 1 V1 = P 2 V2
Gaseous State
Charles law
V1 V2
At constant pressure, V α T or =
T1 T2
Gaseous State
Gay- lussac’s law
At constant volume, PαT
P1 P2
= ➝ temp on absolute scale
T1 T2
Gaseous State
Ideal gas Equation
PV = nRT
w d
PV = RT or P= RT or Pm = dRT
m m
Gaseous State
Dalton’s law of partial pressure
n1RT n2RT n3RT

P1 = , P = , P3 = and so on.
2
v v v
Total pressure = P1 + P2 + P3 + …..
Partial pressure = mole fraction x Total pressure

Gaseous State
Amagat’s law of partial Volume
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + ….
Gaseous State
Average molecular mass of gaseous mixture
Total mass of mixture

Mmix =
Total no. of moles in mixture
n 1 M 1 + n2 M 2 + n 3 M 3
=
n1 + n2 + n3
Gaseous State
Graham’s Law
1
Rate of diffusion r α ; d = density of gas
√d
r1 √d 2 √M2 √V.D2
= = =
r2 √d 1 √M1 V.D1
Gaseous State
Kinetic Theory of Gases
1
PV = mN U 2 Kinetic equation of gases
3
1
Average K.E. for one mole = NA mN U 2
2
3 3
= KNA T = RT
2 2
Gaseous State
➔ Root mean square speed
√3RT
Urms = molar mass must be in g/mole
M
➔ Average speed
Uavg = U1 + U2 + U3 + ………….. UN
√8RT √8RT
Uavg = = K is Boltzmann constant
πm πm
Gaseous State
➔ Most probable speed
√2RT √2KT
UMPS = =
M m
Gaseous State
Van der waals equation
an2
P+ (v - nb) = nRT
v2
Gaseous State
Critical constants
Vc = 3b,
a
Pc =
27b2
8a
Tc =
27Rb
Gaseous State
Van der waal equation in virial form
b b2 b3 a 1 a b2 b3
Z = 1+ + + + …………
. - = 1+ b - + + + ……
Vm V2 m V3 m Vm RT Vm RT Vm 2 Vm 3
Gaseous State
Reduced equation of state
3
Pr + (3Vr - 1) = 8 Tr
V2 r
Gaseous State
Gaseous State
Gaseous State
Gaseous State
Gaseous State
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics processes
Isothermal process
T = constant
dT = 0
ΔT = 0
Thermodynamics
Isochoric process
V = constant
dV = 0
ΔV = 0
Thermodynamics
Isobaric process
P = constant
dP = 0
ΔP = 0
Thermodynamics
Adiabatic process
q=0
or heat exchange with the surrounding = 0 (zero)

Thermodynamics
IUPAC sign convention about Heat and Work
Work done on the system = Positive
Work done by the system = Negative

Thermodynamics
1st Law of Thermodynamics
△U = (U2 - U1) = q + w
Thermodynamics
Law of equipartition of energy
U = f/2 nRT (only for ideal gas)
△E = f/2 nR (△T)
w here f = degree of freedom for that gas.

(Translational + Rotational)
f = 3 for monoatomic
f = 5 for diatomic or linear polyatomic
f = 6 for non-linear polyatomic
Thermodynamics
Calculation of heat (q)
Total heat capacity
△q dq
CT = = = J/0C
△T dT
Thermodynamics
Molar heat capacity
△q dq
C= = = Jmole -1 K-1
n△T ndT
ƔR R
CP = CV =
Ɣ- 1 Ɣ- 1
Thermodynamics
Specific heat capacity (s)
△q dq
S= = = Jgm -1 K-1
m△T mdT
Thermodynamics
Isothermal Reversible expansion/compression of an ideal gas
W = -nRT In (Vf /Vi)

Thermodynamics
Reversible and irreversible isochoric processes
Since dV = 0
So dW = -P ext . dV = 0
Thermodynamics
Reversible isochoric processes
W = P (V f - Vi)
Thermodynamics
Adiabatic reversible expansion
⇒ T2V2 Ɣ-1 = T1 V1 Ɣ-1

Thermodynamics
Reversible Work
P2V2 - P1V1
W=
Ɣ- 1
nR (T2 - T1)
=
Ɣ- 1
Thermodynamics
Irreversible Work
P2V2 - P1V1
W=
Ɣ- 1
nR (T2 - T1)
= nCV (T2 - T1 )
Ɣ- 1
P 1 V1 P 2 V2
= P ext (V2 - V1 ) and use =
T1 T2
Thermodynamics
Free expansion - Always going to be irreversible and since P ext =0
so dW = -Pext .dV = 0
If n. Heat is supplied q = 0
then △E = 0 so △T = 0
Thermodynamics
Always of 1st Law
△U = △Q + △W ⇒ △W = -P△V
∴ △U = △Q - P△V
Thermodynamics
Constant volume process
Heat given at constant volume = change in internal energy
∴ du = (dq)v
du = nCVdT
1 . du f
CV = = R
n dT 2
Thermodynamics
Constant Pressure Process
H = Enthalpy (state function and extensive property)

H = U + PV
⇒ CP - CV = R (only for ideal gas)

Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
ΔS universe = ΔS system + ΔS surrounding > 0 for a spontaneous process
Entropy (S) :
B
ഽ
ΔS = dq rev
system
T
A
Thermodynamics
Entropy calculation for an ideal gas undergoing a process
State A irr State B

P 1 , V1 , T1 ΔS irr P 2 , V2 , T2
T2 V2
ΔS system = ncvln + nR ln (only for an ideal gas)
T1 V1
Thermodynamics
Third law of thermodynamics
The entropy of perfect crystals of all pure elements and compounds is zero at the abso
zero
Thermodynamics
Gibb’s free energy (G) (state function and an extensive property)
G system = H system - TS system

Thermodynamics
Criteria of spontaneity
I. If ΔG system is (-ve) < 0 ⇒ process is spontaneous

II. If ΔG system is > 0 ⇒ process is non spontaneous
III. If ΔG system = 0 system is at equilibrium
Thermodynamics
Physical interpretation of ΔG
⟶ the maximum amount of non -expansional (compression) work which can be

performed
∆G = dw non-exp = dH - Tds
Thermodynamics
Standard free energy change (ΔG 0 )
1. ΔG0 = -2.303 RT log 10 K

2. At equilibrium ΔG = 0 V2
3. The decrease in free energy (-ΔG) is given as -ΔG = W net = 2.303 nRT log 10
4. ΔGf0 for elemental state = 0 V1
5. ΔGf0 = G0 products - G0 Reactants
Thermodynamics
Thermochemistry
Change in standard enthalpy = ΔH 0 m.2 - H 0 m.1
= heat added at constant pressure = CP ΔT

Thermodynamics
Thermochemistry
Change in standard enthalpy = ΔH 0 m.2 - H 0 m.1
If H products > H reactants

➔ Reactions should be endothermic as w e have to give extra heat to reactants
to get these converted into products
And if H products < H reactants
Thermodynamics
Thermochemistry
➔ Reaction will be exothermic as extra heat content

of reactants will be released during the reaction:
ΔH reaction = H products - H reactants
➔ ΔH 0 reaction = H 0 products - H 0 reactants

= positive - endothermic
= negative - exothermic
Thermodynamics
Temperature Dependence of ΔH :
(Kirchoff’s equation)
For a constant volume reaction
ΔH 20 = ΔH 10 + ΔCP (T2 - T1)
Where ΔC P = CP (products) - Cp(reactants)
For a constant volume reaction
ഽΔCv .dT
ΔE20 = ΔE10 +
Thermodynamics
Enthalpy of reaction from Enthalpies of formation
The enthalpy of reaction can be calculated by
ΔH f0 = Σ VB ΔH f0 Products - Σ VB ΔH ft 0 Reactants
VB is the stoichiometric coefficient

Thermodynamics
Enthalpy of reaction from bond Enthalpies
Enthalpy required to Enthalpy released to

ΔH = break reactants into - form products from
gaseous atoms the gaseous atoms
Thermodynamics
Resonance Energy
ΔH 0 = ΔH 0 f experimental - ΔH 0 f calculated
= ΔH 0 c calculated - ΔH 0 c experimental
Chemical Equilibrium
At equilibrium
● Rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction

● Concentration (mole/litre) of reactant and product
becomes constant
● ΔG = 0
● Q = Keq
Equilibrium Constant (K)
K= Rate constant of forward reaction Kf

=
Rate constant of backward reaction Kb
Equilibrium Constant in terms of concentration (K c)
Kf [C]c [D] d
= Kc =
Kb [A] a [B] b
Equilibrium Constant in terms of partial pressure (K p)
[PC] c [PD] d
Kp =
[PA ] a [PB] b
Equilibrium Constant in terms of mole fraction (K x)
xCc xDd
Kx =
x A a x Bb
Relation Between K p & Kc
Kp = Kc.(RT)Δn
Relation Between K p & Kx
Kp = Kx.(P)Δn
K2 ΔH 1 1
log = - ; ΔH = Enthalpy of reaction
K1 2.303 R T1 T2
Relation between equilibrium constant &

standard free energy change
ΔGO = - 2.303 RT log K

Reaction Quotient (Q)
[C]c [D] d
The values of expression Q =
[A] a [B] b
Degree of Dissociation ( α)
α = no. of moles dissociated/initial no.of moles taken

= fraction of moles dissociated out of mole
Note: % dissociation = α x 100

Observed molecular weight and observed

vapour density of the mixture:
Observed molecular weight of A n (g) =
molecular weight of equilibrium mixture
Total no of moles
D-d MT - MO
α= =
(n- 1) x d (n- 1)M O
External factor affecting equilibrium
Le Chatelier's Principle
● If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a

disturbance or stress that changes any of
the factors that determine the state of
equilibrium, the system will react in such a
way as to minimize the effect of the
disturbance.
Effect of concentration
● If the concentration of reactant is increased

at equilibrium then reaction shift in the
forward direction .
● If the concentration of product is increased
then equilibrium shifts in the backward
direction
Effect of volume
● If volume is increased pressure decreases

hence reaction will shift in the direction in
which pressure increases that is in the
direction in which number of moles of
gases increases and vice versa.
Effect of volume
● If volume is increased then, for

Δn > 0 reaction will shift in the forward
direction
Δn < 0 reaction w ill shift in the backw ard
direction
Δn = 0 reaction w ill not shift.
Effect of Pressure
● If pressure is increased at equilibrium then

reaction will try to decrease the pressure,
hence it will shift in the direction in which
less no. of moles of gases are formed.
Effect of inert gas addition
● Constant pressure
If inert gas is added then to maintain the
pressure constant, volume is increased.
Hence equilibrium will shift in the direction
in which larger no. of moles of gas is
formed
Δn > 0 reaction will shift In the forward
direction
Δn < 0 reaction w ill shift in the backw ard
direction
Δn = 0 reaction w ill not shift.
Effect of inert gas addition
● Constant volume
Inert gas addition has no effect at constant
volume.
Effect of Temperature
Equilibrium constant is only dependent upon

the temperature
If plot of l nk vs 1/T is plotted then its a straight
line w ith slope =

And intercept =
● For endothermic (ΔH > 0) reaction, value

of equilibrium constant increases w ith the
rise in temperature
● For exothermic (ΔH < 0) reaction, value of

equilibrium constant decreases w ith
increase in temperature.
● For ΔH > 0, reaction shifts in the forward

direction w ith increase in temperature
● For ΔH < 0, reaction shifts in the backw ard

direction w ith increases in temperature.
● If the concentration of reactant is increased

at equilibrium then reaction shift in the
forward direction.
● If the concentration of product is increased

then equilibrium shifts in the backward
direction
Vapour Pressure of Liquid
Partial pressure of H 2O vapours

Relative Humidity =
Vapour pressure of H 2Oat that temp.
Thermodynamics of equilibrium
ΔG = ΔG 0 + 2.303 RT log 10 Q
Vant Hoff Equation
ΔG = ΔG 0 + 2.303 RT log 10 Q
Ionic Equilibrium
Ostwald Dilution Law
Dissociation constant of weak acid (K a)

Ionic Equilibrium
Dissociation constant of weak acid (K a)
If α << 1 , then
Ionic Equilibrium
Acidity & pH scale
pH = -loga H+ , (where aH+ is the activity of

H+ ions = molar concentration for dilute
solution).
Ionic Equilibrium
Acidity & pH scale
[Note : pH can also be negative or > 14]

Ionic Equilibrium
Properties of Water
● In pure water [H +] = [OH - ] so is

neutral
● Moler concentration/molarity of water
= 55.56 M
Ionic Equilibrium
Properties of Water
● Ionic product of water(K w )

Ionic Equilibrium
Properties of Water
● Degree of dissociation of water

Ionic Equilibrium
pH Calculations of Different Types of Solutions
(a) Strong acid solution:

Ionic Equilibrium
(b) Strong base solution:
Using similar method as in part (a) calculate first [OH - ] and then use [H +] x [OH - ] = 10 -14
Ionic Equilibrium
(c) pH of mixture of two strong acids:

Ionic Equilibrium
(d) pH of mixture of two strong bases

Ionic Equilibrium
(e) pH of mixture of a strong acid and a strong base:

Ionic Equilibrium
(f) pH of a weak acid (monoprotic) solution:

Ionic Equilibrium
(g) pH of a solution of polyprotic weak acid:

Relative strength of Two acids:
Ionic Equilibrium
(h) pH of a mixture of two weak acid (both monoprotic) solutions:

Ionic Equilibrium
If water is again considered third weak acid in solution of two weak acid then
Ionic Equilibrium
(i) pH of a mixture of weak acid (monoprotic) and strong acid solution

Ionic Equilibrium
If a strong acid of low conc. is added in water then [H +] of solution can be calculated as
Salt Hydrolysis
Salt Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis of polyvalent anions or cations

Salt Hydrolysis
Generally pH is calculated using the first step of hydrolysis

Salt Hydrolysis
Generally pH is calculated using the first step of hydrolysis

Salt Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis of amphiprotic anion.

Cation is not hydrolysed e.g. NaHCO 3, NaHS, etc
Salt Hydrolysis
Similarly for H 2PO4- & HPO 42- amphiprotic anions

Salt Hydrolysis
Salt Hydrolysis
Buffer solution
Acidic Buffer
CH3COOH and CH 3COONa
(weak acid and salt of its conjugate base)
Henderson equation
Buffer solution
Basic Buffer
NH 4OH+ NH 4Cl
(weak base and salt of its conjugate acid)
Buffer capacity index
Basic Buffer
NH 4OH+ NH 4Cl
Indicator
Basic Buffer
NH 4OH+ NH 4Cl
Significance of Indicators
Extent of reaction of different bases with acid (HCl) using two indicators
Isoelectric Point
Solubility product
Condition for precipitation
Electrochemistry
Electrode Potential
● For any electrode ⟶ oxidation potential = - Reduction potential

● Ecell= R.P of cathode - R.P of anode
● Ecell = R.P. of cathode + O.P of anode
● Ecell is alw ays a +ve quantity & Anode w ill be electrode of low R.P
● Ecell= SRP of cathode - SRP of anode.
Greater the SRP value greater will be oxidising power.

Gibbs free Energy change
Nernst Equation
Where Q is reaction quotient

Nernst Equation
For an electrode M(s)/M n+

Nernst Equation
For all concentration cell E 0

cell =0
Nernst Equation
For an electrode M(s)/M n+

Different types of electrodes
Calculation of different thermodynamics function of cell reaction

Calculation of different thermodynamics function of cell reaction

Electrolysis
Electrolysis
Similarly the anion which is stronger reducing agent

(low value of SRP) is liberated first at the anode
Faraday’s law of electrolysis
Condition for simultaneous deposition of Cu & Fe at Cathode

Conductance
Conductance
Conductance
Conductance
Kohlrausch’s Law
Kohlrausch ’s Law
Kohlrausch ’s Law
Kohlrausch’s Law
Kohlrausch’s Law
Kohlrausch ’s Law
Kohlrausch ’s Law
Solution & Colligative Properties
Osmotic Pressure
● π = ⍴gh
w here ⍴ = density of soln.,
h = equilibrium height
Vant - Hoff Formula
● π = CST
π = CRT = n/V RT (just like ideal gas equation)
Vant - Hoff Formula
π = CRT = n/V RT (just like ideal gas equation)

C = total conc. Of all types of particles
= C1 + C2 + C3 + …..
Vant - Hoff Formula
If V 1 mL of C1 conc. + V2 mL of C2 conc. are mixed

Types of solution
Isotonic Solution
Two solutions having same O.P

π1 = π 2 (at same temp.)
Types of solution
Hyper tonic
If π1 > π 2
1 st solution is hypertonic solution w .r.t 2 nd solution
Types of solution
Hypotonic
2 nd solution is hypotonic w.r.t 1 st solution

Abnormal Colligative Properties
In case of association or dissociation

Vant Hoff Correction Factor (i)
In case of association or dissociation

Vant Hoff Correction Factor (i)
i > 1 ⇒ dissociation
i < 1 ⇒ association
Relation between i & α (degree of dissociation)
i = 1 + ( n - 1) α
Where, n = x + y
Relation between β & i

Relative lowering of vapour pressure (RLVP)
Relative lowering in vapour pressure

Raoult ’s Law
For non - volatile solutes
Experimentally relative lowering in V.P =

mole fraction of the non volatile solute in
solution
Raoult’s Law
M = molar mass of solvent

Raoult’s Law
Raoult ’s Law
Where X 1 is the mole fraction of

the solvent (liquid)
(ii) An alternate form ⟶

Ostwald - Walker Method
Experimental or lab determination of

Ostwald - Walker Method
Elevation in Boiling Point

Depression in Freezing Point
Raoult’s Law for Binary (Ideal) Mixture of Volatile liquids
Raoult’s Law for Binary (Ideal) Mixture of Volatile liquids
X’A = mole fraction of A in vapour about the liquid/

solution
X’B = mole fraction of B
Graphical Representation
Ideal Solutions (mixtures)
Mixtures which follow Raoult's law at all temperature

Ideal Solutions (mixtures)
Mixtures which follow Raoult's law at all temperature

Non ideal Solutions
Non ideal Solutions
Non ideal Solutions
Non ideal Solutions
Negative Deviation
Non ideal Solutions
Negative Deviation
Non ideal Solutions
Non ideal Solutions
Immiscible Liquids
Immiscible Liquids
B.P of solution is less than the individual

B.P.’s of both the liquids.
Henry Law
This law deals with dissolution of gas in liquid

i.e. mass of any gas dissolved in any solvent
per unit volume is proportional to pressure of
gas in equilibrium with liquid.
Solid state
Classification of Crystal into Seven System

Solid state
Solid state
Solid state
Solid state
Solid state
Solid state
Solid state
Solid state
Solid state
Solid state
Crystal Defects
Chemical Kinetics & Radio Activity
Periodic table & Periodicity
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Coordination Compounds
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
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Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
s- Block Elements & their Compounds
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Properties
Anomalous Properties of Lithium
Group 2 elements: Alkaline Earth Metals
Hydration Enthalpies
Physical Properties
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Properties
Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium
Hydration Enthalpies
Compounds of S Block elements
p - Block Elements
Group 13 Elements : Boron Family
Boron (B)
Some Important Reactions of Boron & its compounds
Some Important Reactions of Boron & its compounds
p - Block Elements
p - Block Elements
Group 14 Elements : Carbon Family
p - Block Elements
Anomalous Behaviour of Carbon
Allotropes of Carbon
Allotropes of Carbon
p - Block Elements
Some important reactions of CO, CO 2 & Metal Carbides
Classification of Silicates
Two dimensional sheets silicates
Three dimensional sheets silicates
Silicones
Silicones
Silicones
Silicones
Silicones
Compounds of Lead
Compounds of Tin
Group 15 Elements : Nitrogen Family
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Anomalous properties of Nitrogen
Properties of Hydrides of Group 15 elements
Nitrogen (N) & its compounds
Nitrogen (N) & its compounds
Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of Nitrogen
Phosphorus & its Compounds
Oxoacids of Phosphorus
Group 16 elements : Oxygen Family
Oxygen (O 2) & its Compounds
Oxygen (O 2) & its Compounds
Oxo- acids of Sulphur
Group 17 elements : The Halogen Family
Oxidation states & trends in chemical reactivity
Group 18 Elements : The Zero Group Family
Clatherate Compounds
d Block Elements & Their Compounds
Different oxidation states of transition series
Characteristics of Oxides & some Ions of V & Cr
Standard electrode potentials
Electrode potentials
Formation of Coloured Ions
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Properties
d block Metal compounds
Hydrated copper sulphur (CuSO 4, 5H 2O)
Silver nitrate ( AgNO 3)
Potassium Permanganate (KMnO 4)
Potassium Permanganate (KMnO 4)
Potassium dichromate (K 2CrO7)
Potassium dichromate (K 2CrO7)
Qualitative Analysis
Charcoal Cavity Test

Cobalt Nitrate Test

Flame Test
Borax Bead Test

Analysis of ANIONS (Acidic Radicals)
Miscellaneous Group
Miscellaneous Group
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
Analysis of Cations
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Mass of one atom of element

density of the substance

Molar mass of the gas

dgas PM gas/RT Mgas Mgas Mgas = 2 V.D.

Mole - mole analysis

÷At.wt. / Mol. Wt Mole - mole

number of moles of solute

Molarity fraction (x)

Derive the following conversation

Derive the following conversation

Average/Mean atomic mass

a1x1 + a2x2 + ….. + anxn

Mean molar or molecular mass

n1M1 + n2M2 + ….. + nnMn Σ n jMj

Calculation of individual oxidation number

Oxidation Number = number of electrons in the valence shell - number of

Concept of Equivalent weight/Mass

Concept of Equivalent weight/Mass

Atomic or molecular weight

Concept of number of equivalents

No. of equivalents of solute = No. of moles of solute x V.f.

Number of equivalents of solute

Normality = Molarity x v.f.

Calculation of valency Factor

20 V H 2O2 means one litre of this sample of H 2O2 on decomposition gives 20 lt . of

Volume, strength of H 2O2

Volume, strength of H 2O2

Calculation of available chlorine from a sample of bleaching powder

The radius of a nucleus: R = R0 (A)1/3 cm

Planck’s Quantum Theory: Energy of one photon = hv = hc

Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen like atoms

1. mvr = n h (Quantization of angular momentum)

Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen like atoms

De- Brogile wavelength

Wavelength of emitted photon

No. of photons emitted by a sample of H atom

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle

1. Principal quantum number (n) = 1, 2, 3, 4 ….. to ∞.

1. Orbital angular momentum of electron in any orbit = nh

4. Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2l + 1.

4. Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell = 2 (2l + 1).

Boyle’s law and measurement of pressure

Gay- lussac’s law

At constant volume, PαT

Ideal gas Equation

Dalton’s law of partial pressure

n1RT n2RT n3RT

Total pressure = P1 + P2 + P3 + …..

Partial pressure = mole fraction x Total pressure

Amagat’s law of partial Volume

Average molecular mass of gaseous mixture

Total mass of mixture

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Kinetic Theory of Gases

➔ Root mean square speed

Kinetic Theory of Gases

➔ Most probable speed

Van der waals equation