Hoe P. W. D. HANDBOOK CHAPTER 18 HYDRAULICS M. S, PATTIHAL 1983P. W. D. HANDBOOK First Epirio : -. 1876 SecoND Eprmion 1877 ‘Tuo Epmon <2 1883 Fourt# Epinions s+ 3887 ‘Furr Epox ++ 1896 SomEpmon «6 Seventa Epirion +. 1922 Ergun Eamon. ss 1931 NintH Epiios -. 1949 ‘Tent Epirion—Cuarrer 18. 1983, This Chapter of the tenth edition is edited by the Director, Maharashtra Engineering, Research Institute, Nashik 422.004, on behalf of Government of Maharashtra, Editorial Staff: Shri P. K, Nagarkar, C.E. and Director, Shri R. A. Atre, 8. and Joint Director. Shri A. P. Jadhav, Assistant Research Officer. Printed et the Government Central Press, Charni Road Bombay 400 008 Published by the Director, Goverament Printing and Stationery Bombay 400 008PREFACE The P.W.D. Handbook was last revised in 1949 as ninth edition which has been in vogue so far. As most of the material in this Hand- book has become outmoded and. considerable technological develop- ments have taken place since then, it was decided to bring the matter up to date and publish in the form of a new Handbook. The work which was originally being dealt with by a separate unit headed by a Special Officer was subsequently entrusted to the Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nashik for co-ordination and publica- tion. The accompanying list shows chapters of the revised edition assigned for writing to different officers in the Irrigation and Public Works Departments. The original chapter on * Hydraulics’ in the old Handbook was written only in the form of equations but no efforts were made to explain the background, The old chapter could be considered as purely empitical. The modera age demands that an engineer must have his basic concepts clear and he must train his mind adequately to solve engineering problems of the society at large with confidence: The present chapter which has been divided into eleven sections, has taken into consideration the limitations of old chapter, and the mode of writing of the same has been reoriented with the following objectives — It will be advantageous for an engineer to know the fundamentals of hydraulics, based on some important principles. He should analyse both the basic and applied aspect of the problem and should develop his ability to apply the basic principles, experi- mental data and engineering judgement to specific engineering problems. M. S. PATTIHAL P. K, NAGARKAR Executive Engineer Chief Engineer and Minor Irrigation Construction Director, M.E.R.I. Division No, 1, Ahmadnagar ‘Nashik 422 004 January 1983v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR COPYRIGHT PERMISSION lowing material is extracted from Standard Books on Hydrauiles for use in the P. W, D, Handbook Chapter 18 with the permission of authors/publishers. The permission granted is acknowledged. Serial Title of Book Authors Copyright Figures Tables 1 Elements of Hydr- R.K.Linsleyand MoGeaw 11-2 i, ie aulic Engineering, J.B. Franzini. Hill Book 2D, 10-1 Edition 1955, Co. Inc. At & Post New York, USA. 2 Boundary Layer Dr. Hermann Do. Ls Theory, Fition Schlichting. be, d, 1960. ef) 18-1 @ bd) 20-12 3 Open Channel - Ven TeChoue Do. 143, 14.10, 143 Hydraulics, Inter- 14 national Students Edition 1959. 4 Engineering Appti- S.C. Hunsaker Do. 0.11 cations of Fluid and ‘Mechanics B, G. Rightmire 5 Fluid Mechanics, M. Manohar Author / On page Vol. 1, Edition 266. 1963. 6 Fluid Mechanics M.L. Albertson Prentice 7.10, 7.12, 8.2, 9 for Engineers, et. all Halt inc., 7.16, 7.20, Edition 1960, Now York, 9.1, 94 USA, 7 Design of Small US.BR. .. USBR. 189,190, 38 Table on Dams, USBR. 19%, 193, page 367. Edition 1961 194, 243-B, 245, 251-A, 251-B, 249 8 Engineering USBR. .. USBR — 5,7,8,9 11 Monograph t0 15, 17 to No. 25, Edition 19, 22 to 24, 1958. 294 9. The clause numbers and provisions of codes referred on various pages of this chapter have been reproduced with the permission of LS. 1, from Indian Standard No. IS-1343/1960 to which reference is invited for farther detaits.19 vi P.W.D. HANDBOOK (REVISED) Materials Masonry Reinforced concrete construction Prestressed concrete Plastering and pointing Preparation of projects and engineering geology Surveying Excavation Foundations Buildings ‘Town planning Roads C.D. works and bridges Ports and harbours Runways and air-strips Electrical works connected with buildings Soil mechanics Hydraulies Hydrology and water planning Masonry and conerete dams Earth and composite dams Instrumentation Spillways, outlets, gates and hoists Canals Irrigation and irrigation management Soil survey of Hydro-power schemes Construction of tunnels. Sanitary engineering Construction machinery ‘Quality control and safety measures Labour laws Rate analysis Construction planning Part I—Land acquisition, Part 1I—Valuation Mathematical data and miscellaneous information ‘gation command, land drainage and reclamation10 20 30 40 INDEX Pact. Hydrostaties 1.1 Hydrostatic pressure 2 1.2. Relationship between elevation and preseure of a fu element 2 1.3. Pressure reference data... 2 1.4 Pascal's Law 3 1.5. Hydrostatic forces on areas... 4 1.6 Buoyancy forces a Hydraulies of Pipes 21 General . oo a8 22 Relationship between velocity and head loss. ar) 23° ‘Type of flows ; ar) 24 Boundary layer in a pipe 15 2.5 Hydraulically smooth and rough pipes--Nikuradse equation... 16 2.6 Head loss dueto pipe friction uv 2.7. Minor losses in pipe lines, pipe entrance Josses, entrance flow 26 regions in pipes, low with negative pressure. 28 Pipe problems 26 29 Forces acting on pipes : 2 2.10 Choice of valve . = ~ 2 Hydraulics of open channel 31 General x0 3.2 Types of flow 30 3.3 Mannings roughness coefficient. =. 2 2 3.4 Some information about concept of roughness. 2 35. Uniform flow . 1 3.6 Non-uniform flow : : uM 3.7. Free outfall . 37 38 Velocity distribution. 37 3.9. Most efficient cross-section 8 3.10 Specific energy and alternate depth of flow a 8 3.11 Critical depth in non-rectangular sections = 9 3.12 Gradually varied flow . 39 3.13 Hydraulic jump : is 40 3.14 Flow around channel bends : 4 3.15 Unsteady flow ... 5 4 3.16 Flow around submerged objects . 2 Hydraulics of spillways 4.1, General c . 47 42. Location of spillway. 47 43 Types of spillway 147 44 Narrow crested weirs a7 45° Broad crested weirs +49 46 Ogee spillways : . . 340 50 60 70 80 9.0 100 110 120 13.0 149 viii INDEX—coned. Hydraulics of spillways—contd. 4.7 Coeflicent of contraction of piers 5 48 Coelficient of discharge 49 Design head Hydraulics of outlets 5.1 General 52. Layout and components of outlet structure 53. Nature of flow in outlets 5.4. Discharge control with partial operation of gates 5.5 Important points of analysis 5.6. Pressure flow in conduits 5.7 Transition shapes, contraction and expansions 5.8 Terminal structures 5.9 Prototype experience at Gangapur Dam outlet Energy dissipation basin 6.1 Introduction 6.2 General consideration of scour protection 6.3 Hydraulic jump 64 Scour protection below overflow spillvays 6.5 Scour protection below sluice ways 6.6 Residual energy 67 Summary of sillng basin characteristics Mode! experiments and data required for model sues and testing TA General 72 Spillway model experiments 7.3 Hydraulic dats 74. Sediment and bore-hole data 7.5 Drawings and Designs . 7.6 Proposed mode of reservoir regulation 7.7 Cost economies : 7.8. Specific tersns of reference 7.9 Reference to Manuals Prototype observations 8.1 General 8.2 Typical sheet of prototype observations Structural analysis and designs Submersible bridges—Konkan type banderas Structures suitable for hilly areas Structures on permeable foundations = = Silking of reservoirs with respect to various influencing factors in the ‘State of Maharashtra Bibliography Pace 54 58 39 63 6 8 8 67 61 1 n n 4 4 ” 8 80 80 80 93 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 96 7 100 ml U3 16 127ix LIST OF TABLES Stability requirements Types of flows in pipes Values of roughness coefficient "'n” Values and Hazen Wi 1n's coefficient Cit Valves and fittings 5 Outline of methods of solution for pipe problems Properties and types of flows and examples ‘Values of rugesity coefficient Characteristics of surface profiles Drag coefficients for cylinders and flat plates Calculated values of C, for broad crested weirs : Details of upstream and downstream quadrants of ogee spillways Flow through submerged tubes Coefficient of discharge and loss coefficients for conduit entrances Transition loss. co PAGE 7 20 23 26 30 32 36 2 66 68 70