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Earth and Life Science – Grade 11

Learner Activity Sheets
Quarter 1 – Week 4b: Folding and Faulting

First Edition, 2021

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Writer: Diana Rose C. Chua

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Author: Diana Rose C. Chua

School/Station: Cecilia National High School
Division: DepEd – Agusan del Sur
email address: dianarose.cabilin@deped.gov.ph
 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
Earth and Life Science 11, Quarter 1, Week 4b

FOLDING AND FAULTING

Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________

Learning Competency
Explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults
(S11/12ES-Id-22).

Specific Objectives:
1. Describe the types of folding and faulting.
2. Compare and contrast the folding and faulting.
3. Give the importance of folding and faulting.

Time Allotment: 2 hours

Key Concepts
 Earth’s crust or lithosphere is divided into large, rigid pieces called plates. It
is believed that these plates move and is just atop the asthenosphere.
 Plate Tectonics refers to the theory of moving crustal plates in which the
movement of the plates results in deformation. Folding and faulting are the
most common deformation processes. The different types of stress that act
upon rocks play an important role in the movement of plates.
 Folding is the type of Earth’s movement resulting from the compression of
rock because of high temperature and pressure from the interior of Earth.
Bending, curving, crumpling, or buckling of rocks into folds are usually visible
on rock strata. Folding can also happen in oceans and seas.
 Folded rocks are common in mountain ranges like the Alps, Himalayas and
the Scottish Highlands.

Figure 1. The rugged, soaring heights of the Himalayas, Andes, and

Alps are all active fold mountains.
Source:https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/fold-mountain

Author: Diana Rose C. Chua

School/Station: Cecilia National High School
Division: DepEd – Agusan del Sur
email address: dianarose.cabilin@deped.gov.ph
 Kinds of Fold
Folds Description

This the simplest type of

fold. A fold in layered
rock that creates a slight
bend.

Figure 2.1 Monocline Fold

Source:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundam
entals/images/monocline.gif

An anticline is a convex
up fold in rock that
resembles an arch like
structure with the rock
beds (or limbs) dipping
way from the center of
the structure.

Figure 2.2 Anticline Fold. *Usually form

Note how the rock layers dip away from the center of the
fold are roughly symmetrical. mountains, hills or
Source:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamental ridges.
s/images/anticline.gif

A syncline is a fold where

the rock layers are
warped downward. Both
anticlines and synclines
are the result of
compressional stress.

*Usually form valleys.

Figure 2.3 Syncline Fold.
Note how the rock layers dip toward the center of
the fold and are roughly symmetrical.
Source:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundam
entals/images/syncline.gif

Author: Diana Rose C. Chua

School/Station: Cecilia National High School
Division: DepEd – Agusan del Sur
email address: dianarose.cabilin@deped.gov.ph
 More complex fold types
can develop in situations
where lateral pressures
become greater. The
greater pressure results
in anticlines and
synclines that are
inclined and
asymmetrical.
Figure 2.4 Overturned Fold.
The illustration shows two anticline folds which are
inclined. Also note how the beds on either side of the
fold center are asymmetrical.
Source:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundament
als/images/overturned_folds.gif

A recumbent fold
develops if the center of
the fold moves from being
once vertical to a
horizontal position.

*Commonly found in the

core of mountain ranges
and indicate that
Figure 2.5 Recumbent Fold.
Source:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundam compression and/or
entals/images/recumbent_folds.gif shear forces were
stronger in one direction.

 Fault is another type of Earth’s movement. They form cracks or fractures on

the rocks caused by stress. The movement is caused by low temperatures that
make rocks brittle. Instead of folding, rocks break into large chunks.
 These faults are named according to the type of stress that acts on the rock
and by the nature of the movement of the rock blocks either side of the fault
plane.

Types of Fault
Fault Description
Normal faults occur
when tensional forces act
in opposite directions
and cause one slab of the
rock to be displaced up
Figure 3.1 Normal (divergent) Fault and the other slab down.
Source:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundam
entals/images/normal.gif

Author: Diana Rose C. Chua

School/Station: Cecilia National High School
Division: DepEd – Agusan del Sur
email address: dianarose.cabilin@deped.gov.ph
 Reverse faults develop
when compressional
forces exist.
Compression causes one
block to be pushed up
and over the other block.
Figure 3.2 Reverse (convergent) Fault
Source:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundam
entals/images/rerversed.gif

Graben faults is
produced when tensional
stresses result in the
subsidence of a block of
rock. On a large scale
these features are known
Figure 3.3 Graben Fault as Rift Valleys.
Source:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamen
tals/images/graben.gif

A horst fault is the

development of two
reverse faults causing a
block of rock to be
pushed up.

Figure 3.4 Horst Fault

Source:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundam
entals/images/horst.gif

Strike-slip faults are

vertical in nature and are
produced where the
stresses are exerted
parallel to each other. A
well-known example of
this type of fault is the
San Andreas fault in
California.

Figure 3.4 Strike-slip (transform) Fault

Source:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundam
entals/images/transformbound.gif

Author: Diana Rose C. Chua

School/Station: Cecilia National High School
Division: DepEd – Agusan del Sur
email address: dianarose.cabilin@deped.gov.ph
Activities
General Directions: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Activity No. 1. Types of Fault
What you need: pen and paper
What to do:
1. Below are photos of the three main types of fault.
2. Identify which among the photos is said to be normal fault, reverse fault
and stike-slip fault.
3. After identifying, provide a short description for each type of fault.

1. _____________________________ 2. _____________________________ 3. _____________________________

Description: ___________________ Description: ___________________ Description: ___________________
________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________

Activity No. 2. Kinds of Fold

What you need: pen and paper
What to do:
1. Below are photos of the different kinds of fold.
2. Identify which among the photos is said to be monocline fold, anticline fold,
syncline fold, overturned fold and recumbent fold.
3. After identifying, provide a short description for each kind of fold.

Photos Kinds of Fault Description

1.

2.

Author: Diana Rose C. Chua

School/Station: Cecilia National High School
Division: DepEd – Agusan del Sur
email address: dianarose.cabilin@deped.gov.ph
 3.

4.

5.

Activity No. 3. Folding versus Faulting

What you need: pen and paper
What to do:
1. Inside the box contains words and/or statements that will describe folding
and faulting. Organize them in venn diagram to show comparison and
contrast between folding and faulting.
Movement resulting from the compression of rock
Reverse syncline
Results from the movement of plates formed spectacular landscapes
Normal monocline
Form cracks of fractures on the rocks strike slip
Cause natural phenomena anticline
Recumbent overturned

Author: Diana Rose C. Chua

School/Station: Cecilia National High School
Division: DepEd – Agusan del Sur
email address: dianarose.cabilin@deped.gov.ph
Reflection
1. Which of the concepts listed in the table below (that) interest you the most?
The least?
Please put a check mark (/) on the column that corresponds to your answer.
Most Least
Concepts
Interested Interested
Kinds of Fold
a. Monocline fold
b. Anticline fold
c. Syncline fold
d. Overturned fold
e. Recumbent fold
Types of Fault
a. Normal (divergent) fault
b. Reverse (convergent) fault
c. Graben fault
d. Horst fault
e. Strike-slip (transform) fault
Directions: Write your answer in two sentences only in a separate sheet of paper.
2. Did the activities help you to understand the topic? Yes or No. Why?
3. What is the significance of the topic in your life? Why?

References:
Payapaya, RJ. Earth and Life Science Quarter 1-Module 4 pp 1-9, 2020, Published by the
Department of Education-Division of Cagayan de Oro, Fr. William F. Masterson Ave.
Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro

Pidwirny, M. "Crustal Deformation Processes: Folding and Faulting". Fundamentals of

Physical Geography, 2nd Edition. 2009. Accessed June 23, 2021
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10l.html

Author: Diana Rose C. Chua

School/Station: Cecilia National High School
Division: DepEd – Agusan del Sur
email address: dianarose.cabilin@deped.gov.ph