wa ‘the Milky The Solar Syste 1 4,600 million years ago. Its located in the Orion arm of the Milky tepian e bbe divided into an inner system of four small, solid planets made up of materials and 1 of roerpon monorde, Pluto does not Belg any ep bt tiny rack bay at he methane; and ca yetem, Some people think it a giant comet rather than a plane, ts composition is sr come sa conning ee ean nes Dwarf Planets and Plutoids Pluto, which as considered oe a plane snce is covery i 5, va plane on 24 August 2006 bythe nerrationl Aone According he AU, ar planet alle lowing eaters *‘tisi abt around te Sn “Hier ran frit gy 9 over ribolyo foal equilonum neat ound sap hwo cede npbewtesdso + isnot satel fs planet other non stel 6 Twoyeas air coining the term var plants the AU has decided i ar planet smart Piping Whe sl plaster S10." are not pts. Curent, there are five celestial bodies that hve bese 27 as dvar planes, of which four belong tothe subset plutids. Eris Pony HERS) 6) | aa) MokeMake and itaumea have bee clsifed as pti and at go remains in the category dwar planet. The Sun isa giant bal of ot ga, 150 milion kilometers fom the Eath The surface of this burning bal of gas 5: 5500°C with th core reaching an unimaginable 15.6 millon*C. The Sun is so large that you Cel fit ‘one milion Eas inside it. The Sun's internal structure includes the core, radiation sone, convection sore end Photosphere. The turbulence in the photosphereis visible from the eat inthe frm of sunspots, soar lates, prominences and Spal patches of gas called granules, The Sun consumes four milion tonnes of hydrogen every second. Even ca is 40 vast tour sar has enough fuel to keep it shining for another five billion years. Phases of the Moon e ear ee The moon seems to have different shapes at ferent times ofthe { Facts about the Moon Fioerestte os changing poston in elation to the Eath. These | * Thecnly natural sti ofthe plant Eanh eifferent shapes are known as the phases ofthe Moon, The interval between one full Moon and the next is 29.5 days, mim NGam nyo ne gan : she et Mon and fll Moon, when he Moon and the Sun arin line with the poe nn Enos and Sais nthe Northen ei Ean, ies are at thei highestand acy At quae andre. ‘quarter Moon, the ‘Sun, Sum and Moon are at fieht anges, 0 that the gaviaonal pul Af the Moon spay drceledoubythe iw Favitational pull of fesen tienesae | | Sy @ \ Hier lowest and are / j eSocap es Ee eon // Be a pt * Distance from Earth 384,400 km + Diameter-3,476 km ‘+ Mass-0.0123 of the Earths * Surface gravity—0.165 of the Earth's | + Time taken to orbit Earth (interval between one ful ‘eon and the next) ~29.53 days of 708 hours “+ Surface temperature- 120 °C maximum, 10-163 °C at nightwww.visionias.net https: //t.me/Material For Exam | | Fac oon These form convection cells that cive the munromental ty plates so that they are continuously moving sway ov tons 3ch other. Geological the most important ting hapcn athe ‘en Bite boundaries, Including mos of he earthquakes, olemoes, neous" Fe oa -tocks, major metamorphism, and mountain building pre Ther 1. Pacific 2. Antaretic 3. Indian 4. a | S.Souh American &.Ndzes 7 NortnAnrcan &: kn tires 9. Cocos 10. Australian, a = h - | d Wegener (1880-1930), a German meteorologist and geologist, was the fist person to ether of continental dif. Ins bok Orig of Continents ad Oc alclated tha 20 milion yen apo th corinne wee gal janet opee orig ag specotinet. He ramed is peronnet Pangaes, ean Nea Pages Split pates form Eurasi in theron and Condvartand nthe south are sping ‘resins of ers formed he connate oo themed Weer concent wat ‘gill based on he apparent gf Th contre lok asthe were ces» ‘aise pul tha cold together to make one pat spercontnent The get ‘fica isthe shape ofthe coat of Nor Area wheal long cous a [Beneath he bulge There are te kinds le boundcs Divert boundaries are whee plas separate ech the, and mag ozs up fom the male it the rac a este oan) making te ocean bin de This iskrown as sc or peag "Convergent boundaries ar wher plates come together but to do so one othe plates must dive blow he src no the mon slong subduction sone. These “often result in deep-sea trenches. Convergent boundaies also pede mountain chains and very lage, explosive volanoes, Plates side past cach other where arson boundaries cur, ideal wit itl or noverical moverent. Most ransom boundais ate below sa lvl and therefore not £3510 see. The San Andreas fault in Calfomia sa vansorm boundary. has ben estimated that the plates ace moving at speed of 0 10cm per yea. Inside the Earth The Earth is made up of four main layers-the inner core, outer core, the mantle, and the crust (Fig.23). We live on the outer part ofthe Earth, which is called the crust. This layer coasist of the Upper 30-100 km. The crust mostly consists of igneous rocks; the rest consss of sedimentary and ‘metamorphic rocks. The layer from 0-20 km is called the sial as the two main constituents ae silicon And aluminium, It is 2,7 times denser than water. The next layer is know as sima asa large quantity Of silicon and magnesium is found in this layer. The average density ofthis layer is 3.4 times that of peter a The next layer called the mantle is 100-2000 km thick. The msn Lpper part ofthe mantle is a plastic layer over which the cast : eat fat. The mates compored of sieate mate Du tis 8] sere chemically distinct from the crust oa ae ‘The Earth’ outer core (2900-5, 100 km) is composed of liquid ee inner one metallic material (primarily iron and nickel). The ‘core (5, 100-6, 370 km) of the Earth is made up of iron. Ithas been discovered thatthe inner core is rotating and isthe cause of Earth's magnetic field Rocks and Minerals. i ame a Rocks are the substances that make up the Earth. They include Ny Joose and unconsolidated deposits, as well as the hard, slid / pars that make up the Earth’ lithosphere. Rocks can be vasilied Ino three main groups onthe bass of he t1I>— | eewuepinayadiszehe | Senay eateries | tomers ted en igneous sedimentary and metamorphic. Minerals athe | Ualmearage | rmaredavicae) Seemed Building materals frocks. Rocks may be composed of only Shsmermnmmas® {aseence eyo | petoet yar it ranean ‘one mineral, while others contain many of them.www Visionias net eatin ween ari cancers sr eof ean asthe pats Her he tanh riper ae) a (acca by Ting oars Lithosphere oF Geosphere veg or rose thc ens coring the Pig et nonin i composedot ok re oepeiReer eo the btm fe Pesacatte Eokihe onto Seonpnd oltre innperotrecs—| ‘rum eineny Sinai Tends Cote sou 29 Feet ea Trac ar fhe ca acne hc he ene scot be ah om o Mariana Trench, On Snail tape Hydrosphere ‘he hyper isthe combined mas of water found on, under nd overt soe ofthe Earth About 71 percent of the Ess tice covey wtih fam of eats 5 bp, fol kes ie. ‘The cme conan monte ae Sore water Mot feah ater fen in gaces. Mt avilable fea water Stored vndoground pounder https: //t.me/Material, For Exam ‘Atmosphere esr alan arreia and afew the Ra pst nt amos tart yes. ger he aioe to eae. athe Tater apo" ( perce appro, very highest yes there fay, siratal sirveture of the Atmosphere Te yes ofthe atmosphere They also vary i ther aspects tof uniform thickness or deny, Siratospere ; Thestatoghr has oye of ozone which rte Iie teenth tet ofthe So, Mesosphere ‘The temperature inthe mesosphere decreases with height, reaching about 100°C inthe upper mesosphere. Ths i the coldest rexion ck the atmosphere. Thermosphere ‘The temperature inthe thermosphere increases with height. The thermosphere is also known a the heat sphere ofthe atmosphere Exosphere tis the outermost layer ofthe atmosphere. Ths layer has the lightest, Bases ike hydrogen and helium in extemely Tow densities. Most o the Ears satellites orbit here, Biosphere ‘The biosphere is made up of all living ‘organisms of the Eanh, as well asthe physical environment in which they live and with which they interact. Mos living xz actually ie within a small area in the biosphere, from about 500 m below the ocean’ surface to about 6 km above se level, “Atmospheric Clouds a Hiphrtevel cost cme, oan an cnocumu ae uly Wi nd By Heat Budget of the Earth white in appearance, ‘Midevel clouds ae he aocumulus and ahosratus clouds F White alocumulus mi altosrats clouds are generally uniform grey sheet or layered clouds, ‘cumulus, status, imbostratus and stratocumulus clouds Cumulus clouds ave ‘puty’ clouds; | stratus clouds ae fat, F featureless clouds; J and nimbosratus and stratocumuus clouds te lap, dark cloud Mt Depemihnieishich pees tered ie en Ste1_For_Exam https: //t.me/Materia. www.visionias.net AdO1S XANOD ‘ssvaaNv190 ae uses woes nonin sop unos sry 3e00 wr sed amas A eV owe | Contours and Landforms uo saumyea} jyjos Sumo asad Aprenbope 0151 Supjeurdeus j