7 120 TOPIC 3: DYNAMICS SOLUTIONS 1 (a) (i) impulse is equal to change in momentum of a body/ product of the force and time interval during which the force is exerted. [1] (i) inelastic collision (3) Statement The magnitude of the impulse on each object is the same. y Kinetic energy and momentum for the objects are conserved, Total energy is conserved. v afte! um. collision, the objects have the same momentum. Relative speed of approach equals to relative speed of separation. (b) (1. Ap = mav = 850 (0-7.5) 6380 kgms 2 a=AWAt=7.5/0.28 OR At= mAv= Ap a=27 ms? [2] 6380/0,28 =2.3x10°N 150 x 27 23x 10° N [1] %x 850 xv? ‘(2x 0.45 x10° / 850) 33ms* [2] 2(a) ©) 0 % me = mgh %* 250 xv? (i) use of p p = 250 x 9.4 = 2350 kgms" [1] (ii) use mu = (mm +m) Vv 2350 = (250 + 2000) v 0(4) ms" [1] (©) (use of Ex=% me E = % * 2250 * 1.047 1200 J [2] (ii) (use of work done = force x distance) (can use force = mass x acceleration) 1217 = Fx 0.25 F = 4900 N [2] (ii) resistive force from the ground will increase as pile gets deeper in the ground [2]121 3(a)force = kx = 75 x 0.085 =6.38N [2] (b) acceleration = kx-mg/ m = (6.38 - 2.5 x 10 x9.81)/ 2.5 « 10° acceleration = 2540 m s? [2] (©) Correct selection of equation: mgh = % kx? or % Fx. 0.025 x 9.81 x (h+0.085) = % x 75 x 0.085? height h = 11 m [2] 4 (a) Newton's second law implied a force is exerted on gas to change its momentum from zero to maximum when gas is pushed out. By Newton's third law, an equal and opposite force is exerted on the trolley to move it forward. [2] (b) (i) Apply conservation of momentum (0.012 kg)u = (0.68 kg)(2.7 ms“) —u= 150 ms“ ‘Assume all CO2 are ideal or small molecules/no drag forces [3] (it 1. Kinetic energy CO2 = / (0.012 kg) (150 mis)? = 140 J [2] Kinetic energy of trolley = % (0.68 kg)(2.7 m/s)*= 2.5 J [2] (©) (i) energy is needed to evaporate CO: into gaseous state/latent heat needed and this, energy is taken from the system [2] 5 (a) ball moving in opposite direction (after collision) [1] (b) (i) change in momentum = 1.2 (4.0 + 0.8) (correct values, 1 mark; correct sign {values added}, 1 mark ) =5.76Ns [3] p/ At or may / At 76 | 0.080 of 1.2 x 4.8 / 0.080 2N [3] (0) 5.76 =3.6xV V=16ms' = 22] (ii) force (d) either speed of approach = 4.0 ms" and speed of separation = 2.4ms" not equal and so inelastic or kinetic energy before = 9.6 J and kinetic energy after collision = 4.99 J kinetic energy after is less / not conserved so inelastic (2] (@) Newton's third law of motion explains that when the rocket exeris a force to eject the exhaust gas, the exhaust das exerts an equal and opposite (upward) force on the rocket, hence the rocket can be propelled upwards (when this ferce exceeds weight of rocket). [2] OR om oe oe os oe co122 Considering the rocket and exhaust gas as a system, by law of conservation of momentum, since the exhaust gas has a downward momentum, the rocket must have an upward momentum which propels it upwards. () Initial weight of the rocket = 0.92 x 9.81 = (ii) the final weight of the rocket = 0.20 x 9.61 = (iil) the time taken for the fuel to be burned = (0.92 - 0.20) / 0.18 = 4.0 sf1] © @ 20.0 upward force/N 16.0 10.0 50 2] (i) Time delay= 0.50 s [1] (4) (i) Shaded area as shown in figure. [1] (ii) By counting the number of § x 5 squares and small squares, there are altogether 27.28 big squares. Value of each 5 x 5 square is 1.25 N s. Change in momentum = 27.28 x 1.25 = 34.Ns (Ans) [2] (ii) Rocket continues to soar upwards, until its upward momentum is reduced to zero. This happens when downward momentum due to weight (after 4.0 s) = 34Ns Using F At = change in momentum = 34 1.96At= 34 >At= 17.3 [2] Time when rocket reaches highest point = 17.3 + 4 Alternative Method: mu =34 34 << =170 0.20 v=us+at>0=170+(-9.81() t=17.3 Time when rocket reaches highest point = 17.3 + 4.0 =123 7 (a) helium nucleus OR contains two protons and two neutrons [1] (b) kinetic energy = 4mv? ax A 1.66 * 1077 x v2 = 1.07 x 10"? v= 1.8% 107 ms-1 [2] (©) (sum of momentum (in any direction) is constant! total momentum is constant in a closed system provided no external force [2] (ji) momentum of francium (= 0) = momentum of a + momentum of astatine 204 x V=4 x 1.8% 107 3.5% 10°ms" [3] (@) another particle / photon is emitted at an angle to the direction of the a-particle [2] 8 (a) weight = 452 « 9.81 ‘component down the slope = 452 9.81 x sin 14° = 1070 NIt] (0) () F=ma T= (1070 + 525) = 452 x 0.13 1650 N 3] (i) 1. s = ut Yathence 10 = 0+ % x 0.13% t= [2 10)/0.13)= 12401128 [2] 2.v=(0+2* 0.13 x 10)"= 1.61 or 1.6ms" orv=u+at[t] (0) straight line from the origin line down to zero velocity in short time compared to stage 1 line less steep negative gradient final velocity larger than final velocity in the first part - at least 2x [4] Explaining the graph: At part A (before the cable breaks): T- (mgsin + f) =ma At part C, the log travels down the slope At part B when the cable breaks, T=0 . ea mgsing mgsin6 Sor e 9 f — Deceleration is large as mgsiné mgsin8 - f= ma and fboth act downwards along the slope Acceleration is smaller, gradient of the graph is less steep q