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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE……………………………………………………………………………………………...
1.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………..
1.0 ITF………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1.1 DEFINITION OF SIWES…………………………………………………………………..
1.2 PURPOSE OF SIWES……………………………………………………………………..
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES………………………………………………..
CHAPTER 2………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.0 ORGANIZATION BACKGROUND…………………………………………………………….
2.1 CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)……..........
2.2 DEFINITION OF COPD…………………………………………………………..
2.3 SYNONYMS OF COPD……………………………………………………….
2.4 SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF COPD………………………………………………
2.5 CAUSES OF COPD …………………………………………………………………
2.6 DIAGNOSIS OF COPD…………………………………………………………….
2.7 TYPES OF COPD ………………………………………………………………………..
2.8 STAGES OF COPD………………………………………………………………………
2.9 MANAGEMENT OF COPD………………………………………………………….
2.10 TREATMENT OF COPD………………………………………………………….
2.11 PREVENTIO OF COPD…………………………………………………………..
2.12 RISK FACTORS OF COPD……………………………………………………….
2.13 CLINICAL FEATURE OF COPD………………………………………………..
2.14 COMPLICATIONS OF COPD…………………………………………………..
2.15 CARDIOMEGALY…………………………………………………………………..
2.16 DEFINITION OF CARDIOMEGALY…………………………………………..
2.17 TYPES OF CARDIOMEGALY …………………………………………………..
2.18 SYMPTOMS OF CARDOMEGALY……………………………………………
2.19 CAUSES OF CARDIOMEGALY………………………………………………..
2.20 RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOMEGALY………………………………………
2.21 COMPLICATIONS OF CARDIOMEGALY………………………………….
2.22 DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIOMEGALY…………………………………………...
2.23 MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOMEGALY……………………………………..
2.24 TREATMENT OF CARDIOMEGALY………………………………………..

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2.25 PREVENTION OF CARDIOMEGALY……………………………………………..

CHAPTER 3
3.0 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION……………………..
3.1 SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………………………..
3.2 RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………………………………………..
3.3 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………….
3.4 REFFERENCE……………………………………………………………………………………..

CHAPTERONE
1.IINTRODUCTION
Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme [ SI WES] was established by I . T. F
in1973 to solve the problem of lack of adequate practical skill preparatory
for employment in industries by Nigerian graduate of tertiary institutions.
The scheme expose student to industry based skills necessary for a smooth
Transition from the class room to the world of work. I t f for ds students of
tertiary institution the opportunity of being familiar iced and exposed the
Needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which are usually

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Not available in the educational in situation.

Participation in SIWES has been come necessary precondition for the award of
diploma and degree certificate in certain displaced in most institution of higher
learning in the country, in accordance with the education policy of government .
2. DEFINITION OF SIWES
This is and industrial skill, training work experience program designed and to
expose and prepare student for higher educational learning to practical. The
SIWES is and acronyms for student industrial work experien
3.) PURPOSE OF SIWES
The aims and objectives of student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES)
are as follows
I. Provision of avenue for student in Nigeria universities and polytechnics to
gain industrial in
II. To enlist the strength industrial skills and experience in their Couse of
study.
III. To prepare student f0r the work situations they may likely to meet after
graduation
IV. To expose student to work method and techniques in handling equipment
that may not be available in the institution
V. To make the transition from the university or polytechnic to world of work
easier and thus enhance student for letter job placement
1. 3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF SIWES

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CHAPTER TWO
2. 0 ORGANIZATIONAL B ACKGROND OF GECHAAN HOSPITAL GEMBU

In 2003 art and Dorothy helwig headed to gembu, Nigeria where a survey showed
the greatest need for HIV/AIDS invention, they stated with two trucks and three
directors now GECHAAN (the gembu center for HIV/AIDS advocacy of Nigerian)
has groun grammatically. Hoping to reach 100-200 children their rich has spread
to partnering with 8 local government 16,000 0rphans and 8,000 foster care
homes.

This community base organization is stopping the spread of AIDS by going in to

high school to teach about abstained, visiting villages and giving seminars on the
impotent of staying with one sexual partner . most of all the provide home
medical care and hope of thousands of AIDS orphans every year. Converge world
white missionaries art and Dorothy helwgn founded GECHAAN concern on
inparct of HIV/AIDS epidemic on Nigerian people commission of Nigeria
GECHAANs administrative office is located in GENBU Nigeria while working with a
variety of local national and international organization

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2.1 CHRONIC 0BSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEAS {COPD}

INTRODUCTION

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have both of these

conditions. Emphysema slowly destroys air sacs in the lungs which
interferes with outward air flow while, bronchitis tubes, which allows
mucus to build up. Both the condition causes obstruction of air flow in the
respiratory system and develops respiratory system and develop
respiratory problems.

COPD is a preventable and treatable respiratory disorder largely caused by

smoking and long term exposure to chemical irritants. It is characterized by
progressive partially reversible air flow obstruction and lungs hyperinflation
with significant extra pulmonary (systematic) manifestation and combed
conditions all of which may contribute to the severity of the disease in
individual patients.

The co-morbid conditions associated with COPD include is chemic heart

disease, osteopenia, and bone fractures, cachexia and malnutrition,

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normochromic normocytic anemia, skeleton muscle dysfunctions, diabetes

mellitus, sleep disorder, and cataracts and depression both of which
increase in incidence with disease severity.

2.4 DEFINITION OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Is a chronic inflammatory
lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, mucus {sputum} production
and wheezing.
Its typically caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate
matter, most often from cigarette smoke. People with COPD are at
increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer and a variety of
other conditions.
2.5 SYNONYMS OF (COPD)
Nona nonvisible lung disease that is a combination of emphysema and
chronic bronchitis.
 Chronic bronchitis
 Emphysema
 Pulmonary emphysema
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common
conditions that contribute to COPD. These two conditions usually
occur together and can vary in severity among individuals with COPD.

2.6 SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF (COPD)

 Shortness of breath
 Wheezing

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 Chronic cough
 Cough can be dry or with phlegm Respiratory
 frequent respiratory infections
 shortness of breath or Wheezing
 Whole body Fatigue or inability to exercise
 Chest pressure

2.7 CAUSES OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

The main causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are:
 Smoking
 Exposure to air pollution
SMOKING: Smoking is the main cause of COPD and is thought to be
responsible for around 9 in every 10 cases. The harmful chemicals in smoke
can damage the lining of the lungs and airways.
EXPOSUERE TO AIR POLLUTANTS: Such as chemical, fumes and dust in the
workplace over a long period of time can compromise lung health

2.8 DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

(COPD)
There is no single test for CPOD diagnosis is based on symptoms, a
physical examination and diagnostic test result.
The physical inquires: you are a smoker or have smoke in the past
you are expose to lungs irritant on the job/work place you expose
to a secondhand smoke, you have femonly history of CPOD. You
have asthma or order respiratory conditions, during exam. Doctor
will use the statoscope to listen your lungs as your breath. based
on information doctor, order some of this case to get a more plate
picture: spirometry is anoniversive test to access lung functions.
During the test patient averse to take a deep breath and then
blow tube connected to the spirometer
. image chest including X-ray or CT scan.
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Spirometry is the most effective and common method for

diagnosing COPD. It is also known as a pulmonary function
test(PFT).
2.9 TYPES OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMUNARY DISEASE (COPD)
The main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are
 Emphysema
 Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema: In emphysema, the alveoli, which are the walls of
the air sacs, and the small airways suffer damage as a result of this
damage, the sacs lose their shape and ability to recoil during the
expiratory phase of the breathing cycle resulting in trapped air in
the lungs. This trapped air continues to distend the alveolar,
causing a repeating cycle of airway obstruction.
Chronic bronchitis: In chronic bronchitis, the lining of the airway stays
inflamed. This leads to swelling and the formation of large amount of
mucus. These effects make it hard to breathe.

2.10 STAGES OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DESEASA (COPD)

There are four stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
are:
 Early stage
 Moderate stage
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 Severe stage
 Very severe stage
2.11 MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUTIVE PULMONRY DISEASE
(COPD)
Bronchodilators: Prevention and relief of symptoms by regular use of
bronchodilators remains central to the management of COPD. There is
now compelling evidence, at least in more severe COPD, that a major
benefit of bronchodilators therapy is to improve lung emptying during
expiration.
2.12 TREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
(COPD)
Resave inhalers and inhaled or oral steroids can help control symptoms
and minimize further damage.
 MEDICATIONS: Bronchodilators and steroids.
Examples of Bronchodilators are:
Salbutamol,
salmeterol
Formoter
vilanterol etc.
Examples of steroids are:
Prednisolone
Betamethasone
Dexamethasone
Hydrocortisone
Methylprednisolone
Delflazacort etc.
 SELF CARE:

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Physical exercise, quitting smoking and diaphragmatic breathing.

Oxygen therapy.
 THERAPIES: Pulmonary rehabilitation.
2.13 PREVENTION OF CHRONIC OBSTRUTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
The best way to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is
to never start smoking, and if one smoke, quit. Talk with a Doctor
about programs and products that can help patient quit. also stay
from secondhand smoke, which is smoke from burning tobacco
products, such as cigarettes, cigars, or pipes.
2.14 RISK FACTORS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
(COPD)
 Smoking or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (including
childhood)
 Exposure to fumes and smoke from carbon-based cooking and
heating fuels such as charcoal and gas.
 Occupational hazard e.g. Exposure to pollutants and chemicals.
 Poor nutrition’s
2.15 CLINICAL FEATURES OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASE (COPD)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an incurable condition
affecting millions of people worldwide.
2.16 COMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASE (COPD)
COPD can cause many complications including
 Respiratory infections: People with (COPD) are more likely to
catch colds, the flu and Pneumonia

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 Heart problems
 High blood pressure in the lung arteries
 Depression
Treatment
Meningococcal disease is potentially fatal and should
always
be viewed as a medical emergency. Admission to a
hospital
or health centre is necessary. Isolation of the patient
is not
necessary. Appropriate antibiotic treatment must be
started as
soon as possible, ideally after the lumbar puncture
has been
carried out if such a puncture can be performed
immediately. If
treatment is started prior to the lumbar puncture it
may be
difficult to grow the bacteria from the spinal fluid
and confirm
the diagnosis. However confirmation of the
diagnosis should
not delay treatment.
A range of antibiotics can treat the infection,
including
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penicillin, ampicillin and ceftriaxone. Under epidemic

conditions in Africa in areas with limited health
infrastructure
and resources, ceftriaxone is the drug of choice.

CHAPTERTHREE
3.0 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
3.1 SUMMARY
During the Couse of the practical, we were able to acquired more knowledge and
interpreting a prescription card, dispense accordingly adherence and counseling
of patient and the classis in which drugs are grouped base on their mood of action
3.2 RECOMMENDETION
Student on attachment should be very serious in Oder to acquire more knowledge
and experience so as to discharge their duties effectively.
The industrial sector should provide all the necessary equipment and drugs or a
quality service for student to have proper knowledge
3.3 CONCLUTION
In conclusion the industrial training is a very unique part of learning and
broadening of 0nce knowledge in actual sense, and the gap between theories and
practical was bridge and social interaction with the work of organization we also
very important and very interesting from the study, we can conclude that the
induction of SIWES was a very and indeed good idea to broaden one’s knowledge
and acquire skills, which help one to tackle and overcome a situation in the
society

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REFERRENCE

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