Algebra

MODULE IN
PRE-CALCULUS
Engg Math 1
Department of Mathematics
SAMCIS
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MODULE 1: ALGEBRA
UNIT 1: BINOMIAL THEOREM
Learning outcomes:
At the end of the module, you should have achieved the following topic learning
outcome:
Use the Binomial Formula and Pascal’s Triangle to expand a binomial raised to a
power and find the coefficients of a binomial expansion.
THE EXPANSION OF A BINOMIAL
When a binomial of the form 𝑎 + 𝑏 is raised to a power, the resulting polynomial can be
thought of as series. Suppose we expand several such powers and search for a pattern:
In each case we observe the following:
1. There are always 𝑛 + 1 term in the expansion.

2. The exponents on 𝑎 start with 𝑛 and decrease to 0.
3. The exponents on 𝑏 start with 0 and increase to 𝑛.
4. The sum of the exponents in each term is always 𝑛.
5. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are both positive, all terms are positive.
6. If 𝑎 is positive and 𝑏 is negative, the terms have alternating signs; those with odd powers
of 𝑏 are negative.
7. If 𝑎 is negative and 𝑏 is positive, the terms have alternating signs; those with odd powers
of 𝑎 are negative.
8. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are both negative, all terms are positive if 𝑛 is even and negative if 𝑛 is odd.
THE PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
A pattern can be observed based on the numerical coefficients of each term (this forms
the PASCAL’s TRIANGLE):
Example 1: (x + 2y)6
a = x, b = 2y, n = 6
There will be 7 terms in the expansion involving (x)(2y) such that the powers of x will
be in decreasing order from 6 to 0 while the powers of 2y from 0 to 6.
Since the sign between the binomial is “+” then each term in the expansion will be
“+”.
Since n = 6, we now use row 6 of the Pascal’s Triangle for the coefficients in the
expansion.
Thus,
(x + 2y)6 =
1(x)6(2y)0 + 6(x)5(2y)1+ 15(x)4(2y)2+ 20(x)3(2y)3 + 15(x)2(2y)4+ 6(x)1(2y)5+ 1(x)0(2y)6
= x6 + 6(x5)(2y)1 + 15(x4)(4y2) + 20(x3)(8y3 ) + 15(x2)(16y4) + 6(x)1(32y5) + 64y6
= x6 + 12x5y + 60x4y2 + 160x3y3 + 240x2y4 + 192xy5 + 64y6
Example 2: (w - 3z)7
a = w, b = 3z, n = 7
There will be 8 terms in the expansion involving (w)(3z) such that the powers of w will
be in decreasing order from 7 to 0 while the powers of 3z from 0 to 7.
Since the sign between the binomial is “-” then the terms in the expansion will be in
ALTERNATING pattern of “+” then “-”.
Since n = 7, we now use row 7 of the Pascal’s Triangle for the coefficients in the
expansion.
Thus,
(w - 3z)7 =
1(w)7(3z)0 - 7(w)6(3z)1+ 21(w)5(3z)2- 35(w)4(3z)3 + 35(w)3(3z)4- 21(w)2(3z)5+ 7(w)1(3z)6 -
1(w)0(3z)7
= 1w7 - 7(w)6(3z)1+ 21(w)5(9z2)- 35(w)4(27z3) + 35(w)3(81z4)- 21(w)2(243z5)+ 7(w)1(729z6) -

1(2187z7)
= w7 - 21w6z + 189w5z2 - 945w4z3 + 2835w3z4 - 5103w2z5 + 5103wz6 - 2187z7
HOMEWORK 1:
1. (2a - z)4
2. (r + 4t)3
3. (4x – 3y)5
1
4. ( - 3a)4
2
UNIT 2: FACTORING POLYNOMIAL
Learning outcomes:
outcomes:
1. Identify and factor the greatest common factor (GCF) of a polynomial.
2. Factor a difference of two squares.
3. Factor a perfect square trinomial.
4. Factor a trinomial using the trial and error method.
5. Factor by grouping.
Factoring polynomials is probably the most important topic in Pre-Calculus. There are many
sections in later chapters and even in higher Mathematics subjects where the first step will
be to factor a polynomial. Thus, if you cannot factor the polynomial then you would not be
able to even start the problem let alone finish it.
Factoring is the process by which we go about determining what we multiplied to get the
given quantity. This process is done most of the times with numbers. For instance, here are a
variety of ways to factor 12.
12=(2)(6)
12=(3)(4)
12=(2)(2)(3)
12=(1/2)(24)
12=(−2)(−6)
12=(−2)(2)(−3)
12=(2)(6)
12=(3)(4)
12=(2)(2)(3)
12=(12)(24)
12=(−2)(−6)
12=(−2)(2)(−3)
There are many more possible ways to factor 12, but these are representative of many of
them.
A common method of factoring numbers is to completely factor the number into positive
prime factors. A prime number is a number whose only positive factors are 1 and itself. For
example, 2, 3, 5, and 7 are all examples of prime numbers. Examples of numbers that
aren’t prime are 4, 6, and 12 to pick a few.
If we completely factor a number into positive prime factors there will only be one way of
doing it. That is the reason for factoring things in this way. For our example above with 12
the complete factorization is,
12=(2)(2)(3)
Factoring polynomials is done in pretty much the same manner. We determine all the terms
that were multiplied together to get the given polynomial. We then try to factor each of
the terms we found in the first step. This continues until we simply cannot factor anymore.
When we cannot do any more factoring we will say that the polynomial is completely
factored.
Here are a couple of examples.
x2−16 = (x+4)(x−4)
This is completely factored since neither of the two factors on the right can be further
factored.
Likewise,
x4−16 = (x2+4)(x2−4)
is not completely factored because the second factor can be further factored. Note that
the first factor is completely factored however. Here is the complete factorization of this
polynomial.
x4−16 = (x2+4)(x+2)(x−2)
The purpose of this section is to familiarize ourselves with many of the techniques for
factoring polynomials.
The FIRST TYPE for factoring polynomials will be factoring out the greatest common factor.
When factoring in general this will also be the first thing that we should try as it will often
simplify the problem.
To use this method all that we do is look at all the terms and determine if there is a factor
that is in common to all the terms. If there is, we will factor it out of the polynomial. Also
note that in this case we are really only using the distributive law in reverse. Remember that
the distributive law states that
a(b+c)=ab+ac
In factoring out the greatest common factor we do this in reverse. We notice that each
term has an a in it and so we “factor” it out using the distributive law in reverse as follows,
ab + ac = a(b+c)
Let’s take a look at some examples.
Example 1: Factor 8x4−4x3+10x2
If you will observe, all the numerical coefficients can be divided by 2 and all literal
coefficients can be divided by x2. Thus, the GCF of all the terms is 2x2 and the factored
form of the polynomial will be 2x2 (4x2−2x +5).
Example 2: Factor x3y2+3x4y+5x5y3
x3y is the GCF, thus the factored form of the polynomial will be
x3y (y+3x+5x2y2).
Example 3: Factor 3x6−9x2+3x
3x is the GCF, thus the factored form of the polynomial will be

3x (x5−3x+1).
The Second Type of factoring is called the DIFFERENCE of two squares which is given by the
expression:
a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b).
Example 1: Factor x4 – y2
x4 – y2 = (x2 + y)( x2 – y).
Example 2: Factor 8r3 – 18rt2.
First, we apply TYPE 1 since 2r is the GCF of the polynomial thus, we get
8r3 – 18rt2 = 2r(4r2 – 9t2).
8r3 – 18rt2 = 2r(2r + 3t)( 2r – 3t).
Example 3: Factor x8 – y8
x8 – y8 = (x4 + y4) (x4 - y4).
x8 – y8 = (x4 + y4) (x2 + y2) (x2 – y2).
x8 – y8 = (x4 + y4) (x2 + y2) (x + y) (x – y).
The Third Type of factoring will be classified as factoring a PERFECT SQUARE TRINOMIAL
(PST). A Perfect Square Trinomial is composed of three terms two of which are perfect
squares and the remaining term being twice the product of the square roots of the two
perfect square terms. A perfect square trinomial may look something like:
a2 + 2ab + b2 or a2 - 2ab + b2.
The factored form of a Perfect Square Trinomial is:
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a - b)2
If you will be observant, the factored form of a PST is obtained by squaring the sum or
difference of the square roots of the perfect square terms. If the remaining term is POSITIVE
then the square root values are added else it will be subtracted.
Example 1: Factor x2 + 8x + 16.

Checking the trinomial, we find two perfect squares namely x2 and 16.
x = (x) and 16 = (4)2.
2 2
The remaining term which is 8x must be twice the product of the square roots of the
two perfect squares. Verifying it, we have 8x = 2(x)(4).
Since the conditions are satisfied then we can say that the polynomial is a PST
which can now be factored as:
x2 + 8x + 16 = (x + 4)2.
Example 2: Factor 4a4 + 9b2 – 12a2b.
Checking the trinomial, we find two perfect squares namely 4a4 and 9b2.
4a4 = (2a2)2 and 9b2 = (3b)2.
The remaining term which is –12a2b must be twice the product of the square roots
of the two perfect squares, negative in sign. Verifying it, we have –12a2b = –2(2a2)(3b).
Since the conditions are satisfied then we can say that the polynomial is a PST
which can now be factored as:
4a4 + 9b2 – 12a2b = 4a4 – 12a2b + 9b2 = (2a2 – 3b)2.
Example 3: Factor 25x2 – 10xy + 4y2.
Checking the trinomial, we find two perfect squares namely 25x2 and 4y2.
25x2 = (5x)2 and 4y2 = (2y)2.
Verifying the remaining term which is –10xy, it is not equal to –2(5x)(2y).
Since the last condition was not satisfied then we can say that the polynomial is
NOT a PST, hence, try other factoring methods if possible. In this case, however, the given
trinomial is irreducible and so NOT factorable.
HOMEWORK 2: Factor the following polynomials.
1. 2a4b + 4a2b5 – 10a5b3

2. -15x7 +3x4 - 9x6
3. 4xy2 z3 + 12x3y2z + 16 x2y3z
4. 5r6s4 t5 - 15 r2s7 t2 - 30 r3s2 t4
5. a5 – 4ab4
6. a2x6 – b2y4
7. 3r8 – 6t4
8. a4 b2c4 – 16
9. x2 – 12x + 36
10.4x2 + 28xy + 49y2
11.36a4 + 25b2 – 60a2b
12.8x2 + 56xy + 98y2
The Fourth Type of factoring is applied for trinomials that are NOT perfect squares, the
method is called the TRIAL and ERROR Method. The trinomials may be in the form:
x2 + (a+b)x + ab or acx2 + (ad+bc)x + bd
The factors for each will be obtained by creating a product of two binomials where
the entries will be the factors of x2 and ab for x2 + (a+b)x + ab or the factors of acx2 and bd
for acx2 + (ad+bc)x + bd. Thus, x2 + (a+b)x + ab = (x+a)(x+b) and acx2 + (ad+bc)x + bd
=(ax+b)(cx+d).
Example 1: Factor x2 + 5x + 6.
Since the trinomial is not a PST, we can proceed with the Trial and Error Method. We
consider the possible factors of x2 and 6.
x2 has the factors (x) (x) while 6 can be factored as (6) (1) or (3)(2).
Next step is to create a product of two binomials in which we use the factors of x2 for the
first terms of the two binomials and the factors of 6 for the second terms. If we use 6 = (6)(1)
then we obtain (x 6 ) (x 1 ) and since all the terms in the trinomial are positive then
we can also use positive terms in the binomials giving us (x + 6) (x + 1). If we expand the
product of the binomials we get x2 + 7x + 6 which is not equal to the original trinomial.
If this situation arises then we can try the other possible factors for 6. And we get (x + 3) (x +
2). If we expand the product of the binomials we get (x + 3) (x + 2) = x2 + 5x + 6 which is
equal to the original trinomial. Therefore we now have the correct factored form of the
trinomial.
Example 2: Factor a2 - ab - 12b2.
Since the trinomial is not a PST, we can proceed with the Trial and Error Method. We
consider the possible factors of a2 and 12b2. a2 has the factors (a) (a) while 12b2 can be
factored as (12b) (b) or (6b) (2b) or (3b)(4b).
Next step is to create a product of two binomials in which we use the factors of a2 for the
first terms of the two binomials and the factors of 12b2 for the second terms. If we use 12b2
= (3b)(4b) then we obtain (a 3b ) (a 4b) and since there are negative terms in the
trinomial then there must be a NEGATIVE expression or expressions in the binomials. With
careful analysis for the signs, we get
a2 - ab - 12b2 = (a + 3b ) (a - 4b)
Example 3: Factor 6x2 + xy – 15y2
6x2 can be factored as (3x)(2x) while 15y2 can be factored as (3y)(5y)

Thus, 6x2 + xy – 15y2 = (3x + 5y) (2x - 3y).
Homework 3: Factor the following polynomials.
1. x2 + 9x + 20
2. 3x2 -xy - 4y2
3. 14a2 + 15ab + 4b2
4. 6x2 -13x - 5
The Fifth Type is when we need to group some polynomials first so that the resulting
expression can be classified under Types 1,2,3, or 4.
Example 1: Factor x3 - 2x2 + 5x – 10
Inspecting the polynomial, it cannot be factored under any Type discussed above.
However, by inspecting the polynomial, the first two terms can be grouped together and
the last two terms can also be grouped together which yields:
x3 - 2x2 + 5x – 10 = (x3 - 2x2) + (5x – 10). Now, we can factor out x2 in the first group while 5
can be factored out in the second group.
x3 - 2x2 + 5x – 10 = x2(x - 2) + 5(x – 2). We now can see that (x – 2) becomes a common
factor from the two terms. Applying Type 1, we get:
x3 - 2x2 + 5x – 10 = (x - 2)( x2 + 5).
Example 2: Factor x2 + 3y – 3x – xy
Again, the polynomial cannot be classified under Types 1 to 4. We now apply grouping
some terms together. If we group the first two terms, we can observe that we cannot
factor out any term. So instead of grouping the first two terms, we can try another
combination. Let us say, the first and the third and the second and the fourth. We obtain,
x2 + 3y – 3x – xy = (x2 – 3x) + (3y – xy).
x and –y are the common factors from the first and second groups respectively.
x2 + 3y – 3x – xy = x(x – 3) – y(x – 3). We now obtain (x – 3) as the common factor from the
first two terms.
x2 + 3y – 3x – xy = (x – 3) (x – y).
Example 3: Factor x3 + 2x2 – 9x – 18.
We can group the first two terms and the last two terms together.
x3 + 2x2 – 9x – 18 = (x3 + 2x2) + (– 9x – 18)
x2 and –9 are the common factors for the first and the second groups respectively.
x3 + 2x2 – 9x – 18 = x2 (x + 2) – 9(x + 2). Factoring out (x + 2), we get:
x3 + 2x2 – 9x – 18 = (x + 2) (x2 – 9). However, x2 – 9 can still be factored using the difference of
two squares. Thus,
x3 + 2x2 - 9x – 18 = (x + 2) (x + 3) (x – 3).
HOMEWORK 4: Factor the following polynomials.
1. xy + 2y + 3x + 6
2. 2x3 - 3x2 -2x + 3
3. 24a3 - 6a2 + 8a – 2
4. 9b3 + 36b2 – 4b – 16
UNIT 3: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Learning outcomes:
outcomes:
1. Solve systems of linear equations by substitution.

2. Solve systems of linear equations by elimination.
3. Solve systems of linear equations by Cramer’s rule.
4. Determine if a system of linear equations has a unique solution, no solution, or infinitely
many solutions.
5. Set up equations based on word problems.
A system of linear equations consists of two or more linear equations made up of two or
more variables such that all equations in the system are considered simultaneously. To find
the unique solution to a system of linear equations, we need to find the SOLUTION SET
which is numerical value for each variable in the system that will satisfy all equations in the
system at the same time. Some linear systems may have a UNIQUE solution or sometimes
called the CONSISTENT and INDEPENDENT SYSTEM and others may have INFINITELY many
solutions or called CONSISTENT and DEPENDENT SYSTEM while others may have NO solution
at all or called INCONSISTENT SYSTEM. To understand the SOLUTION set of a system, the
graph below will explain each.
In this module, we will only use THREE methods in finding the solution set of the system,
namely
1. By ELIMINATION using addition or subtraction
2. By ELIMINATION using substitution
3. By Cramer’s Rule.
ELIMINATION using ADDITION or SUBTRACTION

Example 1: Solve the system using ELIMINATION using ADDITION or SUBTRACTION
x + 3y = 8 ---(1)
2x - 9 = y ---(2)
First, we arrange the system so that it will be in the form
ax + by = c ---(1)
dx + ey = g ---(2)
x + 3y = 8 ---(1)
2x - y = 9 ---(2)
We now choose a variable to be ELIMINATED and to do so, we need to make the
coefficients of the chosen variable be equal based from ALL the equations. If the
coefficients are NOT equal, we can introduce a MULTIPLIER constant to one equation or
even to both equations.
Going back to the example, say we would like to ELIMINATE x. Our goal now is to make the
coefficient of the variable x be equal from the two equations. We can obtain this by
MULTIPLYING equation (1) by 2 which yields:
2x + 6y = 16 ---(1)
2x - y = 9 ---(2).
We can now ELIMINATE variable x by SUBTRACTING equation (2) from equation (1).
2x + 6y = 16 ---(1)
-( 2x - y = 9) ---(2).
2x + 6y = 16 ---(1)
-2x + y = -9 ---(2).
0 + 7y = 7 (Dividing both sides by 7)
y = 1.
Back substituting the value of y = 1 in (1) or (2) we will be able to obtain the value of x. Say
we substitute it in (1).
x + 3(1) = 8. (Solving for x)
x = 5.
Thus the solution set is x = 5 and y = 1 or we can write it as an ordered pair (5, 1).
Checking if we have the correct solution set, we now substitute (5, 1) in both equations. (5,
1) must satisfy both equations.
In (1):
x + 3y = 8
5 + 3(1) = 8
8 = 8.
In (2):
2x - y= 9
2(5) – 1 = 9
9 = 9.
Example 2: Solve the system using ELIMINATION using ADDITION or SUBTRACTION
x+ y+ z = 2 ---(1)
6x - 4y + 5z = 31 ---(2)
5x + 2y + 2z = 13 ---(3)
Initially, we need to choose a variable to be eliminated. One technique in choosing is by
choosing the variable with the smallest numerical coefficients. In this case, we can choose
the variable y.
Before eliminating any variable, make sure that the system will be in the form:
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ---(1)
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 ---(2)
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 ---(3)
Since the system is already in that format, we can now proceed in eliminating variable y.
To eliminate y, we choose any pair of equations and we do it twice. The goal here is to
eliminate y twice so that we get a system with only TWO unknowns.
Let say we now choose (1) and (2). We need to MULTIPLY (1) by 4.
4x + 4y + 4z = 8 ----(1)
6x – 4y + 5z = 31 ---(2).
We now add (1) and (2) together which yields
10x + 9z = 39 and let us call this as equation (4).
We now go back to the system, eliminate y one more time and this time using a different
pair. So we can use (1) and (3) OR (2) and (3). Say we choose (1) and (3). We must first
multiply (1) by 2 which yields:
2x + 2y + 2z = 4 ---(1)
5x + 2y + 2z = 13 ---(3).
We now subtract (3) from (1) which will now give us:
-3x = -9 and if we divide both sides by -3 we now obtain the value of x.
x = 3.
Back substitute x = 3 in (4) so we can obtain the value of z.
10(3) + 9z = 39
9z = 9
z = 1.
Finally, substitute x and z in any of the original equations to solve for y. Say we substitute
them in (1) which is the simplest equation in the system:
3+y+1=2
y = -2.
Thus, the solution set is x = 3, y = -2, z = 1 or we can write it as an ordered triple (3, -2, 1).
Checking our answer, the solution set should satisfy ALL equations in the system.
In (1): x+ y+ z = 2
3– 2 + 1= 2
2 = 2.
In (2): 6x - 4y + 5z = 31
6(3) – 4(-2) + 5(1) = 31
18 +8 + 5 = 31
31 = 31.
In (3): 5x + 2y + 2z = 13
5(3) + 2(-2) +2(1) = 13
15 - 4 + 2 = 13
13 = 13.
NOTE: If system will have NO SOLUTION, an INCONSISTENT equation results after eliminating
a variable. ( zero equals a nonzero constant).
If system will have INFINITELY MANY SOLUTIONS, a 0 = 0 equation results after
eliminating a variable.
ELIMINATION using SUBSTITUTION

Example 3: Solve the system using ELIMINATION using SUBSTITUTION using the problem in
Example 1.
x + 3y = 8 ---(1)
2x - 9 = y ---(2)
For this method, our goal is to get the value of a variable in terms of the other variable from
any of the equations given. Example 1: Solve the system using ELIMINATION using ADDITION
or SUBTRACTION
x + 3y = 8 ---(1)
2x - 9 = y ---(2)
TIP: Find a variable with a numerical coefficient equal to 1, if there is any. Isolate that
variable and express it in terms of the other variable.
In our example, we can choose equation (1) by expressing x in terms of y or we can
choose equation (2) since y is already in terms of x. Let us choose equation (2) and since y
is already in terms of x, we are now ready to substitute (2) in (1).
x + 3(2x – 9) = 8.
You will now notice that the system was reduced to an equation with only one variable.
We can now solve for the value of x.
x + 6x - 27 = 8
7x = 35
x = 5.
Substituting the value of x in (2):
2(5) – 9 = y
1 = y.
Thus, the solution set is (5, 1).
Example 4: Solve the system using ELIMINATION using SUBSTITUTION using the problem in
Example 2.
x+ y+ z = 2 ---(1)
6x - 4y + 5z = 31 ---(2)
5x + 2y + 2z = 13 ---(3)
Since there are three unknowns, we choose a variable and express it in terms of the other
two variables.
Let us choose x in equation (1)
x = 2 – y – z ----(1)
We now substitute this new equation (1) in (2) and (3).
In (2): 6x - 4y + 5z = 31
6(2 – y – z) – 4y + 5z = 31
12 – 6y – 6z – 4y + 5z = 31
-10y – z = 19 ---(4).
In (3): 5x + 2y + 2z = 13
5(2 – y – z) + 2y + 2z = 13
10 – 5y – 5z + 2y + 2z = 13
-3y - 3z = 3
y + z = -1 ---(5)
From (4): z = -10y – 19 ----(4)
Substituting new equation (4) in (5):
y + z = -1
y -10y – 19 = -1
-9y = 18
y = -2.
Substituting y in (5):
y + z = -1
-2 + z = -1
z = 1
Substituting y and z in (1):
x+ y+ z = 2
x- 2+ 1 = 2
x = 3
BY CRAMER’s RULE
Given the system:
ax + by = c ---(1)
dx + ey = g ---(2)
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=[ ] is called the COEFFICIENT matrix
𝑑 𝑒
𝑐
𝐵 = [𝑔] is called the matrix of the constants
|𝐴| = |𝑎 𝑏
| = 𝑎𝑒 − 𝑑𝑏 is called the DETERMINANT of matrix A
𝑑 𝑒
To SOLVE the system,

𝒄 𝒃
| |
𝒈 𝒆
x= |𝑨|
(the column of x is replaced by the constants) and
𝒂 𝒄
|𝒅 𝒈 |
y= |𝑨|
(the column of y is replaced by the constants).
Example 5: Solve the system using the CRAMER’s RULE

x + 3y = 8 ---(1)
2x - 9 = y ---(2)
First arrange the system so that it follows the format
ax + by = c ---(1)
dx + ey = g ---(2)
So we have
x + 3y = 8 ---(1)
2x - y = 9 ---(2)
1 3 8
Then, 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ]
2 −1 9
𝒄 𝒃
| |
𝒈 𝒆
x=
|𝑨|
𝟖 𝟑
| |
x= 𝟗 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟑
| |
𝟐 −𝟏
(8)(−1) – (9)(3)
x=
(1)(−1) – (2)(3)
−8 – 27
x= −1 – 6
−35
x= −7
x = 5.
𝒂 𝒄
|𝒅 𝒈 |
y= |𝑨|
𝟏 𝟖
| |
y= 𝟏
𝟐 𝟗
𝟑
| |
𝟐 −𝟏
(1)(9) – (2)(8)
y=
(1)(−1) – (2)(3)
9 – 16
y= −1 – 6
−7
y= −7
y = 1.
Thus, the solution set is (5, 1).
Given the system:

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ---(1)
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 ---(2)
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 ---(3)
a1 b1 c1
𝐴 = [a2 b2 c2] is the coefficient matrix and
a3 b3 c3
d1
𝐵 = [d2] is the matrix for the constants.
d3
a1 b1 c1
|𝐴| = |a2 b2 c2| is the determinant of matrix A
a3 b3 c3
The DETERMINANT of A is computed by first adjoining the first two columns beside the third
column and then get the product of the elements from diagonal lines that can be drawn
having 3 elements at a time. When the diagonal is drawn downward the product is
multiplied by +1 and if the diagonal is drawn upwards the product is multiplied by -1.(see
diagram below):
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1
|𝐴| = |a2 b2 c2| a2 b2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3
|A| = (a1)(b2)(c3) + (b1)(c2)(a3) + (c1)(a2)(b3) - (a3)(b2)(c1) - (b3)(c2)(a1) - (c3)(a2)(b1).
𝐝𝟏 𝐛𝟏 𝐜𝟏
|𝐝𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐜𝟐|
x= 𝐝𝟑 𝐛𝟑 𝐜𝟑
|𝑨|
(the column of x is replaced by the constants),
𝐚𝟏 𝐝𝟏 𝐜𝟏
|𝐚𝟐 𝐝𝟐 𝐜𝟐|
y= 𝐚𝟑 𝐝𝟑 𝐜𝟑
|𝑨|
(the column of y is replaced by the constants) and
𝐚𝟏 𝐛𝟏 𝐝𝟏
|𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐝𝟐|
z= 𝐚𝟑 𝐛𝟑 𝐝𝟑
|𝑨|
(the column of z is replaced by the constants).
Example 6: Solve the system using the CRAMER’s RULE using the problem in Example 2.
x+ y+ z = 2 ---(1)
6x - 4y + 5z = 31 ---(2)
5x + 2y + 2z = 13 ---(3)
a1 b1 c1 1 1 1
𝐴 = [a2 b2 c2] = [6 −4 5]
a3 b3 c3 5 2 2
d1 2
𝐵 = [d2] = [31]
d3 13
1 1 1 1 1
|𝐴| = |6 −4 5| 6 −4
5 2 2 5 2
1 1 1 1 1
|𝐴| = |6 −4 5| 6 −4
5 2 2 5 2
|A| = (1)(-4)(2) + (1)(5)(5) + (1)(6)(2) - (5)(-4)(1) - (2)(5)(1) - (2)(6)(1).

|A| = -8 + 25 + 12 + 20 - 10 -12.
|A| = -8 + 25 + 12 + 20 - 10 -12.
|A| = 27.
𝐝𝟏 𝐛𝟏 𝐜𝟏
|𝐝𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐜𝟐|
x= 𝐝𝟑 𝐛𝟑 𝐜𝟑
|𝑨|
(the column of x is replaced by the constants),
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
|𝟑𝟏 −𝟒 𝟓|
x= 𝟏𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝟕
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
|𝟑𝟏 −𝟒 𝟓|𝟑𝟏 −𝟒
x= 𝟏𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟐
𝟐𝟕
(2)(−4)(2) + (1)(5)(13) + (1)(31)(2) − (13)(−4)(1) − (2)(5)(2) − (2)(31)(1)

𝐗=
𝟐𝟕
−16 + 65 + 62 + 52 − 20 − 62
𝐗=
𝟐𝟕
81
𝐗=
𝟐𝟕
X=3
𝐚𝟏 𝐝𝟏 𝐜𝟏
|𝐚𝟐 𝐝𝟐 𝐜𝟐|
y= 𝐚𝟑 𝐝𝟑 𝐜𝟑
|𝑨|
(the column of y is replaced by the constants)
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
|𝟔 𝟑𝟏 𝟓|
y= 𝟓 𝟏𝟑 𝟐
𝟐𝟕
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟐
|𝟔 𝟑𝟏 𝟓|𝟔 𝟑𝟏
y= 𝟓 𝟏𝟑 𝟐 𝟓 𝟏𝟑
𝟐𝟕
(1)(31)(2) + (2)(5)(5) + (1)(6)(13) − (5)(31)(1) − (13)(5)(1) − (2)(6)(2)

𝐲=
𝟐𝟕
62 + 50 + 78 − 155 − 65 − 24
𝐲=
𝟐𝟕
−54
𝐲=
𝟐𝟕
y = -2
𝐚𝟏 𝐛𝟏 𝐝𝟏
|𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐝𝟐|
z= 𝐚𝟑 𝐛𝟑 𝐝𝟑
|𝑨|
(the column of z is replaced by the constants).
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
|𝟔 −𝟒 𝟑𝟏|
z= 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏𝟑
𝟐𝟕
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
|𝟔 −𝟒 𝟑𝟏|𝟔 −𝟒
z= 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐𝟕
(1)(−4)(13) + (1)(31)(5) + (2)(6)(2) − (5)(−4)(2) − (2)(31)(1) − (13)(6)(1)

𝐳=
𝟐𝟕
−52 + 155 + 24 + 40 − 62 − 78
𝐳=
𝟐𝟕
27
𝐳=
𝟐𝟕
z = 1.
HOMEWORK 5:
Solve the following systems using the THREE METHODS discussed above. Check your
answers.
1. x – 7y = -11 ---(1)
5x + 2y = -18 ---(2)
ANS: x = -4, y = 1
2. 2x + 3y = 20 ---(1)
7x + 2y = 53 ---(2)
ANS: x = 7, y = 2
3. 2x + 5y + 2z = -38 ---(1)
3x - 2y +4z = 17 ---(2)
-6x + y - 7z = -12 ---(3)
ANS: x = 3, y = -8, z = -2.
4. 3x - 9z = 33 ---(1)
7x - 4y -z = -15 ---(2)
4x + 6y + 5z = -6 ---(3)
ANS: x = -1, y = 3, z = -4.
APPLICATIONS:
1. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 7. When the digits are reversed, the
number is increased by 27. Find the number.
Solution:
Let x be the tens’ digit

y be the ones’ digit.
10x + y is the number
WORKING EQUATIONS:
From the first statement:
x + y = 7 ---(1)
From the second statement:

10y + x = (10x + y) + 27 ---(2)
10y + x = 10x + y + 27
9x – 9y = -27
x – y = - 3 ----(2) Simplified form of equation 2.
Hence, x = 2 and y = 5 (solution of the system is left as an exercise for the reader).
Therefore, the number is 25.
2. The admission fee at a small fair is $1.50 for children and $4.00 for adults. On a
certain day, 2200 people enter the fair and $5050 is collected. How many children
and how many adults attended?
Solution:
Let x- the number of children who attended
y- the number of adults who attended
WORKING EQUATONS:
Since there are 2200 people who entered the fair then
x + y = 2200 ---(1)
Using the ticket price and ticket sales:
1.50x + 4y = 5050 ---(2)
Hence, x = 1500 and y = 700 (solution of the system is left as an exercise for the
reader).
3. The measure of the largest angle of a triangle is 30o less than the sum of the measure
of the other two angles and 9o less than 2 times the measure of the smallest angle.
Find the measures of the three angles of the triangle.
Solution:
Let x be the measure of the 1st angle of the largest angle
y be the measure of the smallest angle
z be the measure of the remaining angle of the triangle.
WORKING EQUATONS:
Since there are three unknowns, we need to establish three working equations
x + y + z = 180 ---(1) since the sum of the 3 angles of any given triangle is 180o
x = (y + z) – 30 ---(2) from the first half of the 1st statement
x = 2y – 9 ---(3) from the 2nd half of the 1st statement.
Hence, x = 75o , y = 42o , z = 63o (solution of the system is left as an exercise for the
reader).
4. Regina sells photographs at art fairs. She prices the photos according to size: small
photos cost P1000, medium photos cost P1500, and large photos cost P4000. She
usually sells as many small photos as medium and large photos combined. She also
sells twice as many medium photos as large. A booth at the art fair costs P25000.
If her sales go as usual, how many of each size photo must she sell to pay for the
booth?
Solution:
Let x be the number of small photos sold by Regina
y be the number of medium photos sold by Regina
z be the number of large photos sold by Regina.
WORKING EQUATIONS:
x = y + z ---(1) (From statement number 2)
2y = z ---(2) (From statement number 3)
1000x + 1500y + 4000z = 25000 ---(3) (From statement 1 and 4)
Hence, x = 6, y = 2, z = 4 (solution of the system is left as an exercise for the
reader).
Homework 6:
Solve the following WORD problems. Use ANY solution for the system that you will
obtain.
1. Bert has $8.80 in pennies and nickels. If there are twice as many nickels as
pennies, how many pennies does Bert have? How many nickels? (ANS: 80
pennies, 160 nickels)
2. Tickets to a concert cost either $12 or $15. A total of 300 tickets are sold, and the
total receipts were $4140. How many of each kind of ticket were sold? (ANS:
$12—120 tickets, $15—180 tickets)
3. John received an inheritance of $12,000 that he divided into three parts and
invested in three ways: in a money-market fund paying 3% annual interest; in
municipal bonds paying 4% annual interest; and in mutual funds
paying 7% annual interest. John invested $4,000 more in mutual funds than in
municipal bonds. He earned $670 in interest the first year. How much did John
invest in each type of fund?
4. You are at the store, and are trying to remember how much bread, meat, and
cheese you were supposed to buy. The bread costs $1 per loaf, the meat costs
$4 per pound, and the cheese costs $3 per pound. You know that you are to buy
eight items, that the total cost will be $17, and that you are supposed to
purchase three times as much cheese as meat. How many of each do you need
to purchase?
UNIT 4: PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Learning outcomes:
outcomes:
1. Decompose p(x)/q(x) into partial fractions if q(x) has nonrepeated linear factors.
2. Decompose p(x)/q(x) into partial fractions if q(x) has repeated linear factors.
3. Decompose p(x)/q(x) into partial fractions if q(x) has nonrepeated quadratic
factors.
4. Decompose p(x)/q(x) into partial fractions if q(x) has repeated quadratic factors.
Suppose we have two fractions that we would like to add together. From ALGEBRA, we
simply get the LCD then divide the LCD by each denominator. After which, we multiply to
the corresponding numerator. Simplify the entire numerator and we now have the sum of
the fractions
Example:
8 5
−
𝑥+1 𝑥−4
8 5 8(𝑥 − 4) − 5(𝑥 + 1)
− =
𝑥+1 𝑥−4 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4)
8 5 8𝑥 − 32 − 5𝑥 − 5
− =
𝑥+1 𝑥−4 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4)
8 5 3𝑥 − 37
− =
𝑥+1 𝑥−4 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4)
In this section, we will not add fractions together instead we will do the reverse. We will be
given the sum and our target is to decompose that into partial fractions.
We use partial fraction decomposition on rational functions of the form r(x) = p(x)/q(x)
where p(x), q(x) are polynomials.
Some initial steps:
1. The degree of p(x) must be smaller than the degree of q(x). If not, we must perform
long division before moving onto the next step.
2. Factor q(x) into linear or irreducible quadratics.
Here are the following cases on how we write the partial fraction decomposition:
A. Linear factors. Linear factors are of the form mx + b.
i) Nonrepeated linear factors.
q(x) = (ax+b)(cx+d)
A B
r(x) = ax+b
+ cx+d
1
Example: 𝑥 2 −1
Factoring the denominator, we get:

1 1
𝑥 2 −1
= (𝑥+1)(𝑥−!)
Decomposing it in partial fractions, we have

1 𝐴 𝐵
𝑥 2 −1
= (𝑥+1)
+ (𝑥−1)
Multiplying both sides by the denominator of the ORIGINAL fraction, this yields
1 𝐴 𝐵
( = + )( 𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑥 2 −1 (𝑥+1) (𝑥−1)
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)
1 = 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵
1 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐴 + 𝐵
1 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 + (−𝐴 + 𝐵)
We want to determine the value for A and B.
We now equate the coefficients of the left and the right side of the equation:
For the coefficient of x: 0 = A + B
For the constant: 1 = -A + B
Simultaneously solving the equations obtained, we can eliminate A by

adding the two equations which gives us 1 = 2B. Thus, B = ½. Solving for A, A = -½
also.
1 𝐴 𝐵
Therefore, 𝑥 2 −1
= (𝑥+1)
+ (𝑥−1)
1 −1/2 1/2
𝑥 2 −1
= (𝑥+1)
+ (𝑥−1)
OR
1 −1 1
𝑥 2 −1
= 2(𝑥+1)
+ 2(𝑥−1)
ii) REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS
q(x) = (ax + b)K

𝐴 𝐵 𝑘
𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
+ (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)2
+ ⋯+ (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑘
EXAMPLE:
2𝑥 + 7
(𝑥 + 1)2
2𝑥+7 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑥+1)2
= 𝑥+1
+ (𝑥+1)2
2𝑥+7 𝐴 𝐵
((𝑥+1)2 = 𝑥+1
+ (𝑥+1)2) (𝑥 + 1)2 MULTIPLYING both sides by (𝑥 + 1)2
2𝑥 + 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵
2𝑥 + 7 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵
Equating coefficients
x: 2 = A
k: 7 = A + B
Since A=2 then B = 5.
Thus,
2𝑥 + 7 2 5
2
= +
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2
B. QUADRATIC FACTORS that are IRREDUCIBLE (Ax2+Bx+C)

i) NonRepeated Quadratic Factors
𝑝(𝑥)
𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥)
𝑞(𝑥) = (𝐴1 𝑥 2 + 𝐵1 𝑥 + 𝐶1 )(𝐴2 𝑥 2 + 𝐵2 𝑥 + 𝐶2 ) ⋯ (𝐴𝑘 𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑘 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑘 )

(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 ) (𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 ) (𝑎𝑘 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑘 )
𝑟(𝑥) = 2
+ 2
+⋯+
(𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑥 + 𝐶1 ) (𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑥 + 𝐶2 ) (𝐴𝑘 𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑘 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑘 )
7𝑥+13
EXAMPLE: 𝑥 3 +9𝑥
7𝑥+13 7𝑥+13
𝑥 3 +9𝑥
= 𝑥(𝑥 2 +9)
7𝑥+13 7𝑥+13
𝑥 3 +9𝑥
= 𝑥(𝑥 2 +9)
7𝑥 + 13 𝑎 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
3
= + 2
𝑥 + 9𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 +9
7𝑥+13 𝑎 𝑏𝑥+𝑐
( 𝑥 3 +9𝑥 = 𝑥
+ 𝑥 2 +9)(𝑥 3 + 9𝑥)
7𝑥 + 13 = 𝑎(𝑥 2 + 9) + (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥)
7𝑥 + 13 = (𝑎𝑥 2 + 9𝑎) + (𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥)
7𝑥 + 13 = (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 9𝑎)
7𝑥 + 13 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 9𝑎
𝑥2: 0 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑥∶7=𝑐
𝑘 ∶ 13 = 9𝑎
Thus, = 13/9 , 𝑏 = −13/9 and 𝑐 = 7

7𝑥+13 13/9 (−13/9)𝑥+7
Hence, 𝑥 3 +9𝑥
= 𝑥
+ 𝑥 2 +9
ii) Repeated Quadratic Factors
𝑝(𝑥)
𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥)
𝑞(𝑥) = (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑘

(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 ) (𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 ) (𝑎𝑘 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑘 )
𝑟(𝑥) = 2
+ 2 2
+ ⋯+
(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑘
2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +6𝑥−3
EXAMPLE: (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +6𝑥−3 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)

= + 2
(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2 (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1) (𝑥 +𝑥+1)2
2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +6𝑥−3 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)

( (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
= (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)
+ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1)2 )((𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2
2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 3 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)
2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 3 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 3 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑑
𝑥3: 2 = 𝑎
𝑥2: 3 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
But 𝑎 = 2 thus 𝑏 = 1
𝑥 ∶6=𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑐=3
𝑘 ∶ −3 = 𝑏 + 𝑑
𝑑 = −4
Thus, = 2 , 𝑏 = 1 , 𝑐 = 3, 𝑑 = −4
2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +6𝑥−3 (2𝑥+1) (3𝑥−4)
Hence, (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
= (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)
+ (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
HOMEWORK 7:
Decompose each of the following into partial fractions.

4
1. 𝑥 2 +5𝑥−14
3𝑥 2 +1
2. (𝑥+1)(𝑥−5)2
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3
3. (𝑥−6)(𝑥 2 +4)
8+𝑥+6𝑥 2 −12𝑥 3
4. (3𝑥 2 +4)(𝑥 2 +7)
UNIT 5: SYSTEMS INVOLVING QUADRATICS
Learning outcomes:
outcomes:
1. Solve systems of quadratic equations by substitution.

2. Solve systems of quadratic equations by elimination.
Case 1: One Equation is Quadratic and the other equation is Linear.
Example 1: Solve for the solution set of
𝑦2 = 9 − 𝑥 ---(1)
𝑥+𝑦 =3 ---(2)
Normally, we solve for one variable in terms of the other variable from the linear
equation. Whatever we get here will be substituted in the quadratic equation.
From (2), let us solve for x:
𝑥 = 3 − 𝑦 and we now substitute this in (1).
𝑦 2 = 9 − (3 − 𝑦)
𝑦2 = 9 − 3 + 𝑦
𝑦2 − 𝑦 − 6 = 0
By factoring the trinomial, we have
(when factoring cannot be applied then use the quadratic formula)

(𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 + 2) = 0
Equating each factor to 0

(𝑦 − 3) = 0, (𝑦 + 2) = 0
𝑦 = 3 & 𝑦 = −2
Solving now for the value of 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 3 − 𝑦.
If 𝑦 = 3 then 𝑥 = 0 & if 𝑦 = −2 then 𝑥 = 5.
Therefore, the solution set will be (0, 3) and (5, -2).
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 7 = 𝑦 ---(1)
𝑦=2 ---(2)
Substitute (2) in (1)
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 7 = 2
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 = 0
Using the quadratic formula:

−4±√42 −4(1)(5)
𝑥= 2(1)
−4±2𝑖
𝑥= 2(1)
Since the values of x are imaginary then it means there is NO SOLUTION SET
meaning the two equation do not intersect when graphed.
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9 ---(1)
𝑥+𝑦 =2 ---(2)
Solving for x in (2):
𝑥 =2−𝑦
Substitute 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦 in (1)
(2 − 𝑦)2 + 𝑦 2 = 9
4 − 4𝑦 + 𝑦 2 +𝑦 2 = 9
−5 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 = 0
Using the quadratic formula:

−(−4)±√(−4)2 −4(2)(−5)
𝑦= 2(2)
4±√16+40
𝑦=
4
4±√56
𝑦=
4
4±2√14
𝑦= 4
2±√14
𝑦= 2
𝑦 = 2.87 & 𝑦 = −0.87
Solving now for the value of 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦.
If 𝑦 = 2.87 then 𝑥 = −0.87 & if 𝑦 = −0.87 then 𝑥 = 2.87.
Therefore, the solution set will be (-0.87, 2.87) and (2.87, -0.87).
Case 2: Both Equations are Quadratic Equations.
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 ---(1)
𝑦 = −4𝑥 2 + 4 ---(2)
For this problem, we can equate the two equations given.

−4𝑥 2 + 4 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
−4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 − 4 = 0
−6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 0
−3𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 0 & 𝑥 = −1/2
If 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑦 = 4 & if 𝑥 = −1/2 then 𝑦 = 3.
0 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 1 ---(1)
𝑦 2 = −4𝑥 2 + 2 ---(2)
0 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 1 ---(1)
0 = −4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2 ---(2)
For this problem, we can eliminate 𝑦 2 so we get an equation involving the

variable x alone.
0 = −12𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 6 ---(2) multiplied by 3
0= 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 1 ---(1)
Add (1) & (2):
0= −10𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7 or
0= 10𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7
By the quadratic formula:

−(−1)±√(−1)2 −4(10)(−7)
𝑥= 2(10)
1±√1+280
𝑥= 20
𝑥 = 0.89 & 𝑥 = -0.79
If 𝑥 = 0.89 then 𝑦 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 & if 𝑥 = −0.79 then 𝑦 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦.
Therefore, there is NO solution set.
HOMEWORK 8:
Solve the following systems.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 7 ---(1)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 +1 ---(2)
2. 25 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ---(1)
3𝑦 = 2𝑥 +6 ---(2)
3. 16 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ---(1)
(𝑦 − 2)2 +(𝑥 − 1)2 − 9 ---(2)

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MODULE IN

THE EXPANSION OF A BINOMIAL

In each case we observe the following:

1. There are always 𝑛 + 1 term in the expansion.

THE PASCAL’S TRIANGLE

= x6 + 6(x5)(2y)1 + 15(x4)(4y2) + 20(x3)(8y3 ) + 15(x2)(16y4) + 6(x)1(32y5) + 64y6

= x6 + 12x5y + 60x4y2 + 160x3y3 + 240x2y4 + 192xy5 + 64y6

= 1w7 - 7(w)6(3z)1+ 21(w)5(9z2)- 35(w)4(27z3) + 35(w)3(81z4)- 21(w)2(243z5)+ 7(w)1(729z6) -

= w7 - 21w6z + 189w5z2 - 945w4z3 + 2835w3z4 - 5103w2z5 + 5103wz6 - 2187z7

UNIT 2: FACTORING POLYNOMIAL

Here are a couple of examples.

Let’s take a look at some examples.

Example 1: Factor 8x4−4x3+10x2

Example 2: Factor x3y2+3x4y+5x5y3

Example 3: Factor 3x6−9x2+3x

3x is the GCF, thus the factored form of the polynomial will be

x4 – y2 = (x2 + y)( x2 – y).

Example 2: Factor 8r3 – 18rt2.

8r3 – 18rt2 = 2r(4r2 – 9t2).

8r3 – 18rt2 = 2r(2r + 3t)( 2r – 3t).

x8 – y8 = (x4 + y4) (x4 - y4).

x8 – y8 = (x4 + y4) (x2 + y2) (x2 – y2).

x8 – y8 = (x4 + y4) (x2 + y2) (x + y) (x – y).

a2 + 2ab + b2 or a2 - 2ab + b2.

The factored form of a Perfect Square Trinomial is:

Example 1: Factor x2 + 8x + 16.

Example 2: Factor 4a4 + 9b2 – 12a2b.

4a4 = (2a2)2 and 9b2 = (3b)2.

4a4 + 9b2 – 12a2b = 4a4 – 12a2b + 9b2 = (2a2 – 3b)2.

Example 3: Factor 25x2 – 10xy + 4y2.

25x2 = (5x)2 and 4y2 = (2y)2.

Verifying the remaining term which is –10xy, it is not equal to –2(5x)(2y).

HOMEWORK 2: Factor the following polynomials.

1. 2a4b + 4a2b5 – 10a5b3

x2 + (a+b)x + ab or acx2 + (ad+bc)x + bd

Example 2: Factor a2 - ab - 12b2.

6x2 can be factored as (3x)(2x) while 15y2 can be factored as (3y)(5y)

Homework 3: Factor the following polynomials.

Example 1: Factor x3 - 2x2 + 5x – 10

x3 - 2x2 + 5x – 10 = (x - 2)( x2 + 5).

x2 + 3y – 3x – xy = (x2 – 3x) + (3y – xy).

first two terms.

Example 3: Factor x3 + 2x2 – 9x – 18.

x3 + 2x2 – 9x – 18 = (x3 + 2x2) + (– 9x – 18)

x3 + 2x2 – 9x – 18 = x2 (x + 2) – 9(x + 2). Factoring out (x + 2), we get:

HOMEWORK 4: Factor the following polynomials.

UNIT 3: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

1. Solve systems of linear equations by substitution.

ELIMINATION using ADDITION or SUBTRACTION

ELIMINATION using SUBSTITUTION

To SOLVE the system,

Example 5: Solve the system using the CRAMER’s RULE

Given the system:

|A| = (a1)(b2)(c3) + (b1)(c2)(a3) + (c1)(a2)(b3) - (a3)(b2)(c1) - (b3)(c2)(a1) - (c3)(a2)(b1).

|A| = (1)(-4)(2) + (1)(5)(5) + (1)(6)(2) - (5)(-4)(1) - (2)(5)(1) - (2)(6)(1).

(2)(−4)(2) + (1)(5)(13) + (1)(31)(2) − (13)(−4)(1) − (2)(5)(2) − (2)(31)(1)

(1)(31)(2) + (2)(5)(5) + (1)(6)(13) − (5)(31)(1) − (13)(5)(1) − (2)(6)(2)

(1)(−4)(13) + (1)(31)(5) + (2)(6)(2) − (5)(−4)(2) − (2)(31)(1) − (13)(6)(1)

ANS: x = -1, y = 3, z = -4.

Let x be the tens’ digit

From the second statement:

UNIT 4: PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Some initial steps: