Tavi II.

antikuri filosofia

§ 1. zogadi daxasiaTeba

1. antikuri ewodeba Zvel saberZneTsa da romis

imperiaSi arsebul filosofias, romelic iwyeba Cv.w.
aRricxvamde VI saukunidan da mTavrdeba VI saukunis
damdegs Cveni welTaRricxviT. is moicavs 1000 welze
mets. antikuri filosofia iyo Zveli aRmosavleTis
(babiloni, egvipte, finikia) kulturis uSualo mem-
kvidre da maTi tradiciebis Semdgomi gamgrZelebeli
da ganmaviTarebeli, evropuli (dasavluri) filosofi-
isa da kulturis safuZveli. es filosofia warmoad-
gens gansakuTrebul saganZurs msoflio civilizaciis
ganviTarebis procesSi, misi mniSvneloba Zalze didia,
ramdenadac swored masSi Caisaxa evropuli kultura
da civilizacia, man imTaviTve mogvca dasavluri fi-
losofiuri skolebis, ideebisa da problemebis Canasa-
xebi, romlebic SemdegSi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
warmoiSvnen da ganviTardnen dasavleT evropis qvey-
nebSi.
2. TviT saxelwodeba `filosofiac~ berZnulia.
`sofosi~ ewodeboda brZen winaswarmetyvels, romelic
flobda RvTiur sibrZnes, `filosofosi~ ki adamians,
romelic ar flobda aseT sibrZnes, magram eswrafvoda
sibrZnes, uyvarda WeSmariteba. filosofia — es aris
adamianis siyvaruli WeSmaritebisa da simarTlisadmi,
es aris `codna codnisaTvis~ (aristotele). filoso-
fosis mizani iyo aexsna es samyaro masSive arsebul mi-
zezebiT da ara gareSe Zalebis arsebobis aRiarebisa da
maTi moqmedebaTa safuZvelze, e.i. ara miTebiTa da re-
ligiiT, aramed faqtebiTa da logikis safuZvelze.

14
 filosofia saberZneTSi miTologiasa da religias
gamoeyo VII-VI saukuneebis mijnaze da swored aqedan iw-
yeba misi istoria, iwyeba miTidan logosze (logosi —
ZiriTadi safuZvelia logikisa) gadasvlis procesi,
azrovneba xdeba ufro ganmazogadebeli da analitiku-
ri.
antikuri filosofiis ganviTarebam ganvlo ramo-
denime etapi. filosofiis istorikosebi tradiciulad
ganasxvaveben Semdeg safexurebs:
1. adreul klasikas; mas — miakuTvneben `natura-
listebs~ anu `fizikosebs~, sokrateswina filosofo-
sebs; mTavari problemebia - `fizis~ (buneba) da kosmo-
si, misi agebuleba.
2. Sua klasika (sokrate da misi skola sofistebi)
mTavari problemaa — adamianis arseba;
3. maRali klasika (platoni, aristotele da maTi
skolebi) mTavari problemaa —filosofiuri codnis
sinTezi, misi problemebi da meTodebi da sxva.
4. elinizmi (epikure, pironi, stoikosebi, seneka,
epikteti, avreliusi da sxv.) mTavari problemaa — mora-
li da adamianis bedi, adamianisa da RmerTis mimarTeba
(plotini, porfiriusi, prokle, filon aleqsandrie-
li).
filosofiis qarTvel istorikosebTan vxvdebiT
antikuri filosofiis ganviTarebis etapebis sxvanair
klasifikaciasac (s. danelia, m. gogiberiZe, s. wereTe-
li, m. WeliZe).
antikurma filosofiam wamoayena rigi fundamen-
taluri ideebi da problemebi, romlebsac dRemde ar
daukargavT TavianTi mniSvneloba. aseTebia:
1. arsisa da ararsis, materiisa da misi formis
problemebi;

15
 2. adamianis, misi Semecnebis, sxva adamianebTan mi-
si urTierTobis problema;
3. adamianis nebisa da Tavisuflebis problema;
4. adamianis da RmerTis urTierTobis, RvTiuri
nebisa da RmerTis mier kosmosis Seqmnis problema.
5. grZnobadisa da zegrZnobadis sinTezis, samya-
ros Semecnebis racionaluri meTodis Ziebis problema
da sxv.
antikur filosofiaSi Caisaxa da ganviTarebis
garkveul dones miaRwia codnis iseTma dargebma, ro-
goricaa: eTika, esTetika, logika, fsiqologia, fizika,
medicina. maTematika da sxv. am filosofiis warmoSo-
biT safuZveli Caeyara evropaSi mecnierebis warmoSo-
bas. ramdenadac filosofia eswrafvoda argumentire-
bul, dasabuTebuli sibrZnis anu codnis miRwevas, is
amave dros iyo mecnierebac. filosofia da mecniereba
aristotelesTan sinonimebia. SemdgomSi Zvel berZnul
filosofiaSi ZiriTad disciplinebad iTvleboda lo-
gika, fizika da eTika.
Zveli berZnuli filosofiis specifikas, gansa-
kuTrebiT misi ganviTarebis sawyis periodSi warmoad-
gens gaigos bunebis, kosmosis, mTlianad samyaros arse-
ba, amitom am etaps kosmocentrizmis an kosmogoniur
etaps uwodeben, romelic ganicdida miTologiisa da
religiis garkveul gavlenas. miTologiasa da religia-
Si ki erT-erT ZiriTad sakiTxs warmoadgenda samyaros
warmoSobis sakiTxi. miTologia sakiTxs ayenebda ase:
vin dabada, vin Seqmna mTeli samyaro? filosofia ki
cdilobda gaego, daedgina risgan warmoiSva es samyaro.

16
 § 2. mileTis skola. ufrosi fizikosebi

erT-erTi pirveli berZeni filosofosi, vinc See-

cada am kiTxvaze dasabuTebuli, argumentirebuli pa-
suxi gaeca iyo Talesi (625-547Cv.w.aR-mde). is aris io-
nuri filosofiis mileTis skolis (filosofosTa
jgufis) pirveli warmomadgeneli (ionia berZnebis ko-
lonia iyo wina aziaSi, mileTi (mileti) ki - qalaqi).
TalesiT iwyeba ara marto antikuri, aramed saer-
Tod evropuli (dasavluri) filosofiis istoriac. igi
iyo is pirveli evropeli filosofosi, romelmac Zve-
li berZnuli azrovnebis istoriaSi pirvelad daayena
iseTi filosofiuri problema, rogoricaa samyaros
pirveli sawyisis anu `arxes~ anu rogorc dRes ityvian,
substanciis problema da masTan dakavSirebuli erTis-
gan simravlis warmoSobisa da moZraobis problemebi.
Talesis azriT samyaros pirvelsawyisi unda iyos
is, rac sinamdvilis yvela sagansa da movlenaSi metnak-
lebi raodenobiT aris mocemuli. amasTanave am pirvel-
sawyiss unda SeeZlos sxvaze metad cvalebadoba, raTa
advilad gardaiqmnas sxva sagnad, sxva movlenad, rom
warmoSvas bunebaSi arsebuli mravalferovneba. aseT
pirvelsawyisad Talesi miiCnevs wyals, radgan wyali,
sisvele, sinotive metnaklebad yvelaferSia, TviT qva-
Sic ki. amasTanave wyals sxva nivTierebebTan SedarebiT
advilad SeuZlia Txevadi mdgomareobidan gadavides
airad mdgomareobaSi, misi gacxeleba-gacivebiT. wylis
gardaqmna sxva nivTierebad moZraobaa, moZraoba, aqti-
voba ki mxolod cocxals axasiaTebs. Talesi Tavisi mo-
sazrebis gasamarTleblad, msjelobis Sinagani logi-
kis safuZvelze, iZulebulia wyali sicocxlis mata-
reblad gamoacxados da miT dadges hiloZoizmis pozi-
ciebze (hiloZoizmi aracocxali bunebis gasulierebas

17
axdens). yvelaferi ara marto warmoiSoba wylisagan,
aramed yvelaferi mas ubrundeba.
samyaros pirvelsawyisad wylis gamocxadeba, ra-
sakvirvelia, azrovnebis dabali donis maCvenebelia,
magram ar unda daviviwyoT, rom Talesis moRvaweobis
periodi aris Zveli berZnuli filosofiis bavSvobis
xana, rodesac is mxolod pirvel nabijebs dgams da ami-
tom misgan mtkiced siaruli swor gzaze jer kidev ar
moiTxoveba. magram mTavari Talesis naazrevSi sul sxva
ramea. upirveles yovlisa is, rom man scada mravalfe-
rovani sinamdvilisaTvis erTi safuZveli, erTi sub-
strati gamoeZebna. garda amisa es safuZveli samyaros
gareT ki ar eZeba, aramed mis SigniT aRmoaCina da amiT
aCvena, rom samyaros arsebobisa da misi moZraobis sa-
fuZveli masSivea, samyaro TviTkmari da TviTmoZravia.
es im droisaTvis metad gabedulad iyo naTqvami, ramde-
nadac miTologia samyaros Seqmnas miTiur personaJebs,
xolo religia RmerTebs ukavSirebda.
Talesi materialuri samyaros arsebobisa da misi
moZraobis mizezs aseve materialur saganSi — wyalSi —
xedavda da amitom misi filosofia materialisturia,
magram es ufro materialisturi mixvedraa, vidre dasa-
buTebuli Sexeduleba. amitomac Talesi filosofiis
istoriaSi miCneulia gulubryvilo-stiqiur materia-
listad. Talesi samyaros ganixilavs rogorc erTians,
es misi udidesi damsaxurebaa. TalesisaTvis mTeli ma-
terialuri samyaro sulieria, es suliereba misi ima-
nenturi (Sinagani) Tvisebaa, arsebuli TviTmoZravia da
amave dros gansulierebuli. Talesi suls ganixilavda
rogorc spontanurad aqtiurs. plutarqes damowmebiT,
Talesi RmerTs universalur inteleqts uwodebda:
RmerTi samyaros gonebaa.

18
 `Talesis problema aris arsis problema, swored
es problema iqneba momavali filosofosebis centra-
luri problema. es problema rogorc filosofiis, ise
mecnierebis (fizikis) problemaa. amitom aRniSnuli
problemis dasmiT Talesma daiwyo rogorc filoso-
fia, ise bunebismetyveleba. masTan problemis dasma
ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre misi gadawyveta~ (s. were-
Teli).
Talesi eZebda samyaros arsebas, zogads, magram
zogadis magier kerZo miiRo. misi zogadi gamovida ara
zogadi, aramed kerZo. zogadis wvdoma, rogorc cnobi-
lia, mxolod cnebiT SeiZleba, Talesi ver amaRlda
cnebamde.
Taless miewereba Semdegi brZnuli azrebi:
`yvela saganze ufrosi RmerTia, radganac is ar
dabadebula.~
`yvelaze mSvenieri kosmosia, radganac is RvTis
qmnilebaa.~
`yvelaze didi swored sivrcea, radgan igi yvela-
fers itevs.~
`yvelaze brZeni dro aris xolme, radganac igi yve-
lafers gvimxels.~
`yvelaze swrafi Cveni azria, radganac igi mudmi-
vad garbis.~
`yvelaze Zlieri aucileblobaa, radganac yvela-
ze mZleveli aris.~
imave filosofiur principebze dganan mileTis
filosofiuri skolis sxva warmomadgenlebi anaqsiman-
dre (610-540Cv.. aR-mde) da anaqsimeni (585-525Cv.w.aR-
mde).
3. anaqsimandrem scada Seeqmna pirveli filoso-
fiuri sistema, romelSic logikurad dasabuTebuli
iqneboda pirveli sawyisis problema. aseT pirvel saw-

19
yisad igi miiCnevs iseT pirvel nivTierebas, romelic
sxvas gansazRvravs, TviTon ki ganusazRvrelia. ganu-
sazRvreli berZnulad gamoiTqmis rogorc `apeironi~,
e.i. anaqsimandres azriT apeironia yovelive arsebulis
sawyisi, yvelaferi misgan warmoiSveba da masve ubrun-
deba. is TviTon dausabamo da usasruloa, e.i. ara aqvs
dasawyisi da dasasruli drosa da sivrceSi. apeironi
usazRvroa raodenobrivadac, is arasodes ar amoiwu-
reba misgan sagnebis gamoyofiT. am gamoyofis procesi
meqanikuria, meqanikur principis gamoyeneba hiloZoiz-
mTan SedarebiT azrovnebis ganviTarebis procesSi win-
gadadgmuli nabijia. miuxedavad amisa, anaqsimandre sa-
bolood mainc hiloZoistad rCeba. anaqimandres apei-
roni, romelsac araviTari dadebiTi Tviseba ar miewe-
reba, zedmetad ganusazRvrelia da amdenad pirvel saw-
yisad ar gamodgeba, rac kargad SeamCnia mileTis sko-
lis mesame warmomadgenelma anaqsimenma.
4. anaqsimenis azriT samyaros pirveli sawyisi
aris haeri, romlis gasqeleba-gaTxelebiT warmoiSveba
sxvadasxva sagani, gasqeleba-gaTxelebas iwvevs siTbo
da sicive, gaTxelebas siTbo iwvevs, gasqelebas — sici-
ve. haeri usaxoa da uTvisebo, haeri TviTmoZravia, is
TavisTavsac amoZravebs da sxvasac. moZraobas ara aqvs
arc dasawyisi da arc bolo. haeri mudmiv moZraobaSia,
igi, rogorc TviTmoZravi, cocxalia, haeri cocxali
materiaa, sicocxle sunTqvaa, sunTqva aris haeri. haeri
ki aris msoflio suli, romlis gareSec msoflio daiS-
leboda, qaosad gadaiqceoda. msoflio sulis gamo igi
mTliania, mwyobrad aris agebuli, kosmosia. `anaqsime-
nis mier haeris, rogorc msoflio sulis, aRiareba ide-
alizmi ki araa, aramed mxolod hiloZoizmi, naklovani
materializmi~ (s. wereTeli). anaqsimenTan dialeqtikis

20
niSnebic gvaqvs. igi stiqiuri materialisti da amave
dros gulubryvilo dialeqtikosia.
5. mileTel filosofosTa damsaxureba, upirve-
les yovlisa, imaSia, rom filosofia gagebulia ro-
gorc mecniereba yovelive arsebulis mizezebze da saw-
yisebze. amdenad misi ZiriTadi problema iyo ontolo-
giuri anu yofierebiseuli, igi cdilobs `racionalu-
rad~ axsnas samyaros warmoSoba da misi arseba. mile-
TelTa filosofia warmoadgenda Teokosmogoniidan
naturfilosofiaze gadasvlas berZnuli azrovnebis
ganviTarebis procesSi.
Zv.w. aR. Vs-is damdegs mileTma dakarga Tavisi po-
litikuri damoukidebloba, wydeba iq filosofiis gan-
viTarebac. magram saberZneTis sxva qalaqebSi mileTel-
Ta moZRvrebas gamouCndnen ara marto damcvelebi, ara-
med gamgrZelebelic. erT-erTi aseTi moazrovne iyo
heraklite q. efesodan.

§ 3. heraklite efeselis dialeqtika

1. heraklite (daax. 530-470Cv.w.aR-mde) mileTel-

Ta materializms agrZelebs da samyaros pirvelsawyi-
sad cecxls asaxelebs. anaqsimenis haeri-suli man
cecxls gauigiva. es cecxli ar aris Seqmnili materia.
`samyaro, erTianoba yovelivesi, ar aris Seqmnili arc
erTi RmerTis da arc erTi adamianis mier, aramed iyo,
aris da iqneba marad cocxali cecxli, romelic kanon-
zomierad inTeba da qreba.~
heraklites am fragmentidan naTlad Cans is azri,
rom samyaro aris mravalferovani sagnebisa da movle-
nebis ara ubralo grova an jami, aramed maTi organuli
erTianoba, romelsac safuZvlad udevs garkveuli ka-

21
nonzomiereba, romlis safuZvelzec is `kanonzomierad
inTeba da qreba~, e.i. samyaro aris warmoSobisa da gaq-
robis kanonzomieri monacvleoba, cvalebadobisa da
qmnadobis procesi, romelic aseve mudmivi da usasru-
loa. rogorc mudmivad arsebuli da usasruloa cec-
xli-samyaro. samyaroSi `yovelive aris da arc aris~.
yvelaferi gardaqmnaSia: `erTsa da imave mdinareSi or-
jer ver Sexval.~
qmnadobis ganuwyveteli procesis mizezi, herak-
lites azriT, mis Sinagan winaaRmdegobaSia, romelic
dapirispirebulTa erTianobis saxiT aris warmodgeni-
li: omi da zavi, dRe da Rame, zamTari da zafxuli, civi
da Tbili, sveli da mSrali da a.S. qmnadobaSi arsi da
ararsi erTi mTlianobaa. arsis aspeqti or dapirispi-
rebul moments, arssa da ararss Seicavs, amitomac aq
erTianis gaorebasTan gvaqvs saqme. erTianis gaoreba da
misi mowinaaRmdege nawilebis Semecneba ki dialeqtikis
dedaarsia. heraklite ara marto materialistia, ara-
med Zveli drois udidesi dialeqtikosic., misi dialeq-
tikis ZiriTadi principi ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
`yvelaferi mimdinareobs~ (`panta rei~). yvelaferi moZ-
raobs da araferi ar aris gaCerebuli~. platonis daxa-
siaTebiT, heraklite samyaros mdinares adarebda, rom-
lis erTsadaimave talRaSi adamiani orjer ver Seva,
radganac meored Sesvlisas pirveli talRa ukve Cavli-
lia.
yvelaferi icvleba da es cvalebadoba mudmivia.
cvalebadoba moZraobaa da moZraoba materia-cecxlis
arsebobis ganuyreli Tvisebaa, anu rogorc dRes vit-
yviT, moZraoba materiis atributia. moZraoba, herak-
lites azriT, ori saxisaa: gza qveviTken da gza zeviT-
ken: cecxli ikumSeba haerad, haeri — wylad, wyali ki —
miwad. es aris gza qveviT, miwa iqceva mdinared-wylad,

22
wyali aorTqldeba, orTqli ki cecxlad iqceva. es aris
gza zeviT: orive ki erTi gzis nawilia, cvalebadoba-
moZraoba mimdinareobs wreSi: dasawyisi da bolo er-
TmaneTs emTxveva. qveyana wrebrunvaa: cecxli, haeri,
wyali, miwa da miwa, wyali, haeri, cecxli.
marTalia, yvelaferi icvleba, magram am cvaleba-
dobaSi ucvlelobasac aqvs adgili, mdinare mainc mdi-
nared rCeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi talRebi tal-
Rebs ganuwyvetliv cvlian. moZraoba-cvalebadobisa
da ucvlelobis erTianoba — cecxli cecxladve rCeba
misi anTebisa da Caqrobis miuxedavad. moZraoba — cva-
lebadoba ganxorcielebuli winaaRmdegobaa, is moZra-
obisa da uZraobis anu dapirispirebulTa erTianobaa,
garkveuli harmoniaa. arsebobs raRac zoma, e.i. kanon-
zomierebebi, garkveuloba. heraklites mowafe krati-
li cdeba, roca is uaryofs garkveulobis ar arsebo-
bas, absoluturs da yvelaferi calmxrivad gagebul
cvalebadobamde anu relativizmamde dayavs.
heraklite samyaros moZraoba — cvalebadobis ka-
nonzomierebas `logoss~ uwodebs. `logosi~ berZnuli
sityvaa da niSnavs erTsadaimave dros sityvasac da az-
rsac, - gonebasac. logosi heraklites azriT, brZolaa,
brZola ki — rogorc winaaRmdegoba ganviTarebis wya-
ro. es genialuri azria. amitomac iyo, rom hegeli, es
yvela drois udidesi dialeqtikosi, ambobda, rom ar
aris heraklites iseTi debuleba, romelic Cems logi-
kaSi ar Semetanoso. marTalia, heraklite pirveli didi
dialeqtikosia, magram ramdenadac is mainc pirvelia,
ar SeiZleboda misi dialeqtikuri naazrevi unaklo yo-
filiyo. aseT naklad Cven is garemoeba migvaCnia, rom
heraklite ganviTarebas, progress ar aRiarebs, ro-
gorc zemoTac aRiniSna, moZraoba — cvalebadoba he-
raklitesTan wrebrunvaa, wrebrunva ki raodenobrivi

23
cvlilebaa da ara Tvisebrivi, romlis drosac axlis
warmoSobas ara aqvs adgili. Tumca ganviTarebis prob-
lema heraklitesTan erTmniSvnelovnad da martivad ar
wydeba. swored amitomaa, rom zogierTi filosofiis
istorikosi (qarTvelebidan m. gogiberiZe, m. WeliZe)
ganviTarebis ideis arsebobas heraklitesTan srule-
biT ar gamoricxavs.
heraklites naazrevSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs lo-
gosis cnebis gagebas. logosi masTan kanonzomierebas,
wesierebas niSnavs, wesiereba ki gonierebaa. amaSi zogi-
erTi filosofiis istorikosi heraklites idealisto-
bas xedavs, ramdenadac maT es logosi msoflio gone-
bad warmoudgeniaT maSin, rodesac heraklite, rogorc
es zeviT iTqva, logosSi kanonzomierebas gulisxmobs,
romelic aucileblobis bunebisaa. heraklite aRiarebs
samyaroSi aucileblobis batonobas da is amdenad de-
terministia. heraklite am aucileblobas bedsac uwo-
debs da Tavis naazrevSi fatalizmis elementebic Se-
aqvs. heraklite, iseve rogorc militeli filosofose-
bi, hiloZoistia da amitom is zogjer iseT terminebs
xmarobs, romlebic heraklites materializmSi daeWve-
bis sababs iZleva.
2. heraklite filosofiis istoriaSi is pirveli
moazrovnea, romelic mxolod ontologiuri proble-
mebis kvleviT ar ifargleboda da garkveul yuradRe-
bas aqcevs gnoseologiur sakiTxebsac. kerZod, sa-
kiTxs, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli adamianis mier sam-
yaros, bunebis Semecneba. heraklites azriT es SesaZ-
lebelia imdenad, ramdenadac `logosi~ aramarto kos-
mosis azri anu misi kanonzomierebaa, aramed sulis ka-
nonzomierebac, e.i. sinamdvilis SemecnebisaTvis saWi-
roa miRweul iqnas Tanxmoba `samyaros logossa~ da
`sulis logoss~ Soris, e.i. Semecneba xorcieldeba bu-

24
nebisa da azrovnebis kanonebis erTianobis bazaze. `az-
rovneba iSviaTi Tvisebaa da sibrZne is aris, rom WeSma-
ritebas vityviT da bunebis mixedviT vimoqmedebT, imiT
rom TviTon bunebas movusmenT.~ Semecnebis obieqti re-
alurad arsebuli bunebaa, Cveni azris WeSmariteba ki
misi `mosmena~ da `misi mixedviT moqmedebaa.~
heraklite Semecnebis procesSi empiriulisa da
racionaluris erTianobas xedavs. Semecneba xorciel-
deba SegrZnebebiT, aRqmebiTa da gonebiT. grZnobadi
Semecneba (SegrZnebebi da aRqmebi) pirveli da ufro da-
bali safexuria, logikuri (gonebiTi) — ufro maRali.
heraklite SegrZnebebs Semecnebis aucilebel, magram
arasakmaris pirobad miiCnevs. aucilebelia imdenad,
ramdenadac is aRebs karebs, romlis iqeT bunebis sai-
dumloebaa. SegrZnebebi bevr rames sworad gviCvenebs,
magram is mainc garkveulad SezRudulia, radganac
mxolod sinamdvilis nawils, kerZo movlenebs gvam-
cnobs. namdvili codna ki zogadis codnaa, romelic
mxolod gonebiT miiRweva, grZnobebis monacemebis sa-
fuZvelze.
heraklite bunebis Semecnebidan sakuTari Tavis
Semecnebamde amaRlda. is werda: `me veZebdi Cemsave
Tavs~, `yvela adamians SeuZlia Tavis-Tavis Secnoba da
gonierad yofna.~ am debulebebiT safuZveli Cauyara
sokrates princips: `Seicani Tavi Seni~. Semecnebis
umaRlesi mizani unda iyos logosis wvdoma. amdenad Se-
mecneba aris sikeTe. adamianis bedniereba samyaros ka-
nonzomierebis amocnobaSi da misdami cnobier daqvem-
debarebaSia.
amrigad `heraklites moZRvreba ionuri materia-
listuri filosofiis ganviTarebis mwvervalia. herak-
lites gulubryvilo dialeqtikis formaSi aRmoCeni-
lia mecnieruli dialeqtikis mniSvnelovani elemente-

25
bi: Sinagani gaorebis, dapirispirebis, universalobisa
da dapirispirebuli mxareebis erTianobis, arsisa da
azris erTiani universaluri kanonzomierebebis sa-
xiT~. (m. WeliZe)

§ 4. piTagoreizmi

1. naturfilosofosTa azrovneba ZiriTadad me-

taforuli iyo, romelic grZnobad saxeebs emyareboda.
misi ganviTarebis procesi am etapze ver gaCerdeboda,
saWiro iyo inteleqtualur codnaze gadasvla, rome-
lic cnebaTa gamoyenebiT iwarmoebda. berZnebTan erT-
erTi mniSvnelovan etaps am gadasvlis gzaze warmoad-
gens piTagoreizmi. misi saxelwodeba momdinareobs pi-
Tagoradan (580-500w. Zv.w.), romelic warmoSobiT iyo q.
samosidan, magram axalgazrdobidanve gadasaxlda sam-
xreT italiis qalaq krotonSi, sadac man religiuri
jgufi (seqta) Camoayaliba da safuZveli Cauyara filo-
sofiur-maTematikur Sexedulebebs, romelsac Semdeg-
Si piTagoreizmi ewoda. ramdenadac Cvenamde ar mouR-
wevia piTagoras nawerebs, misi naazrevis calke gamoyo-
fa piTagoreizmis saerTo moZRvrebidan ver xerxdeba.
aristoteles daxasiaTebiT `piTagorelebi iyvnen pir-
velni, romlebic maTematikas daeyrdnen, ganaviTares
igi, SeiWrnen mis bunebaSi; isini fiqrobdnen, rom maTe-
matikis principebi yoveli arsebulis principebia, maT
Seqmnes moZRvreba ricxvebis Sesaxeb anu ricxvTa meta-
fizika.~
2. piTagoreizmis ZiriTadi principis mixedviT
yovelive arsebulis pirvelsawyisi anu arsi aris ric-
xvi, ricxvi aris saganTa arseba, mraval saganTa erTi

26
sawyisi swored erTi unda iyos, radgan asaxsneli swo-
red simravlea.
piTagorelebma SeamCnies, rom bunebis movlenebi
ganizomebian da es zoma SeiZleba ariTmetikul termi-
nebSi gadmoices. isini imasc mixvdnen, rom saganTa zo-
mis an maTi ariTmetikuli gamosaxvis cvalebadoba iw-
vevs saganTa Tvisebis cvalebadobasac, magaliTad, si-
mis tonebi icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba
maTi sigrZe. Tu aviRebT or erTnairi masisa da erTnai-
rad daWimul sims, romelTa sigrZe erTmaneTs ise See-
fardeba, rogorc 1:2, Cven miviRebT tons, romelsac
musikaSi eZaxian oqtavas, Tu maTi Sefardeba iqneba 2:3,
miviRebT kvintas, xolo simebis Sefardeba 3:4, gvaZlevs
kvartas. iseve rogorc es tonebi qmnian samyaroseul
harmonias, romelic adamianebs imitom ar esmiT, rom
yurebi SeCveuli aqvT.
ramdenadac ricxvi saganTa arsebaa, vinc icis sa-
ganTa ricxvi an maTi ricxobrivi damokidebulebebi,
man icis saganTa kanoni anu wesi. sagnebi imitom icvle-
bian ricxvebis cvalebadobasTan erTad, rom sagnebi
ricxvebisagan Sedgebian, sagnebi da ricxvebi msgavsni
arian, msgavseba zomaSia. zomis cvla saganTa cvlas iw-
vevs.
3. piTagorelebma raodenobrivi mxare samyaros
mravalferovnebis safuZvlad gamoacxades, materia-
lur sagnebs mowyvites da gaaabsolutes, riTac Seqmnes
piTagoruli maTematikuri simbolizmi da cru rwmeniT
damZimebuli ricxvTa mistika. amis cxadi magaliTia pi-
TagorelTa Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom kents Seefar-
deba mamrobiTi sqesi da luws — mdedrobiTi, 5 qorwils
niSnavs, 6 — suls, 7 — gonebas, 8 — siyvaruls, 10 — RvTae-
bas da a.S. magram piTagorelTa damsaxureba mecniere-
baSi, kerZod maTematikaSi mainc mniSvnelovania, maT

27
scades geometriul damokidebulebaTa gamosaxva
ariTmetikuli damokidebulebebiT, rac dRes analizu-
ri geometriis problemas Seadgens. radganac piTago-
relTa azriT sagnis arseba ricxvia, xolo ricxvebi ge-
ometriul figurebs Seesabamebian, piTagorelebi swav-
lobdnen sagnebis geometriul figurebs anu dayavdaT
azrSi isini am figurebamde, mere ikvlevdnen maT Sesa-
bamis ricxvebs da amiT adgendnen aseve maT Sesabamis
Tvisebebs.
4. piTagoreizmis umTavresi nakli imaSia, rom man
yvelaferi ricxvebze daiyvana, moaxdina ricxvTa feti-
Sizacia, ricxvi ganixileba ukve ara rogorc saganSi ar-
sebuli arseba, aramed misgan mowyvetilad da masze
maRla mdgomad. ricxvebisaTvis yovelisSemZleobis mi-
niWeba filosofiisa da mecnierebis farglebs scilde-
ba da misticizmSi gadadis. amiT unda aixsnas is garemo-
eba, rom piTagorelebi sakuTar moZRvrebas ricxvebze
saidumlod inaxavdnen. gadmocemis mixedviT erT-erTi
piTagoreli, romelmac gasca kvadratuli fesvi -2-dan
amoxsnis siZnele, sikvdiliT dasajes.
piTagorizmi ara marto filosofiur-maTematiku-
ri moZRvreba iyo, aramed religiuric, romelSic dam-
kvidrebuli iyo Sexeduleba sulTa gadasaxlebis Sesa-
xeb. adamianis suli TviTmoZravia, romelic sxeuls
amoZravebs. micvalebulTa sulebi 3000 wlis ganmavlo-
baSi daxetialoben samyaroSi. Semdeg isev adamianis sxe-
uls ubrundebian, suli wreSi trialebs. es Teoria aR-
mosavleTSi iyo gavrcelebuli, saidanac is winaaziis
gziT saberZneTSic gavrcelda.
piTagoreizmis ganviTarebas neopiTagoreizmi
warmoadgenda, romelic Camoyalibda I s Zv.w. — IIs. ax.
welTaRricxviT.

28
 `piTagoreizmma didi gavlena moaxdina, erTi
mxriv, maTematikis ganviTarebaze, meore mxriv — idea-
lizmze (parmenide, platoni da sxva). piTagorelTa mis-
tika idealizmis wyaro gaxda~ (s. wereTeli).

§ 5. eleatTa metafizika

elea qalaqi iyo samxreT italiaSi, siciliaSi, sa-

dac Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebis mijnaze aq Camosaxlebul ber-
ZenTa Soris Camoyalibda filosofiuri skola, romlis
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen qsenofane kolofoneli (war-
moSobiT q. kolofonidan), parmenide, Zenoni, meliso.
1. qsenofanes (565-473 an 570-470Zv.w.) filosofi-
uri Sexedulebebi warmoiSva rogorc antiTeza ionel-
Ta moZRvrebisa, romlis mixedviTac samyaros arsebas
warmoadgenda cvalebadi da gardaqmnadi bunebis mov-
lenebi. qsenofanes mtkicebiT samyaros arseba uZravi
da ucvleli RmerTia. RmerTi erTia, is ar SeiZleba
iyos mravali, RmerTTa simravle gamoiwvevda maT nak-
lovanebas (nakleb siZlieres), RmerTi ki ar SeiZleba
iyos naklovani, is srulia. usruloa moZravi da cvale-
badi buneba. buneba sxva araferia, Tu ara talaxi. `miwa
da wyalia yvelaferi, rac ibadeba~, `yvelaferi miwisga-
naa da miwiT mTavrdeba~ - wers qsenofane Tavis poemaSi
`bunebis Sesaxeb~. qsenofanesaTvis miwa da wyali bune-
bis saganTa elementebi ki ar aris, aramed metafora,
romliTac is axasiaTebs, afasebs bunebis mniSvnelobas.
buneba warmavalia, moCvenebaa, romelic nisliviT war-
moiSoba da nisliviT qreba, yvelaferi araraobaa,
Tvalxiluli sinamdvile realurad ar arsebobs. ami-
tom misi kvleva uazrobaa. qsenofane namdvil arsebu-
lad aRiarebs imas, rac grZnobadis miRma arsebobs. ase-

29
Ti RmerTia, romelic arsebobs droisa da sivrcis ga-
reSe.
qsenofane mkacrad akritikebs poliTeizmsa (mra-
valRmerTianobas) da anTropomorfizms (adamianis Tvi-
sebebis miwera RmerTebisadmi) da acxadebs, rom aseTna-
irad gagebuli RmerTebi adamianebma TviTon Seqmnes
TavianT msgavsad, TavianTi pirovnebis Sesabamisad. qse-
nofanes azriT RmerTi ar SeiZleba iyos pirovneba, is
arsia mTeli sinamdvilisa da amitomac erTaderTi. qse-
nofane cdilobs filosofiurad daasabuTos monoTe-
izmi (erTRmerTianoba).
qsenofane exeba agreTve gnoseologiur proble-
mebsac. misi azriT bunebis Sesaxeb codna miiRweva Seg-
rZnebebiTa da aRqmebiT da aseT codnas igi Sexedule-
bas uwodebs. igi moCvenebiTi da gaurkveveli codnaa.
namdvili codna WeSmariti codnaa, codna imis Sesaxeb,
rac grZnobadi samyaros iqiT arsebobs, es aris codna
RmerTis Sesaxeb, romelic mxolod grZnobaTa monace-
mebisagan ganyenebiT, azrovnebiT, gonebiT miiwvdomeba.
am mtkicebebis safuZvelze aristotele qsenofanes mi-
iCnevs Semecnebis TeoriisaTvis safuZvlis Camyrel
pirvel filosofosad.
2. qsenofanes Sexedulebebi Taviseburad ganavi-
Tara meore eleelma filosofosma parmenidem (daaxl.
540-470), romelmac eleelTa fizikasa da heraklites
dialeqtikas metafizika daupirispira, pirvel Sem-
TxvevaSi rogorc moZRvreba aragrZnobad samyaroze,
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, rogorc azrovnebis meTodi
(romelic ganviTarebas uaryofs). filosofiis speci-
fikuroba — urTierTdapirispirebuli azrebis brZola
da amasTanave maTi erTianoba — swored pirvelad io-
nelTa da eleelTa moZRvrebis antagonizmSi gamoixata.
Tu heraklites dialeqtikis ZiriTadi principi iyo

30
`yovelive aris da arc aris~ anu yovelive icvleba, mim-
dinareobs, parmenidesaTvis gamosavali principi aqsi-
omaturi (TavisTavad cxadi, TavisTavad WeSmariti) de-
bulebaa: `arsi aris da ararsi ar aris~ anu arsi ucvle-
lia, is mudmivia, arsi ar warmoSobila ararsisagan da
arc arasodes iqceva ararsad. icvleba is, rasac rame
aklia, rom es nakli Sevsebul iqnas; arsi srulyofilia,
imave dros sferosaviT usazRvro, igi ar aris drosa da
sivrceSi. amdenad is ar aris fizikuri arsi, igi azris
sagania. magram, rogorc cnobilia, azris sagani SeiZle-
ba iyos ara marto realuri sagani, aramed raime garkve-
uli azric. harmenides poemis (`bunebisaTvis~) V frag-
mentSi naTqvamia: `erTi da igivea is, rac gaiazreba da
is, rac aris~, xolo VII fragmentSi vkiTxulobT: `az-
rovneba da is, risTvisac azri arsebobs, erTi da igi-
vea~. am debulebebSi cxadad ar Cans harmenides pozi-
cia: arsi azris sagania, Tu azri TviTon aris arsi. aris-
toteles gadmocemiT ionelebi ikvlevdnen saganTa
arss `nivTierebis mixedviT~, parmenide ki eZebda sagan-
Ta arss `azris mixedviT~. parmenide filosofiis isto-
rikosTa umravlesobis mtkicebiT miCneulia idealist
filosofosad.
3. parmenidesaTvis (Zv.w. VIs. meore naxevari — Vs.
dasawyisi) arsi Tu grZnobadi samyaros miRma arsebuli
anu metafizikuri azria, buneba arsisa da ararsis, si-
naTlisa da sibnelis, cecxlisa da miwis sinTezia, ase-
Tivea bunebis yoveli sagani. bunebis saganTa mravalfe-
rovnebas qmnis Semadgenel elementTa sxvadasxva pro-
porcia. buneba cvalebadi da moCvenebiTia, mis Sesaxeb
codna arasarwmunoa, arsi gonebiT Seimecneba da WeSma-
riteba miiRweva.
amrigad, parmenides filosofiis mixedviT arse-
bobs uxilavi, SeugrZnobeli samyaro, romelsac ewode-

31
ba `arsi~. mxolod arsi ganiazreba, xolo yvelaferi is,
rasac vxedavT, rasac vismenT, rasac vgrZnobT, namdvi-
lad ar arsebobs. mxolod arsis gaazreba SeiZleba wina-
aRmdegobaTa gareSe. aq Cven racionalizmTan gvaqvs
saqme, romelic gonebas ayenebs SegrZnebebze ufro maR-
la, pirvelad parmenidem gamokveTilad daupirispira
erTmaneTs WeSmariti yofiereba, rogorc gonebiTi mi-
saRwevi — grZnobad samyaros, erTmaneTs daupirispira
codna — Sexedulebas, anu yoveldRiur warmodgenebs.
mxolod azrovnebas ZaluZs Seimecnos erTianoba. maSin,
rodesac grZnobadi aRqma wvdeba mxolod simravles,
mravalferovnebas sagnebsa da movlenebSi.
4. parmenides mowafe Zenonis (daaxl. 490-430Zv.w.)
mTavari damsaxureba Tavisi maswavleblis ZiriTadi
principebis dasabuTebis mcdelobaSia, romliTac man
ganagrZo azrovnebis metafizikuri wesis dafuZneba
filosofiaSi. misi Sromidan SemorCenili fragmentebi-
dan umTavresia: `arsi aris erTi~ da `arsi ar moZraobs~.
Zenoni am debulebebis WeSmaritebis Cvenebas cdilobs
e.w. evristikuli anu Sedavebis meTodiT, romelic man
pirvelma Semoitana Zvel berZnul azrovnebaSi. misi Si-
naarsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom raime azris WeSmarite-
bis dasabuTebisaTvis sabuTdeba misi sawinaRmdegos
mcdaroba. heraklites pozitiur (dadebiT) dialeqti-
kas man uaryofiTi dialeqtika daupirispira da Seecada
daesabuTebina, rom Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis Semcve-
li azri WeSmaritebas moklebulia. amis dasamtkiceb-
lad man wamoayena rigi debulebebi, romlebsac filo-
sofiis istoriaSi Zenonis aporiebi an kidev Zenonis pa-
radoqsebi (logikuri winaaRmdegobani) ewodeba. movi-
tanT ori maTganis mokle Sinaarss: aqilevsi ver daewe-
va kus (`aqilevsi da ku~). aqilevsi, es Zveli drois gan-
Tqmuli gmiri da morbenali, romelic garkveuli manZi-

32
liTaa daSorebuli Tavisi neli svliT ganTqmul kus,
verasodes ver daeweva mas. saqme imaSia, amtkicebs Zeno-
ni, rom, sanam aqilevsi gaivlis am garkveul manZils,
kuc gadis aseve garkveul manZils, axla aqilevsma unda
gaiaros kus mier ganvlili es manZili, magram kuc gaCe-
rebuli ar aris da isic win midis. aqilevssa da kus So-
ris manZilis gansxvaveba yovelTvis darCeba, radganac
Teoriulad es manZili, rogorc xazi uTvalavi, usas-
rulo wertilisagan Sedgeba, romlis gavlasac aqilev-
si usasrulod did dros moandomebs da verasodes dae-
weva kus. principSi igive mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme
aporiaSi `isari da iremi~. igive mizezis gamo gasroli-
li isari ver daeweva moZrav irems.
5. es xom sisulelea — wamoiZaxebs gauTviTcnobi-
erebeli pirovneba. diax, sisulelea es imaTTvis, visi
gonebac Teoriamde jer kidev ar amaRlebula da albaT
aseTi iyo diogene — cinikosi, romelmac moZraobis ar-
sebobis uarmyofeli Zenonis winaSe ubralod adga da
gaiara. Zenoni marTlac suleli iqneboda, Tu is Cveu-
lebriv moZraobis uaryofas Seecdeboda, rac yvela-
saTvis utyuar faqts warmoadgens, ZenonTan saqme exeba
imas, Tu rogor SeiZleba Sinagani winaaRmdegobis mqone
faqtis ise gamosaxva azrovnebaSi, rom is TviTon ar Se-
icavdes winaaRmdegobas. winaaRmdegobis Semcveli azri
xom ar SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti? es aqsioma iyo im dro-
indeli moazrovneebisaTvis. Zenonma obieqturi winaaR-
mdegoba arawinaaRmdegobrivad ver gamoTqva debule-
bebSi da amis gamo iZulebuli gaxda realuri winaaR-
mdegobis arseboba uareyo, dialeqtikisaTvis antidia-
leqtika daepirispirebina, romlis gamoc is metafizi-
kos moazrovned aris cnobili.
moZraobis uaryofis safuZvelze Zenoni uaryof-
da simravlesac. raki Tavis mxriv moZraoba da simravle

33
bunebis arsebobis pirobaa, is am ukanasknelis arsebo-
basac uaryofda da icavda parmenides mosazrebas, rom
buneba moCvenebaa.
Zenonis damsaxureba filosofiaSi mokled rom
vTqvaT, SemdegSia: misma argumentebma didi biZgi mis-
ces maTematikisa da logikis da, rac umTavresia, dia-
leqtikis ganviTarebas antikur samyaroSi, man aRmoaCi-
na mecnierebis ZiriTad cnebebSi, rogoricaa sivrce,
simravle da moZraoba — arsebuli winaaRmdegoba da miT
ganapiroba am winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis gzebis monax-
va.
3. eleelTa skolis ukanaskneli mniSvnelovani
warmomadgeneli melisos (Vs.Zv.w.) damsaxureba
ki imaSia, rom man parmenides erTi arsis prin-
cipSi fizikuri gageba Cado. melisosTan arsi
`ufro fizikuri arsia, vidre metafizikuri
(metafizikuri, rogorc fizikuris sapirispi-
ro)~. es Tavis mxriv imas niSnavda, rom eleelTa
metafizika TviT moemwyvda winaaRmdegobaSi da
iqidan gamosavali kvlav fizikisadmi dabrune-
ba iyo, rac kidevac ganxorcielda umcros fi-
zikosebTan.

§ 6. umcrosi fizikosebi

ufros fizikosebs uwodebdnen ionur filosofi-

uri skolis warmomadgenlebs: Taless, anaqsimandres da
anaqsimens, xolo umcros fizikosebs — empedoklesa
(483-423 da anaqsagoras (500-428), romlebic Seecadnen
aRedginaT ionelTa tradicia — aexsnaT buneba TviT
bunebaSive arsebuli sawyisebis safuZvelze. Tu ufro-
si fizikosebi yovelive arsebulis arxed erT romeli-

34
me nivTierebas: wyals, cecxls an haers aRiarebdnen, em-
pedoklem maT miwa daumata da amtkicebda, rom yvela-
feri, rac ki amqveynad arsebobs, Sedgeba oTxi elemen-
tisagan, romlebic imTaviTve arsebobdnen, arseboben
da arc arasodes moispobian. yoveli sagani maTi Tavise-
buri kombinaciaa, am elementebis sxvadasxva proporci-
uli naerTi. sagani im elementis Tvisebas atarebs uf-
ro gamokveTilad, romelic sxvaze metia am naerTSi.
elementTa SeerTeba da daSla ar xdeba imis gamo, rom
isini cocxlebi arian. umcrosi fizikosebi ar iziare-
ben hiloZoizms, surT dasZlion is, magram amas sabo-
lood ver axerxeben. saqme imaSia, rom empedokles mtki-
cebiT am oTxi elementis SeerTeba da daSla xdeba ori
Zalis siyvarulisa da siZulvilis meSveobiT. siyvaru-
li maT aerTebs, siZulvili ki maT Slis, magram siyvaru-
li kvlav aRadgens maT erTobas, romelic kvlav iSleba
da ase grZeldeba es procesi dausruleblad.
ramdenadac, empedokles mtkicebiT, siyvarulsa
da siZulvils ganfeniloba axasiaTebT (maT siganec
aqvT da sigrZec), isini nivTierebebia, sxeulebia. amde-
nad samyaros sawyisad oTxi ki ara, aramed eqvsi elemen-
ti gamouvida empedokles. es imis gamo moxda, rom is
jer kidev ver arCevda erTmaneTisagan Zalasa da nivTi-
erebas. empedokles azriT, siyvaruli cocxali sxeu-
lia, romelic TavisiT moZraobs da sxvasac amoZravebs
(hiloZoizmi), e.i. siyvaruli erTsa da imave dros moq-
medi mizezic, (Zalac) aris da materialuri mizezic
(nivTierebac).
amrigad, empedokle Seecada samyaros mravalfe-
rovneba mravali sawyisiT, anu simravliT aexsna. erTi
sawyisidan simravlis warmoSoba gonebisaTvis auxsne-
lia, fiqrobs empedokle, magram mas Tavis mxriv auxsne-
li darCa sakiTxi, Tu ratom unda iyos am simravlis ra-

35
odenoba 4 da ara naklebi an meti. empedokles azri imis
Sesaxeb, rom sxeulis Tvisebebi misi SemadgenlobiT anu
struqturiT ganisazRvreba, im droisaTvis did mecnie-
rul mignebas warmoadgenda da amis gamo zogierTi
mkvlevari mas qimiuri mecnierebis mamamTavradac ki
Tvlis (s. danelia).
didad sayuradReboa empedokles azri Semecnebis
Sesaxeb. am sakiTxSi misi ZiriTadi principia: `msgavsi
msgavss Seimecnebs~. es ase unda gavigoT: adamianic ima-
ve elementebisagan Sedgeba, risganac Sedgeba mTeli
samyaro, amitomac misi Semadgeneli nawilebi Seimecne-
ben sinamdvilis Semadgenel nawilebs: cecxli cecxls
Seimecnebs, haeri — haers da a.S.
empedokle metafizikosi materialistia. materia-
listia imdenad, ramdenadac misi mtkicebiT samyaros
sawyisebi nivTierebaa, materialuria; xolo metafizi-
kosia imdenad, ramdenadac es sawyisebi ucvlelia, er-
Txel da samudamod mocemuli, amasTanave isini erTma-
neTSi ar gadadian.
empedoklesaTvis RmerTic da sulic nivTierebaa,
magram ufro haerovani da faqizi, vinem sxva sagnebi. igi
iziarebda sulTa gadasaxlebis anu metafsiqozis Teo-
rias.
2. anaqsagora, rogorc fizikosi, uaryofs bunebis
moCvenebiTobas da cdilobs daamtkicos, rom grZnoba-
di samyaro arsebulia, namdvilia da es mis TvisebebSi
vlindeba, romelsac Cven SegrZnebebi gvimxelen. anaq-
sagoras winaSe dgeba sakiTxi: rogor da saidan Cndeba
es Tvisebebi. man kargad icis im droisaTvis sayovelTa-
od aRiarebuli WeSmariteba, rom `arafrisgan araferi
ar warmoiSoba~. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna: yvela-
feri iqedan Cndeba, sadac is adre arsebobda da garda
amisa `msgavsi mxolod msgavsisgan warmoiSoba~ - fiq-

36
robs anaqsagora. `yvelaferi mocemulia yvelaferSi~ -
rogorc umciresi nawilaki, romelic aseve usasrulod
SeiZleba danawildes anu ar arsebobs iseTi umciresi
nawilaki, romlis Semdgomi danawileba ar SeiZleba.
yvelaferi mxolod usasrulo mcire (da ara nuli) nawi-
lebisagan aris Semdgari. gansxvavebiT nivTierebebisa-
gan, maTi Tvisebebis danawileba ar xdeba, Tviseba yo-
velTvis Tvisebad rCeba. amitom mTelis Tviseba yovel-
Tvis aqvs mis yovelgvar nawils.
nivTierebis umcires nawilebs anaqsagora ubra-
lod `Teslebs~ (aristotele — `homoiomerebs~) uwo-
debs, es Teslebi mTelis Tvisebaa. yoveli Tviseba Cnde-
ba mxolod msgavsi Tvisebebisagan, es gaCena Tavis
mxriv, axlis warmoSoba ki ar aris, aramed imis gamoCe-
naa, rac aqamde uxilavi iyo da axla gaxda xiluli. xi-
luli isev SeiZleba gauCinardes, uxilavad iqces. es
Tavis mxriv aris cvalebadoba, magram imisi cvalebado-
ba, rac adreve iyo, e.i. anaqsagora midis moZraobis ar-
sebobis aRiarebamde.
moZraoba gulisxmobs mis gamomwvev wyaros. homoi-
omerebi, rogorc sawyisebi TavisTavad uZravni arian.
maTi moZraobis mizezi, fiqrobs anaqsagora, aris `nusi~
anu goneba, romelic homoiomerebisagan qmnis mowesri-
gebul samyaros anu kosmoss. igi amoZravebs, awesrigebs
yvelafers, is TviTmoZravi da `TviTmmarTvelia~, e.i.
iseTi ram, rac TviTon qmnis moZraobas da sxvisgan mis
miRebas ar saWiroebs. is sxvas amoZravebs mizanSewoni-
lad, e.i. aZlevs arss kosmosis formas anu saxes, is pir-
veli biZgia, romelsac, rogorc gareSe Zalas, moZrao-
baSi moyavs homoiomerTa simravle anu `narevi~ da xde-
ba misi mowesrigeba, kosmosad Camoyalibeba: kosmosSi
imitom aris yvelaferi gonierad mowyobili, rom is go-
nebis naxelavia.

37
 nusi moZravia, nusi sicocxlea, amitom is yvela-
ferSia, rac ki cocxalia: mcenareebSi, cxovelebSi,
adamianebSi, magram met-naklebad. es met-nakleboba
cocxal arsebaTa fizikuri struqturiTaa gansaz-
Rvruli, magaliTad adamianis maRal gonierebas gansaz-
Rvravs is, rom mas xelebi aqvs.
empedoklesgan gansxvavebiT, romelic Semecnebis
ZiriTad principad acxadebda, rom `msgavsi msgavss Sei-
mecnebs~, anaqsagora sawinaaRmdego debulebas wamoaye-
nebs da ityvis, rom `aramsgavsi Seimecnebs aramsgavss~ -
Tbili xeliT SevimecnebT civs, magars Seicnobs rbili,
rbilis sirbiles Seicnobs magari, tkbils mware Seic-
nobs da mwares — tkbili.
amrigad, `anaqsagora dualistia, is gulubryvilo
materialistia, fizikosia, is aris idealistic, ramde-
nadac `nuss~ aRiarebs, magram anaqsagoras filosofia-
Si materializmi batonobs, idealizmi ki ganuviTarebe-
li saxiT aris warmodgenili. meore mxriv, anaqsagoras
filosofiaSi bevria gulubryvilo dialeqtikis mar-
cvlebi, magram masSi mainc metafizika Warbobs (s. were-
Teli).
anaqsagoram pirvelad filosofiis istoriaSi,
davZenT Cven, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvava arsebulis ma-
terialuri da aramaterialuri sawyisebi da amiT saTa-
ve daudo sulieri sawyisis cnebas, magram man es sawyisi
gaigo rogorc miznobriv-Zalovani sawyisi — rogorc
samyaros mamoZravebeli Zala. is am Sexedulebamde mivi-
da bunebis movlenebis gaazrebiT da aralogikuri pro-
cesebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze.

38
 § 7. atomizmi

Cvens welTa aRricxvamde V saukuneSi saberZneTSi

Camoyalibda materializmis klasikuri sistema, rom-
lis warmomadgenlebi arian levkipe da demokrite. ram-
denadac levkipes nawerebs Cvenamde ar miuRwevia da
garda amisa demokrite mTlianad iziarebda mis Sexedu-
lebebs, filosofiis istoriaSi mocemulia maTi naaz-
revis erT mTlianobaSi ganxilva, Tumca aris gamonak-
lisebic (a. makovelski).
demokrite (470-380Zv. w.) epikuresTan erTad fizi-
kosTa tradiciebis gamgrZeleblebi iyvnen, rac imas
niSnavs, rom maT bunebis namdvili arseboba saeWvod ar
miaCndaT da uaryofdnen eleelTa mtkicebas misi moC-
venebiTobis Sesaxeb. buneba, materia arsebobs – es de-
buleba am filosofosebisaTvis gamosavali aqsiomatu-
ri debulebaa, romelsac mtkiceba ar sWirdeba. Tu bu-
neba namdvilad arsebulia, maSin aseve namdvili unda
iyos maTi arsebobis pirobebic: moZraoba da simravle.
magram Tavis mxriv, moZraoba arsebobs mxolod iq, sa-
dac arsebobs sicariele anu eleelTa sityvebiT `ara-
arsi~. Tu eleatebi uaryofdnen `ararsis~ arsebobas,
demokrite amtkicebs, rom `raoba ararsebobaze metad
ar arsebobs~. sicarielis arseboba aucilebelia imi-
saTvis, rom moZravma sxeulma Tavis mdebareoba Seicva-
los, rasac is savse sivrceSi ver SesZlebs.
buneba demokrites mtkicebiT Sedgeba umciresi
nivTieri (materialuri) nawilakebisagan, romlebsac
TviTon araviTari nawilebi ara aqvT da amis gamo isini
ganuyofelni arian. ganuyofels berZnulad sityva
`atomi~ Seesabameba. maSasadame, bunebis Semadgeneli
elementebi atomebia, romlebsac Tavis mxriv gaaCniaT
iseTi saerTo Tvisebebi, rogoricaa: ganuyofloba, Se-

39
uvaloba, sisavse, ucvleloba, maradiuloba, inertu-
loba, sidide, forma, simagre; atomi aris erTiani, ro-
gorc erTi. mas ar axasiaTebs e.w. meoradi Tvisebebi:
feri, gemo, suni.
atomTa raodenoba ganusazRvrelia, sinamdvilis
arsi erTi ki ara — mravalia, radganac erTisagan sim-
ravlis warmoSoba SeuZlebelia. mravalferovnebis sa-
fuZveli aseve simravlea. ganusazRvreli raodenobis
atomebi TavianTi gansazRvruli TvisebebiT mraval
gansxvavebul sagnebs warmoSoben. sagnis warmoSoba
atomTa SeerTebaa, gaqroba-mospoba --- maTi daSla, axa-
li sagnis warmoSoba — atomTa axali SeerTeba. am Seer-
Teba-daSlis mizezi aris moZraoba, ris gamoc xdeba
atomTa urTierTdajaxeba. am dajaxebis Sedegad calke-
uli atomebi SeiZleba SeerTdnen da warmoiSvas raime
sagani an kidev moxdes saganTa daSla mis Semadgenel
atomebad.
moZraobis wyaro demokritesTan auxsnelia. atomi
inertulia, ara cocxali (amiT man daZlia hiloZoizmi),
amitom is ar SeiZleba iyos TviTmoZravi. demokrite
moZraobis mizezad verc sulier `nuss~ dauSvebda, rad-
ganac es ukve materializmi ver iqneboda. amitom man
moZraoba atomebTan da sicarielesTan erTad imTaviT-
ve arsebulad anu maradiulad CaTvala: `moZraoba sam-
yaroSi iseTive dausabamoa, rogoric dausabamoa ato-
mebi.~
demokrite aRiarebda bunebaSi arsebul kauzalo-
bas anu saganTa mizez-Sedegobriv damokidebulebas, mi-
zezobriobas aigivebda aucileblobasTan, uaryofda
SemTxveviTobas. SemTxveviTs is umizezo movlenad
Tvlida da raki sinamdvileSi yovelive arsebuls Tavi-
si mizezi gaaCnia, demokrites azriT SemTxveviTobis
daSveba Semecnebis naklad iyo miCneuli. meores mxriv,

40
yoveli movlenis aucileblobis daSvebiT demokrite
fatalizms uxsnida gzas da Tavisuflebas uaryofda.
demokrite meqanisti deterministia (determinizmi
moZRvrebaa movlenaTa mizezobrivi ganpirobebulobis
Sesaxeb), demokrite uaryofda bunebaSi miznis, ro-
gorc misi cvalebadobis mizezis — arsebobas anu tele-
ologizms.
demokrite Tavis Semecnebis TeoriaSi (romelic
gadmocemulia mis SromaSi `kanoni~) erTmaneTisagan ga-
nasxvavebda `WeSmaritsa~ da `bundovan~ codnas. `bun-
dovani~ codna grZnobadi aRqmis safuZvelze miRebuli
codnaa, WeSmariti codna ki gonebis saSualebiT miiRe-
ba, demokrites azriT sxeulebisagan gamodian, gamoi-
yofian nivTTa faqizi garsebi anu `eidolebi~ (saxeebi),
romlebic zemoqmedeben grZnobis organoebze. grZno-
badi aRqma Semecnebis ZiriTadi wyaroa, magram igi sag-
nebis Sesaxeb gvaZlevs mxolod `bundovan~ codnas. mas-
ze maRldeba sxva ufro `naTeli~, ufro faqizi codna —
codna gonebis SemweobiT, rasac mivyavarT samyaros ar-
sebis — atomebisa da sicarielis — Semecnebisaken. amiT
demokrite SemecnebaSi SegrZnebebisa da gonebis Tana-
fardobis sakiTxs ayenebda. azrovneba da aRqma ar unda
gavaigivoT. Semecneba niSnavs grZnobis mier mocemul
masalis dalagebas da am masalebSi mocemuli WeSmari-
tebis aRmoCenas. SegrZnebebi, aRqma da goneba sulis
Tvisebebia. adamianis sulic atomisagan Sedgeba, oRond
es atomebi ufro msubuqi, sriala da mrgvalia sxva ato-
mebTan SedarebiT. suli cocxalia da amdenad mokvda-
via, igi sxeulTan erTad kvdeba.
amrigad, demokrites da saerTod atomizmis damsa-
xureba imaSia, rom man uaryo eleelTa debuleba samya-
ros ucvlel arsze, ramdenadac igi ar iZleva saSuale-
bas axsnil iqnas moZraoba da cvalebadoba, romelic

41
mimdinareobs grZnobad samyaroSi. moZraobis mizezis
dasadgenad demokritem parmenides erTi arsi mraval
calkeul arsad — atomebad daanawila, atomebi ki axsna
materialisturad da pirvelad azrovnebis istoriaSi
Camoayaliba materialisturi sistema, romelic filo-
sofiis istoriaSi cnobilia `demokrites xazad~.
atomis Sesaxeb moZRvrebam didi biZgi misca mecni-
erebis, kerZod ki fizikisa da qimiis ganviTarebas. zo-
gierTi mkvlevaris SefasebiT atomistika iyo azrovne-
bis genialuri aRmasvla principulad axal doneze ar-
sebul filosofiur gagebaSi.

§ 8. sofistebi

Zveli welTaRricxviT V saukuneSi, rodesac aTe-

nis saxelmwifoSi monaTmflobeluri demokratuli
wyobileba hyvaoda, roca Tavisufali xalxis waromad-
genlebs saSualeba miecaT aqtiuri monawileoba mie-
RoT sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi, saxalxo
krebebisa da sasamarTloebis saqmianobaSi, gaCnda didi
moTxovnileba politikur da samarTlebriv codnaze.
rogorc cnobilia, politikur moRvaweobaSi didi mniS-
vneloba aqvs pirovnebis iseT unars, rogoricaa mWev-
rmetyveleba anu oratoruli xelovneba, romelic mas
SesaZleblobas aZlevs miiqcios sazogadoebis yurad-
Reba da moipovos misi mxardaWera. oratoruli xelov-
neba ki Tavis mxriv moiTxovda filosofiis, logikisa
da lingvistikis safuZvlebis met-nakleb codnas. swo-
red am dros gaCndnen aTenSi sibrZnis fasiani maswav-
leblebi, romlebic politikuri moRvaweobisaTvis am-
zadebdnen axalgazrdebs. maT sofistebi ewodaT (`so-
fos~- sibrZnes).

42
 filosofiis istoriaSi ganasxvaveben sofistTa
or Taobas: ufros da umcros sofistebs. pirvelebidan
TavianTi moZRvrebis mniSvnelobiT gamoirCevian. pro-
tagora (daax. 480-410Z.w) gorgia (daaxl. 483-375Z.w.) da
prodikosi (daibada daax. 470-460Z.w.) TiToeuli maTga-
nis Sexeduleba didad individualuria, magram saer-
Tod yvela erT moZRvrebs qmnis. umcros sofistebs mi-
ekuTvnebian: kritiasi, Trazimaxe, kalikle, alkidamasi.
Tu sofistTa winamorbed filosofosTa yuradRe-
bisa da kvlevis centrSi buneba idga mTeli Tavisi si-
savsiTa da mravalferovnebiT, sofistebma win wamoswi-
es adamianis pirovneba da amiT safuZveli daudes anti-
kur filosofiaSi kosmologiuri xanis Secvlas anTro-
pologiuri xaniT, rac Tavis mxriv sakacobrio azrov-
nebis istoriaSi did progress warmoadgenda.
sazogadoebis demokratiuli ganviTareba da pi-
rovnebis Tavisufleba am sazogadoebaSi Zveli wesebisa
da tradiciebis, Zveli, absoluturad miCneuli WeSma-
ritebaTa rRvevasa da maTi axliT Secvlasac niSnavda.
da swored aq Tqves sofistebma TavianTi axali sityva:
ar arsebobs yvelasaTvis aucilebeli da savaldebulo
WeSmariteba, iseve rogorc ar arsebobs erTi da uc-
vleli samyaro. samyaro da WeSmariteba orive cvaleba-
dia da orives sazomi pirovnebaa, rogorc adamiani. es
debuleba protagoras ase aqvs gamoTqmuli: `adamiani
aris sazomi yvela saganTa - arsebulTa, rom isini arian
da — ararsebulTa, rom isini ar arian.~ es Tavis mxriv
imas niSnavs, rom `rom yoveli sagani aris CemTvis iseTi,
rogoric is me meCveneba, SenTvis ki iseTi, rogoric is
Sen geCveneba, adamianebi varT xom mec da Senc~. aqedan
gamodis, rom yvelafris sazomi individualuri adamia-
nia, e.i. am qveynad imdeni WeSmariti azri arsebobs, ram-
denic individia. obieqturi WeSmariteba uaryofili

43
xdeba da mis adgils ikavebs relaturi anu SefardebiTi
WeSmariteba. aseT Sexedulebas gnoseologiuri rela-
tivizmi ewodeba. WeSmariteba, Tavis mxriv, amtkiceben
sofistebi, isaa, rasac calkeuli adamianisaTvis sar-
gebloba moaqvs. SeiZleba am debulebis Sebruneba: sa-
sargeblo azri, WeSmaritia.
aqedan is daskvnac gamomdinareobs, rom zogjer
sicruec SeiZleba vinmesTvis sasargeblo iyos, maSasa-
dame, isic SeiZleba misTvis WeSmaritebad iqces. WeSma-
riteba-mcdarobis obieqturi sazomi ar arsebobs, po-
litikoss is ar sWirdeba, misTvis mTavaria TviT mcda-
ri debulebac ki WeSmaritebad gaasaRos, raTa misgan
sargebloba miiRos. amas kidev, Tavis mxriv, dasabuTe-
bis logikuri xerxi sWirdeba, sofistebma xeli Seuw-
yves logikuri problemebis kvleva-Ziebas.
gorgiam kidev ufro gaaRrmava protagoras rela-
tivizmi da skepticizmamde mivida. Tavisi moZRvrebis
Sinaarsi man sam ZiriTad principad Camoayaliba: 1. `ar-
si ar arsebobs~; 2. `Tu arsi aris, maSin misi Semecneba
SeuZlebelia~; 3. `Tu arsis Semecneba SesaZlebelia, ma-
Sin am codnis sxvisTvis gadacema iqneba SeuZlebeli~.
es ukiduresi skepticizmi da nihilizmia, romelmac so-
fizmi Sinagan krizisamde miiyvana da IV saukunisaTvis
kidevac gadagvarebis gzaze daayena, ris Sedegad `so-
fisti~ salanZRav sityvad iqca, xolo sofistika kamaT-
Si an dasabuTebaSi araswori argumentebis gamoyenebis
sazomad.
miuxedavad amisa, sofistebma garkveuli dadebiTi
roli iTamaSes istoriaSi: 1. isini iyvnen pirveli berZe-
ni ganmanaTlebelni; 2. maT win wamowies da filosofiu-
ri kvlevis centrSi daayenes adamiani, pirovneba; 3. did
yuradRebas aqcevdnen azris dasabuTebis xerxebsa da
wesebs da miT xeli Seuwyves logikuri codnis ganviTa-

44
rebas~; 4. xeli Seuwyves dialeqtikis, rogorc azrovne-
bis meTodis, ganviTarebas; 5. iyvnen demokratiis dam-
cvelebi da Tavisufali moazrovneni.

§ 9. sokrate

sokrate (469-399Zv.w.) sofistebis mier antikur

filosofiaSi safuZvelCayrili axali etapis erT-erTi
udidesi warmomadgenelia. filosofiis istorikosTa
umravlesoba swored misi moZRvrebiT avlebs zRvars
aRniSnuli xanis filosofiis ganviTarebaSi da yofen
mas `winasokratul~ da `sokrates Semdgom filosofi-
ad~. sokrate iziarebs sofistebis principuli mniSvne-
lobis debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom filosofiis cen-
tralur sakvlev problemas warmoadgens ara buneba,
aramed adamiani. misi moZRvreba aris anTropologizmi,
romelic orientirebulia adamianis, rogorc sazoga-
doebrivi, aseve zneobrivi arsebis Semecnebaze. imave
dros sokrate uaryofs sofistTa mtkicebas imis Sesa-
xeb, rom yoveli WeSmariteba relaturia, individualu-
ria da amis gamo sayovelTao mniSvnelobis WeSmariteba
ar arsebobs. sokrate cdilobs erTmaneTisagan ganas-
xvaos moCvenebiTi da WeSmariti codna. am gansxvavebis
safuZvels is codnis saganSi xedavs. Tu es sagani kon-
kretulia, mis Sesaxeb codna ar aris namdvili, WeSmari-
ti codna. aseTi codna, sokrates azriT, SeiZleba iyos
mxolod zogadi codna, e.i. iseTi codna, romelic ga-
moTqvams codnis sagnis arsebiT niSnebs, zogads. ami-
tom WeSmariti codna mxolod zogadis codnaa, rome-
lic cnebiT gamoiTqmis. cnebis dadgena ki xdeba misi
gansazRvrebiT. amisTvis sokrate mimarTavda kamaTis,
dialogis xerxs da ganaviTara dialeqtika, rogorc
WeSmritebis miRwevis saSualeba, romelic mowinaaR-

45
mdegis msjelobaSi aRmoaCens Sinagan winaaRmdegobas
da kiTxvebis dasmiTa da maTze pasuxis gacemiT miiyvans
mas WeSmaritebamde. am dialogisas kritikulad ganixi-
leboda sayovelTao WeSmaritebad cnobili debulebe-
bi, xdeboda maTi araWeSmariti Sinaarsis gamovlineba
da axali WeSmaritebis dadgena. am procesSi did rols
TamaSobda sokratesTvis damaxasiaTebeli ironia, ro-
gorc erT-erTi xerxi WeSmaritebis misaRwevad. gonebis
kritikuli moqmedebis mizans sokrate xedavda cnebis
miRebaSi, romelic daeyrdnoboda sagnis mkacr gansaz-
Rvrebas. is cdilobda ganesazRvra iseTi cnebebi, ro-
goricaa sikeTe, saTnoeba, samarTlianoba da a.S. sokra-
tem pirvelma gamoiyena induqciuri dasabuTeba da cne-
baTa zogadi gansazRvrebebi, rac logikur codnaSi
didmniSvnelovani SenaZeni iyo.
sokrates filosofiis mTavari mizani iyo aRedgi-
na sofistebis mier Selaxuli codnis avtoriteti. Se-
mecneba iwyeba daeWvebiT: `me vici rom araferi ar vi-
ci~ da maRldeba TviTSemecnebamde, romlis principia:
`Seican Tavi Seni~. sokratem Rrmad gaigo adamianis su-
lieri sfero, misi Sinagani winaaRmdegobani, misi az-
riT, sinamdvilis es sfero aranakleb mniSvnelovania,
vidre SegrZnebadi samyaros arseba.
sokrates moZRvreba eTikuri anTropologizmia,
TviTSemecnebis mizani zneobrivi srulyofaa. umaRle-
si WeSmariteba da sikeTe erTi da igivea. es aris sokra-
tuli eTikis safuZveli. misi mtkicebiT sikeTis mcod-
ne borotebas ar Caidens. amitomac is filosofiis mo-
valeobad sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis Setanas miiCnevs.
man Tavis principad WeSmaritebis anu sikeTis samsaxu-
ri gaixada da misTvis daTmo am cxovrebis siamovnebani
— cxovrobda Zalian Raribad da bolos fizikurad See-
wira misTvis zneobrivad Rirebul WeSmaritebas.

46
 sokrates gardacvalebis Semdeg saberZneTis sxva-
dasxva adgilas Camoyalibda mis mimdevarTa anu sokra-
tuli skolebi. erT-erTi maTgani iyo kinikuri anu ci-
nikuri, meore — kirenuli da mesame — megaruli. kiniku-
ri skola (antisTene, diogene sinopeli) aviTarebda
sokratis moZRvrebis eTikur mxares, kirenuli (aristi-
pe, hegeia) — aTeisturs, xolo mesame, megaruli — reli-
giur tendenciebs.

§ 10. platoni

platoni (427-347Zv.w.) antikuri samyaros erT-er-

Ti udidesi moazrovnea, romelmac Tavisi eTikuri, fi-
losofiuri da politikuri Sexedulebebi Camoayaliba
obieqturi idealizmis safuZvelze sistemis saxiT. am
sistemam didi gavlena moaxdina rogorc platonis Ta-
namedrove filosofosebze, aseve Sua saukuneebisa da
axali periodis sakacobrio azrovnebis ganviTarebis
istoriaze, TviT XX saukunis CaTvliT.
platonis moZRvrebis gamosavali principi sinam-
dvilis gaorebaSi mdgomareobs. misi mtkicebiT arse-
bobs ori sinamdvile: namdvili sinamdvile da moCvene-
biTi sinamdvile, grZnobadi samyaro, platonis azriT,
ar aris WeSmaritad arsebuli, is mudmivad cvalebadi,
moZravi samyaroa, romelSic araferi ar aris mtkice da
WeSmariti, amdenad is moCvenebiTia (icavs eleelTa
principebs). grZnobadi sagnebisa da movlenebis namdvi-
li arsi, maTi mizezebi — usxeulo aragrZnobadi forme-
bia, romlebsac mxolod gonebiT vwvdebiT. platoni
maT saxeebs anu `eidosebs~ uwodebs, iSviaTad ki — ide-
ebs. yovel grZnobad sagans aragrZnobad. usxeulo sam-
yaroSi Tavisi idea Seesabameba. es idea, upirveles yov-

47
lisa, zogadobaa, arsebaa, romelic yovelive arsebu-
lis Ziria. platoni aviTarebs sokrates moZRvrebas
cnebis Sesaxeb da ideas warmoadgens rogorc uzogades
cnebas.
idea platonisaTvis aris obieqturi, obieqturad
arsebuli marad ucvleli azri, substancia, yoveli ar-
sebulis mizezi, safuZveli da arseba, ara marto logi-
kuri safuZveli, aramed realuri safuZvelic. ideebi
arseboben sivrcisa da drois gareSe. `cis miRma arse-
bulni arian~, grZnobadi sagnebi ki — drosa da sivrce-
Si.
Semecnebis TeoriaSi platoni uSualod gamodis
sokrates principebidan. SeuZlebelia zogadi mniSvne-
lobis WeSmaritebis uaryofa, namdvili codna cnebiTi
codnaa; codna ki ar iqmneba Semmecneblis mier, aramed
ibadeba misi sulidan, romelSic is imTaviTve mzamzare-
uli saxiTaa mocemuli. platonis Semecnebis Teorias
mogonebis anu anamnezisis Teoria ewodeba. misi Sinaar-
si Zalze mokled SemdegSia: adamianis suli ukvdavia
(platoni iziarebda aRmosavleTis qveynebSi imdroi-
saTvis gavrcelebul sulTa gadasaxlebisa da garda-
saxvis anu metafsiqozis Teorias), romelsac adre mi-
Rebuli codna da gamocdileba gaaCnia. ciur samyaro-
dan adamianis sxeulSi Casaxlebisas suls aviwydeba Ta-
visi codna. maswavleblis upirvelesi movaleoba ima-
Sia, rom sxvadasxva kiTxvebis dasmiT anu dialeqtikis
gamoyenebiT bavSvis suls moagonos adre misTvis cno-
bili codna, aSobinos es codna.
mogonebis procesSi did rols TamaSobs agreTve
grZnobadi sagnebi, romlebTan SexebaSi suls agondeba
maTi Sesatyvisi ideebi: cxenis danaxviT — cxenoba, cal-
keuli adamianis danaxviT — adamianoba. suls aqvs mis-
wrafeba codniT amaRldes grZnobadi sagnebidan idee-

48
bamde, rasac is axerxebs erosis anu filosofiuri siy-
varulis meSveobiT. grZnobad sagnebsa da movlenebze
SesaZlebelia ara codna, aramed — mxolod albaTuri
`Sexeduleba~ anu `doqsa~. Semecnebis procesi gulis-
xmobs or etaps: 1. aRmasvlas cnebaTa ganzogadoebis
procesSi TviT umaRlesi gvareobis cnebebamde da 2. sa-
pirispiro ukusvlas, uzogadesi cnebebidan daRmas-
vlas sul ufro naklebi zogadi cnebebisaken. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs induqciis logikur xerxTan
(`epagogesTan~), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi — cnebebis er-
Tianobis miRebis xerxTan (`sinagoge~-sTan).
platonis azriT adamianis eTikuri ideali bednie-
rebis miRwevaa da igi xorcieldeba sikeTis ideisadmi
miswrafebasa da mis samsaxurSi, magram misi miRweva am
qveynis farglebSi SeuZlebelia. bednierebas adamiani
miaRwevs mxolod ideaTa samyaroSi gadasvliT, sadac
aRmoCndeba, rom umaRlesi bedniereba da umaRlesi kma-
yofileba aris sikeTe, sikeTis idea umaRlesi eTikuri
ideaa.
platonis kalams ekuTvnis naSromi `politika~,
romelSic is ganasxvavebs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
`cud~ da `karg~ formebs. cudi formebia: timokratia
(pativmoyvareTa mmarTveloba), oligarqia (mdidarTa
mmarTveloba), demokratia (xalxis mmarTveloba) da ti-
rania (erTis absoluturi mmarTveloba). platons sa-
xelmwifo mmarTvelobis srulyofil anu karg forme-
bad miaCnia: 1. aristokratiuli respublika da 2. aris-
tokratiuli monarqia. platoni, rogorc monaTmflo-
beluri aristokratiis warmomadgeneli, misi mxurvale
ideologi iyo, demokratiisa da misi ideologiis — ma-
terializmis didad moZule mteri.
miuxedavad araerTi naklovanebisa, platonis fi-
losofia msoflio-istoriuli movlena iyo, romelmac

49
mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina mTeli sakacobrio az-
rovnebis ganviTarebaze.

§ 11. aristotele

aristotele (381-322Zv.w.) antikuri samyaros yve-

laze udidesi moazrovnea, igi ara marto brwyinvale
filosofosia, aramed aseve brwyinvale logikosi, fi-
zikosi, fsiqologi, biologi, eTikosi, esTetikosi, po-
litologi.
aristotele Tavis filosofiur moZRvrebaSi dau-
pirispirda Tavis maswavlebel platonis Sexedulebebs
da mkacrad gaakritika ideebis Sesaxeb misi Teoria.
aristotele Tvlida, rom ideebi namdvilad arseboben
da isini arian nivTTa anu saganTa arsebobis mizezebi.
magram, fiqrobs aristotele, es ideebi unda iyvnen
TviT sagnebSi da ara am sagnebs miRma, sadRac meore anu
`ideaTa samyaroSi~. Tu ideebi samyaros miRmaa, rogor
SeuZliaT maT gansazRvron es samyaro? — ayenebs kiT-
xvas aristotele. Tu ideebi samyaros miRmaa, maSin Se-
uZlebelia maT safuZvelze raimes axsna. namdvilad
idea — es aris is, rac saerTo anu zogadia sagnebSi. mag-
ram zogadi vlindeba erTeulebSi. maSasadame, ideebi
rogorc saerTo, rogorc zogadi, unda arsebobdnen
TviT sagnebSi da ara maT miRma, xolo Tu sagnis gare-
Sea, maSin sagnis arseba ar yofila. aristotelem pla-
tonis ideaTa Teoriis winaaRmdeg wamoayena rigi argu-
mentebi: 1. realuri sagnebisagan damoukideblad arse-
buli ideebis aRiareba iwvevs samyaros gaormagebas da
maTi Secnobis problemis garTulebas. magaliTad, Tu
erTeuli sokrates miRma arsebobs sokrates idea, maSin
asaxsnelia ara erTi movlena, aramed ori, miviReT or-

50
magi siZnele; 2. platonma ver SeZlo zustad daedgina
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, yovel erTeul sagans Seesabameba
Tavisi idea, Tu zogierTs? Tu arsebobs iseTi sagani
(mag. talaxi, nagavi da misT.), romelsac Tavisi idea ar
Seesabameba, maSin aqedan gamodis, rom sagans SeuZlia
arsebobdes ideis gareSec. maSin ismeba kiTxva: ratom
aris aucilebeli sxva sagnebisaTvis ideis arseboba? es
sakiTxi aristoteles azriT platons gadaWrili ara
aqvs da amitom kritikas iwvevs; 3. platonTan auxsnelia
sagnebisa da ideebis kavSiri. Tu isini arsebobdnen
cal-calke, maTi dakavSireba — gaerTianeba unda mox-
des mesameSi da a.S. (e.w. `mesame adamianis~ argumenti).
aristotelem bevri sxva argumentiTac daasabuTa pla-
tonis ideaTa Teoriis naklovani mxareebi.
aristotelem daamtkica, rom platonis idea ar Se-
iZleba iyos yovelive arsebulis anu samyaros arsebo-
bis mizezi, ramdenadac TviTon aris auxsneli, gaurkve-
veli ram, gaurkveveli ki ar SeiZleba iyos garkveulis
arsebobis mizezi. aristotelem Tavis mxriv wamoayena
yoveli arsebulis oTxi mizezi. esenia: forma, materia,
moqmedeba da bolovadi mizezi anu mizani. erTia pasiu-
ri mizezi — materia, xolo sami danarCeni — aqtiuri.
sicxadisaTvis TviT aristoteles magaliTze vnaxoT am
mizezTa urTierTkavSiri. magidaze dgas sokrates mar-
marilos qandakeba. Cven gvebadeba kiTxva: ra aris am qan-
dakebis arsebobis mizezi? qandakeba rogorc sokrates
qandakeba arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac mas aqvs sokra-
tes saxe, romelic mas ganasxvavebs fidiasis saxisagan.
saxe garkveulobaa, garkveuloba ki — forma, e.i. sokra-
tes qandakebis arsebobis erT-erTi pirveli mizezi
aris forma. magram sokratis qandakebis gamosakveTad
saWiroa agreTve masala — marmarilo. — masala, romli-
saganac gaakeTebs mas moqandake, e.i. meore mizezi sok-

51
rates qandakebis arsebobisa aris masala anu materia.
magram formisa (saxisa) da materiis (masalis) dakavSi-
reba ver moxdeba da qandakeba ver gakeTdeba moqandakis
moqmedebis gareSe. qmedeba aris sokratis qandakebis
arsebobis mesame mizezi. da bolos qandakeba ver gakeT-
deba ise, Tu mis Seqmnas ar eqneba garkveuli mizani — ma-
galiTad, gamofenaze gamotana an sxva ganzraxva. amri-
gad, aristoteles azriT, yovel arsebuls, rogorc
aseTs, aqvs oTxi mizezi: formaluri, materialuri,
moqmedi da bolovadi mizezi anu mizani.
aristotele Tavis naazrevSi ar aris Tanmimdev-
ruli, ris gamoc is aRiarebs formis formas anu wminda
formis arsebobas, romelic Tavis mxriv sxva araferia,
Tu ara RmerTi, rogorc umaRlesi goneba, umaRlesi mi-
zani. amis safuZvelze aristoteles filosofia Teo-
logiuricaa (Teologia-RvTismetyveleba) da teleo-
logiuric (teleologia-moZRvreba samyaros miznob-
rivad mowyobis Sesaxeb).
aristoteles mtkicebiT samyaros moZraoba aris
miznobrivi procesi, misi yoveli momenti urTierTgan-
pirobebulia, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs erTian ma-
moZravebel Zalas. aRiarebs ra samyaroSi mizez-Sede-
gobrivi kavSirebis arsebobas, aristotele midis yove-
li arsebulis pirveli mizezis arsebobis aRiarebamde.
es aris e.w. RmerTis arsebobis ontologiuri dasabu-
Teba: RmerTi aris moZraobis pirveli mizezi. sawyisTa
upirvelesi sawyisi, is imave dros TviTmizezia, TviTon
uZravi, yvelafris mamoZravebelia. RmerTi aris saer-
Tosamyaroseuli zegrZnobadi substancia, yovelives
gonivrulad momwesrigebeli, kosmosis Semqmneli. mag-
ram, Tavis mxriv, aristoteles RmerTi ar aris pirov-
nuli RmerTi.

52
 aristoteles azriT suli aris sxeulisagan mou-
Sorebeli, misi maorganizebeli principi, organizmis
regulaciis wyaro da wesi. suli aris sxeulis entele-
qia (mizanmimarTuli energia, mamoZravebeli Zala, ro-
melic SesaZleblobas gadaaqcevs sinamdviled) sxeu-
lis sikvdiliT Tavisufldeba suli, suli maradiulia
da ukvdavi.
Semecnebis sagani yofierebaa, amtkicebs aristo-
tele, Semecneba iwyeba SegrZnebebiT, SegrZnebebiT mii-
Reba codnis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa: Sexeduleba
(doqsa), cda (empiria) da gamocdileba (texne). ramdena-
dac am formebis sagnebi moZravi da cvalebadi sagnebia.
isini ver iZlevian myarsa da aucilebel codnas, zoga-
dis Sesaxeb codnas. aseT codnas iZleva mecnieruli
codna (episteme), misi sagania zogadi, e.i. aucilebeli
da sayovelTao. amitom is Tavisi RirsebiT maRla dgas
grZnobad Semecnebaze. mecnieruli codna gamoiTqmis
cnebebiT, msjelobebiTa da daskvnebiT. azrovnebis
logikur kavSirebs da formebs swavlobs mecniereba
logika. aristotele misi Semqmnelia. Tu arsitoteles
filosofiuri Sexedulebebi ZiriTadad gadmocemulia
mis `metafizikaSi~, logikuri moZRvreba gaSlilia
iseT SromebSi, rogoricaa: `kategoriebi~, `analitika~,
`topika~, da `peri hermineias.~
aristoteles damsaxurebaTa Soris unda aRiniS-
nos mis mier dialeqtikis, rogorc azrovnebis wesis,
Semdgomi ganviTareba. formisa da materiis, SesaZleb-
lobisa da sinamdvilis, mizezisa da Sedegis. aucileb-
lobisa da SemTxveviTobis urTierTobis ganxilva, amis
brwyinvale nimuSia. potenciisa da aqtis cnebebis ana-
liziT aristotelem filosofiaSi Semoitana ganviTa-
rebis principi. manve mogvca filosofiur kategoria-
Ta (arseba anu substancia, raodenoba, Tvisebrioba, mi-

53
marTeba, adgili (sivrce), dro, qoneba, mdgomareoba,
moqmedeba da vneba) ierarqiuli sqema, romelSic Ziri-
Tadad miaCnia sami kategoria: arseba, mdgomareoba da
mimarTeba.
specialuri ganxilvis sagania aristoteles eTi-
kuri, esTetikuri da politikuri sociologiuri Sexe-
dulebebi, romlebsac studentebi gaecnobian Sesabami-
si kursebis Seswavlisas.
aristoteles filosofiurma moZRvrebam, rome-
lic mraval problemas moicavda, Tavisi mecnieruli
kvlevis siRrmiTa da dasabuTebis maRali doniT udi-
desi gavlena moaxdina sakacobrio azrovnebis Semdgom
ganviTarebaze, rogorc Sua saukuneebis, aseve axali da
uaxlesi drois filosofiaze. aristoteleTi mTavrde-
ba antikuri filosofiis zeaRmavali xazi da iwyeba misi
daqveiTeba-dacemis xana.

§ 12. elinisturi da romauli xanis filosofia

elinistur filosofiaSi, upirveles yovlisa,

igulisxmeba sami skola: epikureizmi, stoicizmi da
skepticizmi.

§ 1. epikureizmi

epikures (341-270Zv.w.) filosofia warmoadgens

ZvelberZnuli materializmis mwvervals, epikurem ara-
marto daicva demokrites atomistika, aramed Semdgom
ganaviTara igi: daazusta detalebSi da gaamdidra axa-
li principebiT. erT-erTi aseTi principi iyo epikures
mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom atomebs gaaCniaT iseTi Tvi-
seba, rogoricaa wona, romlis ZaliTac isini moZraoben

54
samyaroSi. meore, aseve mniSvnelovani principi iyo epi-
kures mier atomTa sworxazovan moZraobidan gadaxve-
vis SesaZleblobis daSveba, rac, Tavis mxriv, niSnavda
demokrites mkacri determinizmis daZlevis cdas da
SemTxveviTobis obieqturad arsebobis aRiarebas. ato-
mis TviTmoZraobis ideis wamoyeneba epikures mier me-
tad didmniSvnelovani nabiji iyo materializmis ganvi-
Tarebis istoriaSi.
epikure, demokritesagan gansxvavebiT, aRiarebda
atomTa meoradi Tvisebebis: feris, gemosa da sunis obi-
eqturad arsebobas.
SemTxveviTobis obieqtur kategoriad aRiarebas
didi mniSvneloba hqonda epikures eTikisaTvis: Tu ar-
sebobs SemTxveviToba, maSin arsebobs nebis Tavisufle-
bac, fiqrobda epikure, xolo nebis Tavisufleba piro-
baa bednierebis misaRwevad. bedniereba aris umaRlesi
netareba, siamovneba, romlis gamoxatvis forma aris
sulieri simSvide, auRelvebloba anu aTaraqsia, igi
sibrZniT anu filosofiiT miiRweva.
Semecnebis istoriaSi epikure materialisti — sen-
sualistia, rac imas niSnavs, rom is aRiarebda obieqtu-
ri sinamdvilis Semecnebas SegrZnebisa da aRqmis saSua-
lebiT. SegrZnebebis saSualebiT Semmecnebeli
subieqti iRebs sagnis saxeebs anu eidolebs da mas ina-
xavs mexsiereba. maTi gonebrivi damuSavebis Sedegad
warmoiSveba cnebebi, msjelobebi da daskvnebi.
epikure Tavisi drois udidesi aTeisti iyo. reli-
giis arsebobas is xsnida sikvdilisadmi SiSiTa da bune-
bis kanonebis arcodniT, ebrZoda sulis ukvdavebis Te-
orias. epikure amtkicebda, rom adamianebs sikvdili ar
unda aSinebdeT, ramdenadac `sanam Cven varT, sikvdili
ar aris, xolo roca sikvdili mova, Cven ar viqnebiT.~
epikures azriT bunebis kanonebis arcodna adamianebs

55
aiZulebT dauSvan, rom rac am qveynad xdeba, xdeba mxo-
lod RmerTis nebiT, romelsac isini win ver aRudgebi-
an, amis gamo isini fatalizmis (bedisweris) monebi xde-
bian. RmerTebis SiSisagan ganTavisuflebis gareSe ada-
miani bednierebas ver miaRwevs, e.i. is Tavisi cxovrebis
sazriss ver ganaxorcielebs.
epikures materializmi Tavis ganviTarebas pou-
lobs romaeli filosofosi lukreciusis (99-55Zv.w.)
brwyinvale naSromSi `saganTa bunebis Sesaxeb~.
epikures Sexedulebebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
sastikad ebrZoda idealizmi da qristianoba, yovelnai-
rad amcirebdnen mas da zizRiT `kuWis filosofias~
uwodebdnen.

§ 2. stoicizmi

stoicizmma, rogorc filosofiuri azris garkve-

ulma mimarTulebam, mTeli eqvsi saukune iarseba, moyo-
lebuli Cveni welTaRricxvamde III saukunidan da dam-
Tavrebuli III saukuniT Cveni welTaRricxviT. masSi ga-
nasxvaveben or etaps: adrindels (Zenoni (333-262 Zv.w.),
kleanTe (331-233), qrizipe (280-207) da gviandels (sene-
ka — 5 Zv.w. — 65 ax.w.), epikteti (50-140ax.w.), mark avreli-
usi (121-180ax.w.). adrindeli stoicizmis warmomadgen-
lebi sirielebi iyvnen, gviandelis ki — romaelebi.
stoelebis moZRvrebis ZiriTadi nawili eTikaa,
romlis dasabuTebas isini cdiloben fizikiTa da lo-
gikiT. maTi mtkicebiT bunebas ori sawyisi aqvs: materi-
aluri da RvTaebrivi, pasiuri da aqtiuri, materia da
forma. yovelive arsebuli moZravi da cvalebadia,
romlis safuZveli `logosi~ anu kanonzomierebaa, igi
yvelafris ganmsazRvrelia, samyaros bedisweraa. yve-
laferi xdeba ise, rogorc unda momxdariyo `logosis~

56
mixedviT. stoelebi fatalistebi (fatalizmi — bedis-
weriT gansazRvruloba) iyvnen.
bediswera ganagebs adamianis TiToeul moqmede-
bas, `magram misi daniSnuleba is aris, rom bunebis sai-
dumloebas Tavis arsebaSi gamoxatavs da amitom bune-
bis mixedviT cxovreba, stoelebis azriT, adamianis
umaRlesi daniSnulebaa, amave dros misi umaRlesi bed-
niereba da umaRlesi bediswerac~ (m. gogiberiZe).
stoelTa azriT umaRlesi eTikuri ideali bednie-
rebaa, romlis miRwevis saSualebasac gonieri cxovreba
warmoadgens. gonieri cxovreba `aqsia~-ze anu umaRles
Rirebulebazea dafuZnebuli. `aqsia~ eTikuri moqmede-
bis normaa. normis mixedviT moqmedeba aris movaleoba.
rac gonebrivia, is saTnoeba da umaRlesi Rirebulebaa.
amitom bednierebacaa. gonieri adamiani anu brZeni
umaRles sikeTes anu bednierebas TviT sibrZneSi xe-
davs, sxva yvelafris mimarT is gulgrilobas anu apa-
Tias unda avlendes. bedniereba vnebisagan Tavisufle-
baSi, sulis simSvideSi, gulgrilobaSia. senekas azriT
adamians sikvdilis ar unda eSinodes, ramdenadac igi
tanjvisagan gaTavisuflebaa, igi sasjeli ki ar aris,
aramed samarTlianobaa bunebis winaSe.

§ 3. skepticizmi

skepticizmis fuZemdebelia pironi (360-270Zv.w.).

misi moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, filosofosi is adamiania,
romelic eswrafvis bednierebas. bedniereba ki mdgoma-
reobs mxolod auRelvebel simSvidesa da tanjvis
ararsebobaSi. bednierebis maZiebelma unda upasuxos
sam kiTxvas: 1. risgan Sedgeba sagnebi; 2. rogor mimar-
TebaSi unda viyoT Cven maTTan; 3. ra sargebloba gveqne-
ba Cven am urTierTmimarTebisagan. pirvel kiTxvaze ra-

57
ime pasuxis gacema ar SeiZleba, ramdenadac ar SeiZleba
raimeze vTqvaT, rom is namdvilad arsebobs. amitom arc
erT codnaze ar SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom is WeSmaritia an
mcdari, yovel mtkicebas nebismier saganze SeiZleba
Tanabari uflebiT davupirispiroT misi sawinaaRmdego
msjeloba.
sagnebze erTmniSvnelovani mtkicebis SeuZleb-
lobidan pirons gamoyavda pasuxi meore kiTxvaze. sag-
nebisadmi namdvili WeSmariti filosofiuri mimarTeba
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tavi SevikavoT maTze yovel-
gvari msjelobisagan. es ar niSnavs imas, rom saerTod
ar arsebobs maT Sesaxeb raime sarwmuno codna — Cveni
grZnobadi aRqmebi anu STabeWdilebebi namdvilad sar-
wmunoa. mcdaroba warmoiSveba mxolod msjelobis
dros, rodesac adgili aqvs moCvenebiTobis CaTvlas
WeSmaritebad. meore kiTxvaze pasuxi gansazRvravs, pi-
ronis azriT, mesame sakiTxze pasuxs: sargeblianoba,
romelic gamomdinareobs yovelgvari msjelobisagan
TavSekavebaSi aris auRelvebloba, simSvide, romelSic
skepticizmi xedavs filosofiisaTvis netarebis umaR-
les safexurs.
skepticizmi pironis Semdeg ganaviTares misma mim-
devrebma timonma, arkezilam, karneadem, enesidenem, ag-
ripam da seqst-empirikosma.
skepticizmma Tavis SeeWvebis (`skepsis~) meTodiT
xeli Seuwyo Semecnebis Teoriasa da saerTod filoso-
fiuri azrovnebis Semdgom ganviTarebas.

58