ჩეჩნეთის ბრძოლა

ვალერი მოდებაძე
socialur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
ჩეჩენი ერის ბრძოლა

თავისუფლებისათვის
Tbilisi
2015
gamomcemloba grifoni
ISBN 978-9941-449-33-8
sarCevi
Sesavali....................................................................4
CeCeni eris urTierTobebi da

istoriul-kulturuli kavSirebi
mezobel xalxebTan................................................10
CeCneTi ruseTis imperiisa da

sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi.........................27
CeCneTis pirveli omi.............................................46
CeCneTis meore omi.................................................75
daskvna.....................................................................96
3
Sesavali
CeCnebi tragikuli bedis mqone xalxia. dedami-

wis zurgze albaT iSviaTad moiZebneba eri,
romelsac damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi imde-
ni msxverpli gaeRos, ramdenic patara, Tavisuf-
lebismoyvare CeCenma erma gaiRo. CeCnebma mTeli
Tavisi uSreti energia `borotebis imperiis~ wi-
naaRmdeg brZolas Sealies da es brZola dResac
ar wydeba. ruseTisaTvis CeCneTi yovelTvis iyo
da kvlav rCeba àqilevsis qusli~ kavkasiaSi.
CeCeni eris swrafva Tavisuflebisaken yvelaze
kargad aris asaxuli iCqeriis erovnul himnSi. am
himnis saTaurSive vlindeba CeCeni eris gmiruli
buneba:
Tavisufleba an sikvdili!
im Rames viSviT, roca lekvebs yrida Zu mgeli,
diliT dagvarqves saxelebi lomis RrialSi,
mTis arwivebis sabudarSi gvzrdidnen dedebi,
kldeebze jiriTs gvaswavlidnen gmiri mamebi.
am miwa-wylisTvis, mamulisTvis gvzardes dedebma.
da gansacdelSi Cvens samSoblos mtkiced davicavT,
mTis Tavisufal arwivebTan erTad davzrdilvarT,
siZneleebi Rirseulad dagviZlevia.
es granitis klde, tyviasaviT dadneba umal,
vidre brZolaSi Cven davkargavT kacur Rirsebas,
umal gaskdeba dedamiwa mzis simxurvaliT,
vidre miwaSi CavidodeT sulgayinulni.
qeds ar movixriT arasodes arvis winaSe,
Cven erTi gza gvaqvs: sikvdili an Tavisufleba!
4
Wrilobebs debi simRerebiT mogviSuSeben,
xolo satrfoni aRgvanTeben isev saomrad.
xis fesvebs davRrRniT, SimSilma Tu Semogvitia,
cvar-nams SevsrutavT, wyurvilma Tu dagvria xeli,
im Rames viSviT, roca lekvebs yrida Zu mgeli,
ufals, Cvens modgmas, Cvems miwa-wyals vemsaxurebi.
himnSi kargad aris gadmocemuli Tu rad did
mniSvnelobas aniWebs CeCeni eri Tavisuflebas da
CeCneTis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aR-
dgenas. CeCenisaTvis Tavisufleba aris umaRlesi
Rirebuleba. sityva `sikvdils~ CeCneTis erovnul
himnSi didi filosofiuri datvirTva aqvs: sxva
saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi yofna anu Tavisuf-
lebis dakargva CeCenisaTvis sikvdilis tolfasia.
Znelia ar daveTanxmoT cnobil rus mwerals,
solJenicins, romelic Tvlida rom èrTaderTi
eri romelic ar Seegua ruseTis imperiis agre-
sias da ganuwyvetel, Seurigebel brZolas eweoda
dampyroblis winaaRmdeg iyo CeCeni eri.~ ruseT-
Tan dapirispirebam xSirad gadaSenebis piras mi-
iyvana CeCeni eri, magram simamaciT ganTqmul CeCen
xalxs far-xmali arasodes ar dauyria. dauZinebel
mterTan uTanasworo brZolaSi daiRupa CeCeni
eris udidesi nawili, magram Tavisuflebismoyvare
CeCen xalxs qedi mainc aravisTvis ar moudrekia.
CeCnebi kavkasiis mkvidr, avtoqtonur mosaxleobas
Seadgenen, romlebic uxsovari droidan cxovroben
kavkasiaSi. kavkasias SemTxveviT ar uwodeben ènebis
mTas.~ am regionSi, romlis saerTo farTobi 440.000
kvadratul kilometrs Seadgens, ormocdaaTze meti
5
sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobs.
enobrivi da eTnikuri mravalferovnebiT gan-

sakuTrebiT CrdiloeT kavkasia gamoirCeva. iSvia-
Tad SevxvdebiT msoflioSi eTnikurad iseT Wrel
regions rogoric CrdiloeT kavkasiaa. eTno-
lingivsturi TvalsazrisiT kavkasia sam enobriv
jgufad iyofa: kavkasiuri, indo-evropuli da al-
tauri. kavkasiuri enebi Tavis mxriv iyofa oTx
6
enobriv jgufad: qarTveluri, afxazur-adiRuri,
naxuri da daRestnuri enebi (23). lingvistur siW-
reles emateba kulturuli, rasobrivi da re-
ligiuri gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva erebs Soris,
romlebsac uxdebaT am patara regionSi erTad
Tanacxovreba. eTnikurma, rasobrivma, religiurma
da enobrivma mravalferovnebam kavkasia planetis
erT-erT yvelaze cxel wertilad aqcia da eTno-
lingvisturi siWrele kvlav rCeba konfliqtebis
mTavari gamomwvevi faqtori am regionSi (4).
CeCnebi, inguSebi, bacbebi da qistebi monaTe-
save erebi arian da maTi enebi miekuTvneba naxur
enaTa jgufs. CeCnebi TavianT Tavs `noxCos~ uwo-
deben, xolo inguSebi _ `RalRas~. dReisaTvis
farTod gavrcelebuli eTnonimebi `CeCeni~ da
ìnguSi~ rusuli terminebia, romlebic maSin dam-
kvidrda, rodesac rusebma pirvelad daamyares
kontaqtebi vainaxebTan. eTnonimi `CeCeni~ da ìn-
guSi~ rusebis mosazRvre vainaxuri soflebis sa-
xelebidan warmoiSva (30). sxva CrdloeT kavkasiis
erebisagan gansxvavebiT, CeCnebma SeZles rusifi-
kaciis Tavidan acileba da erovnuli TviTmyo-
fadobis SenarCuneba. CeCnuri ena dRemde rCeba
TiTqmis yvela CeCenisaTvis mSobliur enad da
ver moxerxda misi Canacvleba rusuli eniT.
CeCneTis mosaxleobam xSiri omebis gamo didi
zarali naxa. bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi
CeCneTSi mimdinare omebis Sedegad daiRupa res-
publikis mosaxleobis minimum 20 procenti,
180.000-dan 250.000-mde kaci. daaxloebiT 350.000
7
CeCeni iZulebuli Seiqmna qveyana daetovebina
1999-2002 wlebSi. miuxedavad amisa, qveyanaSi
mainc SeiniSneba mosaxleobis mateba. Tu CeCne-
Tis pirveli omis dasasruls, 1996 wels qveyanaSi
daaxleobiT 820.000-dan 860.000-mde kaci cxov-
robda, 2010 wlis monacemebiT mosaxleobis rao-
denoba daaxloebiT 1.268.989 aRwevs.
CeCneTis mosaxleoba ruseT-CeCneTis omis daw-
yebamde mravaleTnikuri iyo. 1989 wlis statisti-
kuri monacemebis Tanaxmad CeCnebi Seadgendnen qvey-
nis mosaxleobis 66%-s. omis gamo sxva eTnikurma
jgufebma da erovnulma umciresobebma, maT Soris
rusebma, ukrainelebma, inguSebma da somxebma CeC-
neTi datoves, ris gamoc qveyana monoeTnikuri gax-
da da dReisaTvis TiTqmis mxolod CeCnebiT aris
dasaxlebuli. 2010 wlis monacemebis Tanaxmad CeC-
nebi qveynis mosaxleobis 95 %-s Seadgenen. rogorc
qvemoT mocemul cxrilSia naCvenebi erovnuli um-
ciresobebis raodenoba qveyanaSi sagrZnoblad Sem-
cirda. rusebis raodenoba Seadgens mxolod 1.9 %-s
(24.382), yumixebis - 1 %-s (12.221), xolo inguSebisa
_ 0.1 %-s (1.296). Tu somxebis raodenoba omis daw-
yebamde, 1989 wels daaxloebiT 15.000 (1.4%) iyo,
dReisaTvis maTi ricxvi Zalze SezRudulia da sul
ramodenime ojaxiT Semoifargleba.
CeCnuri diaspora gvxvdeba sxvadasxva qveynebSi,
upirveles yovlisa daRestanSi, moskovSi da axlo
aRmosavleTSi (erayi, siria, irodania, TurqeTi).
maTi umravlesoba axlo aRmosavleTSi muhajiro-
bis dros, XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi moxvda.
8
CeCneTis mosaxleobis zrdis dinamika
1926 w. 1939 w. 1959 w. 1970 w. 1979 w. 1989 w. 2002 w. 2010 w.

eTnikuri
jgufi
raod. % raod. % raod. % raod. % raod. % raod. % raod. % raod. %
CeCnebi 293.298 67,3% 360.889 58,0% 238.331 39,7% 499.962 54,7% 602.223 60,1% 715.306 66,0% 1.031.647 93,5% 1.206.551 95,1%
rusebi 103.271 23,7% 213,354 34,3% 296.794 49,4% 329.701 36,1% 309.079 30,8% 269.130 24,8% 40.645 3,7% 24.382 1,9%
yumixebi 2.217 0,5% 3.575 0,6% _ _ 6.865 0,8% 7.808 0,8% 9.591 0,9% 8.883 0,8% 12.221 1,0%
avarebi 830 0,2% 2.906 0,5% _ _ 4.196 0,5% 4.793 0,5% 6.035 0,6% 4.133 0,4% 4.864 0,4%
noRaelebi 162 0,1% 1.302 0,2% _ _ 5,503 0,6% 6.079 0,6% 6.885 0,6% 3.572 0,3% 3.444 0,3%
inguSebi 798 0,2% 4.338 0,7% 3.639 0,6% 14.543 1,6% 20.855 2,1% 25.136 2,3% 2.914 0,3% 1.296 0,1%
ukrainelebi 11.474 2,6% 8.614 1,4% 11.947 2,0% 11.608 1,3% 11.334 1,1% 11.884 1,1% 829 0,1% _ _
somxebi 5.978 1,4% 8.396 1,3% 12.136 2,0% 13.948 1,5% 14.438 1,4% 14.666 1,4% 424 0,1% _ _
sxva 18.042 4,1% 18.646 3,0% 37.550 6,3% 28.057 3,1% 25,621 2,6% 25.800 2,4% 10.639 1,0% 16.231 1,3%
sul 436.070 100% 622.020 100% 600.397 100% 914.383 100% 1.002.230 100% 1.084.433 100% 1.103.686 100% 1.268.989 100%
9
CeCeni eris urTierTobebi da istoriul-
kulturuli kavSirebi mezobel xalxebTan
CeCen ers qarTvelebTan mravalsaukunovani
mezobloba, mWidro istoriuli da kulturuli
siaxlove akavSirebs. es urTierTobebi saerTo
adaT-wesebiT, genetikuri naTesaobiT da saerTo
kavkasiuri warmomavlobiTac aris ganmtkicebu-
li.
qarTvelur da vainaxur tomebs Soris urTier-
Tobebi uZvelesi droidan iRebs dasabams. qar-
Tul istoriul wyaroebSi Tanamedrove vainaxTa
winaprebi naxCebad, RliRvebad, ZurZukebad an
durZukebad moixsenebian. ZurZukebi (durZukebi)
centraluri kavkasiis CrdiloeT kalTebze sax-
lobdnen da mWidro kavSirebi hqondaT saqar-
TvelosTan. mWidro istoriuli kontaqtebis
damadasturebeli sabuTia aseve is, rom CeCnebis
monaTesave bacbebi da qistebi saqarTvelos teri-
toriaze cxovroben da qarTvelebTan saerTo wes-
Cveulebebi da genetikuri naTeosaoba akavSirebT.
antikuri xanidan moyolebuli Sua saukuneebamde
ZurZukeTi saqarTvelos gavlenis sferod iT-
vleboda da iq qarTuli kultura, damwerloba da
adaT-wesebi nel-nela fexs ikidebda. ZurZukebs
qarTvelebTan intensiuri politikuri, ekonomi-
kuri da kulturuli urTierTobebi hqondaT.
xSirad xdeboda ZurZukebis (durZukebis) migracia
saqarTvelos mTian raionebSi. XI saukunis qar-
Tveli istorikosis leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad
vainaxuri tomebis pirveli nakadi saqarTveloSi
10
Cv. w. III saukuneSi Semovida. maT droTa ganmav-
lobaSi asimilacia ganicades da gaqarTveldnen.
rogorc `qarTlis cxovreba~ gvauwyebs qarTvel-
Ta saxelovan mefes farnavazs, romelic qarTu-
li saxelmwifoebriobis fuZemdeblad da dama-
arseblad aris aRiarebuli, colad hyavda Zur-
Zuki qali. am qalisagan farnavazs gauCnda vaJi,
romelsac saxelad saurmagi erqva, rac vainaxebis
enaze `yovlisSemZles~ niSnavda (16).
`qarTlis cxovrebidan~ irkveva rom durZuke-
bi qarTveli mefis, saurmagis mokavSireebi iyvnen
da gaWirvebis Jams mas mxarSi edgnen. rodesac
saurmags qarTlis erisTavebi da didgvarovnebi
aujanydnen da misi mokvla ganizraxes, man dax-
marebisaTvis ZurZukeTs (durZukeTs) mimarTa.
rogorc ki mis sicocxles safrTxe daemuqra
`warvida farulad, da iltvoda, da waritana
Tana dedai misi, da mivida durZukeTs dedisZmaTa
misTa Tana~ (14).
saurmagma ZurZukebis (durZukebis) daxmare-
biT urCi erisTavebis, didgvarovnebis ajanyeba
qarTlSi advilad CaaxSo da mefis centraluri
xelisufleba ganamtkica. `da saurmag Sekriba
durZukeTica da wamoemarTa qarTvelTa zeda, da
veravin wina-aRudga mas. da daipyra yoveli qar-
Tli da mosrna gandgomilni misni, da romelTame
Seundo, xolo daamdablna qarTlosianni da war-
Cinebul yvna aznaurni, xolo ganmravlebul yvna
durZukni, naTesavni kavkasisni~ (14).
am ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, rogorc `qar-
11
naxuri tomebis gansaxlebis areali kavkasiaSi.
Tlis cxovrebidan~ irkveva, saurmagma ZurZukebi

(durZukebi) saqarTvelos teritoriaze daasaxla,
urCi didgvarovnebi CamoaqveiTa da maT adgilze
misi erTguli ZurZukebi (durZukebi) daawinaura.
`maSin aman saurmag warmoiyvana igini, yovelTa
kavkasiisa naTesavTa naxevarni, da romelnime
maTganni warCinebul yvna, da sxuani dasxna mTiu-
leTs didoeTiTgan vidre egrisamde, romel ars
suaneTi~ (14).
ZurZukebisa da vainaxuri tomebis migra-
cia saqarTveloSi momdevno saukuneebSic ar
Sewyvetila da periodulad meordeboda. (XIII,
XVIII, XIX da XX saukune). vainaxebis saqarTveloSi
migracia sxvadasxva mizezebiT iyo gamowveuli
(mtrebTan xSiri omebi da konfliqtebi, mciremi-
wianoba, ekonomikuri siduxWire, sisxlis aRebis
tradicia da a.S.) am migraciebis Sedegead Cndeba
CeCnebis kompaqturi dasaxlebebi saqarTvelos
12
mTian regionebSi. maTi nawili asimilacias ga-
nicdis, nawili ki inarCunebs erovnul idento-
bas. magaliTad pankisis xeobaSi Camosaxlebuli
qistebi ar iviwyeben TavianT warmomavlobas da
dRemde laparakoben mSobliur enaze. (13)
saqarTvelos gavlena ZurZukeTze gansakuT-
rebiT gaZlierda XI-XIII saukuneebSi, rodesac
saqarTvelo Tavisi Zlevamosilebis mwvervalze
imyofeboda. `mefe mzis~ _ Tamaris mefobis dros
saqarTvelos gavlena vrceldeboda mTel Crdi-
loeT kavkasiaze da iq mosaxle erebze, maT Soris
vainaxebzec. vinaidan warmarTobas mTaSi Rrmad
hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli, amitomac Tamar mefes
qristianobis gavrceleba kavkasiis mTebSi cec-
xliTa da maxviliTac uwevda. rogorc `qarTlis
13
cxovrebidan~ irkveva, am dros ZurZukebi qar-
Tvelebis mokavSireebi iyvnen da maTTan erTad
ibrZodnen kavkasiaSi warmarTebis winaaRmdeg.
rodesac 1212 wels fxoelebma da didoelebma
amboxeba moawyves da saqarTvelos samefos ganud-
gnen, Tamarma Tavisi saxelovani sardali ivane
mxargrZeli gagzavna mTaSi ajanyebis CasaxSobad.
fxoelebisa da didoelebis wanaaRmdeg warmoe-
bul brZolaSi ivane aTabags mxari durZukebma
(ZurZukebma) dauWires. `cnes ra misvla aTabagisa,
movides ZRueniTa mefeni durZukeTani, moscnes
laSqarni da daudges guerds. da iwyes zeidam
brZola, rbeva da klva da tyueobai da dawuva;
da moswyvites uricxv kaci dido da fxoeli, da
dayvnes samni Tueni: ivnisi, ivlisi da agvistosi.
maSin SeiwrebulTa aTabagisagan mosces mZevlebi,
aRuTques msaxurebai da xaraja, da misces piri
simtkicisa, qmnes zavni. da warmoasxa mZevlebi,
da esreT gamarjuebulni movides winaSe mefisa
da rqua ivane aTabagma mefesa Tamars: Zliero me-
feo! iqmna brZaneba Seni, da movaoxren urCni me-
fobisa Senisani didioeTi da fxoeTi.~ (14)
Tamar mefem kargad icoda, rom meamboxeTa
damorCileba marto cecxliTa da maxviliT ver
moxerxdeboda, saWiro iyo am mxaris ideologiur-
sarwmunoebrivi Semomtkiceba. amitomac xdeboda
eklesia-monastrebis mSenebloba kavkasiis mTebSi
da iq qarTveli misionerebis mier qristianuli
religiis gavrceleba. am periodSi CrdiloeT kav-
kasiaSi da CeCneT-inguSeTis teritoriaze aSenda
14
mravali qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da sakulto
daniSnulebis Zegli. amis damadasturebeli sabu-
Tia arRunis da asas xeobebSi aRmoCenili qar-
Tul eklesiaTa nangrevebi, qvis jvrebi, qarTu-
li warwerebi da xelnawerebi. vainaxebSi dRemde
farTod aris gavrcelebuli qarTuli terminebi.
magaliTad CeCneTSi, xildixaros xeobaSi gvxvde-
ba qarTuli kulturis gavleniT warmoqmnili
toponimebi (qeristie, cacaxi, Camra, mozRari,
mecix, da a.S.) CeCnur enaSi dRemde aris Semor-
Cenili qarTuli wamromavlobis sityvebi, rac
imaze metyvelebs, rom durZukebs mTaSi mcxovreb
qarTvelebTan mWidro urTierToba hqondaT.
Txaba-erdis (tyoba-erdis) eklesia _ Sua saukuneebis taZari inguSeTSi.
15
Txaba-erdi (tyoba-erdi). erT-erTi versiis Tanaxmad daarsda Tamar
mefis dros, qarTveli misionerebis mier.
Txaba-erdis (tyoba erdis) taZris interieri
16
17
inguSeTis teritoriaze mravladaa Suasaukuneebisdroindeli
jvriani koSkebi.
taZari sofel doSxakleSi.
18
sofel TargemTan mdebare eklesia.
taZari magi-erdi.
19
sofel gapis maxloblad mdebare taZari.
albi-ierdis eklesia inguSeTSi.
20
sanam CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi qristianoba iyo
gavrcelebuli, vainaxebi qarTvelebis mokav-
Sireebad rCebodnen da avbediT wuTebSi maT
daxmarebas uwevdnen. mematianis cnobiT, saqar-
Tvelos dauZinebeli mtris, jalaledinis meo-
re Semosevis dros 1226-1227 ww. ZurZukebma da
CrdiloeT kavkasielebma qarTvelebis mxardam-
xar ibrZoles da medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies
xvarazmelebs. rusudan mefem gansacdelis Jams
`mouwoda yovelsa spaTa TvisTa~, aqtiurad
Seudga jaris Sekrebas da saqarTvelos daraz-
mvas pirsisxliani mtris winaaRmdeg, gaxsna `karni
darialisani da gardamoiyvanna ovsni, durZukni,
amaT Tana yovelni mTiulni. Sekrbes naWarmagevsa
simravle uricxv da waravlina mefeman brZolad
xvarazmelTa.~ (15) Tumca sastik da uTanasworo
brZolaSi qarTvelebi damarcxdnen, maTTvis didi
mniSvneloba hqonda CrdiloeT kavkasielebis, maT
Soris durZukebis mxardaWeras.
qarTuli saxelmwifos dakninebasTan da kav-
kasiaSi TaTar-monRolebis gamoCenasTan erTad,
iwyeba or mezobel xalxs Soris mWidro urTi-
erTobebis Sesusteba. Temur-lengis SemosevaTa
Semdeg CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi iwyeba mahmadiano-
bis gavrceleba, romelmac axali politikur-so-
cialuri da kulturuli tendenciebi warmoSva.
TandaTanobiT iSleba kavkasielTa religiur-
kulturuli erTianoba da droTa ganmavlobaSi
qreba vainaxebsa da qarTvelebs Soris arsebuli
myari aliansi. qristianobis islamiT Canacvlebas
21
sakmaod didi dro dasWirda da CeCnebis gamah-
madianebac gvian, XV-XVI saukuneebSi moxda. (1)
`mas Semdeg CeCnebi sunituri islamis mimde-
varni iyvnen, Tumca maTi religia inarCunebda
warmarTobis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. yovel Sem-
TxvevaSi, rusebTan kontaqtis pirvel periodSi
isini ar iyvnen fanatikurad religiurebi, magram
yvelaferi mianiSnebda imaze, rom SeiZleboda,
swored aseTebi gamxdariyvnen.~ (18)
kavkasia strategiulad mniSvnelovani geog-
rafiuli mdebareobis gamo xSirad mezobeli sa-
xelmwifoebis, ruseTis, TurqeTisa da iranis
interesebis sferoSi eqceoda. XVI saukunidan
moyolebuli kavkasiaSi hegemonobis mosapoveb-
lad es Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebi mudmivad
upirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs. monRoleTis im-
periisagan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg, ivane IV mmar-
Tvelobis dros ruseTma yazanisa da astraxanis
saxanoebis dapyroba moaxerxa 1552-1556 wlebSi
da uSualod kavkasias daumezoblda. amrigad kav-
kasia ruseTis imperiis interesTa sferoSi XVI
saukuneSi moeqca. am periodSi Cndeba pirveli
rusuli axalSenebi da cixesimagreebi kavkasiaSi.
CeCneTis miwaze sunjasa da Tergis SesarTavTan
da Tergis napirebze Sendeba kazakTa qalaqebi
da dasaxlebebi. sawyis etapze urTierToba CeC-
nebsa da kazakebs Soris metad mSvidobiani iyo
da mTlianad agebuli iyo urTierTpativiscemis
principze. (6) im dros kavkasia iran-osmaleTis
omis asparezi iyo da kavkasiis saxelmwifo moRva-
22
weni cdilobdnen ruseTTan mWidro kavSirebis
damyarebas, radgan ruseTSi xedavdnen im Zalas,
romelsac SeeZlo iranisa da osmaleTiis agre-
siis SeCereba. ruseTTan urTierTobas did mniS-
vnelobas aniWebdnen rogorc qarTveli mefeebi,
aseve CrdiloeT kavkasieli mTavrebi. am period-
Si ruseTTan diplomatiur kavSirebs amyareben
kaxeTis mefeebi da yabardos mTavrebi. ruseTs
mfarvelobas sTxoven aseve CeCneTis saxelmwifo
moRvaweni. 1588 wels moskovs pirveli CeCnuri
delegacia ewvia da CeCneTis erT-erT feodalur
samflobelosa da moskovis mTavars Soris vasa-
luri urTierTobebi gaformda.
CeCnebsa da rusebs Soris urTierToba mas Sem-
deg daiZaba, rac ruseTis mefeebma agresiuli
koloniuri politikis gatareba daiwyes kavka-
siaSi. XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan ruseTis poli-
tika CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mkveTrad gamoxatuli
koloniuri eqspansiis xasiaTs iZens, ris gamoc
mwvavdeba urTierToba rusebsa da CeCnebs Soris.
ruseTi yvela Rones mimarTavs kavkasiaSi Tavisi
batonobis gansamtkiceblad. imperiuli politi-
kis erT-erTi nacadi xerxi axlad SemoerTebul
miwebze rusebisa da kazakebis dasaxleba iyo, rac
safrTxes uqmnida kavkasieli xalxebis erovnul
TviTmyofadobas. ruseTis xelisufleba aqtiu-
rad cdilobda Tavisi mokavSireebis kavkasiaSi
Casaxlebas da demografiuli mdgomareobis Sec-
vlas am regionSi. CeCeni eris erovnul TviT-
myofadobas seriozuli safrTxe maSin daemuqra,
23
rodesac ruseTis imperiam daiwyo kazakebis
dasaxlebebis mkveTri gazrda CeCneTis dablobze
da CeCeni xalxis saukeTeso miwebze. ruseTis sa-
xelmwifo politika miznad isaxavda CeCeni eris
TandaTanobiT garusebas da maT asimilacias. am
droidan kavkasiaSi iwyeba erovnul-ganmanTavi-
suflebeli brZolebi, SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi
da ajanyebebi ruseTis koloniuri politikis wi-
naaRmdeg.
kazakebis gansaxlebis areali kavkasiaSi.
CrdiloeT kavkasiis Tavisuflebismoyvare

erebis dapyroba Zalze rTuli procesi iyo da ru-
seTis imperias yovelTvis didi msxverplis fasad
ujdeboda maTi damorCileba. 1785 wels yabardosa
da CeCneTSi ajanyebam ifeTqa, romelsac saTaveSi
CeCneTis erovnuli gmiri, Seix mansuri Caudga. man
CrdiloeT kavkasieli muslimi xalxebi gaaerTia-
na da rusebis winaaRmdeg darazma. mansuris mier
organizebulma ajanyebam sakmaod didi masStabi
24
miiRo, mezobel olqebSic gadainacvla da moicva
daRestnis, inguSeTis, yabardos da CerqezebiT
dasaxlebuli Savi zRvispireTis teritoria. (35)
misi mizani CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi mah-
madianebis gaerTianeba da erTiani islamuri sa-
xelmwifos Seqmna iyo. mansur uSurma istoriaSi
Sesulia rogorc CeCneTis erovnul-ganmanTavi-
suflebeli moZraobis pirveli lideri, romel-
mac rusebs saRvTo omi _ RazavaTi gamoucxada.
miuxedavad imisa, rom rusebma moaxerxes mis mier
organizebuli ajanyebis CaxSoba da 1791 wels Seix
mansuris datyveveba, antirusuli gamosvlebi da
ajanyebebi kavkasiaSi mainc ar Sewyvetila.
ruseTis imperiam CeCnebis damorCileba mxo-
lod mas Semdeg SesZlo, rac 1801 wels qarTl-
kaxeTis samefo SeierTa da samxreT kavkasia
kavkasia XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.
25
daipyro. amirgad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ru-
seTTan SeerTebam imperias gauadvila CrdiloeT
kavkasielebisa da CeCnebis damorCileba. ruseTis
imperia qarTl-kaxeTis samefos `SemoerTebis~
paralelurad aqtiurad iwyebs Tavisi gavlenis
ganmtkicebas CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.
CeCneTis erovnuli gmiri mansur-uSurma.
26
CeCneTi ruseTis imperiisa da sabWoTa
kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi
19-e saukuneSi ruseTi iwyebs agresiuli
eqspansionisturi politikis gatarebas Crdilo-
eT kavkasiaSi, ris gamoc iZabeba urTierToba
rusebsa da CeCnebs Soris. ruseTis xelisufle-
bam gadawyvita daeCqarebina CrdiloeT kavka-
siis kolonizacia, rom ufro mWidro kavSirebi
daemyarebina saqarTvelosTan da transkavkasiis
sxva qveynebTan. osmaleTis imperiisa da iranis
damarcxebis Semdeg, ruseTs SesaZlebloba mieca
mTeli Tavisi samxedro potenciali da resursebi
kavkasiel mTielTa dasamorCileblad gamoeyene-
bina. sparseTi ruseTTan dapirispirebas ukve ve-
Rar bedavda da arc osmaleTis dasustebul impe-
rias ar Seswevda unari win aRsdgomoda ruseTis
eqspansias kavkasiaSi. CrdiloeT kavkasiis erebs ki
marto uwevdaT brZola rusuli kolonializmis
da ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis winaaRmdeg.
ruseTis imperiis mier koloniuri Cagvris gaZ-
lierebas Sedegad mohyva antirusuli gamosvlebi
da kavkasiis omebi 1817-1864 wlebSi. rusebis wi-
naaRmdeg organizebul ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga
xunZi politikuri da religiuri moRvawe, daRes-
tanSi, avarul sofel gimrSi dabadebuli Samili
(2). man SesZlo daRestnelebis, CeCnebisa da Cerqe-
zebis gaerTianeba da 1820-1830-ian wlebSi Teokra-
tiuli saxelmwifo _ imamati Seqmna. es saxelmwifo
medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda ruseTs da aqtiurad
ibrZoda carizmis koloniuri Cagvris winaaRmdeg.
27
Samili, romelic islamuri samyaros mier gmi-
rad aris aRiarebuli, mravalricxovani mtris
winaaRmdeg partizanuli brZolis taqtikas iy-
enebda. moulodnelad Tavs esxmoda mters daR-
estnis miuval mTebSi an iCqeriis uRran tyeebSi,
sadac upiratesobas mTielebi flobdnen, rusebi
ki warmoudgenel winaaRmdegobasa da sirTule-
ebs awydebodnen. Samilma, romelic samxedro saq-
mis brwyinvale mcodne iyo, mTielebisagan Seqmna
kargad organizebuli da Zalze mobiluri armia.
axtis cixe-simagreze ieriSis mitana. 1848 weli.
Samilis samxedro sistemis erT-erTi um-

Tavresi upiratesoba is gaxldaT, rom mas, survi-
lisamebr, umokles droSi SeeZlo sakuTari ja-
rebis mobilizeba da gaSveba, rac mas saSualebas
aZlevda emoqmeda Zalian swrafad da mtris wi-
naaRmdeg Seteva ganexorcielebia nebismier dros.
rogorc jon f. bedli Tavis wignSi `ruseTis mier
28
kavkasiis dapyroba~ wers: `Samilis strategia im
droisaTvis marTlac uzado iyo. dilimSi ganla-
gebuli mTavari poziciidan is safrTxes uqmnida
mters CrdiloeTSi, dasavleTsa da samxreTSi _
mudmiv moZraobaSi hyavda Tavisi razmebi. sade-
santo _ sadivizio nawils xan saxlebSi uSvebda
da xan, TiTqos jadosnuri joxis erTi aqneviT,
swrafadve krebda. mTielTa razmebis gansacvif-
rebeli mobilurobis wyalobiT, romlebsac arc
bargi sWirdebodaT, arc ekipireba, arc sakvebis
maragi, rusebs Tavs esxmodnen swored im adgilas,
sadac es maTTvis naklebad mosalodneli iyo~ (18).
Samilma SesZlo eTnikuri niSniT dayofili
mTielebis gaerTianeba, aswavla maT brZola saer-
To saqmisaTvis da droTa ganmavloabSi miaCvia kav-
kasielebi disciplinas. is moiTxovda rom yvela
usityvod damorCileboda mis brZanebebs. Samili
daundobeli iyo maT mimarT, vinc arRvevda mis
mier dadgenil wesebsa da kanonebs. man mkacri
disciplina daamyara Tavis armiaSi: erTgulebs
da mamac meomrebs guluxvad asaCuqrebda, xolo
mxdal da laCar mamakacebs mkacrad sjida. `maT,
vinc fics debda, rom saWiroebis STxvevaSi si-
cocxles gawiravda SamilisaTvis, TveSi or toma-
ra fqvils urigebdnen, xolo fafaxis wina mxares
oTkuTxa mwvane naWris tarebis uflebas aZlev-
dnen; mas, vinc brZolaSi simxdales gamoiCenda,
zurgze metalis iarliys akerebdnen, ra Tqma
unda, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasaxiCrebas an sikvdils
gadaurCeboda. Samili Seubralebeli gaxldaT,
29
rodesac mis principebsa da avtoritets safrTxe
emuqreboda; is aRmosavleli despotebis yaida-
ze dadioda _ jalaTis TanxlebiT, romelsac
zeaRmarTuli grZeltaniani najaxi eWira Tavisa
da xelebis mosaWrelad ara marto maSin, rode-
sac amas SariaTi daadgenda, aramed mis mimarT
gamoxatuli mciredi araloialurobis SemTxve-
vaSic ki~ (18).
Samili gansakuTrebiT did mniSvnelobas aniWeb-
da CeCneTSi tyis SenarCunebas. tye Znelbedobis
Jams xalxis TavSesafars warmoadgenda, swored is
ifaravda mTielebs rusi samxedroebisagan da ru-
suli armiis ieriSebisagan. xSir SemTxvevaSi tye
ganapirobebda omis warmoebis taqtikas da omis
beds wyvetda. 19-e saukuneSi CeCneTis umetesi
nawili uRrani tyeebiT iyo dafaruli da sanam tye
arsebobda CeCnebi uZlevelebi iyvnen. mSobliur
tyeebsa da mTebSi brZolis dros am xalxs badali
ar hyavda. Samils kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli,
rom tyis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda partizanu-
li omis warmoeba rusebis winaaRmdeg. is CeCnebi-
sagan moiTxovda tyis dacvas da mkacrad sjida
yvelas, vinc kanons daarRvevda da misi nebarTvis
gareSe xes moWrida. `TiToeuli moWrili xis ja-
rima an Zroxa iyo, an xari, uares SemTxvevaSi, dam-
naSaves aulis centrSi sikvdiliT sjidnen. misi
gvami erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi saxrCobelaze
ekida sxvebis gasafrTxileblad.~ (18)
Samili 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi 20.000 meomriT
warmatebiT ibrZoda 280.000 kaciani rusuli jaris
30
winaaRmdeg, sanam 1859 wels tyveobaSi ar Cavarda
da daRestnis sofel RunibSi rusebs danebda. is
Tavis ojaxTan erTad kalugaSi gadaasaxles, ris
Semdegac mis mier Seqmnilma Teokratiulma sa-
xelmwifom _ imamatma arseboba Seswyvita.
`mTis arwivi~ Samili
31
daRestnisa da CeCneTis imami _ Samili SvilebTan erTad.
32
Samili rusebs nebdeba. aleqsei kivSenkos naxati.
Samilis datyvevebis Semdeg brZola Tavisuf-

lebisTvis CeCneTis teritoriaze kidev ori weli
gagrZelda, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda legen-
daruli CeCeni samxedro meTauri, baisungur
benoeli. (20) 1864 wels mTielTa winaaRmdegoba
Sewyda da kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg aso-
biT aTasi CrdiloeT kavkasieli gadasaxlebul
iqna osmaleTSi, maT mSobliur miwebze ki rusi
`kolonistebi~ daasaxles. (1) ruseTis koloniuri
uRlis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Semdgomi brZolebi
lokaluri gamosvlebiT xasiaTdeba da masStabur
xasiaTs aRar iRebs.
kavkasiis sisxlismRvrelma omebma CeCeni mo-
saxleobis udidesi nawili imsxverpla. kavkasiis
33
omebis (1817-1864) dawyebamde CeCneTis mosaxleo-
ba erT milions aRemateboda. (zogierTi isto-
rikosis, magaliTad a. rogovis azriT CeCneTis
mosaxleoba 1847 wels 1.5 milions aRemateboda)
rusebi daundoblebi iyvnen CeCnebis mimarT, maT-
Tvis yvela meTodi gamarTlebuli iyo miznis mi-
saRwevad.
rusi jariskacebi mTlianad anadgurebdnen CeC-
nur soflebs, sadac mxolod qalebi da bavSvebi
iyvnen darCenilni (kacebs am dros brZolis velze
uwevdaT yofna). rusebi arahumanurad epyrobod-
nen CeCnebs, warmoudgenel sisastikes iCendnen,
xocavdnen mSvidobian mosaxleobas, wvavdnen maT
saxlebs, anadgurebdnen mosavals. (36) brZolis
Semdeg xSirad iyenebdnen `gadamwvari miwis~ taq-
tikas, ris Sedegadac araerTi CeCnuri sofeli,
dasaxleba, qalaqi àRigava pirisagan miwisa.~ gan-
sakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoirCeoda generali
ermolovi, romelic
xSirad awyobda `sadam-
sjelo RonisZiebebs~
CeCnebis winaaRmdeg.
zemoT xsenebuli mize-
zebis gamo, kavkasiis
omebis Semdeg CeCneTis
mosaxleoba sagrZnob-
lad Semcirda. n. g.
volkovas azriT 1867
wels CeCneTSi cxov-
baisungur benoeli robda mxolod 116.000
34
kaci da maT umravlesobas invalidebi da koW-
li xalxi Seadgenda. CeCeni eris legendaruli
meTauric, baisungur benoelic ki invalidi iyo.
mas mxolod erTi fexi, erTi xeli da erTi Tvali
hqonda. (20)
brZola rusebsa da CeCnebs Soris oTx sau-
kuneze meti gagrZelda. ruseTis imperiis mier
kavkasiaSi warmoebuli saukuneobrivi brZolebis
Sedegad ganadgurda CeCeni eris daaxloebiT 90
procenti. fridrix bodenStedti Tavis wignSi
`kavkasiis xalxebi da maTi brZola Tavisuflebi-
saTvis rusebis winaaRmdeg~ wers: `ruseTi mra-
vali saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda CeCnebis
winaaRmdeg, Tumca verasodes ver axerxebda maT
saboloo damarcxebas.~ (31) kremlTan brZolisa
da dapirispirebis saukuneobrivi tradicia, rom-
lis SenarCuneba CeCneTis mcirericxovan ers yo-
velTvis didi msxverplis fasad ujdeboda, bol-
Sevikuri reJimis damyarebis Semdegac gagrZelda.
1918 wlis maisSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebma
damoukidebloba gamoacxades da daaarses Crdi-
loeT kavkasiis mTielTa respublika. am dros
ruseTSi samoqalaqo omi mZvinvarebda da wlebis
ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda gaafTrebuli brZo-
lebi TeTrebsa da wiTlebs Soris kavkasiis
dauflebisaTvis. generalma denikinma, romelic
iyo moxaliseTa armiis lideri, gadamwyvet brZo-
laSi daamarcxa CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielTa res-
publikis armia, magram 1919 wlis Semodgomaze
Seix uzun hajim Seqmna CrdiloeT kavkasiis emi-
35
rati CeCneTis mTebSi da saTveSi Caudga deniki-
nis winaaRmdeg organizebul amboxebas. denikini
iZulebuli Seiqmna ukan daexia da Tavisi Seiara-
Rebuli Zalebi gamoeyvana CrdiloeT kavkasiis
mTielTa respublikidan. bolSevikebma, romle-
bic Tavdapirvelad TanamSromlobdnen Seix uzun
hajisTan, moaxdines CrdiloeT kavkasiis sruli
okupacia, ris gamoc ifeTqa axalma ajanyebam CeC-
neTSi 1920 wlis agvistoSi. (21)
1921 wels vladikavkazSi mTiel xalxTa kon-
gresi gaimarTa, romelSic stalini piradad
monawileobda. am kongresze gadawyda mTis xal-
xTa sabWoTa socialisturi avtonomiuri respub-
likis daarseba, romlis SemadgenlobaSi CeCnebi,
inguSebi, osebi, yabardoelebi, balyarelebi da
yaraCaelebi Sediodnen. axlad daarsebul res-
publikas farTo avtonomia mieniWa da mas SeeZlo
saSinao saqmeebis damoukideblad warmarTva. res-
publikas gadaeca yvela is teritoriebi, romle-
bic mTielebs ruseTis mefeebma waarTves. (21)
1922 wlis noemberSi CeCneTi mTis xalxTa sab-
WoTa socialistur avtonomiur respublikas
gamoeyo. sabWoTa xelisuflebam CeCneTs Tavda-
pirvelad, 1922 wels avtonomiuri olqis statusi
mianiWa, xolo 1934 wels CeCneTisa da inguSeTis
gaerTianebiT Seqmna CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiu-
ri olqi, romelic 1936 wels gadakeTda CeCneT-
inguSeTis avtonomiur sabWoTa socialistur
respublikad. (12)
sabWoTa wyobilebis damyarebis Semdeg CeCneTi
36
ajanyebebma moicva. CeCnebi qaquca ColoyaSvilis
mokavSireebi iyvnen 1924 wlis ajanyebis dros.
pankisis xeoba iTvleboda qaquca ColoyaSvilis
SeficulTa razmis bazad, sadac SeTqmulT qisti
Tanamoazreebi hyavdaT. 1922 wlis seqtembris dam-
levs qaquca ColoyaSvili Tavis TanamoazreebTan
da SeficulTa razmTan erTad iZulebuli gaxda
CeCneTSi gadasuliyo. ColoyaSvils ganzraxuli
hqonda CeCnebTan gaerTianeba da rusebis winaaR-
mdeg erToblivi brZolis dawyeba. miuxedavad
zogierTi warmatebisa, erTiani ZalebiT Seteva
garkveuli mizezebis gamo ver moxerxda. sabWoTa
xelisuflebam CeCeni liderebi daapatimra, ris
gamoc isini ver CaerTvnen qaquca ColoyaSvilis
mier organizebul ajanyebaSi.
CeCenTa ukmayofilebas iwvevda sabWoTa xe-
lisuflebis mier gatarebuli politika, gansa-
kuTrebiT iZulebiTi koleqtivizacia. iZulebiTi
koleqtivizaciis procesi daiwyo 1920-ian wlebSi,
ramac gamoiwvia saxalxo ajanyeba CeCneTSi 1929-
1932 wlebSi. amas sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxridan
represiebi mohyva (marto 1932 wels 35 aTasi kaci
iqna represirebuli).
Tumca sabWoTa wyobilebis damyareba uaryofi-
Ti movlena iyo kavkasiis Tavisuflebismoyvare
erebisaTvis da mas umsxverplod ar Cauvlia, am
periodSi pozitiuri Zvrebic moxda CeCneTis res-
publikaSi. sagrZnoblad gaizarda wera-kiTxvis
mcodneTa raodenoba, ganviTarda mrewveloba da
kultura. 1920-ian da 1930-ian wlebSi groznoSi
37
daarsda istoriis, sociologiisa da filolo-
giis instituti. am periodSi CeCneTi gadaiqca
yvelaze ganviTarebul industriul respublikad
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. sabWoTa kavSirSi CeCneTi
meore adgils ikavebda navTobis mopovebaSi da
did rols TamaSobda ssrk-s ekonomikuri da sam-
xedro potencialis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. (12)
miuxedavad zemoT dasaxelebuli pozitiuri
faqtorebisa, sabWoTa wyobilebis kavkasiaSi
damyarebam didi ziani miayena CeCen ers. `bur-
Juaziuli nacionalizmis~ winaaRmdeg brZolis
sababiT 1930-ian wlebSi komunistebma daiwyes CeC-
nuri elitis ganadgureba. 1937 wlis masobrivi
represiebis msxverpli gaxdnen CeCnuri inteli-
genciis warmomadgenlebi. am represiebma Seiwira
CeCnebisa da inguSebis daaxloebiT 2 procenti.
amave wels ènkavede~-m daiwyo ànti-sabWouri~
elementebisagan CrdiloeT kavkasiis gawmenda,
ramac CeCnebis gaRizianeba da CeCneTSi saprotes-
to talRis agoreba gamoiwvia.
1939 wels CeCnebma gaaCaRes partizanuli omi
sabWoTa mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg. 1940 wels
ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga CeCeni poeti hasan is-
railovi, romelmac CeCneTis samxreT nawilSi,
miuval mTebSi partizanebis baza Seqmna da aqtiu-
rad daiwyo mxardamWerebis Segroveba. (6) ajanye-
bulebma CeCneTSi sabWoTa xelisufleba daamxes
da `CeCneT-inguSeTis droebiTi saxalxo-revo-
luciuri mTavroba~ Seqmnes. germanelebma scades
hasanTan SeTanxmebis miRweva da sabWoTa kavSiris
38
winaaRmdeg erTobli-
vad brZolis warmoeba,
magram CeCnebTan Tanam-
Sromlobis es mcdelo-
ba uSedego aRmoCnda.
israilovi ar endo-
boda maT da Tvlida
rom germanelebs CeCeni
amboxebulebi mxolod
TavianTi miznebis mi-
saRwevad sWirdebodaT.
misTvis miuRebeli iyo
rogorc sabWoTa, aseve
germanuli imperializ-
mi. hasan israilovis
azriT germanelebis
gamarjveba meore
hasan israilovi
msoflio omSi arsebi-
Tad ver Secvlida viTarebas kavkasiaSi. am Sem-
TxvevaSi moxdeboda mxolod erTi dampyrobis
meoreTi Canacvleba. CeCnebma aseve mSvenivrad
icodnen, rom hitleris rasistuli Teoriebis
Tanaxmad isini, iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni kav-
kasieli xalxebi, ariul rasas ar miekuTvnebod-
nen. bolo mizezi, ris gamoc ar Sedga CeCnur-ger-
manuli aliansi, iyo germanelebis aqtiuri Tanam-
Sromloba CeCnebis dauZinebel mtrebTan, kaza-
kebTan. im periodSi kazakebsa da CeCnebs Soris
kvlav grZerldeboda gauTavebeli konfliqtebi
miwebis gamo. zemoT dasaxelebuli mizezebis gamo
39
israilovis amboxebulebs faSistur germaniasTan
urTierToba gaufuWdaT.
meore msoflios omis droindeli germanuli propagandistuli

plakatebi. germanelebi kavkasielebs Tavisuflebas hpirdebodnen.
1942 wlis noemberSi germaniis SeiaraRebuli

Zalebi vladikavkazs miuaxlovdnen da mozdoks
miaRwies, magram maT ukan daxeva mouwiaT mas Sem-
deg, rac germaniis meeqvse armia stalingradTan
blokadaSi moeqca da xangrZlivi brZolis Semdeg
rusebs danebda. amrigad, CeCen amboxebulebs mar-
to mouwiaT sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg brZola.
sabWoTa kavSirma amboxebulebis winaaRmdeg
mZime samxedro SeiaraReba, tankebi da aviacia
gamoiyena, magram ajanyebis CaxSobas mainc didi
dro moandoma. ajanyebulebis damarcxeba mxo-
40
lod 1942 wels moxerxda. masiuri saaviacio da-
bombvebis Semdeg ènkavede~-s jarebma sabolood
SeZles ajanyebis sisxlSi CaxSoba. sabWoTa kavSi-
ri amboxebulebs sastikad gausworda. Tumca ger-
manelebs meore msoflio omis dros CeCneTamde ar
miuRweviaT, CeCnebs bralad dasdes faSistebTan
TanamSromloba, Ralati, sabWoTa moqalaqeebis
masiuri mkvleloba, Zarcva da gadawyvites Sua
aziasa da cimbirSi maTi deportacia. 1944 wels
stalinis brZanebiT CeCneT-inguSeTis assr gauq-
mda (mis nacvlad Seiqmna groznos olqi axali saz-
RvrebiT) da ganxorcielda CeCnebis, inguSebis da
sxva kavkasieli xalxebis deportacia centralur
aziaSi (yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi da cimbiri). stalini
Tvlida rom deportacia iyo sadamsjelo opera-
cia, romelic ganxorcielda `moRalate erebis~
nacistur germaniasTan kolaboraciis gamo (1).
stalinis mier ganxorcielebuli eTnikuri
wmendis Sedegad, sabWoTa imperiis Soreul mxa-
reebSi gadaasaxles eTnikuri jgufebi, romlebic
mis mier aRiqmeboda, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris
potenciuri mtrebi. am xalxis ZaliT gadasaxle-
ba kidev erT mizans emsaxureboda, am process
unda daeCqarebina sabWoTa kavSiris Soreuli
da CamorCenili regionebis ganviTareba. saqar-
Tvelos erovnul arqivSi mopovebuli informa-
ciiT irkveva, rom 1920-ian wlebSi sabWoTa mTav-
robas dagegmili hqonda gamoeyenebina depor-
tirebuli xalxi mebambeobis ganviTarebisaTvis,
aseve sabWoTa kavSiris Soreul regionebSi arse-
41
buli bunebrivi resursebisa da mineraluri sim-
didreebis eqspluataciisa da aTvisebisaTvis (22).
am strategiam, romelsac stalini mudmivad iy-
enebda Tavisi sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTebamde,
radikalurad Secvala sabWoTa kavSiris eTni-
kuri ruka. is iseTi mravalricxovani eTnikuri
jgufis gadasaxlebis momxrec ki iyo, rogoric
ukrainelebi arian, magram am eTnikuri jgufis
simravlis gamo man ver moaxerxa Tavisi sastiki
gegmis ganxorcieleba.
rukaze is erebia aRniSnuli, romelTa deportacia ganxorcielda

1937-1949 wlebSi.
1944 wels masiuri deportacia Seexo CeCnebs,

inguSebs, balyarelebs, yirimel TaTrebs, yiri-
mel berZnebs, volgis germanelebs, mahmadi-
42
an mesxebs, qurTebs, hemSinebs, yaraCaelebs da
yalmuxebs. Sua aziaSi da cimbirSi gadasaxleba
yvelaze tragikul periodad iTvleba CeCeni eris
istoriaSi. bevri deportirebulTagani ver egue-
boda Sua aziis mkacr klimats, SimSils, sicives
da iRupeboda. visi deportaciac garkveuli
mizezebis gamo ver moaxerxes, adgilzeve ga-
moasalmes sicocxles. mxolod erT sofelSi,
xaibaxSi, cocxlad dawves Svidasamde adamiani.
xaibaxi maRalmTiani dasaxlebaa, sadac mkacri
zamTari icis da didTovlianobis gamo manqanebi
ver axerxebs sofelSi asvlas. rodesac sabWoTa
xelmZRvaneloba darwmunda, rom zamTarSi xai-
baxSi mcxovrebi CeCnebis transportireba SeuZle-
beli iyo, gadawyvita maTi adgilze likvidacia.
igive bedi gaiziara araerTma CeCnurma sofelma
Tu dasaxlebam (26).
daaxloebiT 400.000 CeCeni da inguSi gadaasax-
les Sua aziaSi. maTi umravlesoba Caasaxles yaza-
xeTSi. Znelia imis dadgena, Tu ramdeni adamiani
daiRupa deportaciis gamo. rusuli statisti-
kuri monacemebis mixedviT gadasaxlebis Sedegad
daiRupa mTeli CeCeni eris 30 %. CeCnuri wyaroe-
bi ufro did cifrs asaxelebs. CeCeni sazogado
moRvaweebis azriT gadasaxlebulTa 60-65% gar-
daicvala SimSilisa da sicivisagan.
sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis cnobili mkvleva-
ris, abduraxman avtorxanovis azriT, (man sabWo-
Ta kavSiri datova meore msoflio omis dros da
germanias Seafara Tavi), CeCneT-inguSeTis assr-s
43
gauqmebis ramodenime mizezi arsebobda:
1. CeCnebis permanentuli brZola damoukideb-
lobisaTvis da sabWoTa despoturi sistemis ar-
aRiareba kavkasielebis mier.
1. kremlis survili gaemagrebina zurgi dasav-
leTTan momavali dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi da
ar daeSva saerTokavkasiuri nacionaluri fron-
tis Camoyalibeba sabWoTa metropoliiis winaaRm-
deg.
2. sabWoTa xelisuflebis mkveTrad gansaz-
Rvruli kursi, rom xelSi Caegdo da absolu-
turi kontroli daemyarebina kavkasiis navTobis
resursebze.
3. sabWoTa xelisuflebis survili moexdina
kavkasiis sruli dapyroba, romelic gamoyenebul
iqneboda rogorc samxedro placdarmi. kavka-
sia unda gardaqmniliyo samxedro placdarmad
TurqeTis, iranis, pakistanis da indoeTis winaaR-
mdeg da unda momxdariyo am regionis gamoyeneba
momavali eqspansiisaTvis.
zemoT dasaxelebuli mizezebis gamo sabWoTa
reJimma axali genocidi mouwyo CeCen xalxs 1944
wels da iZulebiT gadaasaxla mTeli eri cimbirSi
da Sua aziaSi. gadasaxlebis Semdeg CeCneTSi mainc
darCnen mcirericxovani partizanuli razmebi,
romlebic gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen
rus imperialistebs 60-iani wlebis Sua xanebamde.
gadasaxlebulebs Tavis samSobloSi dabrunebis
saSualeba, mxolod mas Semdeg miecaT, rac moxda
CeCeni da inguSi xalxis reabilitacia nikita xruS-
44
Covis mier 1957 wels. CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiu-
ri sabWoTa socialisturi respublika isev aRdga,
Tumca mas rusebma teritoriebi CamoaWres da misi
farTobi sagrZnoblad Seamcires (1).
45
CeCneTis pirveli omi
1991 wels, rodesac sabWoTa imperia suls
Rafavda, CeCnebma isev ganaaxles brZola da-
moukideblobisaTvis. `perestroikisa~ da `glas-
nostis~ periodSi sabWoTa xelisuflebam gorba-
Covis meTaurobiT totalitaruli komunisturi
reJimisa da sabWoTa politikuri sistemis libe-
ralizacia daiwyo. es momenti kargad gamoiyenes
nacionalisturma Zalebma kavkasiaSi, romlebmac
aqtiurad daiwyes erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebe-
li moZraobebis organizeba.
1990 wlis 27 noembers CeCneT-inguSeTma da-
moukidebloba gamoacxada da sabWoTa kavSiridan
gasvla gadawyvita. CeCneT-inguSeTis parlamentma
miiRo deklaracia saxelmwifo suverenitetis
Sesaxeb, gaauqma avtonomiuri respublikis sta-
tusi da CeCen-inguSeTs damoukidebeli respub-
likis statusi mianiWa. am nabijis iniciatori
iyo CeCeni xalxis saerTo-nacionaluri kongresi,
romelsac saTaveSi edga sabWoTa kavSiris sahaero
Zalebis yofili generali joxar dudaevi. CeCeni
sazogado moRvaweebis mtkicebiT sabWoTa kanon-
mdebloba CeCneT-inguSeTs, iseve rogorc sabWo-
Ta kavSiris sxva subieqtebs, uflebas aZleveda
gasuliyo ssrk-s Semadgenlobidan. am azrs ar
iziarebda ruseTis xelisufleba boris elcinis
meTaurobiT, romelic amtkicebda rom CeCneTs
ar hqonda damoukidebeli respublikis statusi
ssrk-Si, is Sedioda ruseTis sabWoTa federaciu-
li socialisturi respublikis SemadgenlobaSi,
46
amitomac sabWoTa konstituciis Tanaxmad ar
hqonda ruseTisgan gamoyofis ufleba.
1991 wlis 27 oqtombers saerTaSoriso dam-
kvirveblebis TandaswrebiT CeCneTSi saparlamen-
to da saprezidento arCevnebi Catarda. arCevneb-
Si monawileTa daaxloebiT oTxmoc procentze
metma mxari dudaevs dauWira da CeCenma xalxma
saxelmwifos meTaurad joxar dudaevi gamoacxa-
da (32). man miznad daisaxa CeCneTis saxelmwifoeb-
rivi damoukideblobis aRdgena.
1991 wlis 1-2 noembers CeCneTis damoukideb-
loba `de-iured~ iqna aRiarebuli prezident
joxar dudaevisa da parlamentis mier miRebuli
dokumentebiT.
1991 wlis 12 marts CeCneTis respublikam miiRo
konstitucia, romlis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad
CeCneTis respublika suverenuli saxelmwifoa,
romelic Seiqmna CeCeni eris TviTgamorkvevis
Sedegad. am konstituciiT CeCneTis respublikas
ufleba aqvs damoukideblad warmarTos saSinao
da sagareo politika.
1992 wlis 25 maiss CeCneTis xelmZRvanelobam
ruseTis xelisuflebasTan xeli moawera saxel-
mwifoTaSoriso SeTanxmebas CeCneTis respubliki-
dan sabWoTa jarebis gamoyvanis Sesaxeb. CeCneTi
pirveli iyo yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respub-
likebidan, saidanac 1992 wlis 7 ivliss gamoy-
vanil iqna am qveyanaSi mudmivad dislocirebuli
rusuli samxedro SenaerTebi.
1992 wlis 31 marts CeCneTis respublikam xeli
47
ar moawera xelSekrulebas ruseTis federaciis
Seqmnis Sesaxeb. amrigad, CeCneTis respublikam
ganvlo yvela samarTlebrivi etapi, rom gamxda-
riyo damoukidebeli saxelmwifo.
maSin rodesac dudaevi Tavisi qveynis da-
moukideblobisaTvis ibrZoda, inguSeTma CeCne-
Tisgan gamoyofa da ruseTis federaciis Semad-
genlobaSi darCena gadawyvita. inguSebs teri-
toriuli pretenziebi hqondaT CrdiloeT os-
eTis mimarT da Tvlidnen rom am pretenziebis
dakmayofileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu inguSeTi ruseTis federaciis
SemadgenlobaSi darCeboda. (26) 1991 wlis 15 seq-
tembers inguSma deputatebma miiRes rezolu-
cia ruseTis federaciis sazRvrebSi inguSeTis
avtonomiuri respublikis formirebis Sesaxeb.
1991 wlis 30 noembers da 1 dekembers referen-
dumi Catarda sam olqSi, sadac mosaxleobis ab-
solutur umravlesobas inguSebi Seadgendnen.
maT erTsulovnad mxari dauWires CeCneTisgan
inguSeTis gamoyofas. 1992 wlis 4 ivniss ruse-
Tis federaciis umaRlesma sabWom Catarebuli
referendumis Sedegebis Tanaxmad miiRo kanoni
inguSeTis respublikis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. dudaevs
da mis mimdevrebs inguSebisaTvis winaaRmdegoba
ar gauweviaT.
inguSebi cdilobdnen rom ruseTis daxmare-
biT daebrunebinaT dakarguli teritoriebi e.w.
`prigorodni raioni~. ruseTis xelisuflebis
uunarobam, rom moegvarebina `prigorodni raio-
48
nis~ sakiTxi gamoiwvia konfliqtis eskalacia 1992
wels am teritoriaze mcxovreb inguSebsa da os-
ebs Soris. konfliqtma didi ubedureba daatexa
Tavs inguSebs: daiRupa asobiT adamiani, daingra
uamravi saxl-kari. vladikavkazSi da prigorodni
raionSi mcxovrebi inguSebi iZulebuli gaxdnen
daetovebinaT TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgile-
bi da TavSesafari sxvagan eZebnaT. konfliqti
kvlav mougvarebeli rCeba, ris gamoc inguSeTis
respublikis sazRvrebis demarkacia jer kidev ar
aris damTavrebuli.
inguSebis genocidi `prigorodni raionSi~
49
inguSebis genocidi `prigorodni raionSi~
meore mizezi, ris gamoc inguSeTma gadwyvita
ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi darCena, iyo
inguSeTis xelisuflebis survili Tavidan aeci-
lebina sakuTari xalxis monawileoba ruseT-CeC-
50
neTis konfliqtSi. inguSeTis prezidentma rus-
lan auSevma da vice-prezidentma boris agapovma
yvelaferi iRones, rom qveyana ar aRmoCeniliyo
ruseT-CeCneTis omSi Cabmuli. maT aseve kon-
struqciuli roli iTamaSes ruseT-CeCneTis da-
pirispirebis dros da Suamavlis funqcia Seas-
rules orive mxarisaTvis. (21)
rukaze wiTeli feriT aRniSnulia prigorodni raioni, dakarguli

teritoria, romlis dabrunebasac cdilobs inguSeTi.
yvelasaTvis cxadi iyo, rom ruseTi kavkasiidan

ase martivad ar wavidoda da CeCneTis damoukideb-
lobis gamocxadeba kremlTan mwvave konfron-
51
taciis dawyebis mizezi gaxdeboda. ruseTis xe-
lisufleba CeCneTs ase advilad ar daTmobda da
nebismieri gziT Seecdeboda sakuTari gavlenis
SenarCunebas am qveyanaSi. miuxedavad amisa, CeC-
nebs mainc mtkiced hqondaT gadawyvetili ebrZo-
laT TavisuflebisaTvis.
CeCeni sazogado moRvaweebis azriT ruseTs
ar gaaCnia arc erTi iuridiuli dokumenti imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom CeCneTi nebayofilobiT
Sevida ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi, an
sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. Sesabamisad
isini Tvlian, rom CeCneTi arasodes ar yofila
ruseTis an sabWoTa kavSiris kanonieri nawili.
rac Seexeba TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, CeCneTis
respublika Tvlis, rom am uflebas mas aniWebs
saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri
uflebebis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebul iqna gaeros
generaluri asambleis mier 1966 wels. am paqtis
pirvel muxlis Tanaxmad `yvela xalxs aqvs TviT-
gamorkvevis ufleba. am uflebis safuZvelze isi-
ni Tavisuflad gansazRvraven TavianT politi-
kur statuss da Tavisuflad iswrafvian ekonomi-
kuri, socialuri da kulturuli ganviTarebisa-
ken. yvela xalxs SeuZlia sakuTari miznebisaTvis
Tavisuflad gankargos Tavisi bunebrivi simdid-
re da resursebi urTierTsargeblianobis prin-
cipze dafuZnebuli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlidan
gamomdinare valdebulebebisadmi zianis miyenebis
gareSe. arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba rome-
52
lime xalxs CamoerTvas saarsebo saSualebebi. wi-
namdebare paqtis monawile saxelmwifoebma, maT
Soris, romelTac ekisrebaT araTviTmmarTveli
da sameurveo teritoriebis marTvis pasuxismgeb-
loba gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wes-
debis debulebis Sesabamisad, xeli unda Seuwyon
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis ganxorcielebas da pa-
tivi unda scen am uflebas.~ (28) zemoT xsenebuli
paqtis 50-e muxlSi naTqvamia: `winamdebare paqtis
debulebebi federaciuli saxelmwifos yvela
nawilze vrceldeba raime SezRudvisa an gamonak-
lisis gareSe~ (28).
saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad eri, ro-
melic ibrZvis damoukidebeli saxemwifos Se-
saqmnelad, am brZolis dawyebisTanave xdeba saer-
TaSoriso samarTlis subieqti da gaeros mfar-
velobis qveS imyofeba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis
principebidan gamomdinare, axali saxelmwifoebis
formireba regulirdeba erebis TviTgamorkvevis
principis Tanaxmad, rac aseve dafiqsirebulia
CeCneTis konstituciaSi. saerTaSoriso _ samar-
Tlebriv dokumentebSi naTlad aris asaxuli, rom
yvela ers aqvs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, romlis
realizebiT maT SeuZliaT TviTonve gansazRvron
Tavisi politikuri da iuridiuli statusi.
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis Tanax-
mad dauSvebelia erTi saxelmwifos mier meore
saxelmwifos damoneba ara marto ZaliT, aramed
aseve `nebayofilobiT.~ yoveli eri, romelic
ebrZvis koloniur Cagvras da ibrZivis Tavi-
53
suflebisaTvis, uflebamosilia moipovos da-
moukidebloba, Zalis gamoyenebiTac ki da mos-
Txovos sxva saxelmwifoebs ar Caerion am brZo-
laSi metropoliis dasaxmareblad (29).
CeCeni sazogado moRvaweebi Tvlidnen, rom
saerTaSoriso samarTali CeCen ers aniWebda
uflebas TviTon emarTa sakuTari Tavi da moe-
povebina damoukidebloba. kremlisTvis ki CeCne-
Tis damoukidebloba yovlad miuRebeli iyo, ami-
tomac kremlma CeCneTis saprezidento arCevnebi
aralegalurad gamoacxada. 1991 wlis 8 noembers
boris elcinma gamosca brZaneba respublikis
teritoriaze sagangebo mdgomareobis SemoRebis
Sesaxeb. ruseTis xelisuflebam 2.000 rusi ja-
riskaci CeCneTis dedaqalaq groznoSi gagzavna
`wesrigisa da kanonierebis~ aRsadgenad. amis sa-
pasuxod, joxar dudaevma saomari mdgomareoba
gamoacxada da TavdacvisTvis mzadebas aqtiurad
Seudga. aTasobiT CeCenma mamakacma groznoSi
Tavmoyra daiwyo, raTa qveynis Tavisufleba da
damoukidebloba daecva. ruseTma CeCneTis eko-
nomikur blokadaSi moqceva gadawyvita, ramac
katastrofuli Sedegebi moutana qveyanas da CeC-
neTis ganviTareba mkveTrad Seaferxa.
80-iani wlebis dasasruls, rodesac ukve
yvelasaTvis naTeli iyo, rom sabWoTa wyobile-
bas momavlis perspeqtiva ar hqonda, gorbaCovma
scada reformebis gatareba da daiwyo ekonomikis
liberalizacia, rasac Sedegad mohyva Ria saz-
Rvrebi, Tavisufali vaWroba da xalxsac ekonomi-
54
kuri moqmedebis ufro meti Tavisufleba mieca.
Seqmnili situaciiT isargebles organizebulma
kriminalurma dajgufebebma, romlebsac `xel-
fexi gaexsnaT~. maT Soris `CeCnur mafiasac~
mieca SesaZlebloba, rom aralegaluri saqmiano-
biT (iaraRis vaWrobiT, narkobiznesiT, fulis
gaTeTrebiT) didZali Semosavlis wyaroebi SeeZi-
na. yalbi fulis moWrac zrdida mafiis Semosav-
lebs. ruseTis oficialuri monacemebis Tanax-
mad ruseTis ekonomika am aralegalurma saqmia-
nobebma daaxloebiT 15-20 miliardi dolariT
daazarala. fulis Sovnas mowyurebuli mravali
rusi saxelmwifo moxele mafiasTan iyo Sekruli
da maT aralegaluri saqmianobebis ganxorciele-
baSi exmareboda. im periodSi mafia marto CeCne-
Tis problemas ar warmoadgenda da ruseTis eko-
nomikis 80 procents sinamdvileSi rusuli mafia
akontrolebda. CeCnebis mier ganxorcielebulma
aralegalurma finansurma operaciebma ruseTis
federacia 33 miliardi rubliT daazarala, ris
gamoc ruseTis centralurma bankma 1992 wels
CeCneTis respublikis bankebTan angariSworeba
daiwyo. ruseTma CeCneTs satransporto bloka-
da gamoucxada, rasac mohyva sahaero mimosvlis
Sewyveta da sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo mimos-
vlis mniSvnelovnad Seferxeba. CeCneTsa da ru-
seTs Soris ekonomikuri kavSirebis gawyvetam CeC-
neTis ekonomika umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo (6).
ruseTis mier dawesebulma ekonomikurma da
finansurma blokadam 1993 wlis dasawyisisaTvis
55
CeCneTis mosaxleobis isedac autaneli cxovrebis
pirobebi kidev ufro gausaZlisi gaxada. ekonomi-
kurma blokadam da krizisma mosaxleobis ukmayo-
fileba gamoiwvia da xeli Seuwyo prezident jo-
xar dudaevis winaaRmdeg opoziciis warmoSobas.
am droidan moyolebuli CeCneTis saxelmwifo da
sazogado moRvaweni ukve akritikeben dudaevs da
mas Riad upirispirdebian. opoziciis warmoqmnam
prezident dudaevis Zalaufleba mniSvnelovnad
Seasusta. ruseTis xelisuflebam daiwyo opozi-
ciis mxardaWera da mas fuliTa da iaraRiT in-
tensiurad amaragebda. opozicias evaleboda
prezident dudaevis damxoba. Tu qveynis desta-
bilizaciis gegma CaiSleboda da prezident du-
daevis damxoba ver moxerxdeboda, maSin moskovs
samxedro intervenciis garda sxva alternativa
aRar darCeboda. opoziciam ver moaxerxa dudae-
vis xelisuflebis damxoba, amitomac ruseTs sxva
SesaZlebloba aRar darCa, garda imisa rom ofi-
cialurad daewyo saomari moqmedebebi CeCneTSi
(6).
1994 wlis dekemberSi ruseTis xelmZRvanelo-
bam gagzavna jari CeCneTSi `samarTlianobisa da
kanonierebis~ aRsadgenad. CeCneTSi samxedro in-
tervenciis dawyebas sxvadasxva mizezi hqonda:
CeCneTis separatistuli xelisufleba ruseTis
erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis seriozul saSiS-
roebas warmoadgenda da mas SeeZlo safrTxe Se-
eqmna ruseTis hegemonobisaTvis ara marto kav-
kasiis regionSi, aramed mTel dsT-s sivrceSi.
56
imisaTvis rom dsT-Si Tavisi gavlena ganemtkice-
bia, ruseTis centraluri xelisufleba cdilob-
da transkavkasia da centraluri azia samxedro
kontrols daeqvemdebarebia da Seeqmna samxedro
bazebis farTo qseli mTel postsabWour sivrce-
Si. damoukidebeli CeCneTi ki am gegmis ganxor-
cielebas safrTxes Seuqmnida. ruseTs gaaCnda
aseve ekonomikuri interesebi CeCneTSi: CeCneTze
gadis Zalze mniSvnelovani sarkinigzo magistra-
li da navTobsadeni, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba
kaspiis zRvidan navTobis transportireba Sav
zRvaze. CeCneTis damoukidebloba yovlad miu-
Rebelia ruseTisaTvis ara marto ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT, aramed aseve politikuri Tval-
sazrisiTac, vinaidan mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios
`dominos efeqti~ da safrTxe Seuqmnas ruseTis
teritoriul mTlianobas. moskovSi frTxiloben,
rom qveyanaSi ar gaCndes separatistuli moZrao-
bebis axali kerebi da amitomac ar undaT rom
Seqmnan saSiSi precedenti. jer kidev pirveli
CeCnuri omis dros ruseTis prezidentma, boris
elcinma ramodenimejer, sajarod gamosvlisas
Tqva, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT arc
erT qveyanas ar hqonda ufleba gasuliyo ruse-
Tis federaciis Semadgenlobidan. ruseTis pre-
mier-ministrma viqtor Cernomirdinma ganacxada,
rom federaciidan gasvlis mcdeloba ganixile-
boda, rogorc ruseTis teritoriuli mTliano-
bis xelyofa (4).
1994 wlis 11 dekembers daiwyo ruseTis armi-
57
is samxedro intervencia CeCneTSi. daaxloebiT
40.000 kaciani armia inguSeTis, CrdiloeT ose-
Tisa da daRestanis mxridan CeCneTSi SeiWra,
raTa grozno alyaSi moeqciaT. am momentidan
iwyeba ruseT-CeCneTis pirveli omi. rusebi CeC-
nebis medgar winaaRmdegobas waawydnen, rogorc
CeCneTSi, aseve inguSeTSi. CeCnebi gaafTrebiT
ibrZodnen da imisaTvis rom dudaevis winaaRmde-
goba CaexSoT, rusebma daiwyes groznos masire-
buli dabombva, aseve sazRvrebis Caketva da qvey-
nis izolaciaSi moqceva. (27) ramdenimekviriani
brZolebis Semdeg, 1995 wlis TebervalSi ruse-
Tis jarebma CeCneTis dedaqalaqi aiRes. grozno-
Si xelCarTuli brZolebis Semdeg, praqtikulad
yvelaferi daingra da groznos TiTqmis yvela
macxovrebelma qalaqi datova, rac niSnavs imas,
rom 1995 wlis ianvris bolos daaxloebiT 400.000
adamiani ltolvilad iqca.
1995 wlis ivlisSi CeCeni meTauri Samil basaevi
100 meomriT samxreT ruseTis qalaq budionovskSi
SeiWra, sadac man 1.000 adamiani tyved aiyvana. ba-
saevma dabombvebis Sewyveta da rusuli armiis CeC-
neTidan saswrafod gayvana moiTxova. mas Semdeg
rac rusma jariskacebma saaavadmyofos SturmiT
aReba ver SesZles, viqtor Cernomirdini iwyebs
molaparakebebs Samil basaevTan da aRwevs masTan
SeTanxmebas tyveebis ganTavisuflebisa da zavis
Taobaze. magram ruseTma zavi daarRvia da sao-
mari moqmedebebi CeCneTSi gaagrZela.
1996 wlis 22 aprils sofel gexi-Cus siaxloves
58
CeCneTis prezdenti joxar dudaevi veragulad
iqna mokluli rusebis mier. is mobiluriT saub-
robda, rodesac raketa daeca, ris gamoc arse-
bobs safuZvliani eWvi, rom mkvleloba winaswar
iyo dagegmili ruseTis specsamsaxurebis mier.
1996 wlis 6 agvistos CeCenma mebrZolebma mou-
lodneli Seteva wamoiwyes groznoze, argunze da
gudermesze. groznodan daxloebiT 12.000 rusi
jariskaci gaaZeves da moaxerxes qalaqze kon-
trolis damyareba. amasTanave CeCneTis dablobis
nawili daipyres da qveynis teritoriis garkveul
nawilze kontroli aRadgines. ruseTisaTvis
samxedro danakargebi imdenad didi iyo, rom bo-
ris elcini iZulebuli Seiqmna molaparakebebi
daewyo da CeCneTis politikis koordinatorad
1996 wlis 10 agvistos aleqsandre lebedi da-
niSna. orwliani omi, romlis drosac daaxloebiT
80.000 adamiani daiRupa, xasaviurTis cnobili
xelSekrulebiT damTavrda. aleqsandre lebedma,
prezident boris elcinis mrCevelma usafrTxoe-
bis sakiTxebSi da CeCeni meamboxeebis samxedro
meTaurma, aslan masxadovma 1996 wlis 26 agvis-
tos xeli moaweres samSvidobo xelSekrulebas
daRestnis qalaq xasaviurTSi. es xelSekruleba
ruseTs avaldebulebda, rom sruli Semadgen-
lobiT gaeyvana Tavisi samxedro nawilebi CeC-
neTidan. ruseTisTvis yvelaze mtkivneuli prob-
lema _ CeCneTis momavali politikuri statusi,
xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad 2001 wlamde gadaido (3).
59
masxadovi da lebedi xasaviurTis xelSekrulebis dadebis dros.
1997 wlis 12 maiss masxadovma da boris elcinma xeli moaweres

xelSekrulebas ruseTis federaciasa da CeCneTis respublikas Soris
mSvidobasa da keTilmezobluri urTierTobis Taobaze.
60
1997 wels aslan masxadovi CeCenma xalxma pre-
zidentad airCia. 1997 wlis 12 maiss boris el-
cinma da aslan masxadovma kremlSi saboloo zavs
moaweres xeli, romlis Tanaxmadac mxareebi uars
ambobdnen Zalis gamoyenebaze da valdebulebas
kisrulobdnen yvela sakiTxi ormxriv urTier-
TobebSi gadaewyvitaT saerTaSoriso samarTlis
principebis Sesabamisad. masxadovi Tvlida, rom
droTa ganmavlobaSi ruseTsa da CeCneTs Soris
urTierTobebi dalagdeboda, magram mSvidobia-
ni urTierTobebi or qveyanas Soris didxans ar
gagrZelebula. yvelasaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom ru-
seTis xelisufleba xasaviurTis samarcxvino za-
vis pirobebs ver Seurigdeboda da saomari moq-
medebebisaTvis daiwyebda mzadebas (9). ruseTis
xelisufleba wlebis ganmavlobaSi emzadeboda
axali saomari moqmedebebis dasawyebad CeCneTSi.
aslan masxadovs Zalze rTul periodSi moux-
da xelisuflebis saTaveSi yofna. 1996 wlis bo-
los naxevar milionze meti CeCeni usaxlkarod
iyo darCenili da ltolvilTa banakebSi uwevdaT
cxovreba. dangreuli qalaqebisa da soflebis
aRdgena usaxsrobis gamo ver xerxdeboda. mTel
qveyanaSi epidemiebi da SimSili mZvinvarebda.
aTidan cxra ojaxs sursaT-sanovagis maragi ar
gaaCnda da Tavis gamokveba ar SeeZlo. mosaxleo-
bis daaxloebiT 90 procenti umuSevari iyo. xalxi
emigraciaSi midioda da qveyana mosaxleobisgan
icleboda. omma CeCneTis mosaxleobis 10 procen-
ti imsxevrpla. omis Sedegad ganadgurda qvey-
61
nis infrastruqtura: savadmyofoebi, umaRlesi
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis Senobebi da
skolebi, muzeumebi da biblioTekebi, erovnuli
arqivebi, dazianda yvela komunikaciebi. marto
groznoSi mTlianad daingra saskolo Senobebis
80 procenti. mTlianad ganadgurda 11 dasaxle-
ba, xolo nawilobriv _ 300. qalaqi grozno nan-
grevebad iqca (mogvianebiT mas joxaryala ewoda
CeCneTis pirveli prezidentis pativsacemad), qa-
laqi gudermesi da Sali Zalian dazaralda xSiri
dabombvebis da saartilerio cecxlis Sedegad.
sagrZnoblad imata invalidebis da dasaxiCrebu-
lebis raodenobam. omis Sedegad dainvalidda 74
aTasi adamiani, maT Soris 19 aTasi bavSvi. ori aTa-
si kaci dabrmavda, xolo 1500 dayruvda. 12 aTasi
bavSvi daoblda. 1582 adamiani ugzo-ukvlod dai-
karga. (17)
mTel qveyanaSi ekologiuri katastrofa mZvin-
varebda. haeris dabinZureba normas asjer aWar-
bebda. bavSvebis sikvdilianoba axalSobilebis 50
procents Seadgenda. omis Semdeg sagrZnoblad
imata saSiSi sneulebebis ricxvma, gansakuTrebiT
tuberkulozma da onkologiurma daavadebebma.
CeCneTis ekonomika ganadgurda, CeCen savele
meTaurebs ki ar surdaT SeiaraRebuli formire-
bebis daTxovna da xelisuflebisadmi morCilebis
gamocxadeba. masxadovis Zalaufleba TandaTano-
biT dasustda, vinaidan man dakarga kontroli
basaevze da sxva CeCen savele meTaurebze. man
aseve ver SesZlo CeCneTis dangreuli ekonomi-
62
kis aRdgena da qveynis fexze dayeneba. masxadovs
Zalze bevri mowinaaRmdege da metoqe gamouCnda.
CeCneTis vice-prezidenti, arsanovic ki mis
mtrad iqca. qveyanaSi korufcia da organizebu-
li danaSauli mZvinvarebda. yvelgan gaxSirebuli
iyo adamianis gatacebebi, yaCaRoba, mosaxleobis
Zarcva da sxva ukanono qmedebebi. xelisufleba
ki Sida dapirispirebis gamo imdenad iyo dasus-
tebuli, rom am danaSaulebis aRkveTa ar SeeZlo.
(4) aseve uSedego iyo aslan masxadovis mcdeloba
aRekveTa vahabizmis da islamuri fundamenta-
lizmis gavrceleba respublikaSi. vahabizms da
islamur fundamentalizms mxars Samil basaevi
uWerda. misi mizani iyo islamuri saxelmwifos
Seqmna CeCneTSi.
vahabizmis gavrcelebam CeCneTSi erovnul-gan-
manTavisuflebeli moZraobis or banakad gayofa
gamoiwvia: erT mxareze iyvnen islamuri fundamen-
talistebi, xolo meoreze CeCeni nacionalistebi.
aslan masxadovi iZulebuli gaxda daTmobebze wa-
suliyo da 1999 wlis TebervalSi radikali is-
lamistebis moTxovnis safuZvelze SemoiRo Saria-
Tis kanonebi qveyanaSi. am periodidan moyolebu-
li SariaTis kanonebis mixedviT xdeboda xalxis
gasamarTleba CeCneTSi da maTTvis sikvdilis
misja sxvadasxva danaSaulebebis gamo.
ruseTis specsamsaxurebma 1998-1999 wlebSi
ramodenimejer scades masxadovis mokvla, magram
yvela mcdeloba uSedego aRmoCnda. dudaevis
likvidaciis Semdeg, rusebs ratomRac egonaT,
63
rom aslan masxadovi ufro damTmobi iqneboda,
magram masxadovic iseTive principuli aRmoCnda,
rogorc dudaevi da man mcirediTac ar gadaux-
via damoukideblobis kurss. misi winamorbedis
msgavsad, masxadovis mizani sruli Tavisufle-
ba da CeCneTis damoukidebloba iyo. masxadovis
yvelaze didi Secdoma albaT is iyo, rom ver
moaxerxa Samil basaevis da sxva CeCeni funda-
mentalistebis damorCileba, ver SesZlo CeCeni
sazogadoebis erT banakSi gaerTianeba da verc
vahabizmis aRmofxvra CeCneTSi.
aslan masxadovi da Samil basaevi .
64
aslan masxadovi da joxar dudaevi.
joxar dudaevis gaprezidentebis mexuTe wlisTavis aRniSvna.
65
iCqeriis erovnuli gmiri, CeCneTis pirveli prezidenti _ joxar dudaevi.
66
prezidenti dudaevi ojaxTan erTad.
meoTxe klasis moswavle joxar dudaevi, yazaxeTi.
67
inguSebisa da CeCnebis delegacia saqarTvelos parlamentSi.
ori TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli prezidenti _ zviad gamsaxurdia

da joxar dudaevi.
68
joxar dudaevi zviad gamsaxurdias dakrZalvaze. CeCnebma didi pati-
viT dakrZales saqarTvelos prezidenti groznoSi.
CeCneTi damoukideblobis dRes zeimobs. 1994 weli.
69
ruseT-CeCneTis omis dasawyisi. marcxnidan marjvniv: vice- prezi-
denti zemilxan iandarbievi, prezidenti joxar dudaevi da CeCneTis
respublikis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Stabis ufrosi aslan masxadovi.
1994 weli.
joxar dudaevis mxardamWerebi prezidentis sasaxlis win loculoben.
70
ruseTis armia CeCneTis dasapyrobad daiZra.
omisagan dangreuli grozno.
71
omisagan dangreuli prezidentis sasaxle.
qalaq groznoSi gaafTrebuli brZolebi gaimarTa CeCen meomrebsa da

rus jariskacebs Soris.
72
prezident dudaevis manqanis nawilebi afeTqebis Semdeg.
joxar dudaevze nadiroba didi xani mimdinareobda.
varSava. kedelze polonurad sweria: sanam Cven gvaxsovs, is cocxlobs!
73
aslan masxadovi saqarTveloSi vizitis dros. 31 agvisto 1997 weli.
aslan masxadovi aSS-Si. 7 agvisto 1998.
74
CeCneTis meore omi
kremli didi xani emzadeboda CeCneTis
dasalaSqravad da farTomasStabiani omis dasaw-
yebad amzadebda niadags. CeCneTis sagareo daz-
vervis yofili ufrosis, nuxaevis azriT ruse-
Tis xelisuflebam mzadeba omisaTvis xasaviur-
Tis samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadebisTanave,
1996 wels daiwyo. 1996 wlis dekemberSi, CeCneTSi
saprezidento arCevnebis dros sicocxles ga-
moasalmes eqvsi qalbatoni _ wiTeli jvris saer-
TaSoriso komitetis TanamSromeli, rasac dana-
SaulTa mTeli seria mohyva. CeCneTSi nebismieri
pirovnebis sicocxles, vinc gabedavda masxado-
vis reJimTan TanamSromlobas, safrTxe emuqre-
boda. ruseTis specsamsaxurebis mier Cadenili
danaSaulis msxverpli xdebodben Jurnaliste-
bi, saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis TanamSrom-
lebi da ucxouri kompaniebis warmomadgenlebi,
romelTac CeCneTis xelisuflebasTan saqmiani
kavSirebi hqondaT. kremlma CeCneTis respubli-
kis sruli izolaciiT Tavis mizans miaRwia da
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier miviwyebul
qveyanaSi qaoturi situacia Seqmna (17).
CeCneTis meore omis dawyeba arc aslan masxado-
vis da arc CeCeni eris interesebSi ar Sedioda.
rodesac 1999 wlis agvistoSi, daaxloebiT 400 Ce-
Ceni da arabi teroristi Samil basaevis da xatabis
meTaurobiT daRestanSi SeiWra, masxadovma ra-
dikali islamistebis es ugunuri qmedeba dagmo
da isini CeCeni xalxis moRalateebad gamoacxada.
75
Samil basaevis mizani kavkasiis islamuri respub-
likis Seqmna iyo, romelsac mTeli CrdiloeT kav-
kasia unda moecva. basaevis SeWra daRestanSi ru-
seTis xelisuflebam sababad gamoiyena axali omis
dasawyebad CeCeni eris winaaRmdeg. CeCenTis meore
omis dawyebis mizezad sxvadasxva faqtorebi sa-
xeldeba: 1. bevri rusi analitikosi Tvlis, rom
CeCneTis meore omi daiwyo imisaTvis, rom vladi-
mer putins winasaarCevno kampaniis dros moepove-
bina ruseTis mosaxleobis mxardaWera. CeCneTSi
saomari moqmedebebis dawyeba putinma gamoiyena,
rogorc winasaarCevno agitacia-propaganda. mar-
Tlac omis dros vladimer putinis reputacia
gaizarda da misi reitinigi sagrZnoblad amaRlda.
CeCeni meamboxeebis daRestanSi SeWriT daiwyo
yvelasaTvis ucnobi ruseTis saidumlo samsaxu-
ris ufrosis, vladimer putinis swrafi politi-
kuri aRmasvla. putinis propagandam da brZolam
`CeCeni banditebis~ winaaRmdeg, mas didi popu-
laroba moupova. rusi eqspertebis nawili Tvlis
rom Samil basaevi gru-s agenti iyo da is gru-s
instruqciebiT moqmedebda. marTlac arsebobs
safuZvliani eWvi imisa, rom CeCeni tetoristebis
ukan ruseTis specsamsaxurebi idgnen da daRes-
tanSi SeWriT isini ruseTis xelisuflebis dava-
lebas asrulebdnen. daRestanSi SeWrasTan erTad
im periodSi ganxorcielda teroristuli aqtebi
ruseTSi da sacxovrebeli korpusebis afeTqebebi
buinakskSi, moskovsa da volgodonskSi, rac Sem-
deg ruseTis xelisuflebam CeCeni teroristebis
76
Cadenil qmedebad gamoacxada da sababad gamoiye-
na CeCneTSi antiteroristuli operaciebis da-
sawyebad (33). cnobili rusi disidentis aleqsan-
dre litvinenkos dawerili wignidan èf-es-be
afeTqebs ruseTs~ irkveva, rom zemoT xsenebuli
sacxovrebeli korpusebi CeCnebs ar aufeTqebiaT.
maTi afeTqeba ruseTis specsamsaxurebis mier iyo
organizebuli. ef-es-be-s mier mowyobili pro-
vokacia iyo aseve radikali islamistebis daRes-
tanSi SeWra. litvinenkos azriT ruseTis xe-
lisuflebas sacxovrebeli korpusebis afeTqeba
da daRestanSi dagegmili provokacia imisaTvis
dasWirda, rom SeecvalaT sazogadoebrivi azri
da gaeZlerebinaT anti-CeCnuri ganwyoba ruseTSi
(19). 2. meore mizezad xSirad saxeldeba ruseTis
xelisuflebis survili gaeuqmebina xasaviurTis
samarcxvino zavis pirobebi, aRedgina ruseTis
armiis Selaxuli prestiJi da daecva ruseTis
tetirotiuli mTlianoba. 3. mesame mizezi ki
energoresursebis transportirebas exeba. CeC-
neTs rogorc satranzito qveyanas, Zalze didi
strategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs ruseTisaTvis,
vinaidan kaspiis navTobis transportireba ru-
seTSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda CeCneTze kontrolis
damyarebis gareSe. ruseTis xelisuflebas aseve
surda, rom ar daeSva alternatiuli energo-
derefnis formireba samxreT kavkasiis gavliT,
rasac SeeZlo wertili daesva ruseTis hegemono-
bisaTvis kavkasiaSi.
1999 wlis oqtomberSi vladimer putinma aslan
77
masxadovis xelisufleba aralegitimurad gamo-
acxada, ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi CeCneTSi
gagzavna da rus xalxs swraf gamarjvebas dahpir-
da CeCneTis omSi, ramac mas saprezidento arCev-
nebSi warmateba moutana. 1999 wlis 11 oqtombers
aslan masxadovma samSvidobo gegma Seadgina da
ruseTis prezidents vladimer putins Sexvedra
SesTavaza, razedac civi uari miiRo. rodesac
dainaxa, rom molaparakebebi aranair Sedegs ar
gamoiRebda, masxadovma saRvTo omi _ RazavaTi
gamoucxada rusebs da TavdacvisTvis mzadebas
Seudga. qveyanaSi saomari mdgomareoba gamocxad-
da da yvela rezervisti gamoZaxebul iqna samSob-
los dasacavad.
ruseTma sahaero Tavdasxmebis ganxorcieleba
daiwyo CeCneTis dasaxlebul punqtebze. balis-
tikuri raketebiT xdeboda groznos da sxva qa-
laqebis dabombva. sahaero Tavdasxmebma aiZula
daaxloebiT 100.000 adamiani saxl-kari mietove-
bina da inguSeTis respublikisaTvis Seeafare-
bia Tavi. inguSeTma gaerTianebuli erebis or-
ganizacias daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa, raTa aTo-
biT aTasi ltolvilisTvis Rirseuli daxmareba
gaewia. yovel dRe inguSeTSi 5.000-6.000 CeCeni
ltolvili Cadioda.
CeCneTis meore omis dros qveynis dedaqalaqi
miwasTan iqna gasworebuli rusebis mier. ruseb-
ma grozno alyaSi moaqcies 1999-2000 wlebSi da
CeCneTis dedaqalaqSi `qva qvaze ar dastoves~.
grozno àRigava pirisagan miwisa,~ ris gamoc
78
2003 wels gaaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam
is msoflios yvelaze dangreul qalaqad aRia-
ra. rusebi Tvlidnen rom groznoSi ramodenime
dReSi Sewydeboda winaaRmdegoba da qalaqi maT
xelSi gadavidoda, magram male imedebi gaucruv-
daT. grozno maTTvis auRebel cixesimagred ga-
daiqca. didi msxverplisa da danakargebis Sem-
deg, ruseTis armiis xelmZRvaneloba iZulebuli
gaxda gegmebi Seecvala. maT laparaki daiwyes qa-
laqis garSemo `rkinis rgolis~ formirebis Sesa-
xeb, saidanac verc erTi `teroristi~ ver daaR-
wevda Tavs. miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, rom
srul izolaciaSi moeqciaT qalaqis damcvelebi,
orTvianma alyam mainc ver gaamarTla. CeCneTis
qvedanayofma advilad gaarRvia `rkinis rgoli~,
organizebulad datova qalaqi, kremlis scena-
ristebs ki gegmebi CauSala.
CeCneTis respublikis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma
gadainacvles samxreTiT, separatistebis mier
kontrolirebad zonaSi, raTa maqsimalurad
gamoeyenebinaT maTi upiratesoba maRalmTian
regionebSi ruseTis kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli
armiis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros. isini Tvlid-
nen, rom qalaqi droebiT datoves da male isev
groznos daubrundebodnen, rogorc es moxda
1996 wlis agvistos.
groznos dacemis Semdeg ruseTma kontroli
aRadgina separatistul anklavze, magram CeC-
neTSi saomari moqmedebebi mainc ar Sewyveti-
la. aslan masxadovma da CeCenma savele meTau-
79
rebma CeCneTis samxreT nawilSi, kavkasiis mTebSi
gaagrZeles partizanuli brZolebi rusebis wi-
naaRmdeg. ajanyebulebma patar-patara sabrZolo
danayofebis Seqmna daiwyes. TiToeuli danayofis
SemadgenlobaSi sul aTidan ormocdaaTamde meo-
mari Sedioda. am sabrZolo danayofebma ruseTis
armiaze moulodneli Tavdasxmebis organizeba
daiwyes, romelTa ganxorcielebis drosac xSi-
rad mSvidobiani CeCeni mosaxleobac iRupeboda.
2000 wlidan saRvTo omSi aqtiurad ebmebian
qali teroristi-mkvlelebi, romlebic TavianT
Tavs `Sav qvrivebs~ uwodeben. am terorist qa-
lebs ZiriTadad rusebze SurisZiebis survili
amoZravebdaT. maT ruseT-CeCneTis omSi Svilebi,
qmrebi, mamebi, sakuTari ojaxis wevrebi dakarges
da amitomac rusebze SurisZieba swyurodaT. CeC-
nur sazogadoebaSi farTod aris gavrcelebuli
sisxlis aRebis wesi. am wesis Tanaxmad moklulis
naTesavi valdebulia Suri iZios mkvlelze, mok-
las igi da amasTanave sixocxles gamoasalmos
misi gvaris romelime warmomadgeneli. CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli `sisxlis aRebis~ wesi
CeCen qalebs aiZulebda, rom saomar moqmedebebSi
Cabmuliyvnen da ojaxis wevris dakargvis gamo
samagiero gadaexadaT rusebisaTvis. bolo omis
dros aseTi qalebis ricxvi sagrZnoblad gaizar-
da da maT monawileoba miiRes rusebis winaaRmdeg
ganxorcielebul araerT toriristul aqtSi. (10)
2001 wels ruseTma daiwyo egreTwodebuli
ànti-teroristuli operacia,~ romlis mizani
80
CeCeni meamboxeebis ganadgureba iyo. am operaci-
is ganxorcielebis dros rusebma SesZles ajanye-
bulTa iseTi cnobili liderebis da savele
meTaurebis ganadgureba, rogorebic iyvnen ibn
al- xatabi, abu al-validi, salman raduevi, rus-
lan gelaevi da aslan masxadovi. yvelaze saSiSi
teroristis, Samil basaevis ganadgureba rusebma
didi xnis manZilze ver SesZles da mxolod ruse-
Tis specsamsaxurebis mier specialurad dagegmi-
li operaciis ganxorcielebis Semdeg, 2006 wlis
10 ivliss moaxerxes misi likvidacia.
ruseTis xelisufleba saqarTvelos xSirad
brals sdebda CeCeni teroristebis mfarveloba-
Si, romlebic maTi azriT pankisis xeobaSi iyvnen
gamagrebuli da iqidan awarmoebdnen partiza-
nul omebs ruseTis winaaRmdeg. CeCneTis omma
saqarTveloc mniSvnelovnad daazarala, vinai-
dan `teroristebis~ ganadgurebis mizniT rusma
samxedroebma araerTxel dabombes saqarTvelos
sazRvrispira soflebi.
2000 wlis maisSi vladimer putinma CeCneTSi
pirdapiri rusuli marTveloba daamyara. groz-
noSi Seiqmna prorusuli orientaciis xelisuf-
leba, romelsac saTaveSi ahmed kadirovi Caudga.
kadirovi CeCnuri erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli
moZraobis erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli
iyo da is aqtiurad ebrZoda rusebs CeCneTis
pirveli omis dros, magram meore omis dros man
ruseTis mxareze gadasvla gadawyvita. fiqro-
ben rom es nabiji kadirovs CeCneTSi Seqmnilma
81
savalalo mdgomareobam gadaadgmevina da CeCeni
xalxis sruli ganadgurebisgan gadarCenis sur-
vilma (9).
vladimer putinis iniciativiT, 2003 wlis 5
oqtombers CeCneTSi saprezidento arCevnebi Ca-
tarda. arCevnebma putinisTvis sasurveli Sede-
gebi aCvena. man moaxerxa rom es arCevnebi misi fa-
voritis, ahmed kadirovis gamarjvebiT dasrule-
buliyo. euTom, adamianis uflebaTa damcvelma
organizaciebma da dasavleTis politikosebma
CeCneTSi Catarebuli saprezidento arCevnebi
aralegitimurad gamoacxades.
prezidentad arCevis Semdeg kadirovis mok-
vla CeCnebma arearTxel scades da misi likvida-
cia male moaxerxes. 2004 wlis 9 maiss, rodesac
groznoSi dinamos safexburTo stadionze fa-
Sizmze gamarjvebas zeimobdnen, uecrad bombi af-
eTqda da kadirovi sococxles gamoasalma. ahmed
kadirovis sikvdilis Semdeg rusebma CeCneTis
prezidentad alu alxanovi daniSnes. is prezi-
dentis Tanamdebobaze 2007 wlamde darCa. alxa-
novi ahmed kadirovis Svilma ramzan kadirovma
Secvala, romelic jer CeCneTis premier-minis-
tri gaxda, xolo Semdeg prezidentad dainiSna.
ramzan kadirovma SesZlo wesrigis damyareba CeC-
neTSi, magram yvelafer amas man miaRwia adamianis
uflebebis uxeSi darRveviT, adamianebis wamebiT,
mkvlelobebiT, gatacebebiT…(25)
kremlma kadirovis reJims farTo avtonomia
da saSinao saqmeebis damoukideblad warmarTvis
82
ufleba mianiWa. ruseTis xelisuflebam mas neba
darTo, rom islamuri wesebis mixedviT marTos
CeCneTi. (mag. kadirovs ufleba aqvs akrZalos
alkoholis realizacia da moxmareba CeCneTSi.)
adamianis uflebaTa aqtivistebi acxadeben, rom
CeCneTSi qalTa uflebebi sagrnoblad gauaresda
islamuri wesebis SemoRebis Semdeg. maT aiZule-
ben rom islamuri tradiciebi daicvan da isla-
muri wesebis Tanaxmad Seimoson. qalebs ufleba
ara aqvT Tavsaburavis gareSe imuSaon samTav-
robo uwyebebSi. maT aseve ekrZalebaT Tavsafris
gareSe skolaSi an universitetSi swavla. (24)
kadirovis reJimis damyarebis Semdeg kremlma
Tavisi strategia CeCneTis mimarT Secvala. ruse-
Tis xelisufleba ukve ZaliT ki ar cdilobs CeC-
neTze kontrolis damyarebas, aramed fulis meS-
veobiT axerxebs CeCnebis gulis mogebas. moskovma
daiwyo groznos rekonstruqcia da erT dros
miwasTan gasworebuli da mTlianad dangreuli
CeCneTis dedaqalaqi, kavkasiis erT-erT yvelaze
lamaz qalaqad aqcia. miuxedavad amisa groznoSi
stabiluroba da mSvidoba mainc moCvenebiTia.
is kvlav rCeba erT-erT yvelaze saSiS qalaqad
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. avtomatebiT aRWurvil
da kbilebamde SeiaraRebul policielebs uwevT
Zalze daZabul reJimSi muSaoba. (24)
83
grozno-siTi
mravalsarTuliani Senobebi grozno _ siTi-Si.
84
ramzan kadirovi da misi pirsisxliani reJimi,
romelic uxeSad arRvevs adamianis uflebebs,
araerT seriozul danaSaulSi amxila rusma Jur-
nalistma ana politkovskaiam, romelic 2006 wlis
7 oqtombers veragulad mokles qalaq moskovSi.
ruseTis xelisufleba uxeSad arRvevs adamianis
uflebebs CeCneTSi. msoflio sazogadoeba Tavisi
dumuliT ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgen-
lebs aZlevs Sanss Caidinon kidev ufro meti mZime
danaSauli CeCneTSi: daxocon an ukanonod daakavon
mSvidobiani mosaxleoba, gaanadguron qveynis in-
frastruqtura, mudmivi zewola moaxdinon adamia-
nis uflebebis aqtivistebze, romlebic Tvals ad-
evneben CeCneTSi ganviTarebul movlenebs. swored
saerTaSoriso Tanamegebrobis dumilis gamo ruse-
Tis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs gauCndaT ise-
Ti gancda, rom isini sakuTari qmedebebis gamo pa-
suxs ar ageben aravis winaSe da rom maT SeuZliaT
ise imoqmedon, rogoc Tavad surT (34).
rusebi ana politkovskaias xsovnas pativs miageben.
85
simpaTiebi, romlebic saerTaSoriso Tanamegob-
robas gaaCnda CeCneTis pirveli omis dros da-
moukideblobisTvis mebrZoli CeCeni meomrebis
mimarT, TandaTanobiT gaqra 1999 wlis Semdeg.
mas Semdeg rac daiwyo CeCneTis meore omi saer-
TaSoriso Tanamegobroba siZulviliT ganimsWva-
la CeCeni mebrZolebis mimarT, romlebic Tavian-
Ti miznebis misaRwevad yvelaferze wamsvlelebi
iyven da teroristul aqtebs xSirad awyobdnen
ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi. omma ajanyebul
CeCenTa radikalizacia gamoiwvia. saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobamac ar daayovna da CeCeni eris
liderebi da savele meTaurebi, saSiSi teroris-
tebis siaSi Seiyvana. am gadawyvetilebam ruseTis
xelisuflebas CeCneTSi xel-fexi gauxsna. ru-
seTma `terorizmis winaaRmdeg~ brZolis sababiT
daiwyo rogorc CeCeni boevikebis, aseve saeWvo
pirebisa da mSvidobiani CeCeni mosaxleobis ga-
nadgureba.
ruseTis xelisuflebam 2002 wels CeCneTSi
omi dasrulebulad gamoacxada, magram es ufro
ruseTis mosaxleobisaTvis TvalSi nacris Sey-
ris mcdeloba iyo, vidre realoba. sinamdvileSi
saomari operaciebi 2002 wels ar Sewyvetila da
CeCneTis samxreT nawilSi partizanuli brZo-
lebi kvlav grZeldeboda. partizanuli taqtikis
garda CeCeni ajanyebulebi xSirad mimarTavdnen
da miamrTaven terorizms sakuTari politiku-
ri miznebis misaRwevad. amis magaliTia ruse-
Tis dedaqalaq moskovSi 2002 wlis 23-26 oqtom-
86
bers organizebuli dubrovkis teroristuli
aqti, romlis drosac daiRupa 130 adamiani, an
kidev CrdiloeT oseTSi 2004 wlis 1 seqtemebrs
ganxorcielebuli beslanis teroristuli aqti,
romlis drosac 350 mZevali daiRupa. 2000 wlis
ivnisidan 2004 wlis seqtembramde CeCnebma sul
23 teroristuli aqti ganaxorcieles rogorc
CeCneTSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT. CeCen meam-
boxeTa amJamindeli strategia gulisxmobs CeCne-
Tis respublikis farglebs gareT teroristuli
aqtebis ganxorcielebas.
2009 wlis 16 aprils ruseTis prezidentma
dimitri medvedevma CeCneTs àntiteroristuli
operaciebis zonis~ statusi mouxsna da 20.000
rusi jariskaci respublikidan gaiyvana. rogorc
Semdgomma movlenebma aCvena, am statusis moxsna
naadrevad moxda, vinaidan teroristuli aqtebi
ar wydeba CeCneTSi da periodulad kvlav meor-
deba. 2009 wlis zafxulSi Zaladobam CeCneTSi
piks miaRwia. teraqtebi da mkvlelobebi TiTqmis
yoveldRiur movlenad iqca. 2008 wlis zafxul-
Tan SedarebiT, rodesac 150 kaci gaxda tero-
ristuli aqtebis msxverpli, 2009 wlis zafxulis
TveebSi 436 kaci daiRupa (24). TviTmkvleli te-
roristebi kvlav gamoCndnen CeCneTSi. 2009 wlis
agvistoSi orma TviTmkvlelma teroristma Tavi
aifeTqa, rodesac darwmundnen rom maTi dakaveba
policiis mxridan gardauvali iyo.
terors verc ruseTi gadaurCa. zemoT xsene-
buli TviTmkvleli teroristebis mier ganxor-
87
cielebuli teraqtebidan sami Tvis gasvlis Sem-
deg TviTnakeTi bombi afeTqda moskovi-sanqt
peterburgis rkinigzaze, ramac imsxverpla 28
adamiani, uamravi mgzavri daiWra da dasaxiC-
rda. daiwyo terorizmis axali era, romelic ar
Semoifargleba mxolod CeCneTiT da ruseTis
sxva mxareebsac xSirad wvdeba. 2010 wels mos-
kovis metroSi ganxorcielebuli teraqtis Sede-
gad daiRupa 39 kaci, xolo 70-ze meti daiWra.
teraqtze pasuxismgebloba aiRo doku umarovma,
romelic ùrjuloTa~ winaaRmdeg globaluri
jihadis dawyebis momxre iyo (24).
2010 wlis oqtomberSi teroristebi SeiWrnen
groznos parlamentSi da sul mcire sami adamiani
gamoasalmes sicocxles, xolo ramodenime aTeuli
daWres. 2011 wlis agvistoSi orma TviTmkvlelma
teroristma Svidi policieli da erTi saswrafos
TanamSromeli mokla. teraqti ganxorcielda
groznos erT-erT yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebul
ubanSi, parlamentis SenobasTan axlos. (24) CeC-
neTSi mSvidobis damyarebaze laparaki jer kidev
naadrevia. rusebs periodulad kvlav uwevT anti-
teroristuli operaciebis Catareba am qveyanaSi.
oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, 2010 wels CeC-
neTSi moxda 37 afeTqeba da 12 teraqti, romelTa
umravlesoba TviTmkvleli teroristebis mier
iyo mowyobili. SeiaraRebuli Setakebebis Sede-
gad, romelic moxda CeCen boevikebsa da Zalovan
struqturebs Soris, daiRupa 124 da daiWra 123
adamiani. marto 2010 wels CeCneTSi samjer Ca-
88
tarda antiteroristuli operacia. (11) ruseTis
specsamsaxurebma Tavis mizans mainc ver miaRwies
da CeCneTSi antiteroristul operaciebs dasas-
ruli ar uCans. 2012 wlis TebervalSi CeCneTisa
da daRestnis sazRvarze kvlav Catarda antite-
roristuli operaciebi, romlis drosac daiRupa
ruseTis Zalovani uwyebis 17 da daiWra 24 Tanam-
Sromeli.
rogorc zemoT vaxseneT omma CeCnebis radika-
lizacia gamoiwvia. Tu joxar dudaevis da aslan
masxadovis mizani CeCneTis damoukidebloba iyo,
amJamindel CeCen liderebs ufro radikaluri
miznebi amoZravebT da maT mTavar amocanas kavka-
siaSi islamuri saxelmwifos Seqmna warmoadgens.
axlandeli CeCeni liderebisagan gansxvavebiT,
arc dudaevi da arc masxadovi ar gamoirCeoda
fundamentalisturi azrovnebiT. maT TavianTi
cxovrebis umetesi nawili aTeistur saxelmwi-
foSi, sabWoTa kavSirSi gaatares da amitomac
maTTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli religiuri fa-
natizmi. masxdovi saerTod ar iziarebda CeCeni
boevikebis, gansakuTrebiT basaevis omis warmoe-
bis taqtikas da teroristuli aqtebis ganxor-
cielebis winaaRmdegi iyo. Tu CeCneTis pirvel
oms danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vuwodoT CeCnebis
brZola damoukideblobisaTvis, amas namdvilad
ver vityviT CeCneTis meore omze, romlis dro-
sac ufro radikaluri islamuri miznebi oyo wina
planze wamoweuli vidre damoukidebloba. CeCne-
Tis pirveli omis dros mTeli mosaxleoba mxars
89
uWerda CeCen liderebs da sruliad iziarebda
maT ideebs, rasac ver vityviT CeCneTis meore
omze, romlis drosac mosaxleoba ufro skepti-
kurad iyo ganwyobili maTi radikali liderebis
mimarT. damoukidebloba CeCeni xalxisaTvis aRar
aris prioritetuli, vinaidan TavisuflebisaTvis
brZolam CeCen ers ngrevis, didi msxverplisa da
udeburebis meti araferi moutana. 2003 wlis 23
marts CeCneTSi Catarda mosaxleobis gamokiTxva.
oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad gamokiTxulTa
95,5 procentma mxari dauWira CeCneTis ruseTis
federaciis SemadgenlobaSi darCenas. xsenebu-
li gamokiTxvis Sedegebi imis damadasturebeli
sabuTia, rom CeCen xalxs uazro, sisxlismRvreli
omi mobezrda da mSvidoba surs.
omma da ekonomikurma blokadam CeCneTis eko-
nomikas udidesi zarali miayena, gansakuTrebiT
mas Semdeg rac ganadgurda CeCneTis dedaqalaqi
grozno, romelic warmoadgenda qveynisaTvis
Zalze mniSvnelovan ekonomikur centrs, sadac
xdeboda navTobis mopoveba da gadamuSaveba,
manqanaTmSenebloba, liTonebis gadamuSaveba da
sakvebi produqtebis warmoeba. TiTqmis erTi sau-
kunea rac CeCneTis ekonomikis mTavar dargs nav-
Tobis mopoveba warmoadgens. CeCneTSi rodesac
navTobis warmoeba piks aRwevda, yovelwliurad
daaxloebiT 20 milioni tona navTobi moipove-
boda. qveyanas amJamad gaaCnia daaxloebiT 50 mi-
lioni tona navTobis maragi. 1993 wels navTobis
mopoveba imdenad Semcirda, rom 3 milion to-
90
nas ver aRemateboda. CeCneTis mTeli industria
ruseTzea damokidebuli da ruseTidan masalebis
da nedleulis miwodebis gareSe arseboba ar
SeuZlia. ukve ramodenime welia, rac SeiniSneba
warmoebisaTvis aucilebeli nedleulisa da masa-
lebis nakleboba. ar xdeba moZvelebuli da omisa-
gan ganadgurebuli sawarmoebisa da qarxnebis
aRdgena. CeCneTSi arsebuli Sida krizisis gamo
yvela rusma specialistma qveyana datova, ramac
ekonomikuri krizisis kidev ufro gamwvavebas
Seuwyo xeli. omma mTliani erovnuli produqtis
mkveTrad Semcireba gamoiwvia. qveyanaSi realuri
Semosavalebi erTi meoTxediT Semcirda. damou-
kideblobis mokle periodSi aSkarad gamovlin-
da ruseTze absoluturi damokidebleba, gansa-
kuTrebiT energetikis sferoSi. Tavisi energe-
tikuli moTxovnilebis 40 procentis dakmayo-
filebas CeCneTi damoukideblobis gamocxadebis
Semdegac ki ruseTis meSveobiT axerxebda. (4)
konfliqtis gamomwvev erT-erTi yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan faqtorad xSirad energoresursebiT
mdidari kavkasiis regionis damorCileba saxel-
deba. amerikis saxelmwifo departamentis mona-
cemebis Tanaxmad kaspiis zRvis auzSi daluqulia
msoflios navTobresursebis daaxloebiT 5 pro-
centi da msoflios gazis maragis daaxloebiT 6
procenti. am regionSi sul aris daaxloebiT 70-
dan 90 miliardamde bareli navTobi.
civi omi, romelic evropaSi 90-ian wlebSi das-
rulda, axla kavkasiaSi mZvinvarebs. am regionSi
91
msoflios zesaxelmwifoebs Soris mimdinareobs
dapirispireba sakuTari strategiuli intere-
sebis dasakmayofileblad, navTobisa da gazis
rezervebis xelSi Casagdebad da msoflio bato-
nobis mosapoveblad. ruseTs surs, rom Tavisi
gavlena kvlav vrceldebodes energoresursebiT
mdidar regionze. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTob-
sadenis proeqti da alternatiuli energode-
refnis saqarTveloze gavla seriozul gamowve-
vas warmoadgens ruseTisaTvis, ramac SeiZleba
wertili dausvas mis hegemonobas kavkasiaSi.
msoflios uZlieresi saxelmwifoebi aS.S. da ru-
seTi, am regionSi gavlenis mosapoveblad erTma-
neTs ukve aSkarad upirispirdebian. moskovi cdi-
lobs kavkasiis regionSi Tavisi gavlenis Senar-
Cunebas da amitomac aqtiur omebs awarmoebs CeC-
neTSi. amerikelebi kavkasiaSi mimdinare am axal
civ oms xSirad `Great Game~-is, `didi TamaSis~
saxeliT moixsenieben. (5) amJamad kavkasia aris
is regioni, sadac dasavleTisa da ruseTis eko-
nomikuri da strategiuli interesebi erTmaneTs
ejaxeba. CeCneTis dakargva avtomaturad gamoiw-
vevs energoresursebiT mdidari kavkasiis da-
kargvas da am regionSi ruseTis hegemonobis das-
rulebas. CeCneTis gamoyofa ruseTis ekonomikas
udides zians miayenebs. rogorc Sinagan saqmeTa
ministrma, kulikovma 1996 wels ganacxada, ru-
seTisaTvis kaspiis zRvis energomatareblebze
kontrolis dakargva igive iqneba, rac ruseTis
msoflio bazrisagan izolacia.
92
rodesac ruseT-CeCneTis dapirispirebaze
vsaubrobT, saWiroa aRvniSnoT Tu ra gavlena aqvs
mas ruseTis saxelmwifos Semdgom ganviTarebaze.
CeCneTis omi ueWvelad did gavlenas axdens ru-
seTis Sida politikur wyobaze: is amcirebs ru-
seTis demokratizaciis Sansebs da xels uwyobs
avtoritaruli reJimis formirebas. araviTari
mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, Tu visi gamarjvebiT
damTavrdeba omi, an rogor ganviTardeba movle-
nebi CeCneTSi, vinaidan es omi ruseTs arasodes
stabilurobas ar moutans da yovelTvis iqneba
qveyanaSi Sida areulobis da arastabilurobis
gamomwvevi faqtori. omi xels Seuwyobs rogorc
CeCeni sazogadoebis, aseve rusi mosaxleobis
kidev ufro radikalizacias. radikali islamis-
ti `boevikebis~ xelSewyobiT CrdiloeT kavkasia
gadaiqceva eqstremizmisa da terorizmis buded,
ruseTs ki sxva gamosavali ar darCeba, garda imi-
sa, rom sabolood Camoyalibdes avtoritarul
saxelmwifod. rusi eqspertis, irina kobrinskaias
azriT, rom ara arademokratiuli reJimi da pu-
tinis diqtatura, ruseTs daSla daemuqreboda.
misi azriT didi imperialisturi ambiciebis mqone
saxelmwifos ar SeiZleba, rom sxvanairi politi-
kuri wyoba gaaCndes. (8) ruseTi eTnikurad Wreli
saxelmwifoa, ufro sworad is multinacionalu-
ri imperiaa, romelic aucileblad daSlisaTvis
iqneba ganwiruli Tu ruseTSi demokratizaciis
procesi daiwyo. amitomac putinis diqtatoru-
li reJimi aRiqmeba, rogorc qveynis erTianobis
93
erTderTi garanti. CeCneTSi saomari operaciebis
dawyebiT, vladimer putinma rusi sazogadoeba
gaaerTiana, efeqturad Seqmna mtris xati `Ce-
Ceni banditebis~ saxiT, romlis winaaRmdeg unda
darazmuliyo da gaerTianebuliyo ruseTi. kav-
kasiaSi warmoebuli omebis Sedegad ki ruseTi
sabolood yalibdeba, rogorc arademokratiu-
li, avtoritaruli saxelmwifo, romlisTvisac
ucxo xilia adamianis uflebebi, tolerantoba,
erovnuli umciresobebis uflebebi, azrisa da
sityvis Tavisufleba …
rogorc didi rusi mwerali lev tolstoi am-
bobda `poloneTi da kavkasia, orive ruseTisTvis
Ria Wrilobas warmoadgens.~ tolstois moR-
vaweobidan asi wlis Semdeg kavkasia kvlav rCeba
ruseTisaTvis Ria Wrilobad da ruseTs Zalian
didi msxverplis fasad ujdeba CrdiloeT kav-
kasiis SenarCuneba. rusi politologebis erTi
nawili ukve Tvlis, rom ruseTma saerTod uari
unda Tqvas CrdiloeT kavkasiaze da sakuTar
problemebs mixedos. ruseTSi Catarebulma so-
ciologiurma gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom ruseTis
mosaxleobis umetesoba CeCneTisa da daRestnis
damoukideblobis momxrea. kiTxvaze `sWirdeba
Tu ara ruseTs kavkasia?~, gamokiTxulTa 73%-ma
ganacxada, rom maTTvis misaRebia CeCneTisa da
daRestanis ruseTis federaciidan gasvla. ru-
seTis mosaxleoba Tvlis, rom danaSaulia kavka-
siis ganviTarebaze ruseTis biujetis xarjva da
kavkasielebis gamokveba, maSin rodesac rusebis
94
umravlesoba SimSiliT ixoceba da ekonomikuri
siduxWirisagan suls Rafavs. (7) globaluri
ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi CrdiloeT kav-
kasiis SenarCuneba Zalze Zvirad ujdeba ruse-
Tis xelisuflebas, vinaidan CrdiloeT kavkasia
TiTqmis 100 procentiT dotaciuria. ruseTis
xelisuflebas amJamad uwevs ara marto kadiro-
vis pirsisxliani reJimis dafinanseba da gamokve-
ba, aramed aseve samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis
marionetuli reJimebis Senaxvac, sadac yovel
weliwads didi raodenobiT finansebi miedineba
ruseTis biujetidan.
ruseTSi Catarebuli sociologiuri gamokiT-
xvebi mowmobs imas, rom ruseTis imperialisturi
politika CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi sruli kraxisTvis
aris ganwiruli. CeCneTSi Cadenili danaSauli ka-
cobriobis winaaRmdeg da CeCeni eris genocidi
ruseTs Zvirad daujda da bumerangiviT Semout-
rialda terorizmis saxiT. putini regionSi ar-
sebuli eTnikuri problemebis mogvarebas Zalis-
mieri meTodebiT cdilobs, xolo ZaladobiT,
rogorc CeCneTis magaliTma dagvanaxa, eTnikuri
konfliqtebis mogvareba SeuZlebelia.
95
daskvna
ruseTsa da CeCneTs Soris dapirispirebas didi
xnis istoria aqvs. konfliqti saTaves iRebs XVI
saukunidan, rodesac kavkasia ruseTis ineteres-
Ta sferoSi moeqca. am periodSi rusebi iwyeben
cixesimagreebis mSeneblobas CeCneTis miwaze da
Tergis napirebze kazakTa dasaxlebebis daarse-
bas. Tavdapirvelad urTierTobebi rusebsa da
CeCnebs Soris keTilmezobluri iyo da mTlianad
agebuli iyo urTierTpativiscemis principze.
sawyis etapze CeCnebi imedis TvaliT Sehyureb-
dnen rusebs da Tvlidnen, rom maT SeeZloT os-
maleTis imperiisa da iranis agresiis SeCereba
kavkasiaSi. ruseTs daxmarebas da mfarvelobas
sTxovdnen CeCneTis saxelmwifo moRvaweni.
keTilmezobluri urTierToba ruseTsa da
CeCneTs Soris male dasrulda, mas Semdeg rac
ruseTis mefeebma daiwyes agresiuli koloniu-
ri politikis gatareba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da
CeCneTis saukeTeso miwebze kazakebi masiurad
daasaxles. rusebsa da CeCnebs Soris urTierToba
gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda XVIII saukuneSi, rodesac
ruseTis xelisuflebam ganaxorciela agresiu-
li eqspansionisturi politika CrdiloeT kav-
kasiaSi. ruseTis koloniur politikas Sedegad
mohyva erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebis
da SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebis dawyeba CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi. 1785 wels CeCneTis erovnuli gmiris,
mansur uSurmas meTaurobiT yabardosa da CeC-
neTSi ajanyebam ifeTqa. man saRvTo omi _ Raza-
96
vaTi gamoucxada rusebs. ajanyeba CrdiloeT kav-
kasiaSi gavrcelda da moicva sakmaod didi teri-
toria. mogvianebiT 1817-1864 wlebSi iwyeba an-
tirusuli gamosvlebi, kavkasiis omebi, romelsac
saTaveSi Caudga xunZi politikuri da religiu-
ri moRvawe, Samili. man moaxexa CrdiloeT kav-
kasielebis gaerTianeba da Teokratiuli saxel-
mwifo _ imamati Seqmna, romelic aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda rus
dampyroblebs. Tumca rusebma didi gaWirvebiT
moaxerxes ajanyebebis CaxSoba, brZola Tavisuf-
lebisaTvis CeCneTSi mainc ar Sewyvetila da sab-
WoTa reJimis damyarebis Semdegac gagrZelda.
sabWoTa imperiaSi CeCnebi yovelTvis anti-
sabWour elementebad iTvlebodnen, amitomac
kremli yvela SesaZlo meTodiT cdilobda maT
ganadgurebas. erT-erTi aseTi barbarosuli
meTodi iyo kavkasiel xalxTa gadasaxleba Sua
aziaSi. 1944 wlis 23 Tebervls CeCen da inguS
xalxs kremlis agentebma genocidi mouwyves da
erT dRe-RameSi mTeli eri Sua aziaSi gadaasax-
les. gadasaxlebaSi daiRupa mTeli CeCeni eris
erTi-mesamedi.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg CeCneTma da-
moukidebloba gamoacxada da ganaaxla brZola
TavisuflebisaTvis. ruseTma msxvilmasStabia-
ni samxedro aqcia wamoiwyo CeCneTis saboloo
dasamorCileblad, rac Semdeg ruseT-CeCneTis
omSi gadaizarda da didi ziani miayena rogorc
patara CeCneTs, asev ruseTis ekonomikas. ga-
97
nadgurda qveynis infrastruqtura, daiRupa mSvi-
dobiani mosaxleoba, sagrZnoblad imata sneule-
bebis da onkologiuri davadebebis ricxvma. omma
gamoiwvia roigorc ruseTis mosaxleobis, aseve
CeCnebis radikalizacia. imata teroristuli
aqtebis ricxvma rogorc CeCneTSi, aseve ruseTis
sxva regionebSic. sagrZnoblad gaizarda antikav-
kasiuri ganwyoba da qsenofobia ruseTSi. socio-
logiuri gamokiTxviT dadginda, rom ruseTis
federaciis mosaxleobis 70% zizRs ganicdis
sxva erovnebis warmomadgenelTa mimarT.
ruseTi Zalismieri gzebiT cdilobs hegemono-
bis SenarCunebas kavkasiaSi, amitomac awarmoebs
mudmiv brZolas CeCeni eris winaaRmdeg. kremli
uxeSad arRvevs adamianis uflebebs CeCneTSi da
terorizmTan brZolis sababiT anadgurebs Ta-
visuflebisaTvis mebrZol gmirebs, mSvidobian
mosaxleobas, adamianis uflebaTa aqtivistebs...
xSrad ruseTis samxedro aqciebi borotmoqmedTa
winaaRmdeg ki ar aris mimarTuli, aramed mSvido-
bian moqalaqeTa winaaRmdeg.
ruseTi agrZelebs kavkasiel xalxTa genoci-
dis politikas! misi mizania kavkasielebis sruli
damorCileba an maTi sruli ganadgureba. ro-
gorc CeCneTis pirvelma prezidentma joxar du-
daevma erT-erT interviuSi ganacxada: `rusizmi
anadgurebs patara da daucvel xalxebs. ruseTi
mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze irCevda yvelaze
daucvel msxverpls, raTa bolomde moespo fizi-
kurad da eCvenebina msofliosTvis SexedeT ra
98
Zlierni, borotebiT aRsavseni da mtacebelni
varTo!~
ruseTis mier CeCneTSi inspirirebuli kon-
fliqtebis Sedegad daiRupa aTeulobiT aTasi
adamiani, aseulobiT aTasi ki devnilebad iqca.
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba xmas ar imaRlebs,
radgan ruseTis `saSinao saqmeebSi~ Carevas eri-
deba. es ki `xel-fexs~ uxsnis kremls da saSuale-
bas aZlevs mas gaagrZelos Tavisi dampyrobluri
politika CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da Caidinos ufro
meti danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg.
99
bibliografia:
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1%e1%83%94%e1%83%97%e1%83%98%e1%83%a1-%
e1%83%a8%e1%83%98%e1%83%93%e1%83%90-%e1
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104

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ვალერი მოდებაძე

socialur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

ჩეჩენი ერის ბრძოლა

CeCeni eris urTierTobebi da

CeCneTi ruseTis imperiisa da

CeCneTis pirveli omi.............................................46

CeCneTis meore omi.................................................75

CeCnebi tragikuli bedis mqone xalxia. dedami-

enobrivi da eTnikuri mravalferovnebiT gan-

1926 w. 1939 w. 1959 w. 1970 w. 1979 w. 1989 w. 2002 w. 2010 w.

Tlis cxovrebidan~ irkveva, saurmagma ZurZukebi

Txaba-erdis (tyoba-erdis) eklesia _ Sua saukuneebis taZari inguSeTSi.

Txaba-erdis (tyoba erdis) taZris interieri

Txaba-erdis (tyoba erdis) taZris interieri

taZari sofel doSxakleSi.

albi-ierdis eklesia inguSeTSi.

kazakebis gansaxlebis areali kavkasiaSi.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis Tavisuflebismoyvare

kavkasia XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.

CeCneTis erovnuli gmiri mansur-uSurma.

axtis cixe-simagreze ieriSis mitana. 1848 weli.

Samilis samxedro sistemis erT-erTi um-

`mTis arwivi~ Samili

Samilis datyvevebis Semdeg brZola Tavisuf-

meore msoflios omis droindeli germanuli propagandistuli

1942 wlis noemberSi germaniis SeiaraRebuli

rukaze is erebia aRniSnuli, romelTa deportacia ganxorcielda

1944 wels masiuri deportacia Seexo CeCnebs,

inguSebis genocidi `prigorodni raionSi~

rukaze wiTeli feriT aRniSnulia prigorodni raioni, dakarguli

yvelasaTvis cxadi iyo, rom ruseTi kavkasiidan

1997 wlis 12 maiss masxadovma da boris elcinma xeli moaweres

aslan masxadovi da Samil basaevi .

joxar dudaevis gaprezidentebis mexuTe wlisTavis aRniSvna.

meoTxe klasis moswavle joxar dudaevi, yazaxeTi.

ori TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli prezidenti _ zviad gamsaxurdia

CeCneTi damoukideblobis dRes zeimobs. 1994 weli.

joxar dudaevis mxardamWerebi prezidentis sasaxlis win loculoben.

omisagan dangreuli grozno.

qalaq groznoSi gaafTrebuli brZolebi gaimarTa CeCen meomrebsa da

varSava. kedelze polonurad sweria: sanam Cven gvaxsovs, is cocxlobs!

aslan masxadovi aSS-Si. 7 agvisto 1998.

mravalsarTuliani Senobebi grozno _ siTi-Si.

rusebi ana politkovskaias xsovnas pativs miageben.

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