UNIVERSIDAD DE CARABOBO NOMBRES Y APELLIDOS:

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD

ESCUELA DE SALUD PÚBLICA Y DESARROLLO SOCIAL PESTANA G. ROSELINN S.
DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAJE Y COMUNICACIÓN PINTO D. MILAGROS DEL C.
COORDINACIÓN DE INGLÉS INSTRUMENTAL GRUPO: Ñ-13
INGLÉS INSTRUMENTAL – MEDICINA (FGO104)
PROF. MIRDZA HERNÁNDEZ

Taller – 3er. Lapso – PLAN VIRTUAL (ENERO 2021)

PARTE I. Marque con una equis (X) la opción que corresponda al tópico de los párrafos a
continuación (1 pto. c/u =5 ptos.)

1. Men, people who are older, and those who live in the South are at the greatest risk of heat
stroke. People who are elderly are less able to tolerate temperature swings, which makes them
more vulnerable in hot weather. People who are obese, have underlying chronic medical
conditions, and individuals on certain medications, are particularly at higher risk for heat-related
illness because they lack the mechanisms used by the body to counteract the effect of excessive
heat through sweating. In addition, babies and toddlers who are under age two need additional
protection during a heat wave since young babies have a more difficult time regulating their
temperature. 

a) Los efectos de la ola de calor

b) Quienes están más en riesgo por la ola de calor X
c) Los problemas de salud ante una ola de calor

2. So how does the Covid-19 infection make its mark on the brain? There are many possibilities.
Don’t forget that if you’re coughing and struggling to breathe, the other organs in your body are
deprived of oxygen, too. This lack of oxygen, as well as a spike in inflammation, can affect the
nervous system and brain, leading to problems like confusion. The SARS-CoV-2 virus can also
invade the brain and its protective membranes, causing viral meningitis. An autoimmune
reaction (when the body essentially attacks itself) can flare, attacking the brain. Finally, there’s
also the chance that the infection could contribute to a clotting disorder, and directly lead to a
stroke, which has been found to be more common in patients with severe infections compared
with those with milder illness, according to a study that looked at patients in Wuhan, China, and
was published in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry .

a) Cómo afecta el virus Covid-19 al cerebro X

b) El virus SARS-CoV-2 como causa de meningitis viral
c) Cómo la falta de oxígeno a causa del Covid-19 afecta el cerebro

3. Fried food may be crispy, crunchy, and delicious. But there are lots of reasons health experts
aren’t exactly fans. And that’s putting it mildly. Here’s the problem: When food goes into the
frying pan it soaks up loads of oil, which happens to be pure fat. Considering that just one
tablespoon of cooking oil contains 14 grams of fat and 120 calories, regularly nibbling on a
handful of chips or fries can make weight management a challenge. There are other concerns,
too. Fried foods frequently travel with other less-than-healthy foods, so you could be getting a
double dose of fat, sodium, and refined carbs. Fried foods are a very broad category, so their
health impact may depend on lots of different factors, therefore, things like the type of cooking
oil, frying temperature, serving size, and how often you eat them all matter.

a) Qué sucede con los alimentos cuando se fríen

b) Que tan malos son los alimentos fritos  
c) El impacto de los alimentos fritos sobre la salud  X

4. An injury, such a broken bone, can cause acute pain. That means it’s severe and comes on
suddenly but only lasts for a limited amount of time. The sensation of pain is initially a signal to
the brain that there is actual or impending injury to the body. A complex cascade of events
follows the initial signal to the brain, including withdrawing from the source of injury—think
quickly removing your hand from a hot stove—but also avoiding the painful area, and spasm of
muscles around the area. This goes away as the injury heals. There’s a problem when the source
of the pain is ongoing. When the signal persists, changes begin to occur in the nervous system,
including the peripheral nerves, which supply the skin, muscle, and bone, as well as in the spinal
cord and brain. This can cause the signal to spread to other areas in the nervous system, causing
what is known as a ‘chronic pain state, and when this happens, the pain won’t just go away.
 
a) Signos del dolor crónico.
b) Las heridas como causa del dolor agudo.
c) Qué causa el dolor crónico. X

5. Drinking alcohol is tricky when talking to a patient because it depends on their past history
with drinking too much or not drinking at all. Rarely will doctors tell a non-drinker to start
drinking for health reasons, therefore, if you have certain heart issues, it’s best to go sober. Don’t
drink at all if you have certain heart rhythm abnormalities or have heart failure. Although
consuming one or two drinks per day may lower your risk of developing heart disease and type 2
diabetes, drinking more is not good and drinking heavily on just a few days a week is definitely
not healthy, especially if you’ve already been diagnosed with heart disease. So if you have any
form of heart disease and currently drink, talk to your doctor about your consumption levels and
frequency. This is especially important if you’re on any medication, as alcohol can interact with
some drugs. What and how much alcohol you drink is worth evaluating as part of your overall
health profile. 

a) Lo que las personas con enfermedades del corazón deben saber acerca de tomar alcohol. X

b) Qué deben hacer las personas con enfermedades del corazón para evitar que el alcohol afecte
su salud.
c) Consecuencias de tomar alcohol para las personas con enfermedades del corazón.

PARTE II. Los párrafos a continuación tienen ideas explícitas que aparecen en cualquier lugar
del extracto. Identifica la idea principal de cada párrafo colocando el número de la oración
correcta en el espacio previsto para ello. (1 pto. c/u =5 ptos.). Sigue el ejemplo: 

1
Genetic engineering has brought about some important changes in the production of corn. 2It
has allowed scientists to develop plants that produce larger and more numerous ears of corn.
3
This makes it possible for farmers to harvest far more corn per acre of land. 4Through genetic
engineering, scientists have also developed types of corn that resist certain diseases. 5Scientists
are also working on kinds of corn that can be cultivated in very dry or hot areas. 6All these
changes mean that corn will be able to feed more people.
La idea principal es la oración n°: 1

1. 1Untreated edema makes your heart work harder than it needs to. 2Heart failure patients
should be on the lookout for edema daily by monitoring their overall amount of fluid and
recording their weight daily, and 3this should be done at the same time every day, wearing the
same type of clothing, using the same weight scale. 4Sudden increases in weight may indicate
increased fluid retention. 5People may also use a tape measure to measure the legs or abdomen’s
circumference or the pitting test. 6If you gain two to three pounds overnight or three to five
pounds in one week, 7check in with your doctor.

La idea principal es la oración n°: 1

2. 1In industrialized countries, governments are at last realizing that smoking is harmful to the
health of individuals and an intolerable cost to society. 2With laws that ban smoking in public
places and high taxes on cigarettes, they are taking concrete measures to discourage people
from this destructive habit. 3Already there are signs that these measures are having a positive
effect, 4as recent statistics show an overall decline in the number of smokers.

La idea principal es la oración n°:  1

3. 1We all need to be getting more sleep, but 2it’s definitely key for people who have epilepsy.
3
Seizures are more likely in people who fail to get around seven to eight hours a night, according
to the Epilepsy Foundation; even if 4you’re in bed long enough, 5poor quality sleep can leave you
tired during the day and more prone to seizures. If 6you’re tossing and turning throughout the
night or 7your partner frequently comments on your heavy snoring, 8talk to a sleep specialist
about potential solutions.

La idea principal es la oración n°: 3

4. 1To get rid of yeast infection, you’ll have to recognize it first. 2A yeast infection is a common
vaginal infection caused by the Candida fungus. 3The vagina likes to be in balance— 4when
something is off with the bacteria or yeast that reside there, 5the yeast can overgrow, points out
the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 6Symptoms include itching and burning,
redness, swelling, and possibly an odorless white, lumpy vaginal discharge.

La idea principal es la oración n°: 2

5. 1Motion sickness comes in many forms, not just seasickness. 2Ninety percent of the human
race is susceptible to motion sickness of one kind or another. 3Some people become sick when
they sit in the backseat of a car; 4others cannot read or look at a map in any kind of moving
vehicle. 5People get motion sickness on airplanes, motorcycles, amusement park rides, and even
on camels!

La idea principal es la oración n°: 1

PARTE III. Lea el siguiente abstract y complete los enunciados a continuación (1 pto. c/u =10
ptos.). 

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms,

anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort
Ines Suarez-García, Belén Alejos, Maria-Jesús Pérez-Elías, Jose-Antonio Iribarren, Asunción
Hernando, Margarita Ramírez, María Tasias, Mario Pascual, Inma Jarrin, Victoria Hernando &
CoRIS Cohort
The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms
and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among
women living with HIV aged 45–60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network
(CoRIS). Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to
determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The
Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related
to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient
Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to
estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk
factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of
anxiety/depression. Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44
(17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45–
50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any
menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-
menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01;
95% CI 1.38–6.55 and 2.63; 1.44–4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the
likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13–4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42–4.85).
By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the
likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74–
13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression.
Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported
symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002),
joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three
groups. Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of
them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of
somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of
psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic
symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological
situation of these women.

1. Uno de los objetivos del estudio fue evaluar … las diferencias según el estado menopáusico
entre las mujeres que viven con el VIH de 45-60 años de la cohorte de la Red Española de
Investigación en VIH/SIDA (CoRIS).

2. Las mujeres que formaron parte de la muestra fueron llamadas por teléfono para …
determinar si habían experimentado síntomas menopáusicos y ansiedad/depresión.

3. Para la evaluación de la prevalencia y la gravedad de los síntomas se usó … la Escala de

Calificación de la Menopausia.

4. Las tres sub-escalas evaluadas en cuanto a la prevalencia y severidad de los síntomas

relacionados a la menopausia fueron … la somática, psicológica y urogenital.

5. Con respecto al estatus de la menopausia, de las 251 mujeres que correspondieron a la

muestra … 137 (54,6%) eran posmenopáusicas, 70 (27,9%) peri- y 44 (17,5%) pre-
menopáusicas, respectivamente.

6. De acuerdo al estudio y en cuanto a la ansiedad y la depresión, … no se encontraron

diferencias significativas según el estado menopáusico.

7. En cuanto a la sequedad vaginal, las quejas articulares/musculares y sudoración/rubor el

estudio encontró … diferencias en las prevalencias entre los tres grupos.
8. Los síntomas más comunes entre todas estas mujeres fueron … los problemas
articulares/musculares, el agotamiento y los trastornos del sueño.

9. Algunos de los síntomas de la menopausia que experimentaron las mujeres con VIH
comenzaron … antes de que las mujeres tuvieran alguna irregularidad menstrual.

10. Probablemente una buena condición clínica e inmunológica de estas mujeres haya sido la
razón de porqué … la mayoría de los síntomas somáticos eran de gravedad baja o moderada.