Ministry of Higher Education and

Scientific Research

University of Kufa

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Hydraulic Structures and Water Resources

Surveying

Survey applications
in road works

A report submitted to the Facilities and Water Resources

Department to complete the surveying article for the final report

By:
Ramla Hussain Hidey

Supervisor By:
Lecturer Bashar Haleem

2020 A.D 1441 A.H

.
 Table of contents

contents Page
Introduction 2
Curve shape and abbreviations 5
Equation of the Elastic Curve 5
REFERENCES 13

Another for pictures

Figure 1 3
Figure2 10
Figure 3 11
Figure 4 12

-1-
 Introduction

Pavements are primary elements of a transportation structure. A nation’s

highway network is supposed to be capable enough to maximize trade,
industrial and social benefits. In order to ensure the required pavement

performance, periodic road health monitoring surveys are indispensable

to collect information about pavement conditions. Conventionally, road
inspection surveys have been performed manually. However, with the
ever increasing growth of road networks and the amount of traffic they

handle, the time consuming visual analysis techniques are not preferred
any more. In addition, manual highway surveys also suffer heavily from
the associated subjectivity of human decision making. In contrast,
automated pavement surveying systems, when designed and validated
appropriately, are able to be very fast, accurate and remove the
subjectivity involved . Asphalt cracks are one of the most common road
surface distress type encountered during road surveys. Cracks are
generally produced by the partial or entire fractures of the pavement
surface. There is an extensive variety of road cracks starting from single
crack (longitudinal and traverse crack) to interrelated crack patterns
spread over the complete pavement surface (block, crescent shaped and
)crocodile cracks). The load-spreading and water-resistant capacity of

the road is lost due to these cracks which also speed up the deterioration
process of pavement surface. If cracks are kept untreated, then the
consequences become more severe and these cracks transform into
potholes, deform the road and sometimes even produce differential
settlement of road Both 2D and 3D imaging techniques have been used
for distress measurements. Usually, 2D imaging can be performed by
simpler hardware, hence is generally preferred But 3D imaging becomes
irreplaceable in certain situations e.g. depth measurements. The
automated detection of road cracks, the subject of this research, is a
.,topical issue with numerous publications in recent years . The work
-2-
reported in this paper uses pavement images (i.e. 2D) for cracks detection

Surveying works on the roads

The progress of nations is measured by their good road lengths

It is the line connecting two points on the surface of the Earth

.Paving to move vehicles and movement on it

Roadwork: Road construction is like any engineering project that has *

:two sides

.1-The design aspect is done by a consultant

-2The executive aspect, to be performed by the contractor and

consultant. * To make a road linking two points or two cities, for
example, from Qantara and the other In Al-Arish, there is a way to make
a road between them, so the following procedure is done:

-1Two points are monitored with the G P S device, so that one of the two
points is occupied The other is his assistant, and two points were detected
in the city of Al-Arish, one of which is taken Occupied and other
assistant.

-3-
 -2Then the observed points of the G P S device are converted and their
coordinates are converted fromGlobal geographical coordinates to Local
coordinates through a conversion table The coordinates

3- Thus we have four points monitored by the LG P S device two points

in Starting and two points at the end and they are converted to local
coordinates (X Y Z)

Through the coordinates available to us, we can know: *

1-The length of the road

2-The deviation of the road.

3-The difference in the level between the start of the road and the end of
the road.

4-Where it is cultivated or put iron on the road known to deviate

Using the compass so that the distance between Hodeidah and the other is
200 meters

Almost all iron must be seen before and after

5-If the road axis was a straight line without any fractures, it would have
been

It is easy that the path of the road is subject to some obstacles or

obstacles, such as

Mountains - hills - water pools - residential areas so it is necessary to

convert or break Partial direction and return to the trackway again

6-Where it appears from road and traffic engineering that it is not

possible for any A vehicle must travel at a certain speed and change its
direction suddenly, so we must Move the direction of the vehicle on the
road in a curve image Therefore it is necessary to study Curved and its
components and basic.

-4-
It is a portion of the circumference of a circle and from this the curve has
the same
Enjoy it the circle.
2 - The curve is:
1- The center of the curve is the center of the circle.
2- The radius of the curve.
3- The tangent of the curve as well.
Curve parts and abbreviations:
1-R = radius of curve a
2- The central angle of the DELTA curve
3-PC = point of curve
4-point tangent point PT = point of tangent & tangent are perpendicular
On the radius.
5- T = tangent
6- PI = point of intersection
7- C = choard
8- LC = length of choard
9- E = external distance
10- M = middle ordinate

*Curve shape and

abbreviations:

*Curve types:
1-Simple Curve :Circular Curve \ Simple Curve
As the simple curve has a radius and a central angle
2-Compound Curve:
It is a simple curve since the end of the first curve is the beginning of the
curve
The second and each curve has a radius and a central angle
3-Reverse Curve:
The shape of this curve is like the letter (S)
It is a simple curve and each curve of this shape has a radius
Central angle: the distance between the two curves is not less than 200
meters
4-Transition curve:
It is a smooth curve, as this trend is too big for you to feel
with it
There must be curves for the road where through these curves you can
Secure the road
.It is from the values that a consultant gives us, which are the curve
values

-5-
It is required to draw between two directions, as each direction has a
special deviation with it.

On the AutoCAD program, the curve is drawn between the three points
required
Convert the path direction from one direction to another using data
Given by a consultant, they are:
1- The starting value of the curve from the point opposite the tangent.
2- Radius of the curve radius.
3- The central angle of the curve delta
* The curve is drawn from the data that was taken from a consultant
Through the following steps:
We draw points on AutoCAD using coordinates Taken from the nature,
then we take the (line) and we connect the points together.
Then we draw a circle from a point that corresponds the tangent to the
starting point of the curve At the value given by a consultant.
Then we place a point at the beginning of the curve and after drawing the
point we scan The circle that we drew And we draw a vertical line and
this line is the radius where it is Vertical on the starting point of the
curve, then we achieve the radius length Given by a consultant.
After achieving this we draw a line on the vertical line (radius)
But in another color, to see it, then we take a (rotate) command and we
open an angle with this line.

The amount of this angle from the consultant, which is the central angle
(delta)Then we draw the curve from start to end through the Draw menu
We choose Arc and then we choose (Start - End - radious) Then we
define the starting point of the curve and define The end point of the
curve then we enter the radius taken from the consultant And then we
press Entre and the curve appears in front of us. After that we cut and
erase any line we want to be in front of us and leave a beginning The
road, the curve, and the end of the road, the first straight line and the
curve The second straight line · After drawing the curve between two
directions, it is cut The entire route is also curved at equal or different
distances on According to what our consultant tells us to use the
"measure" command. Where These stations are from the beginning of the
road and write the first station like this 000 + 0 and if the road will divide
every 25 meters then the next stop You write in this form 025 + 0 then
050 + 0 and so on until the end of the first kilo of the road where the first
kilo is written in this way 000 + 1 and so on to the end of the road Using
lisp setting out final, we extract the coordinates Of iron laid along theroad

-6-
Using the total station, these points are signed on the ground According
to its coordinates Then we raise this blacksmith again using the total
station Find coordinates and points for each point Also, the levels of these
ferries are extracted with a level device * We find from the above that we
have three tables for the coordinates of these irons:
1- Table of coordinates of these irons with values of x - y only through a
program Autocad
2- A table containing the values of x - y - z from the nature of the L
device total station
3- A table containing the levels of these ferments, which is the value of z,
by a device level
* Then a full comparison is made between the third and the value
extraction tables Correct for these iron and unavoidable Correct sector is
drawn Longitudinal road profile
* To draw the longitudinal section of the road on the AutoCAD program
Do the following:
* Two orthogonal lines are drawn on each line using the line's ortho
command Where the line represents the horizontal (distances) and the
vertical line (the levels)
*observed: The levels are multiplied by ten
* Points are signed based on their levels and distances, i.e. at each station
or a distance The level is placed for him and after the completion of the
levels, we will By connecting the levels together, we find before us the
surface of the natural earth For the road
* It is always preferred to draw each kilo separately if it is along the road
100 kilos we have 100 plates for the road and the plate is laid out in order
So that we have a system in which to use paintings
* After drawing the surface of the natural land of the road, we find the
surface of the earth It is not suitable for vehicles to run on it as shown in
the previous figure, and we find From this it is necessary to lay a line on
this earth for vehicles to walk on The road This line is called (the
construction line) of the road where it is located The consultant designed
this line
* The construction line is drawn from the data given by the consultant
The data is:
1- The starting level of the construction line
2- The percentage of inclination for this line, for example (0.004)
or(04%)
3- The direction of the slope of this line down or up
For example, the consultant gave us the value of the starting line for the
construction line (7)
His drawing is multiplied by ten, as we said previously, levels are
multiplied by ten Then we place a point at the beginning of the road at a

-7-
level (70) "He gave us the value of the slope (0.004), and then we draw a
line from an order line The ortho line is 1000 meters horizontal and at the
end of it We draw a vertical line and have a distance of 4, but because the
levels are multiplied by Ten times the vertical line is 40 meters, then we
draw a line from the beginning of the line Go to the end of the vertical
line and have the slope of the construction line in front of us. "And we
put the construction line down or up, according to what my consultant
said.
* After drawing the construction line, we extract levels along this line
To calculate the level of any point on the construction line (slope) =
The level of the point before it - the percentage of inclination * the
horizontal distance from the point The information to the point of its level
The signal is positive or negative depending on the direction of the
construction line below Or higher if it is lower then its signal is negative,
but if it is up, it will be Positive signal It is not calculated through the
longitudinal section of the road quantities of drilling and backfilling for
this Road but there are levels along the construction line but quantities are
calculated Drilling and backfilling of the road through the cross section
section .
* To operate the cross-sections along the road through the following:
Firstly as we know that we have irons along the road at a distance of each
example 25 meters According to what our consultant gave us
* To make cross sections at these distances, the following should be
available:
1- Road ownership
2- Asphalt display
3- Roadside slopes (Aawernik)
* Points are then monitored on the road width by individual level device
Strip according to the width of the road so that the road axis is midway
The distance, if the width of the road is 60 meters, then the road will be
30 meters The road is 30 meters left and note that the cross section of the
road is Almost perpendicular to the road path. Then the road cross section
is divided right and left every 5 meters for example This is according to
the data of the consultant and determines it according to thecircumstances
The natural route of the road and the levels are then recorded in aschedule
to show the route.

-8-
* After placing the levels in a table to display the route, a fee will be
drawn Cross-section of the autocad program for each station separately
Take the following steps:
* Make two lines ortho so that it is a vertical line and a horizontal line
and be the line The vertical is perpendicular to the horizontal and also the
vertical is in the middle of the horizontal.
* Then we draw vertical lines from the vertical line in the middle
The line is horizontal, as these lines are away from the vertical line with a
distance of every 5 meters Example.
* And also draw horizontal lines away from the horizontal line by a
distance of 2 meters, for example This is according to the levels in the
table * and the distances are drawn for vertical lines or horizontal lines by
means of a command offset
* It is placedLevels on vertical lines, according to levels Existing and
placed for each distance taken in nature.
* Vertical lines and horizontal lines are drawn and levels are set for each
A station located on the road and along the road are drawn sectors Cross-
road.
* After finishing that, we find before us the presence of the earth's natural
surface For the road's cross-sections, we find road cross-sections
Slopes on the cross sections and from that we have to lay a line
My design is on the width of the road and is called the design sector of
the width Road (Aawernik). How to Draw Aawarnik (Design SectorRoad
Show): > From its point the level of the first construction line is placed
on the sector Then we move left and right according to the asphalt width,
if it is a width Asphalt 60 meters, we move 0 turn right and 30 left.& NB:
A consultant can give us occasional road inclinations, meaning a mile
Asphalt for the road For example, he said that the transverse slopes of the
road (-% 2), so we make a horizontal line With a length of 100 meters
and making a vertical line from the end of the line, a horizontal length of2
meters Then we connect the beginning of the horizontal line with the end
of the vertical line and there is a diagonal line So it is the transverse
inclination of the road · Then we take the incline line and install it fromits
beginning on a ground level The natural line of construction.
* As for the side leanings of the road:
& Sideways inclinations of the road are drawn by the data from
Consultant, for example, inclination data The side of the road (3: 2), we
will Draw a horizontal line of 2 meters long and draw a vertical line from
the end of the lineHorizontal length of 3 meters. & Then we draw a line
from the beginning of the horizontal line to the end of the vertical line
The tilted line is the side tilt of the road and we scan the horizontal line
And the vertical line considering that it is only auxiliary lines to draw the
lateral slope For the road.

-9-
& Then we take the slant and place it at the end of the Aawernik line,
then we extend This line leads to the end of road ownership and to the
surface of the natural land if it is Above the slope or below the slope, it
intersects with the surface of the Earth's natural surface. & From the final
status of the road cross section and Aawernik Side slopes of the road are
calculated for the area of excavation and backfilling for each sector
Any one by means of the boundry icon. In the same way, other cross
sections are drawnFor roads along the road, we deduce the excavation
and filling areas for all sectors. Then, digging and filling cubes are
calculated between each of the two sectors During the road's cross-
sections, excavation and backfill cubes are calculated For the whole way
* Cube of excavation and backfilling between any two sectors = area of
excavation or backfill in The first sector + the area of digging or filling in
the second sector
* The distance between 2 sectors & NB: In the absence of drilling or
backfilling between the two sectors, a value of zero shall be set, whether
for drilling Or backfill then apply the law. & Then it is the end of finding
the digging and filling cubes between each of the two sectors The length
of the road is calculated as the total of the cube pits and the total of the
cube The total digging and filling cubes are calculated along the road for
a distance 1 km and every kilometer of the road is considered as an
independent project and the latest data Kilo It is the same as the data for
the second kilo and so on to the next

- 10 -
- 11 -
- 12 -
 REFERENCES

[1] "Flexible Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation,"

in Australian Asphalt Pavement Association, 2010.
[2] S. Chambon, "Detection of Points of Interest for
Geodesic Contours - Application on Road Images for
Crack Detection," in VISAPP, 2011, pp. 210-213.
[3] C. Zou, Y. Cao, Q. Li, Q. Mao, and S. Wang,
"CrackTree: Automatic crack detection from pavement
images," in Pattern Recognition Letters 33, 2012, pp.
227-238.
[4] R. Medina, J. Gómez, and E. Zalama, "AUTOMATED
VISUAL INSPECTION OF ROAD SURFACE
CRACKS," in 27th International Symposium on
Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC
2010), 2010, pp. 155-164.

- 13 -