18 The Laplace Transforms 48.1. INTRODUCTION A transformation is a mathematical device which converts one function into another. For example, when the differential operator D (= 4) operates on fix) = sin x, it gives a new function a(x) = D fix) = cos x. The Laplace transform or Laplace transformation is widely used by scientists and engi- neers. It is particularly effective in solving linear differential equations—ordinary as well as partial. It reduces an ordinary differential equation into an algebraic equation. ‘The Laplace transform quickly gives the solution of differential equations with given initial conditions without the necessity of first finding the general solution and then evaluat- ing the arbitrary constants. 18.2. DEFINITION Let it) be a function of t defined for all t 2 0. Then the Laplace transform of fit), denoted by Life), is defined by Lyf = [° ew At dt provided that the integral exists, s is a parameter which may be real or complex. Lifit)) is clearly a function of s and is briefly written as f(s) ie, Lint) = fs). 18.3. THE LINEARITY PROPERTY KIO) = Fi @) If cy, cy are constants and f, g are functions of t, then Lle,fit) + cgg(t)) = LIAO) + egLtatt)) By definition, Lle,ft) + e,g(0) = ['e™ (o,f + exetb) dt ney Lewslo dt + coe att) de = e L{RO) + egLiet®) ‘The result can easily by generalized. 184, LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF SOME ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS 1 @Lay= 5 .8>0 Ace Ma. Nazrul Islam soggy beg Ey ‘Chittagong-4349, Bangladesh1024 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATicg : leo Uii= fee adtel- [-218 ” 10 8 (2) Litt) = 2 where n is a positive integer. 3 Lit") = fetea-f 1 - T(in+)) =a | xe de = wat mad 8 aed ee on setting st =x s) 8 provided that s > 0 andn+1>0ie,n>-1. If 7 is a positive integer, [in + 1)=n! n! Lit") = Liew = [ a (4) in at} = =—— Lisin at) = Soy ,0>0 ett dt = [eto ap lo Lsin at} = ["e~* sin at at = (5) Lieos at)= =* — 550, s*+a Leos at} = ["e-* . cos at dt = lo 1s>/al. \ e Zar 8 co: i Feat S at + asin at) (6) L{sinh at) = at _ o-at Al a @fors>|a|, ng the linearity property, Thus Lisinh at} = L (4 (cot — uty - meled ieeven, ie =F Let) d Leay eesireh aaah otha Yo yal Pay syn sae‘JHE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 1025 (7) L{cosh at} = Licosh at} = Li} (e+ e-9) = } Lfeat) + 1 pje-ot 2 18.5. (a) FIRST SHIFTING THEOREM If L{f(t)} = f(s), then Lfe* f(t) = F(s— a). ‘ By definition, Le At) = fe ett ft) dt = fone fit) dt Jo o = fem fit) dt, where p = s—a = f)=f(e-a) Similarly, L {e** fit)} = f(s +a) Applying this theorem to the elementary functions of Article 18.4, we get the following useful results : n! i at tm) a ~ Le )=s () Lett") = (aa rae ok 7 -— soa @) Lie" sin bt} = —— ae (8) Lier cos bth = a)? + bt b @ Le sinh bt) = —— = ee at a (5) L{e* cosh bt} c -a)?-b?" 18.5, (b) CHANGE-OF-SCALE PROPERTY : 1y IfL (ft) = 7 (6), then L (flav = FF () ; Proof. L (fat) = | Rat)dt ~ du 2 fe fu). =1["e-™ flu) du where d= © alo @1028 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATIcg ———_______] ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES -——- Example 1. Find the Laplace transforms of @ sin 2t cos 3t Gi) sin? 2t (iii) cosh? 2¢. i. : Sol. (i) Since sin 2¢ cos 3¢ = 3 (2 cos 3t sin 2t) = 5 (sin 5t—sin t) L (sin 2¢ cos 3¢} = L {2 (sin 5¢ sin ¢)} = } (L (sin 5¢) ~ L {sin ¢)] 1fe ri] gy et—b)" “ols e5? 41?) (57 +25\s?+) (i) Since sin 6¢ = 3 sin 2¢ - 4 sin’ 2¢ > sin? 2t = 3 sin 2¢— } sin 6 1 : L {sin? 2¢} = L a sin 2t— 7 sin 6t} = 3, {sin 2t} — qu {sin 6¢} a OU eee eee 47s? +6? (6? +4)(s? +36)" ii) Since cosh 6t = 4 cosh? 2t ~ 3 cosh 2t 1 > cosh 2¢ = 3 cosh 2¢ + 4 cosh 6 Deoah# 2 = 1G cosh 2+ + cosh) = $ 1 cosh 201+ 1 (cosh 6 8 (8? - 28) (s? = 4) (6? 36)" Example 2. Find the Laplace transform of e~' (cos 4t + 3 sin 4t). Sol. L (e-* (cos 4¢ + 3 sin 41)) = L {e~* cos 41} + 3L {e-* sin 4¢} = (s+3)? +4! (s+3)? +4? Example 3. Find the Laplace transform of ¢? sin at, Sol. Since uy 2-2 es By the first shifting theorem, we have s+15 +63 +25" 2 2(8 + ia)® L {telat} = eS tay (s-ia)® [(s~ia)(s+ia)}® § estoy or —_L {cos at +i sin at)) = 2{(s" ~ 8a*s) + i(8as* - a*)} (s? +a?)®THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 1027 Equating the imaginary parts on both sides, we get 2a (3s? - a”) (s? +42)? Example 4. Find the Laplace transform of te sin 3t. Lit? sin at} = Sol. Since Lig=4 By the first shifting theorem, we have : i (s +31)? a le ee aee Le = Bran?” e864 30 or Li ft{eos &¢ +i sin 3x) = = 9)+ Bis +9) Equating the imaginary parts on both sides, we get ; és L[¢ sin 3¢] = ea? Again applying the first shifting theorem, we have Bs+4) (6+ 4) Lie tin 34} = 8044). : se tae OF | Ge? + 89+ 25) Example 5. Find the Laplace transform of fit) defined as woe e, whenOT. = [Te ee ec neg Sol. Lifol= fe f@dt= |e pats fre sin If L lol = F(), show that L { i( Al = of (as). 2, Show that L (sin ke sinh ke) = ft ra Show that 22g? : 2as i =o @ Liesin at} = yng (i) Lit cos at) = “aa Find the Laplace transform of fit) defined as int, O| + 10. ==" _ 2a te Tal 463+ 34 er Pe s? +a") 16 VB 2a(s - a) a 13. aT 4.6. a (s? + 28 + 5) 264 +o? +1) (s? - 2as + 2a?) 1 “(2 4) yy 1te™ ans ‘ 1 ) slsere) Ogres -3 wo) ww) “ZS em es eT (2+ 38+ 39%) + “> (68-1) 8 aKaplooe Transforn Q. Evaluoke Ki nina - dessot}. Seliction + Ne habe oLtet ae Now, diet = Gay Bria “Yering 1, L8 (Coat spina) = © aie Equabing real pals bream bath Aiden, we gt Ait eee Fagin dpi 2 Be +o" di tinat —obnadl = pind) - I hare a - re * Be @ue at) ot j Aino - » Evadbuot 7 | esas: ; ie hse — a have, . | ane coe | tases “2 real 5 oy Exyiting we gt LSkaon at \= Aah Cr)-: i} Aino —2heonat) . ol Spann ~ 2.olSteast | ee ee ce (er4y- _ 2[h+4) -2le-4) ~ (ers) = 16 (Hy ie, » 8 Ainnt — akeanaky = er “Lh at (sinat - een] = (esa le. 1 ol (mat ater) = Fae Gro) ®Q Shes that LS snkkachee = 2S ake Sebati. He have, Lana) = te Atk” kt and Airhkt ee ) Nea, Lsetaitd = Gare Kitt Goma —O Ayn, Liisa |= Gio a, Lia) Beaaage © ol fanktsinhit) = off 48 inks} = dds Mein y~ bol fE sink} | Po kK =O) Boies? PaneaK) ais i Bi Dkiv¢ RO BMD AK ZL Ba RAE ep @=£/ ‘ | att. Gayeeay| | eee At ABR TRIB Re 3K5 At +AKt . aks : - LR sinkhsinhts') = AEA (sheer) Q Fink the Laplace dnanrform ob f(t) defined ov f@) ={4-al¢ ltl , 4x0 Séution, atten td, f= He- ttt =tei+ttl 7. Hhen oft2 4 , = je-sleleril > |-a-lle+il 2 \-t+t+! =2: ol} Seah - (sen | of 7 fe" wat + [afaoat 4 of -| vou + (ate Vg = 2[ee sae fee att =a gaye [i ofr = 25-F) 42-8 wo +d (eu) ~a(g-2) 42/2 a, =2 2(,-E)+2| She | _2-L+ Pre“) “fol = AU+E) (a) ;