Diseases of the

Respiratory System
By:Marchelle Fae Esmalla & Jegger Faith Helleres
Overview
01 DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
03 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND
PLEURA

DISEASES OF THE UPPER LIFE –THREATENING LUNG

02 RESPIRATORY TRACT 04 DISORDER
 DIAGNOSIS OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
SYMPTOMS:
-Chest Pain
-Cough
-Shortness of breath
-hemoptysis
-wheezing
 01
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
 ROENTGENOGRAPHY
-(X-rays of the chest) helps the
diagnosis of many types of the chest
diseases

TOMOGRAPHY -(Body section X-rays) facilitates the

study of suspicious areas by focusing at
the depths in the thoracic cavity

LUNG SCAN
The patient either inhales
or given a gamma-ray-
emitting material.

PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY

If a Pulmonary embolus is
A relatively recent innovation
suspected , a catheter can be
used in the assessment of chest
passed through the right side of the
disease is also called CT Scan.
heart and into the pulmonary
artery.
SPUTUM SPECIMEN
It helps in the diagnosis of infection in the
respiratory system. Abnormal cells from
tumor are also sometimes present in the
sputum and sputum cytological
examination may be done

BRONCONSCOPY
It can be used to visualize directly the upper
airway and bronchi and to obtain specimen of
tissues for microscopic examination if a tumor
is suspected.
TUBERCULIN TEST
Several different types of tuberculin skin test are used. All are
based on the fact that about 6-8 weeks after the body has
been invaded by the tubercle bacillus, the body develops am
allergy to organism. About 48-72 hours after an intra dermal
injection of tuberculin, if positive , a person develop an are of
induration (swelling and redness ) at the site of injection.

PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST

Performed to asses lungs function related
either to the movement of air in and out of
lungs (ventilation) or to the diffusion of gasses
across the alveolar capillary membrane.
 02
DISEASES OF THE
UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT
SINUSITIS
It is an infection of the paranasal
sinuses, because the mucous
membrane that lines these

EPITAXIS
a nosebleed that may be caused by
trauma or ulceration of the lining of
the nose. Breathing excessively dry
air, small tumors, or polyps can also
cause epistaxis

TONSILLITIS
Commonly affects children between ages 5-10.
symptoms may include a sore throat causing
painful swallowing , fever , chills , malaise and
swelling of lymph glands
THE COMMON COLD
It is an acute viral infection that causes
inflammation of upper respiratory tract.
Symptoms are pharyngitis, headache ,
nasal congestion, malaise, and lethargy.

INFLUENZA Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection

of the respiratory tract characterized by fever,
chills, cough, headache, and malaise.

CANCER OF THE LARYNX

The larynx participates in both the cough and speech
mechanisms. Major predisposing factors for laryngeal cancer
include cigarette smoking and alcoholism. Early symptoms include
persistent hoarseness and difficulty in swallowing.
 CROUP
-Croup is an upper respiratory tract disease that most frequently
affects children between three months and four years of age.
-Croup is usually viral in origin and frequently follows an upper
respiratory tract infection.
-Clinical symptoms that suggest croup include respiratory
distress, inspiratory stridor, and a characteristic barking cough.

EPIGLOTIS
-Epiglottitis is an acute bacterial inflammation
of the epiglottis that can induce life-
threatening airway obstruction.
-Epiglottitis is frequently seen in children
between the ages of two and twelve.
-It is more common in males.
 03
DISEASES OF
THELUNGS AND
PLUERA
PNUEMONIA
-Pneumonia is an acute inflammatory process of the lungs and
has many possible causes.
-Community-acquired pneumonias are most frequently
pneumococcal in origin, although other bacteria, viruses, and
protozoa may be implicated.
PLUERISY
-Pleurisy, which usually is secondary to some other
respiratory disease, is an inflammation of the pleurae.
-It takes two forms: pleurisy with effusion and Dry
pluerisy

TUBERCOLOSIS
-Tuberculosis is a chronic disease caused by the bacillus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis or other mycobacteria.
-The organism is usually transmitted by droplet infection.
-when a person with active tuberculosis sneezes or coughs,
the organisms spread through the air and may be inhaled by
someone else.
 PULMONARY EMBOLISM & INFRACTION

-Pulmonary embolism is defined as an obstruction of the pulmonary

circulatory system caused by a dislodged thrombus (blood clot at
its origin), air, fat, tumor cells, or other foreign material.
-Pulmonary infarction is the necrosis of lung tissue due to an interruption of
blood supply, usually as the result of an embolism.

LUNG CANCER
-Tumor in lungs usually produce no symptoms until the growth
is fairly advanced.
-At this point patient may have cough producing mucopurulent
or blood-streaked sputum.
 ENVIRONMENTAL LUNG DISORDER

-Environmental lung diseases result from the inhalation of a variety of

pathogenic gases or forms of particulate matter.
-Pneumoconiosis (nu'mo-ko-ne-o'sis) is a group of pulmonary
problems resulting from the inhalation of dust particles
-Silicosis (sil-e-ko'sis) is a disease caused by the inhalation of silica dust
over a prolonged period.

-
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DIESEASES

CHRONIC
BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA BRONCHIECTASIS
Is a disease in which the
there is an increase in airways distal to the There is an irreversible
coughing and mucus terminal non respiratory dilation of brochial tree.
production for at least bronchioles are enlarged in Two types are Saccular and
three months per year for two the association with Cylindrical.
consecutive years. destruction of the aveolar
walls
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DIESEASES

BROCHIAL ASTHMA CYSTIC FIBROSIS

It is disease characterized by
-Is the common cause of severe chronic
increased tracheal and brachial
diseases in children and young adults.
responsiveness to various stimuli.
-It is a genetic disorder that affects the
Types : Extrinsic and Intrinsic
other organs as well the lungs.
 TREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASES
●Treatment of obstructive lung disorders is symptomatic and includes
techniques such a
●chest physical therapy and postural drainage too assist in the removal of
secretions.
● Oxygen therapy is frequently necessary to treat hypoxemia, but care should
be taken to limit the concentration and duration to the absolute minimum
required. Oxygen should be treated like other drugs that have significant side
effects.
●Bronchodilators are administered to treat bronchospasm, relieve mucosal
edema, and increase the strength of contraction of the diaphragm.
 TREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASES
●Adequate hydration helps keep secretions thin so they
can be more easily
expectorated.
●Only if more conservative therapy fails and arterial
blood gases deteriorate
● should endotracheal intubation and mechanical
ventilation be considered.
●There is no evidence that mechanical ventilation
increases life expectancy in obstructive lung diseases.
 04
LIFE- THREATENING
LUNG DISORDER
INFANT RESPIRATORU DISTRESS SYNDREME
(IRDS) is the leading cause of death in the neonate. At
high risk are premature infants, infants delivered by
cesarean section, and the baby born to
a mother with diabetes.
The cause of IRDS is immaturity of the lungs
and a corresponding deficiency of surfactant

ADULT RESPIRATORU DISTRESS SYNDREME (ARDS)

Is a form of acute respiratory failure with numerous causes.
These numerous etiologies are indicated in the different
synonyms for ARDS including "shock lung," "posttraurnatic
pulmonary insufticiency," "noncardiogenic pulmonary edema,"
and "Da Nang Lung." The name "Da Nang Lung" was
originated during the Vietnam conflict when wounded soldiers
developed severe pulmonary complications
CHEST TRAUMA Blunt chest trauma, such as occurs in, auto-mobile
accident, normally causes minimal pulmonary
complications other than pain and tenderness in the
affected area. Occasionally, the lungs themselves are
"bruised" by the accident, and respiratory failure with
carbon dioxide and hypoxemia may result.
.

PNEUMOTHORAX
A pneumothorax is an abnormal accumulation
of air in the pleural space separating the visceral
and parietal pleura. There are two major categories
of pneumothorax, spontaneous and traumatic.
THE END
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