Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. a PD Sensors & Applications Transformers Karl Haubner - HV Applications Engineer - Asia Pacific khaubner@doble.com +61 417178026N Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. VTE nOMToRND BACT Backround: PD Monitoring of Power Transformers Causes for PD generation * contamination, manufacturing issues, incorrect design * aging due to electrical, thermal and mechanical stresses in operation General complete information about a PD activity * its intensity (might be apparent charge q) PD -Yes/No? * its type D - If yes, where? (voids, etc.; failure identification) ts ® its location — especially in transformers the (appraise the severity of the fault) PD location is of greatam LDIC Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. Electrical PD diagnostic techniques PD measuring circuits according to IEC 60270 often applied in on-site/on- line PD investigations frequently used circuit test laboratories D : — a fine a) coupling device in series with the coupling capacitor © b) measurement at a bushing tap Components: AC voltage source U, optional blocking impedance Z, coupling capacitor Cy, measuring impedance Z,,, a measuring instrument M and generalized test object C,AD, N Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. ae LDICS Electrical detection of partial discharge Offline In accordance with IEC 60270 ® Signals can be measured via Coupling capacitors bushings tap, via the neutral HF-CT, specific sensors etc. Acceptable max level ranges ® 300 pC at 1.3 Um ® 500 pC at 1.5 Um ® continuous PD lower than 100 pC at 1.1 Um * Many utilities specify much lower (e.g <50pC limits) = = |am LDICIS Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability.4 LDICS Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability MS Pe eteses eee Field Test of Large Power Transformers (I ital PD Measuring System LD:am LDIC Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. VTE nOMToRND BACT Electrical PD diagnostic techniques PD Measuring Impedance for Bushing Tap Installation = Decoupling of PD signals from the bushing tap * in a wide frequency range up to 30 MHz © Lower cut-off frequency < 60 kHz * Additional voltage signal for phase-resolved measurements = Superimposed PD and test voltage signal "Very fast and safe over-voltage protection * TNC-socket for signal output * Dimensions: diameter 125 mm, length 120 mm; Weight: 2 ka = Special feature for continuous PD monitoring (IP 68)PD Guard Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. LDIC idole} [atued Signal Processing: “FPGA based digital signal processing Pre-configured digital fiters (low & high cutoff - Embedded RTOS-computer =PD signal resolution: 12 bit bipolar + Accuracy at 50I60 Hz: 0.3 degree Pulse repetition frequency: 50 kHz PD Signal and low frequency syne. signal on same signal path (only one cable needed) Enclosure: IP6S for al industrial surroundings Weight: 6k Dimensions: 330 x 280 x 110 mm Power Supply: 100 V to 240 VAC, S0/60H2, < 25 W Interfaces: - TCPIIP interface 10 Mbps / 100 Mbps Trigger Source: Phase, Internal Mains, External = Extem Trigger Input Connector +4 channel PD Input on TNC Connectors “1 Gating channel for suppression of external For PD Sensors: Capacitive, Inductive, Bushing Tap (Transformers) Applications: Rotating Machines & Generators. Transformers cis ~ Cables Software Interfaces: = ActiveX Control = DCOM-interface (Distributed Component Object Model)am LDICIE Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. VTE nOMToRND BACT vanced tools for monitoring — Electromagnetic PD Tests Cone-shaped drain valve UHF-sensors * for the decoupling of electromagnetic PD signals from the inner of an oil-paper-insulated transformer * PD-signals in the UHF frequency range (e.g. 300 MHz ~ 1 GHz) * sensors support ,Performance/Sensitivity Check" (high-frequency test impulses can be injected via Cone-shaped active UHF-sensor additionally integrated electrode) (DN 50/80 oil gate-valve) * sensor head is grounded (for lower frequencies) se = sensor application at oil drain valves View from inside the transformeram LDICS Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. OO erent enmnie plaere Advanced tools for PD monitoring -E ectromagnetic PD Tests Cone-shaped drain valve UHF-sensorsam LDIC Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. vanced tools for monitoring ectromagn Tests : Example for a single-port performance check * Functional check of the whole measuring path Including sensors and partial discharge (PD) output path: acquisition system through injection of high- input path frequency test impulses Cone-shaped active UHF-sensor * _,single-port® solutions are possible (DN 50/80 oil gate-valve) * the Performance Check ,controls* e.g. the effect of a a gree contact to grounded elements within the oil valve. Pr i | UHF PD i io spectra for || Phase-resolved du grounded and ff || view in UHF PD i ungrounded || device LDS-6/UHF 7 sensor head ‘ ! nua Gham LDIC vanced tools for monitoring — Electromagn Tests Case study A - test laboratory UHF PD measurement of a 450 MVA autotransformer Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. UHF PD pulse recorded at max. 70 pC electr. PD level He ; corresponding + top view of the 3-phase UHF PD 2 400KV transformer, with spectrum up & position of the gate-valve to 1 GHz UHF-sensor “ Application benefit: * customer wanted to assure that sporadic electrically recorded strong PD is external to transformer * clear UHF signals during moderate PD activity and no UHF signals during activity which was visible the electrical PD measurementAD, N Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. > LDIC iN Advanced tools for PD monitoring - Acoustic PD location Alternatives of arrival time based positi triangulation 1. Mixed-acoustic methods: senSor 3 * electro-acoustic PD _Zensor 2 (test laboratory or on-site/off-line) * electromagnetic- acoustic sensor 1 (test laboratory or on-site, off-line or on-line) Observation equations: unknowns x, y,2 Input parameters: : sensor coordinates, 2. All-acoustic methods: sound velocty, meas. * all-acoustic time difference. (test laboratory or onsite, off-line or on-line schematic view of a transformer with reduced sensitivity) tank with acoustic sensorsam LDICS Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability MS Pe eteses eee LDA-6 SYSTEM SETUP - COMBINED ELECTRICAL AND ACOUSTIC PD MEASUREMENT EXTERNAL / ELECTRICAL poisus TRIGGER Acoustic PD Detection (1)am LDIC Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. ‘Location Results’ - GPS Bancroft Algorithm (EL Triggering) Averaged evaluation / pulse averaging (left) and cluster of several evaluated AE trigger events (right)am LDICS Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability PD Sensors & Applications SwitchgearSolutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. In MV switchgear often high humidity leading to surface tracking, material defects and incorrect assembly are responsible for PD activitySolutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability oe Examples of earth fault air insulated S/GSolutions ectric Power Safety and Reliability Tests to determine insulation condition Partial Discharge Test Trolley for off- line testing. (new setup % of sizeSolutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. Touch... ‘i GABLE terminationSolutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. Case Study Surface Tracking 2006 Switchboard was tested off-line and PD was detected. Location was using acoustic detector TEV MicroTev did not indicate problem Ultrasonic dete: n very sensitive for this kind of defect am LDICIEam LoL iN Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability, ‘eS wate newTonne «ouch ‘The PD Surveyor™- Examples of Use “Sconce and Technology in Power Engineering” & Eyidole} Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. Case Study - PD in CT BUS-DAP ciineice-vorshine v56) : PW ‘Saree | Meee | @sw | @127 | @ 153am LDIC Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. VTE nOMToRND BACT Case Study Significant deterioration of a 30 year old 11 kV switchboard DCSep ; @ | vite | Desc | HMMM pp er ee Rar | ttGoiee| Destin | Gay | © | @76 | meatine Bar| @201N)) Ror | @63 Extinction Err ecg crt eeE EEE uU| 6 aor BM)|/d DD > ~av 2) 74 |) 0s 400| 0D D > ~Tav QcR38* 24KVine i Ro sctgTF 17M) | 1K) 180 | Soraam LoL fety and Reliability 28: Test « oon Wa Solutions for Electric Powe Case Study Significant deterioration of a 30 year old 11 kV switchboardSolutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability 28 =Dy N Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. > LDICS UHF - PD-Sensors for GIS Detector Detector Cage ~ UHF-Window Sensor - Internal UHF- Sensors Field grading electrodesss GIS UHF Spectrum assy am LDICES Kea Typical Partial Discharge Spectra prota prow Partial discharge o MHz 4800 MHz 0 Mitz 4800 Miz Frequency Frequency ange set co p02" 208 2or-paeeidole} Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. - Examples Field Applica tionExamples of readings am LDIC Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. VTE nOMToRND BACT ¢ Phase resolved plot: Background noise/no flaws: Partial discharge: 15m LEVEL SYNC. LEVEL/ SYNC. Degree’Examples of readings Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. LDIC ¢ Particles: Continuous Mode: Partical Mode: 0 RMS value 200 mV [p00 mv LEVEL INTERVAL 0 Periodic peak value = S00 0 Frequency I content Son 0 Frequency 2 content Son = \ H | : ! : 200 msSolutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. PD Sensors & Applications i Cables Ya jam LDIC Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. VTE nOMToRND BACT Diagnostic testing of medium voltage cable systems Examples for defective sites which can cause PD in PILC cables dry area lead corrosion with water penetration Field strength increased Several metersam LDIC Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. VTE nOMToRND BACT Examples of typical PD types in Polymeric insulated cables Water tree with Electrical tree Sy Detachment cracks 7 Cavities Semicon Layer Protrusion @ \Vented- tree an der auSeren Leitschicht mit einer Lange von 2:38 mm mit aufgesetziem Electrical ‘Abb. 1 : Mogliche TE- Stellen in VPE- Kabeln tree ‘Quelle: ABE Energickabel GmbHam LDICIS Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. were ie a Most frequent PD sources in cable accessories jéiminations Possible PD fault locationsam LDIC Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. VTE nOMToRND BACT Diagnostic testing of medium voltage cable systems How to localise defective sites PD pulses (~ up to 1/1000 of a 1.5 V battery) PD decoupling \ Defective site(s) Several km. Data recording and Available voltage sources: evaluating unit, - operating frequency [50 Hz] pace -tattenuated oscillation [30-90 Hz] tS -*variable frequency [25-80 Hz] Sinan nee prea = VLF [0,1 He] - pulse voltages “used by.Us.LDICHS Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. Diagnostics on Distribution Cables Compact-PD Cable test van with rear and OWTS M 28 | interior view / and 60 portable Standalone unitsam LOICS Solutiot Getting the volts on site is the big issue. 38Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. On-site testing and PD measurement on a On-site testing and PD measurement on a 150 kV XLPE cable at KEMA, The 150 kV external gas pressurized cable at a Netherlands, 1994 Dutch utility Nuon, The Netherlands, 2007Dy N Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. doble LDIC iN On-Line PD Sensors Permanent * Joints/Terminations with built in capacitive couplers (very rare mostly at HV/EHV) Temporary/Permanent * High Frequency Current Transformer (HFCT) = Rogowski Coils (not as sensitive as HFCT)“Science and Technology in Power Engineering” igh Frequency CT Generally useful sensor used primarily to detect Cable PD's by attaching the spit- core sensor around the earth strap or core of the HV cable. Can also be used to test ‘other types of high voltage plant, ‘TEV’ type probe Generally useful sensor ~ magnetically attached and used to detect ‘local’ discharges in all types of metalclad hy plantOn-line PD detection using HFCT aM LDIC Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. VTE nOMToRND BACT PD conductor current = PD earth current = pees pi A eset reece won e aie OK erased sn OK ersusvsoans OK rss) No Signal solu ianSolutions for Electric Po. fety and Reliability. Earth Strap Arrangements with Insulated Glands = Suitable for On-Line Cable PD Testing IIKV cable box with high frequency er ener eens erent eaSolutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. oe On-Line PD Test Methodam LDIC Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. VTE nOMToRND BACT Longshot Data Capture Method Whole periods captured synchronously Threshold level for number of pulses per cycle Noise waveforms can be used for ‘gating’ external pulsed interference Period divided up into slots, and peak detected for each slot This is the way the PDGOLD software works using an oscilloscope front end in peak detector mode i.e. PD pulses bees - Pulse threshold level for Counting PD pulsesSolutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. MS Typical Cable PD Pulse Shape The PD magnitude in picoCoulombs (pC) is the area under the PD pulse. ‘Segment view This can be calculated from the output voltage of the HFCT using the HFCT’s transfer impedance, Zrp 1 pulseend Qnp =z [Vout Rise time Pulse Width _ Fall time oeOn-line Cable PD Mapping (Location) — with Portable Transponder and PDMAP® Software Results in: Detection of the location of Critical Sites, Defective Cable Accessories or Sections of Cables Detailed data from which repair and/or replace decisions on defective cable Joints, terminations and cable sections can be made. Identification of Circuits Chosen for Continuous, Long Term MonitoringSolutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. PD Pulse propagation am LDIC a jl) Measurement End PD event Remote End Direct pulse Reflected pulse AT = Time difference between [os oF direct and reflected pulses. = Retum time for cable ALam LDIC Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. : VTE nOMToRND BACT Formula for PD Location Direct pulse Retlected pulse AT~ Time difference between ain direct and reflected pulses. = Return time for cableam LDIC 33kV Mixed Paper/Polymer/EPR ~ 2677m long PD Levels = 6,200pC and 9,100pC 7000 6,000 & § 5000 E 4.000 5 3000 2000 1,000 ole if 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 G0 65 90 95 100 105 Location (% along cable)am LDICIS Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability. Test set-up for on-site-pd-measurement on 380- kV-joint PD device _ 380 kV- JP PEE pstector C4 Coal ==Liabili Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Ri Setup and signals of directional coupling for detection of PD from joints De eH ae B direct. coupling direct. coupling AB cD [_______| “signal at coupling output _| impulse source / -No| Bian joint 74 = | Xx left cable /2 x | - [right cable /3 - | Xxam UU Test set-up for on-site-pd-measurement on 380- kV-joint Solutions for Electric Power Safety and Reliability.ADs N ER WHE SEES power Safety and Reliability. > LDIC iN Inductive Decoupling Sensor Capacitive Decoupling Sensor for grounded terminations for ungrounded terminations CyERUMAE SAMESEE Power Safety and Reliability