Shukla1

‘A STUDY OF GENDER ISSUES IN

FRIENDS’

Term Paper
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

B. A. Hons. in English

by

Name: Avantika Shukla

Roll No. 18/UENG/007

Under the Mentorship of

Ms Simran Mittal

Department of English and Modern European Languages University

School of Humanities and Social Sciences Gautam Buddha
University
Greater Noida, UP (India) June-2021
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Department of English and Modern

European Languages School of Humanities and Social
Sciences
Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida

Proforma for Submission of Term Paper

(Note: This Proforma duly filled in all respects should be submitted along with 5 copies of the Term Paper)

Department: English and Modern European Languages Year: 2021

Name of the Programme: B.A (Hons) English Semester: Vl
Name of the Course: World Literature Course Code - EN 310

1. Name of the student. Avantika Shukla

2. Roll No.: 18/UENG/007

3. Title of the Term Paper: ‘A Study of Gender Issues in Friends'

4. Name of the Mentor: Ms Simran Mittal

Declaration by the Candidate

I hereby declare that the term paper titled, “A Study of Gender Issues in Friends'.” submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the degree of B. A. Hons. in English is a record of an original research work
carried out by me under the mentorship of Ms Simran Mittal I further declare that the work reported in this term
paper has not been submitted either in part or in full for the award of any other degree or diploma of this University
or of any other University.

Greater Noida Signature of the Candidate

Date: 05/06/2021 Avantika Shukla
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Certificate by the Supervisor

This is to certify that the Term Paper titled “A Study of Gender Issues in Friends” submitted by Mr./Ms.

Avantika Shukla In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of B. A. Hons. in

English is a record of an original research work carried out by him/her under my mentorship.

Signature

Name of the Supervisor:

Department:

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The term paper titled “A Study of Gender Issues in Friends” submitted by Mr./Ms. Avantika Shukla is
forwarded for further processing and evaluation.

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Place: Greater Noida

Date:……………..
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"A Study of Gender Issues in

Friends"
ABSTRACT

The world-famous sitcom by David Crane and Martha Kauffman ‘FRIENDS’

inconspicuously displays various traces of gender issues throughout the 10 seasons. The

sitcom is a labyrinth as it makes you question your own beliefs, one route leads to sugar

coated humour filled with gender differences and stereotypes which are hard to go

unnoticed and another just some reckless addictive comedy. The overall purpose of this

study is to showcase the gender differences and stereotypes as well as the toxic

behaviour inhabited by certain characters. The following paper will investigate and be

the torchbearer to disclose homophobia, sexism, sexual harassment and body shaming

by using different feminist methodologies, generated theories and investigating in the

depth, psychology of the characters. The interpretation is important, not only to

understand how gender affects the working of the characters but also to understand the

societal values that are embedded in their working.

Keywords : Patriarchy, Gender studies, Women, stereotype, Sitcom, Sexism

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INTRODUCTION.

From binge-watching a whole season in one sitting to writing my thesis on the

same show wasn't as easy as it seems because once you know the basics of gender issues

and discrimination, things are not as funny as you thought they were or we just don’t live

in a world where gender issues do not exist. A little background check - David Crane and

Marta Kauffman produced an American television sitcom 'Friends, which aired on NBC

from September 22, 1994, to May 6, 2004, lasting 10 seasons with the collaborative cast

starring Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlanc, Matthew Perry

and David Schwimmer. The show originally produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane

production, in association with Warner Bros revolves around six friends in their 20s and

30s who live in Manhattan, New York City.

The show goes something like this- the bride-to-be Rachel runs from her

wedding to a dentist Barry and trips upon her high school aka childhood friend Monica

Geller in the nearest local café Central Perk. Monica is the controlling freak, Joey

Tribbiani, the womanizer friend who can’t get enough of food, the funky masseuse

Phoebe Buffay, sensible guy Chandler Bing who uses sarcasm as a coping mechanism

and Ross, a palaeontologist who is one of the greatest examples of male fragility not

forgetting the toxicity part (also used to have a crush on Rachel). Monica lets Rachel

move in with her in the massive apartment she lives in, which is also located across the

hall from where Joey and Chandler live and Phoebe and Ross live close enough but are

seen most of the time in Monica’s apartment. After Love-Hate aka toxic love cross of

Rachel and Ross and copious amounts of mischief involving plentiful coupling of the

characters, everyone lives happily ever after at the end.

Though the series was a worldwide success, it has mishandled some delicate

subjects throughout the show. In my thesis, I would like to elucidate upon the construction
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of female gender and sexuality subjectively while studying each character in depth.

Gender politics plays a very significant role in literature just as it plays an important role

in other fields. So, before we begin our discussion it is extremely essential to know the

difference between sex and gender. The concept was taken up by Stoller, who introduced

a distinction between sex and gender (1,2): sex refers to the biological fact being male or

female, whereas gender indicates the preponderant amount of masculinity or femininity

found in a single person. Core gender identity is, to Stoller, the overall sense of "being a

male or a female," present in a child in the first year of life. Money and Ehrhardt further

defined gender identity as the private experience of gender role and gender role as the

public expression of gender identity (3). Friedman enumerated different pathological

categories related to gender identity disturbances in childhood (4).

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LITERATURE REVIEW.

The friendship between six friends- Monica Geller the OCD Chef, with

parental issues and a perfect example of how it's important to lose weight to be accepted

by the people, Rachel Green the woman to leave a man at the altar, and later sleeps with

the same guy who assaulted her friend (Phoebe), Ross Geller the perfect example of

fragile masculinity and toxicity, who also has a crush on Rachel. Chandler the

Homophobic guy who uses sarcasm as a coping mechanism, Phoebe Buffay the masseuse

who get sexually harassed by Paolo, Rachel’s boyfriend. Joey Tribbiani is a womanizer

but unknowingly has been a victim of sexual abuse since the age of 15. The famous theme

song “I’ll be there for you" kicks in the nostalgia of our beloved show Friends being a

huge hit back in the 90s is still an obsession for many adults and teenagers. The show

revolves around friendship, love, comedy, sex and a huge catastrophe of gender issues.

The show is a roller-coaster ride of a group of friends in their 20s and ending in their 30s.

Though the show is famous for its comedy, the show has been criticized for

homophobia, sexism, sexual harassment and body shaming.

"Concept is OK, but the humor’s less sophisticated than expected from the

exec producers of HBO's comedy series “Dream On,” and the dialogue is not exactly

snappy. Ross: “I honestly don’t know if I’m hungry or horny!” Chandler: “Stay out of

my freezer.” Moral and health issues are sidestepped altogether: “Friends” touts

promiscuity and offers liberal samples of an openness that borders on empty-

headedness. It’s not much of a positive example for juves, though.” - From Variety,

September 22, 1994 [Review: Friends]:

The toxicity of the sitcom is at its best, though being critiqued about the

unhealthy and offensive jokes the series is still the torchbearer of classic
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American comedy. The 90s may be called the age of leniency but in 2021 the

series should be taken seriously as the young audience is easily influenced. -From

the Washington Post, September 22, 1994 [not archived online, sadly]:

NBC’s new sitcom “Friends” comes across like a 30-minute commercial

for Dockers or Ikea or light beer, except it’s smuttier. One character says he

dreamed he had a telephone for a penis and when it rang, “it turns out it’s my

mother.” And this is in the first five minutes.

Another ghastly creation from professional panderers Marta Kauffman and

David Crane, the witless duo who do “Dream On” for HBO, “Friends” is more a

scripted talk show than a sitcom. You keep waiting for Sally Jessy or some other

cluck to interrupt the jabbering. The show is so bad that Sally Jessy would

actually come as a relief. The stars include that cute Courteney Cox, formerly

funny David Schwimmer, Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlanc and Matthew Perry. They

all look nice, and it’s sad to see them degrading themselves.

"Anatomy is destiny" was Freud's shibboleth (5). For him, narcissistic

completion was equated with having a penis, and narcissistic inferiority, proper to

women, was traced to not having a penis. For Freud, the bedrock of women was

penis envy, shame was a female emotion related to weakness, and repression at

puberty was required before the clitoris gave way to the vagina and masculinity to

femininity(6). He distinguished between sexual and genital concepts and referred to

the castration complex as a psychic organize.

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METHODOLOGY

The paper elucidates gender-related issues like body shaming, trauma,

harassment and gender experience from a psychoanalytical and feminist lens. In

the world-famous sitcom Friends, though being a sensation and obsession for

more than an average number of people, Friends is a show that has mishandled

certain topics that are more serious than they seem.

A descriptive approach is followed. In my paper, I have tried to focus on the

major gender issues

– Sexism, homophobia, gender role, and tried to do one feminist

psychoanalysis to understand the characters in depth. Societal norms are

created to differentiate between genders.

I was completely able to understand this topic, analyzing the gender-

based discrimination and its consequences by deconstructing the series through

the lens of feminist perspective, and a comparative analysis of gender role,

homophobia, sexism and domination using insights from feminist scholars

exposing how the sexist conclusion was derived from psychology's deep

androcentric bias where men are regarded as the ‘norm’ and women, by

default, are regarded as either irrelevant for understanding the human

experience or deficient – a problem (Crawford & Marecek, 1989; Hare-

Mustin, 1990; Mugnusson & Marecek, 2017; Tavris, 1993) and the

deconstruction the character are done from a feminist perspective.

The inherent psychological necessity that men hold over women i.e.;
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the theory of oppression which is also known as psychoanalytic feminism is

what this paper deals with. The deep rootedness of men’s compulsion to

dominate women and women’s acts of submission by being in a silent zone or

showing little to no resistance to suppression is deeply embedded in the

human mind. To understand the depth of human psychology in order to have a

better understanding and bring in change, it’s important to study the topic

extensively. Patriarchy is amalgamated with oppression that works in a cyclic

motion, reproducing and nurturing it. ”With the attentiveness of

psychoanalysis technique to study the difference between men and women,

sex and gender & its construction, societal change, or a “cure,” can be

developed through discovering the source of domination in men's psyche and

subordination in women's, which largely resides unrecognized in individuals'

unconscious”.

Quoting Judith Butler the American philosopher and gender theorist “The

human is understood differentially depending on its race, the legibility of that race, its

morphology, the recognizability of that morphology, its sex, the perceptual

verifiability of that sex, its ethnicity, the categorical understanding of that ethnicity.

Certain humans are recognized as less than human, and that form of qualified

recognition does not lead to a viable life. Certain humans are not recognized as human

at all, and that leads to yet another order of unlivable life. If part of what desire wants

is to gain recognition, then gender, insofar as it is animated by a desire, will want

recognition as well”
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DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Ross is the perfect example of fragile masculinity and a perfect toxic

partner. Ross's character is the most toxic and suffocating character in the whole

series. He is a complicated character and sometimes it is hard to decode his

behaviour.

“Ross is a classic example of a guy who regards his masculinity as

under perpetual attack. According to Dr Darcia Narvaez, boys who grow up

feeling insecure have difficulties behaving in a way that is ‘fiercely

egalitarian’. And when these boys grow up, they become insecure men who

cope by attempting to dominate." As Dr. Narvaez writes, the fragile male "uses

his survival instincts— territoriality, rivalry, routines, and group loyalty—to

move through the social world.” (1)

Ross has a constant urge to dominate the women or mark his territory –

he makes his perfect place in the Patriarchal world. Ross marking his territory

elucidates upon women being treated as material possession as the territory is

usually marked over a piece of land. His dominating and possessive behaviour

is unbearable to watch when he orchestrates Rachel's job to keep her in New

York, he tries everything he could to make her stay back in New York. He

didn’t even consider what she wanted.

Ross: Not only did we go out, but we also did it 298 times!

Rachel: Ross!! Oh my--ugh!! You kept count?! You are such a loser!

Ross: A loser you did it with (To the

salesman) 298 times! (Rachel pushes

on the couch and pushes Ross out

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the door.)

“We did it 298 times”- (Ross giving numbers to a salesman for how many

times he did it with Rachel, just to prove himself. Clinical psychologist Dr John-

Carta-Falsa (pers. comm. October 31 st, 1992) pointed out that, when men discuss

with one another their sexual relations with women, they are being (covertly)

sexual with one another. Adding to his observation that, when men get together to

talk about “fucking” women, “scoring” or their sexual conquests, they are

communicating to one another that, although they have sex with women, their

emotional bonds are with one another.

They are saying to their male companion “you are more important to me

than the woman with whom I had sex” (Perhaps this is why the individual females

with whom men have sex are not all that important to many of them.) They are

also communicating that their sexual relations with women are for exploitation,

such talk by men puts the male listeners in the sex act with the male speaker and

the woman. The companion is invisible, but they are there with the man doing the

"fucking" sharing in his victory of the exploitation of a woman, the men’s bonds

strengthened by the sharing, united in their subjugating of femaleness." (1)

Graham. L.R Dee, Loving to survive: sexual terror, Men's Violence, and

Women’s Lives.

In today’s culture it takes degrading, humiliating, controlling, and/or

inflicting pain on women for many men to “come,” that is, to reach orgasm, or

even just to have a sexual, erotic experience. The fact that pornography is a

multibillion-dollar industry-financed overwhelmingly by men, says that it is not

just a small minority of men who seek female degrading of their sexual pleasure.
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If men’s love for women is healthy or real it should not take degradation or

humiliation of women, or inflicting pain on us. – and perhaps most or even all-

men to have the profound emotional and physiological experiences associated

with sex.

Season 2nd Episode 20th [The one

where old yeller dies]

“Ben won’t be too competitive” –

Ross to Rachel

The aforementioned behaviour of Ross puts across the idea of how men

don't see women as their competition like they see their fellow mates. Several

studies prove that men are more competitive than women and women perform

poorly just because they are afraid that they’ll lose. (1) “Women’s voices and

agency have been at the heart of this project. Mainstream feminists focused on

increasing women's access to male-dominated intuitions, especially those

controlling political and economic power. They fought against the perception of

women as weak, often irrational, in need of protection and best suited for

domestic life. Salvation was sought from revolutionary feminist heroines willing

to stand up for women’s right and to speak out against patriarchal authorities and

power structure”. “Gender and development (GAD) advocate also placed women's

voice and agency at the heart of the struggle for gender equality, defining the

agency as the ability to recognize social injustice and to act/speak out against it”.

In simple terms this patriarchal society can be considered silent, which brings up

the concept of the silent zone, Ross not thinking of a girl child as a competition to

his male child brings out more clearly the above concept as he is talking about
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someone who is yet to be born, which shows that this concept is deeply embedded

in him. Men deny the fact that female sexuality exists and has importance in a

society where both the sexes live. "In Season 3, Rachel is called a "useless girl,"

Monica is mocked for being competitive "as a boy," and Phoebe flashes her

breasts to earn points — an apt example of how society views women and how

media, to over-accommodate society's ideas, presents women in the same way. In

the same episode, Ross declares, "We are not going to lose to girls”.

Womanizer Friend Joey

“On Friends, Joey was a womanizer, but we enjoyed his exploits. He was

a solid friend, a guy you knew you could count on. Joey was deconstructed to be a

guy who couldn't get a job, couldn't ask a girl out.

He became an apathetic, mopey character. I felt he was moving in the

wrong direction, but I was not heard.”

— Kevin S. Bright on the reason for Joey's cancellation.

The above statement made by one of the producers of the show elucidates

upon the level of men taking women exploitation as fun.

This also illuminates the intention of the show that is women exploitation

taken as fun. The most beloved character of the series is a solid friend, a guy you

knew you could count on but not someone to admire or look up to. Throughout the

series, Joey does nothing but objectify women by comparing them to ice cream

flavours and choosing a roommate solely based on her "sexiness". His never-ending

sexual remarks towards the female members of his group or simply obsessing over
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women making out adds the cherry on top of his character. The female characters of

the show never correct him and always ignore his behaviour by saying 'its Joey being

Joey'. Though he is a great friend, his behaviour is sometimes unacceptable. The show

has objectified and disrespected women by orchestrating it secretly with comedy. Not

forgetting the time when the video was taped for Emma’s 18th birthday on her very 1st

birthday and Joey tries to hit on her and her friends, while in knowledge of the fact

that she was still a baby.

Homosocial relation between Men

In the 8th episode of the fourth season of Friends, set at Monica's

apartment where all of them are gathered for thanksgiving. Chandler kissed

Kathy due to which Joey refuses to forgive Chandler. He tells Joey that he’ll do

anything he says, to which Joey decides that Chandler has to spend six hours in

a box, the equivalent amount of time Joey was locked in the entertainment

center. Though Chandler gets into the box but doesn’t take the punishment

seriously, making sarcastic jokes and comments which he always upsets Joey

even more, ensuring Chandler changes his behaviour. The incident is followed

by Kathy breaking up with Chandler as she doesn’t want to be the person who

broke Joey and Chandler’s friendship, while he is still locked up in the box and

isn’t supposed to speak. Making Joey realize how Chandler values their

friendship, he forgives him and tells him to go get Kathy. - The following

incident elucidates upon Luce Irigaray essay ‘When goods get together’

As stated by Luce Irigaray women are commodities handled and

exchanged by men and among men. The essence of kinship among men is
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achieved through the exchange of women among them. Men always tend to

dominate women as they think women are to them. So in such an exchange based

social organization, men are socially linked through the mutual exchange of

women as goods. When Kathy breakups with Chandler saying doesn't want to be

the one who ruined the friendship between them bring in Irigaray's borrowed idea

of Deconstruction of Derrida- Language is not logocentric, it is the product of

culture and culture is patriarchal so is language making women’s voice absent or

silent in the system of language. Lack of Homosocial relation between women can

also be seen in the series- season 1 episode 11. Monica and Phoebe fight over a

guy in a coma who is a stranger to them. Women tend to fight over men which

works in the favour of men, making them more authoritative. Freudian concept of

phallocentric states that the phallus of man holds the highest position, women

suffer from penis envy as women are defined as someone who lacks a phallus.

Man is the contributor and woman is the beneficiary.

Sexual harassment

Season 2nd Episode 1st humorously brings in Joey being molested ever

since he was a kid by his tailor. Joey sends Chandler to his family tailor, who did

Joey’s 1st suit when he was 15. When chandler returns he rages that the tailor did

some ‘cupping’ during the fitting, to which Joey heckles and says, “That’s how
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they do pants!”. Not forgetting that Joey calls his father right after the incident

and tells him that’s not how they do pants gives us the clear image that not only

Joey but his Father too was sexually molested. The deep rootedness of the whole

molestation brings in the Freudian theory of child abuse and interpersonal

relationships, explaining his behaviour and his father's cheating on his mother.

The incident also makes him question everything, showing the mark that

molestation can leave on someone.

Prevalence studies reveal that the incidence of certain types of mental

disturbances, such as gender identity disorders, alcohol-related disorders,

antisocial personality disorders, pyromania, and pathological gambling, is higher

among males (7). In the case of females, there is a higher incidence of depressive,

anxiety, eating, somatic, and dissociative disorders; all of these are associated

with a high incidence of sexual abuse in early life (2 or 3 times more common in

girls than boys) (8).

[The one with the dozen lasagnas] When Rachel introduces Paolo

to Phoebe: "Phoebe, you're gorgeous too! If you're all this beautiful I'll

move right here!" – Paolo sexually harasses Phoebe while she gives him a

massage and he harasses her by grabbing her butt then exposing his penis

to her.

Phoebe is worried that Rachel will be mad at her. Rachel is shocked, but not

mad at Phoebe. Paolo later arrives to leave on the trip. Rachel dumps him and throws

all of his clothes off the balcony. Later in season 2 Rachel sleeps with him- not even

thinking twice that he made a move on Phoebe. The whole scene makes Paolo look

like he did something acceptable and eventually gets back with anyone despite him

harassing someone.
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Fat shaming

The fat Monica is the first thing that comes to mind when we think about

the famous name of Monica Geller. The fat Monica first made its appearance in

the second season – revealing that Monica in her younger years was chunky. She

was called Fat Monica, being defined as “Fat Monica” i.e. Simply putting a label

on person, as for Monica we see throughout the series that how important is it to

have a certain body type to be accepted by society and to attract opposite gender-

“In one episode, the friends are watching an old home movie in which Fat

Monica stands, eating a sandwich in a high-collar, late-80s prairie style prom

dress, waiting for her date. She’s delightfully unselfconscious. She seems happy.

But the audience laughs because a fat girl eating a sandwich is somehow funny.

Joey, who is only familiar with the current iteration of Monica, all lean-muscle

and sharp cheekbones, is shocked, pointing to the TV screen and shouting,

“SOME GIRL ATE MONICA.” – DeRuiter, Geraldine. The Everywhereist

Homophobia

Chandler's usage of sarcasm as a defence mechanism and the way he

hides his vulnerability has many levels to unfold. He tries to hide his

vulnerability and tries hard to keep it concealed.

From his worst thanksgiving story to his emotionally opening up to

Monica about his Father makes him one of the most authentic characters of the
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show. Chandler's father stars in a drag show in Las Vegas.

Chandler isn't a fan of his father, from a very young age his resentment for his

father manifested due to abandonment felt by him. The retrained relationship of

his parents makes him question his commitment to his wife-to-be, Monica. The

most common joke is vague sexuality. Chandler is always mocked for being a

little too feminine. The very first time the issue comes up is in season one’s

episode ‘the one where Nana dies twice’. Chandler is notified that the first

impression everyone had of him was that he was ‘gay’. He questions if that's

something because of the hair to which Phoebe replies 'you have homosexual

hair’. He's always hinted towards being gay, wearing a bonnet while playing

‘cowboys and Indians’ and always being trapped with Janice despite him not

liking her. The way every character in the series interprets him as gay and even

mocks him draws the line leading straight up to homophobia. Chandler may be

interpreted as gay but he himself resents his father, making him an intense

homophobic. Chandler isn’t the only one who is seen as homophobic, Ross

hates his ex-wife's girlfriend Susan though the reason is valid as his wife comes

out as gay and leaves him in season-1 'the one with candy hearts' Ross goes on

date for the very first time after his divorce, unfortunately for Ross, Carol and

Susan also eat at the same Japanese restaurant and are seated at the same grill

table, Susan leaves on an emergency and Ross insists Carol to come over to his

side of the table, his date Kristen feels uncomfortable and leaves. To which he

tells Carol “Let's you and I give it another shot. I know you’re gonna say

you’re a lesbian but what do you say we just put that aside for now” not only

this, his constant long lesbian jokes or simply using the term ‘lesbian lover’ is

hard to go unnoticed.
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His homophobia does not end there; it goes on and on throughout the series.

One of the most noticeable and hard to forget incidents is season 3 - episode 5 He

resents that his son Ben loves Barbie dolls and not a GI Joe. Susan and Carol drop

Ben off, Ross freaks out thinking that they are influencing Ben, he forces Ben to

play with the GI Joe action figure.

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CONCLUSION

Friends is like an ancient monument (but shouldn't be called a monument, the

reason is valid). Not denying the fact that it has made us fantasize about friendship

goals but the sitcom has some questionable narratives and themes. The show can't be

celebrated or looked up to. The only way the show is acceptable is because of its fans

but they should know that these characters are flawed and shouldn’t be taken as

inspiration.

There is a non-stop wave of celebration of Friends every year on its anniversary,

the big newspapers and social media elaborates upon how great the show is.

Laughing on offensive ignorant jokes has made the show run for 26 years

and still a success ignoring injury the show would have left on transgender,

homosexual and female friends all around us not forgetting about body shaming,

sexism and toxic masculinity. The 'I'll be there for you' theme kicks in adrenaline

but Media influence is the actual force exerted by a media message, resulting in

either a change or reinforcement in audience or individual beliefs. The young

audience may take body shaming, sexism and toxic masculinity as souvenirs

passed on to them or as an example which will be cyclic in motion, shaming and

exploiting others.
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Notes

1. Stoller RJ. Sex and Gender, the Development of Masculinity and

Femininity.London: Karnac Books; 1984. p 29 -38.

2. Stoller RJ. Presentations of Gender. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press; 1985.

p 10-24.

3. Money J, Ehrhardt AA. Man and Woman, Boy and Girl: the Differentiation and

Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity. Baltimore (MD): Johns

Hopkins University Press; 1972.

4. Friedman RC. Gender Identity and Male Homosexuality. In: Topkis G. Male

Homosexuality. A Contemporary psychoanalytic perspective. New Haven: Yale

University Press; 1988. p 33-48.

5. Bagley G. Issues of Gender. In: Swift D, Editor. The Medical Post 1997 National

Survey of Doctors. The Medical Post 1997;33:31-3.

6. Freud S. The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex (1924). In: Strachey J, editor.

The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud.

London: Hogarth Press; 1995. p 172

7. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders. 4th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Press; 1994. 80 Brown A,

Finkelhor D. Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: a Review of the Research. Psychol Bull

1986;99:66-77

8. Irigaray Luce.- ‘when the goods get together’(1977). In: Ce sexe qui n’en est pas

un. [This Sex which is not one]

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