PLE

Study Guide
Table of Contents
Welcome to AMBOSS! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

I. Biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7

1. Biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

II. Anatomy and Histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    9

1. Musculoskeletal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10

2. Head and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   11

3. Thorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     11

4. Abdomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   12

5. Pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6. Neuroanatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   13

III. Microbiology and Parasitology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1. Cell Theory and General Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     15

2. Bacteriology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   15

3. Mycology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4. Parasitology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     18

5. Virology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

IV. Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1. Cellular, Fluid, and Membrane Physiology (Fundamentals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   22

2. Musculoskeletal Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   22

3. Neuophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   23

4. Cardiovascular Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5. Respiratory Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6. Gastrointerstinal Physiology (w/ Accessory Organs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7. Renal and Acid Base Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2
Table of Contents
8. Endocrine Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   25

9. Reproductive physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

10. Blood, lymphoreticular, and immune systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26

11. Physiology in Special Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27

V. Legal Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

1. Ethics and Medical Jurisprudence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   29

2. Forensic medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

VI. Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

1. General Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   32

2. Systemic Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   33

VII. Pharmacology and Therapeutics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

1. General Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    39

2. Drug Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

VIII. Surgery, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

1. Basic Principles of Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     43

2. Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3. Gastrointestinal Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     45

4. Urology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   47

5. Head and Neck, Thyroid, Parathyroid and Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   48

6. Orthopedic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      49

7. Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   50

8. Ear, Nose and Throat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51

9. Opthalmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   52

3
Table of Contents
IX. Internal Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

1. Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2. Pulmonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3. Gastroenterology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4. Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     57

5. Endocrinology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   58

6. Rheumatology and Immunology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

7. Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    60

8. Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

9. Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    62

10. Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63

X. Obstetrics and Gynecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

1. Obstetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

2. Gynecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

XI. Pediatrics and Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

1. Neonatology and Child Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

2. Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   68

3. Pulmonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   69

4. Gastroenterology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    69

5. Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

6. Endocrinology and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    70

7. Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     71

8. Hematology and Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72

9. Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73

10. Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74

11. Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   74

4
Table of Contents
XII. Preventive and Community Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   75

1. Epidemiology and Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76

2. Preventative Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

3. Health care system, Medical Law and Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4. Community Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

5. Not available in AMBOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

5
Welcome to AMBOSS!
Are you preparing for the PLE - Physician Licensure Examination?

AMBOSS has developed this Study Guide with input from Medical Doctors in the Philippines, for YOU.

Created by a team of dedicated physicians, AMBOSS is an interactive library of 20,000+ medical topics inter- linked with
a Question Bank that contains over 5,000 clinical case-based questions. With all the necessary resources in one place,
AMBOSS delivers up-to-date medical knowledge to students, physicians, and faculty around the world. Most importantly,
all of our content is peer-reviewed and regularly updated to reflect the latest research findings by a team of nearly 100
expert physicians from around the world. This means that, with AMBOSS, you’ll always have the highest quality medical
knowledge at your fingertips.

The AMBOSS Philippines Study Guide is a comprehensive checklist of all the topics candidates must know before sitting
the exam, and knowledge expected to be acquired during the career. To use this resource for your studies, click on each
topic and you will be directed to the assigned articles from the AMBOSS library. From the articles, you will also be able to
access the corresponding questions in the AMBOSS Qbank.

Click here to open

library articles

Click here to answer

multiple choice questions

With AMBOSS, you’ll be able to study for your exams online, but you can also access our study resources offline by dow-
nloading the AMBOSS Knowledge Library or QBank application for Android and iOS.

Finally, the AMBOSS team is here to support you. If you have questions, suggestions or comments, please do not hesitate
to contact us at hello@amboss.com.

Happy studying!

6
I. Biochemistry
 Biochemistry

1. Biochemistry

Theme Topic

Mollecular biology Enzymes and biocatalyst

Nutrition and Metabolism Carbohydrates

Amino acids

Proteins and peptides

Lipids and fat metabolism

Glycogen metabolism

Citric acid cycle

Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Genetics Nucleotides, DNA, RNA

Purines and pyrimidines

DNA replication and repair

Transcription

Translation

8
II. Anatomy and
Histology 1. Musculoskeletal
2. Head and Neck
3. Thorax
4. Abdomen
5. Pelvis
6. Neuroanatomy
1. Musculoskeletal

Theme

General anatomy General anatomy

Upper limb Upper arm and elbow

Shoulder, axilla, and brachial plexus

Forearm, wrist, and hand

Neurovasculature of the upper limbs

Lower Limb The leg, ankle, and foot

Thigh, knee, and popliteal fossa

Neurovasculature of the lower limbs

Back The back

Vertebral column

10
2. Head and Neck

Theme

Head and neck Overview of the head and neck region

Skull

Organs of the head Eye and orbit

The ear

Nose and sinuses

Oral cavity

Palate

Tonsils

Salivary glands

Organs of the neck Larynx

Trachea

Pharynx

Esophagus

Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands

3. Thorax

Theme

Thorax Thoracic cavity

Chest wall

Cardiovascular anatomy Heart

Blood vessels

Respiratory anatomy Airways and lungs

Breast anatomy The breasts

11
4. Abdomen

Theme

Gastrointestinal anatomy Abdominal cavity

Gastrointestinal tract

Esophagus

Stomach

Liver

Gallbladder and bile

Pancreas

Small intestine

Large intestine

Renal and urinary anatomy Overview of the urinary tract

Kidneys

Adrenal gland

5. Pelvis

Theme

Pelvic anatomy Pelvis and hip joint

Reproductive anatomy Female reproductive organs

Male reproductive organs

12
6. Neuroanatomy

Theme

Cells of the nervous system Nerve tissue, synapses, and neurotransmitters

Central nervous system The cerebral cortex, meninges, basal ganglia, and ventricular system

Cerebellum

Diencephalon

Brainstem

Cerebrovascular system

Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system

Cranial nerves

13
III. Microbiology and
Parasitology 1. Cell Theory and
 General Microbiology
2. Bacteriology
3. Mycology
4. Parasitology
5. Virology
1. Cell Theory and General Microbiology

Theme

Cell biology The cell

The cell cycle

2. Bacteriology

Theme

Bacteriology General bacteriology

Bacterial structure

Distinguishing characteristics

Bacterial genetics

Mechanism of bacterial infection and disease

Mechanisms of drug resistance

Bacteria overview Bacteria overview

Gram positive cocci Staphylcoccus

Streptococcus

Gram positive bacilli Clostridium

Listeria

Bacillus

Gram negative cocci Neiserria

Gram negative coccobacilli Haemophilus

Brucella

Bordetella

Pasteurella

Acinetobacter

Francisella

15
2. Bacteriology

Theme Topic

Gram negative bacilli Escherichia

Shigella

Salmonella

Klebsiella

Proteus

Helicobacter

Legionella

Campylobacter

Vibrio

Bartonella

Pseudomonas

Yersinia

Branching filamentous bacteria Actinomyces

Nocardia

Atypical gram staining bacteria Mycobacteria

Mycoplasma

Gardnerella

Treponema

Leptospira

Obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia

Common associations of bacteria Common associations of bacteria

16
3. Mycology

Theme Topic

General mycology General mycology

Opportunistic fungal infections Aspergillus fumigatus

Candida albicans

Cryptococcus neoformans

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Rhizopus and Mucor (Mucormycosis)

Cutaneous fungal infections Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton (Dermatophytes)

Malassezia furfur (Tinea versicolor)

Dermatophytes

Systemic fungal infections Histoplasma capsulatum

Coccidioides immitis

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Other fungal infections Sporothrix schenckii

17
4. Parasitology

Theme

General parasitology Helminth infections- Summary

Nematodes (roundworms) Nematodes (roundworms) Summary

Ascariasis

Enterobiasis

Trichiuriasis

Trichinellosis

Hookworm infections (ancylostomiasis; necatoriasis)

Strongyloidiasis

Onchocerciasis

Dracunculus medinensis (not available on AMBOSS)

Anisakis (not available on AMBOSS)

Capillaria philippinensis (not available on AMBOSS)

Cestodes (tapeworms) Cestodes (tapeworms) Summary

Echinococcosis

Taeniasis

Diphyllobothriasis (Diphyllobothrium latum or

fish tapeworm infection)

Dipylidium caninum (not available on AMBOSS)

Hymenolepiasis Hymenolepiasis

Trematodes (flukes) Trematodes (flukes) Summary

Schistosomiasis

Clonorchiasis

Paragonimiasis

Protozoa Entamoeba histolytica

Giardia lamblia

Trichomonas vaginalis

Plasmodium

Toxoplasma gondii

18
4. Parasitology

Theme

Trypanosoma

Babesiosis

Leishmaniasis

Cyclospora

Isospora

Naegleria fowleri

Balantidium coli (not available on AMBOSS)

Acanthamoeba (not available on AMBOSS)

19
5. Virology

Theme

General virology General virology

Basics of virology

Viral genetics

Diagnostics

Enveloped DNA viruses Herpesvirus

Hepadnavirus

Poxvirus

Nonenveloped DNA viruses Adenovirus

Polyomavirus

Parvovirus

Enveloped RNA viruses Paramyxoviridae

Orthomyxoviridae

Rhabdovirus

Coronavirus

Retrovirus

Bunyavirus

Arenavirus

Togavirus

Filovirus

Noneveloped RNA viruses Picornaviridae

Calicivirus

Reovirus

20
IV. Physiology
1. Cellular, Fluid, and
Membrane Physiology
(Fundamentals)
2. Musculoskeletal Physiology
3. Neuophysiology
4. Cardiovascular Physiology
5. Respiratory Physiology
6. Gastrointerstinal
Physiology
  (w/ Accessory Organs)
7. Renal and Acid Base
  Physiology
8. Endocrine Physiology    
9. Reproductive Physiology
10. Blood, lymphoreticular,
and immune systems
11. Physiology In Special
 Environments
1. Cellular, Fluid, and Membrane Physiology
(Fundamentals)
Theme Topic

Cellular Signaling, Cellular Mechanisms, and

Signal transduction
Second Messengers

Resting potentials and action potentials Resting potentials and action potentials

2. Musculoskeletal Physiology

Theme Topic

Muscle tissue Muscle tissue summary

Muscle cells (myocytes)

Myofilaments

Contraction Myofilament contraction

Energy provision for muscle contraction

Muscle types Skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Neuromuscular junction Neuromuscular junction

22
3. Neuophysiology

Theme Topic

Nerve tissue, synapses, and neurotransmitters Nerve tissue, synapses, and neurotransmitters summary

Spinal cord tracts and reflexes Spinal cord tracts and reflexes

4. Cardiovascular Physiology

Theme Topic

Cardiac physiology Cardiac physiology summary

Cardiac cycle

Conduction system of the heart

Heart excitation

Regulation of cardiac activity

Factors that affect cardiac output

Vascular physiology Vascular physiology summary

Circulatory system

Hemodynamics

Blood pressure regulation

Perfusion

Capillary fluid exchange

23
5. Respiratory Physiology

Theme Topic

Respiratory physiology Respiratory physiology summary

Ventilation

Perfusion

Gas exchange

Lung and chest wall compliance

Airway resistance

Respiratory regulation

Respiratory adaptation

6. Gastrointerstinal Physiology (w/ Accessory Organs)

Theme Topic

Innervation and gut motility Innervation of the gastrointestinal tract

Motility and contractile activity of the gastrointestinal tract

Secretory and regulatory products of the

Secretory and regulatory products of the gastrointestinal tract
gastrointestinal tract

Exocrine pancreas

Liver Function

Gallbladder physiology

24
7. Renal and Acid Base Physiology

Theme Topic

Renal physiology Physiology of the kidney (summary)

Urine production

Physiology of the tubular system

Renal blood flow

Measurement of renal function

Renal physiology Acid-base disorders

8. Endocrine Physiology

Theme Topic

Endocrine physiology General endocrine summary

Basics of endocrinology

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Adrenal cortex

Thyroid gland

Gonads

Endocrine pancreas

25
9. Reproductive Physiology

Theme Topic

Reproductive physiology Development of the reproductive system summary

Overview of sexual differentiation

Male sexual response

Physiology of the menstrual cycle

10. Blood, lymphoreticular, and immune systems

Theme Topic

Hematologic physiology Erythrocyte morphology and hemoglobin summary

Erythrocyte morphology

Metabolism of erythrocytes

Hemoglobin synthesis

Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Oxygen transport and conditions that affect oxygenation

White cell line: leukocytes

Hemostasis

Fibrinolysis

Immune system physiology Fever and inflammation

Innate immune system

Adaptive immune system

Cytokines and eicosanoids

Lympatic system Lymphatic system

26
11. Physiology in Special Environments

Theme Topic

Environmental physiology Respiratory adaptation to high altitude

High-altitude illness

Diving reflex

Fitness to fly and inflight medical events

27
V. Legal
  Medicine 1. Ethics and Medical
Jurisprudence
2. Forensic medicine
1. Ethics and Medical Jurisprudence

Theme Topic

Medical law and ethics Principles of medical law and ethics summary

Medical ethics

Decision-making capacity and legal competence

Informed consent

Disclosure

Confidentiality

End-of-life issues

Societal factors

Malpractice, misconduct, and physician impairment

Conflicts of interest

Referral of patients

Involuntary commitment

Involuntary commitment

Examples of ethically challenging situations

Organ procurement

29
2. Forensic medicine

Theme Topic

Forensic medicine Documentation of death

Investigation of death

Child maltreatment

Suicide

Summary of substance-related and addictive disorders

Medical Evidence and Methods of identification

Abortion

Infanticide

Gunshot Wounds

Asphyxia

Sex Crimes and Crimes of Chastity

Paternity, Filiation, and Marital Relations

30
VI. Pathology
1. General Pathology
2. Systemic Pathology
1. General Pathology

Theme Topic

Cellular responses Cellular changes and adaptive responses summary

Cellular adaptation

Cell injury

Overview of cell death

Inflammation Local inflammatory responses

Hemodynamic disorders, thromboembolic

Edema
disease, and Shock

Hemostasis and bleeding disorders

Shock

Genetics Basic of human genetics summary

Fundamental concepts of genetics

Types of mutations

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression

Pedigree analysis

Diseases of the immune system Hypersensitivity reactions

Autoantibodies in rheumatic diseases

Neoplasia General oncology summary

Nomenclature

Carcinogenesis

Metastasis

Gene mutations and changes in gene expression

Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome

Environmental and nutritional diseases Approach to the poisoned patient

32
2. Systemic Pathology

Theme Topic

Blood vessels Aneurysm

Aortic dissection

Dissection of the carotid and the vertebral artery

Vasculitides

Atherosclerosis

RBC and bleeding disorders Anemia

Polycythemia vera

Bleeding disorders

White blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus Splenomegaly

Asplenia

Leukopenia

Thymic developmental disorders

Oral Cavity Aphthous stomatitis

Epiglottitis

Ear Cholesteatoma

Otosclerosis

Neck Thyroglossal duct cyst

Branchial cleft cyst

Paraganglioma

Salivary glands Diseases of the salivary glands

Heart Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Pericarditis

Cardiac myxoma

Valvular heart diseases

33
Theme Topic

Lungs Interstitial lung disease

Bronchiectasis

Cystic fibrosis

Lung cancer

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Gastrointestinal Tract Esophagus

Esophageal cancer

Stomach

Large intestine

Small intestine

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Liver and Biliary Tract Cirrhosis

Benign liver tumors and hepatic cysts

Alcoholic liver disease

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Jaundice and cholestasis

Cholelithiasis

Acute cholecystitis

Pancreas Acute pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis

Pancreatic cancer

Kidneys and urinary tract Glomerular diseases

Tubulointerstitial diseases

Congenital anomalies of the kidneys

Nephrolithiasis

34
Theme Topic

Urinary tract obstruction

Polycystic kidney disease

Renal artery stenosis

Renal cell carcinoma

Urinary tract cancer

Urinary tract infections

Urethritis

Bladder exstrophy, abnormalities of the male urethra, and

Male reproductive system
webbed penis

Disorders of the glans penis and foreskin

Epididymitis

Testicular tumors

Carcinoma for the penis

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Prostatitis

Prostate cancer

Female reproductive system Anomalies of the female genital tract

Cervical cancer (Cervical carcinoma)

Vulvar and vaginal cancer

Ovarian tumors

Endometriosis

Endometrial cancer

The placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac

Breast Breast cancer

Benign breast conditions

35
Theme Topic

Endocrine system Thyroid cancer

Parathyroid glands

Insulinoma

Pituitary adenoma

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

Diabetes mellitus

Adrenal gland

Skin Collection of dermatological disorders

Benign skin lesions

Autoimmune blistering diseases

Precancerous skin lesions

Melanoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma (Basalioma)

Lichen planus

Pityriasis rosea

Psoriasis

Autoimmune blistering diseases

Bones, joints, soft tissue Osteoporosis

General principles of fractures

Paget disease of bone

Osteomyelitis

Benign bone tumors

Malignant bone tumors

Osteoarthritis

Collagen

Muscle tissue

36
Theme Topic

Peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle Inflammatory myopathies

Progressive muscular dystrophies

Myasthenia gravis

Peripheral nerve injuries

Central nervous system Guillain-Barré syndrome

Multiple sclerosis

Traumatic brain injury

Brain tumors

Eye Eye and orbit

Inflammation of the eyelids

Corneal disorders

Diseases of the uvea

Diseases of the vitreous body

Diseases of the retina

Optic nerve

37
VII. Pharmacology and
Therapeutics 1. General Pharmacology
2. Drug Classes
1. General Pharmacology

Theme

Fundamentals Fundamentals of pharmacology

Signal transduction

2. Drug Classes

Theme

Analgesics Pain management

Non-opioid analgesics

Opioids

Anesthesia Inhalational anesthetics

Intravenous anaesthetics

Skeletal muscle relaxants

Local anesthetic agents

Autonomic drugs Parasympathomimetic drugs

Muscarinic antagonists

Beta-2 adrenergic agonists

Sympathomimetic drugs

Sympatholytic drugs

Beta blockers

Antimicrobials Overview of antibiotic therapy

Antiviral agents

Antifungals

39
Theme Topic

Immunosuppressive drugs Antihistamines

Glucocorticoids

Immunosuppressants

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine

Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal Parasympathomimetic drugs

Muscarinic antagonists

Beta-2 adrenergic agonists

Sympathomimetic drugs

Sympatholytic drugs

Beta blockers

Amiodarone

Calcium channel blockers

ACE Inhibitors and AR Blockers

Nitrates

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Diuretics

Antiarrhythmic drugs

Hypertensive crises

Coagulation and bleeding Antiplatelet agents

Parenteral anticoagulation

Oral anticoagulants

Anticoagulant reversal

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II

Gastrointestinal Antiemetics

Proton pump inhibitors

40
Theme Topic

Endocrine Statins

Second-line lipid-lowering agents

Antidiabetic drugs

Insulin

Bisphosphonates

Antithyroid drugs

Hormonal contraceptives

Neurologic and psychiatric Antipsychotics

Antidepressants

Lithium

Anticonvulsant drugs

Medication for Parkinson disease

Oncology Chemotherapeutic Agents Chemotherapeutic agents

41
VIII. Surgery,
Ophthalmology and
Otorhinolaryngology
1. Basic Principles of Surgery
2. Cardiothoracic and
Vascular Surgery
3. Gastrointestinal Surgery
4. Urology
5. Head and Neck, Thyroid,
    Parathyroid and Breast
6. Orthopedic Surgery
7. Neurosurgery
8. Ear, Nose and Throat
9. Opthalmology
1. Basic Principles of Surgery

Theme Topic

Perioperative management Laparoscopic surgery

Perioperative management

Intravenous fluid therapy

Parenteral fluid therapy

Electrolyte repletion

Hemostasis and bleeding disorders

Parenteral anticoagulation

Wound healing

Transfusion

Surgical infections Infection prevention and control

Nosocomial infections

Wound treatment

Airway management and ventilation Airway management

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Sepsis and septic shock Sepsis

Shock

Trauma Management of trauma patients

Blunt trauma

Penetrating trauma

Rhabdomyolysis and crush syndrome

Splenic rupture

Burns Burns

Anesthesia Pain management

Local anesthetic agents

Local and regional anesthesia

43
2. Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery

Theme Topic

Cardiothoracic surgery Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade

Pulmonary embolism

Atelectasis

Pneumothorax

Vascular surgery Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

Coronary artery bypass grafting

Aortic dissection

Endarterectomy

Acute limb ischemia

Gas gangrene

44
3. Gastrointestinal Surgery

Theme Topic

Acute abdomen Acute abdomen

Peritoneum Peritonitis

Esophagus and stomach Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Esophageal cancer

Esophageal perforation

Esophageal diverticula

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Peptic ulcer disease

Gastrinoma
(Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)

Gallbladder and biliary tract diseases Cholelithiasis

Choledocholithiasis

Acute cholecystitis

Acute cholangitis

Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary surgery Pancreatic and hepatic surgery

Benign liver tumors and hepatic cysts

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Pyogenic liver abscess

Acute pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis

Pancreatic cancer

Diseases of the Small and Large Intestines Acute appendicitis

Diverticular disease

Colorectal cancer

Colonic polyps

Bowel obstruction

Bowel surgery

Abdominal hernias

45
Theme Topic

Inguinal hernia

Femoral hernia

Internal hernia

Hiatal hernia

Intestinal ischemia

Rectal prolapse

Hemorrhoids

Anal fissures

Anal abscess and fistula

Anal cancer

Anorectal Disorders Pilonidal cyst

46
4. Urology

Theme Topic

Acute kidney and urinary tract diseases Diagnostic evaluation of the kidney and urinary tract

Hematuria

Nephrolithiasis

Pyelonephritis

Chronic kidney and urinary tract diseases Urinary retention

Vesicoureteral reflux

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Renal replacement therapy Renal replacement therapy

Hereditary renal disorders Congenital anomalies of the kidneys

Prostate Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Prostatitis

Prostate cancer

Male reproductive system Bladder exstrophy, abnormalities of the male urethra, and
webbed penis

Disorders of the glans penis and foreskin

Epididymitis

Testicular tumors

Testicular torsion

Priapism

47
5. Head and Neck, Thyroid, Parathyroid and Breast

Theme Topic

Head and Neck Head and neck examination

Deep neck infections

Congenital neck masses

Thyroid Goiter

Hyperthyroidism

Thyroid nodules

Thyroid cancer (Thyroid carcinoma)

Thyroid surgery

Parathyroid gland Hyperparathyroidism

Breast Benign breast conditions

Nipple discharge

Breast cancer

48
6. Orthopedic Surgery

Theme Topic

Bone tumours Benign bone tumors

Malignant bone tumors

Compartment syndrome Compartment syndrome

General principles of fractures General principles of fractures

Conservative treatment of fractures

(Conservative fracture management)

Sports injuries Sports injuries

Pediatric fractures Pediatric fractures

49
7. Neurosurgery

Theme Topic

Cranial nerve disorders Cranial nerve palsies

Trigeminal neuralgia

Facial nerve palsy/Bell palsy

Infections of nervous system Meningitis

Brain abscess

Peripheral neuropathies Median nerve neuropathy

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Peripheral nerve injuries

Radial neuropathies

Ulnar nerve entrapment

Traumatic brain injury Traumatic brain injury

Neurological tumors and neoplasms Brain tumors

Intracranial pathology Elevated intracranial pressure and brain herniation

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus

50
8. Ear, Nose and Throat

Theme Topic

Ear Hearing loss

Otitis externa (Swimmer’s ear)

Acute otitis media (Middle ear infection)

Chronic otitis media

Dizziness and vertigo Ménière disease

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Vestibular Neuronitis (labyrinthitis)

Nose Sinusitis

Epistaxis

Throat Acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis

Laryngitis

Laryngeal carcinoma

Pharyngeal cancer

Adenoid hypertrophy

51
9. Opthalmology

Theme Topic

Ocular trauma Traumatic eye injuries

Orbit Orbital disorders

Lacrimal aparatus Diseases of the lacrimal apparatus

Lids and lashes Inflammation of the eyelids

Conjunctiva Conjunctivitis

Cornea Corneal disorders

Uveal tract Diseases of the uvea

Lens Diseases of the lens

Cataract

Vitreous Endophthalmitis

Diseases of the retina

Retinal vessel occlusion

Retinal detachment

Retinoblastoma

Retina Diabetic retinopathy

Glaucoma Glaucoma

Vision Disorders of the visual pathway

Night blindness

52
IX. Internal 1. Cardiology
2. Pulmonology

Medicine 3. Gastroenterology
4. Nephrology
5. Endocrinology
6. Rheumatology and
  Immunology
7. Infectious diseases
8. Dermatology    
9. Neurology
10. Psychiatry
1. Cardiology

Theme Topic

Abnormalities in blood pressure Hypertension

Hypertensive crises

Orthostatic hypotension

Lipid disorders

Coronary artery disease/Ischemic heart diseases Principles of coronary artery disease

Acute coronary syndrome

Cardiac catheterization

Heart failure Congestive heart failure

Pericarditis Pericarditis

Arrhythmias and ECG Overview of cardiac arrhythmias (Cardiac arrhythmias)

ECG

Atrial fibrillation

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Ventricular tachycardia

Ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular premature beats

Syncope

Supraventricular premature beats

Atrioventricular block

Valvular Heart Diseases Valvular heart diseases

Aortic valve stenosis

Aortic regurgitation

Mitral stenosis

Mitral regurgitation

Cardiological infections Infective endocarditis

Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy

Angiology Peripheral arterial disease

54
2. Pulmonology

Theme Topic

Respiratory infections Pneumonia

Acute bronchitis

Tuberculosis

Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases Asthma

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- Classification,

Management based on GOLD 2020 Guidelines

Bronchiectasis

Bronchial asthma - "Classification, Management based

on GINA 2020 Guidelines"

Acute respiratory distress syndrome Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Pleura and mediastinal disorders Pneumothorax

Pleural effusion

55
3. Gastroenterology

Theme Topic

Gastrointestinal tract Gastrointestinal bleeding

Crohn disease

Ulcerative colitis

Irritable bowel syndrome

Peptic ulcer disease

Colorectal cancer

Pancreas Acute pancreatitis

Biliary tract Cholelithiasis

Liver Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

Cirrhosis

Ascites

56
4. Nephrology

Theme Topic

Acute kidney injury Acute kidney injury

Chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney disease

Electrolyte disorders Electrolyte repletion

Hypernatremia

Hyponatremia

Hyperkalemia

Hypokalemia

Hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia

Hypomagnesemia

Kidney stones Nephrolithiasis

57
5. Endocrinology

Theme Topic

Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus

Antidiabetic drugs

Insulin

Hyperglycemic crises

Hypoglycemia

Metabolic syndrome Metabolic syndrome

Thyroid disorders Antithyroid drugs

Thyroid antibodies

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Metabolic bone disorders Osteoporosis

Adrenal diseases Adrenal insufficiency

Cushing’s syndrome

Pheochromocytoma

Primary hyperaldosteronism/Conn syndrome

58
6. Rheumatology and Immunology

Theme Topic

Degenerative joint disease Osteoarthritis

Psoriasis (Psoriatic arthritis)

Rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever

Septic arthritis
Septic arthritis (Infectious arthritis)
(Infectious arthritis)

Systemic conntective tissue disease Rheumatoid arthritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Gout Gout and hyperuricemia

Vasculitides Vasculitides

Giant cell arteritis (Temporal arteritis)

Hypersensitivity reactions Hypersensitivity reactions

Anaphylaxis

59
7. Infectious Diseases

Theme Topic

Diarrhea, gastroenteritis and food borne Diarrhea

gastric infections

Food poisoning

Bacterial gastroenteritis

Diarrheagenic E. coli

Amebiasis

Sexually transmitted diseases Sexually transmitted infections

Chlamydia infections

Syphilis

Gonorrhea

Herpes simplex virus infections

Urinary tract infections Urinary tract infections

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Zoonoses and arthropod-borne infections Collection of zoonotic diseases

Leptospirosis

Dengue

Malaria

Schistosomiasis

Tetanus Tetanus

Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis

60
8. Dermatology

Theme Topic

Acneiform Eruptions Acne vulgaris

Papulosquamous Diseases Psoriasis

Precancerous skin lesions

Melanoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

Skin cancers Basal cell carcinoma (Basalioma)

Dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis

Food allergies

Cutaneous drug reactions Erythema multiforme

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Skin infections Leprosy

Herpes virus infections

Herpes simplex virus infections

61
9. Neurology

Theme Topic

Approach to the patient with headache Headache

Migraine

Tension headaches

Cluster headache

Cerebrovascular disorders Stroke

Epidural hematoma

Subdural hematoma

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Infections of nervous system Meningitis

Movement disorders Parkinson disease

Neuromuscular junction diseases Myasthenia gravis

Guillain-Barre syndrome Guillain-Barré syndrome

Neurocognitive disoders Alzheimer’s disease

Vascular dementia

Frontotemporal dementia

62
10. Psychiatry

Theme Topic

Personality disorders Personality disorders

Psychosis Schizophrenia

Bipolar disorder

Depressive and anxiety disorders Major depressive disorder

63
X. Obstetrics and
Gynecology 1. Obstetrics
2. Gynecology
1. Obstetrics

Theme Topic

Reconception and infertility Infertility

Prenatal care

Pregnancy

Hypertensive pregnancy disorders

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational trophoblastic disease

Placental insufficiency

Multiple pregnancy

Intrauterine growth restriction

Pharmacotherapy during pregnancy

Chorioamnionitis, neonatal infection and omphalitis.

Maternal complications during pregnancy

Labour and birthing Childbirth

Mechanics of childbirth

Uterine rupture

Preterm labor and birth

Obstetric emergencies Birth traumas

Postpartum hemorrhage

Antepartum hemorrhage

Puerpium Postpartum period

Prenatal and postnatal physiology

65
2. Gynecology

Theme Topic

Menopause, urogynaecology and prolapse Diagnostic procedures in gynecology

Anomalies of the female genital tract

Menopause

Pelvic organ prolapse

Stress incontinence

Urinary incontinence

Oncology and gynaecological surgery Human papillomavirus infection

Cervical cancer (Cervical carcinoma)

Bartholin gland cyst and abscess

Vulvar and vaginal cancer

Ovarian tumors

Menstrual cycle, puberty and hormones Menstrual cycle and menstrual cycle abnormalities

Estrogen and associated diseases

Disorders of sex development

Vaginal bleeding Endometriosis

Endometrial cancer

Uterine leiomyoma (Fibroids)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Pregnancy loss

Ectopic pregnancy

Vulvovaginitis

66
XI. Pediatrics 1. Neonatology and
  Child Development

and Nutrition 2. Cardiology

3. Pulmonology
4. Gastroenterology
5. Nephrology
6. Endocrinology and Growth
7. Rheumatology and
  Musculoskeletal
8. Hematology and Oncology
9. Infectious Diseases
10. Neurology
11. Psychiatry
1. Neonatology and Child Development

Theme Topic

Basics of embryologyGerm cell development

Basics of embryologyGerm cell development (gametogenesis)
(gametogenesis)

Assessment, care and major problems of the newborn The newborn infant

Birth traumas

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn

Vitamin K deficiency bleeding of the newborn

Teratogenic birth defects

Sudden infant death syndrome

Neonatal jaundice Neonatal jaundice (Icterus neonatorum)

Neonatal sepsis Chorioamnionitis, neonatal infection, and omphalitis

Infectious diseases in pregnancy affecting the newborn Congenital TORCH infections

Child development and milestones Child development and milestones

Vaccination Vaccination

2. Cardiology

Theme Topic

Congenital heart defects Acyanotic congenital heart defects

Cyanotic congenital heart defects

Rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever

68
3. Pulmonology

Theme Topic

Respiratory tract infections Bronchiolitis

Croup

Epiglottitis

Pertussis

Congenital and inherited conditions Cystic fibrosis

4. Gastroenterology

Theme Topic

Congenital and inhertied conditions Hirschsprung disease

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Intussusception Intussusception

GIT motility Constipation

Diarrhea

Dysentery

Cholera

69
5. Nephrology

Theme Topic

Renal and urinary tract malformations Congenital anomalies of the kidneys

Enuresis Elimination disorders

Glomerular disease Glomerular diseases

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Nephrotic syndrome

Nephritic syndrome

Proteinuria

6. Endocrinology and Growth

Theme Topic

Puberty disorders Puberty

Disordered growth Tall stature and abnormally rapid growth

Short stature

Diabetes insipidus Diabetes insipidus

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

70
7. Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal

Theme Topic

Pediatric rheumatology Osteomalacia and rickets

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Kawasaki disease

Henoch-Schönlein purpura

Vasculitides (HSP, Kawasaki Disease, PAN, ANCA-Associated

Vasculitis, Takayasu Arteritis, Behcet's Disease)

Seronegative spondyloarthropathies

Osteomyelitis and infectious arthritis Septic arthritis

Osteomyelitis

Fibromyalgia

Orthopedics Developmental dysplasia of the hip

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Osgood Schlatter disease

71
8. Hematology and Oncology

Theme Topic

Anemias Anemia

Iron deficiency anemia

Hemolytic anemia

Hereditary spherocytosis

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Sickle cell anemia

Thalassemia

Folate deficiency (Vitamin B9 deficiency)

Coagulation and bleeding disorders Hemostasis and bleeding disorders

Hemophilia

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) (Bernard-Soulier syndrome,

Glanzmann thrombasthenia)

Hypercoagulable states

Von Willebrand disease

Thrombocytopenia Immune thrombocytopenia

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Leukemia Acute leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia

Lymphoma Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas

Common paediatric tumors Neuroblastoma

Wilms tumour (Nephroblastoma)

Retinoblastoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Langerjans cell histiocytosis

72
9. Infectious Diseases

Theme Topic

Dermatology and rashes Fifth disease (Erythema infectiosum)

Roseola infantum

Measles

Rubella

Chickenpox

Atopic dermatitis

Vaccine preventable communicable diseases Diphtheria

Pertussis

Mumps

Influenza

Poliomyelitis

Tetanus

Rabies

Human papillomavirus infection (Nonanogenital manifestations

of HPV infection)

Arthoropod-Borne Diseases Dengue

Chikungunya fever

Japanese encephalitis

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)

Staphylcoccal infections Staphylococcal diseases (coagulase-negative staphylcocci)

Toxic shock syndrome

Streptococcal infections Streptococcus pneumoniae

Scarlet fever

Rheumatic fever

Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis

73
10. Neurology

Theme Topic

Seizure disorders and febrile convulsions Generalized epilepsy in childhood

Febrile seizures (Febrile seizure)

Cerebral palsy Cerebral palsy

CNS infections Poliomyelitis

Neural tube defects Neural tube defects

Cranium disorders Craniosynostosis

Craniovertebral junction anomalies

Hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus

Space occupying lesions Brain tumors (Pediatric primary brain tumors)

11. Psychiatry

Theme Topic

Pediatric psychiatry Autism spectrum disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

Emotional and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents

Child maltreatment

Intellectual disability

74
XII. Preventive and
Community 1. Epidemiology and
  Statistics

Medicine 2. Preventative Medicine

3. Health care system,
  Medical Law and Ethics
4. Community Medicine
5. Not available in AMBOSS
1. Epidemiology and Statistics

Theme

Epidemiology Epidemiology

Statistics Statistical analysis of data

2. Preventative Medicine

Theme

Preventative medicine Preventative medicine (summary)

Primordial prevention

Primary prevention

Secondary prevention

Tertiary prevention

Quaternary prevention

Medical adherence

Prevention paradox

3. Health care system, Medical Law and Ethics

Theme

Health care system Health care system

Medical law and ethics Principles of medical law and ethics

Patient communication and counseling

Quality and safety

Overview of palliative medicine

Death

76
4. Community Medicine

Theme

Community medicine Infection prevention and control

Occupational skin diseases

5. Not available in AMBOSS

Theme

Impairment, Disability, Handicap WHO Definition of Impairment, Disability and Handicap

Family Dynamics: Family structure, Relationships and

Family Medicine
interactions, Family life cycle, Illness trajectory

Family Assessment: Genogram, Family APGAR (Adaptation,

Partnership, Growth, Affection, Resolve)

Diseases Double burden of disease in Philippines

Leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines

and the world

WHO Millennium Development Goals,

Other concepts in Preventive Medicine
Sustainable Development Goals

Department of Health (DOH), PhilHealth

Health care concepts in the Philippines
(Membership, and benefits)

National Health PriorityPrograms

(Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Expanded Program for Immunization,
Dengue prevention, STI/HIV prevention)

DOH Recognized Medicinal Plants

77