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Communication System
Text Book
Digital Communication by Simon Haykin
Reference Book
Communication System by Simon Haykin
Prof.S.Nandakumar
Fall 2021-22
Course Outline
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UNIT-1
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Discussion
Communication Systems.
Digital Communication Systems.
Functionality of Blocks.
Medium Classification.
Performance Measure.
Mathematical Models of Communication Channel.
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Communication
Main purpose of communication is to transfer information
from a source to a recipient via a channel or medium.
Recipient
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Brief Description
Source: analog or digital
Transmitter: transducer, amplifier, modulator, oscillator, power
amp., antenna
Channel: e.g. cable, optical fibre, free space
Receiver: antenna, amplifier, demodulator, oscillator, power
amplifier, transducer
Recipient: e.g. person, (loud) speaker, computer
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Types of information
Voice, data, video, music, email etc.
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Introduction
Transmission of Information from one point to
another.
Mode of Communication
Simplex
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
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Data compression
Encoder and Decoder
Lossless compression e.g Digital Text
Lossy compression. E.g. reduce data size without altering the
quality of the image or audio signal.
Communication channels
Two basic groups of communication channel based on
Guided propagation –Telephone channels , coaxial cables
and Optical Fibers
Free propagation- Wireless broadcast channels , Mobile
radio channels and satellite channels.
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Types of Communication systems
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Research Area
Information transmission has driven significant
research over the last five decades in multiple
related areas such as,
a) digital modulation schemes,
b) error control techniques,
c) optimum receiver design,
d) modeling and characterization of channel and so
forth
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Elements of Communication system
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Information Representation
Communication system converts information into electrical
electromagnetic/optical signals appropriate for the transmission
medium.
Analog systems convert analog message into signals that can
propagate through the channel.
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Why digital?
Digital techniques need to distinguish between discrete symbols
allowing regeneration versus amplification
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Goals in Communication System Design
To maximize transmission rate, R
To maximize system utilization, U
To minimize bit error rate, Pe
To minimize required systems bandwidth, W
To minimize system complexity, Cx
To minimize required power, Eb/No
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Digital Communication system
block diagram
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Basic Digital Communication Transformations
Formatting/Source Coding
Transforms source info into digital symbols (digitization)
Selects compatible waveforms (matching function)
Introduces redundancy which facilitates accurate decoding
despite errors
It is essential for reliable communication
Modulation/Demodulation
Modulation is the process of modifying the info signal to
facilitate transmission
Demodulation reverses the process of modulation. It involves
the detection and retrieval of the info signal
Types
Coherent: Requires a reference info for detection
Noncoherent: Does not require reference phase information
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The electrical signal at the output of then transducer need
to be converted into a sequence of digital signals.
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Source Encoding
To represent these digital signal by a few digits
as possible, depending on the information content of
the message, a coding system can be employed
which minimizes the requirements of number of
digits – This process is called Source Encoding.
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To combat noise in the communication channel, some
redundancy is introduced in the message – This is done by
channel encoder block.
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Modulator
Baseband - Digital data can be transmitted directly
with out modulation of any carrier
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Band pass demodulator – Process the channel
corrupted transmitted waveform and maps them
back to sequence of number that represents the
estimate the transmitted data sequence.
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Channel Decoder – Reconstruct the original information
sequence from the knowledge of the channel encoding
algorithm.
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Digital communication system
Analog Digital
Input Low
Signal Source Channel
Pass Sampler Quantizer Multiplexer
Analog/ Encoder Encoder
Filter
Digital
Carrier
Pulse
Twisted Pair To Channel Modulator Shaping
Line
Encoder
Co-axial Cable Filters
Optical Fiber
Wireless
De- Receiver
From Channel
Space Modulator Filter
Detector
Signal
Digital-to-Analog Channel De-
at the
Converter Decoder Multiplexer
user end
Analog Digital
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Communication channel Classification
Physical medium between the Tx and Rx.
Wired- Telephone, Ethernet.
Wireless- Free space carrying EM Wave.
Advent of DC, how fast the signal can be transmitted
by the channel.
Bit transmission rate
Channel supporting 20 KHz of analog speech.
With the advent of PCM, supporting 64Kbps speech
transmission.
ISDN -256 Kbps
DSL- 52 Mbps
Repeaters- Keep the signal strength at the Rx
sufficient for Fall 2021-22
detection.
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Performance Measures:
Goal
Transports a message signal from a source across a noisy
channel to a user at the other end of the channel.
Objective
Message signal is delivered to the user both efficiently
and reliably, subject to certain design constraints
Allowable transmit power
Channel bandwidth
Reliability is expressed in terms of BER.
Information Capacity
Maximum rate at which information can be transmitted
across the channel with out error.
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Performance Measures
*Huge demand from various user community for
subscribing to various services.
*E.g. Wireless system ,long distance telephone network.
BER can be improved by resorting
*Increasing Transmitted Signal power
*Improving Frequency Filtering Techniques
*Modulation and Demodulation Techniques
*Coding and Decoding Techniques
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Frequency band
VLF- Navigation
LF- Marine
MF- Radio
HF- Military
VHF-TV,FM
UHF- Cellular, GPS
SHF- Microwave
EHF- RADAR
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Mathematical model of Communication channel
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Additive Noise Channel
The simplest mathematical model for a communication channel is the
additive noise channel, illustrated in Figure.
In this model the transmitted signal s(t) is corrupted by an additive
random noise process n(t).
Attenuation Factor
The model is called AWGN channel model – additive noise, Uniform
Spectral distribution and Gaussian Distribution.
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The Linear Filter Channel
In some physical channels such as wire line telephone
channels, filters are used to band limit the signals and
prevent the interference.
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Linear filter channel with additive noise.
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The Linear Time-Variant Filter
Channel
Channels such as underwater acoustic channels
and Mobile cellular channels which result in time-
variant filter channel.
Signal travel through various paths and arrives at
receivers at different time- multipath propagation.
Such linear filters are characterized by time-
variant channel impulse response h(t; d) where
h(t; d) is the response of the channel at time t, due
to an impulse applied at time t – t. d-delayed signal
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Bandwidth
Band Limited Channels which means no signal power is allowed outside the
defined band.
Fourier analysis – Band limited signal are not realisable , because signals imply
with infinite duration.
Dimensionality Theorem
A real waveform can be completely specified by N independent pieces of
information where N is given by
N= 2B To
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Bandwidth
Half power Bandwidth: This is the interval between
frequencies at which Gx(f) has dropped to half-power
or 3dB below the peak value. (In Fig. a)
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Channel Coding
Increases the resistance of digital communication
system.
Inevitable presence of noise in channel causes
discrepancies (errors).
Mapping the incoming data sequence in to channel
input sequence.’
‘k’ message bits
‘n’ encoder output
Redundant bits = ?
Accurate reconstruction of the original source
sequence at the destination requires low Prob. Of
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Channel capacity
Maximum rate at which information can be
transmitted over AWGN channel.
SNR >>0 dB, then the channel is Band limited
SNR <<0 dB, then the channel is power limited
For a noisy channel with capacity ‘c’ information
transmitted at a rate “R’ bits/sec
R<C, coding tech./modulation tech.
R>C, prob. Of error.
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Channel capacity
Suppose that the spectrum of a channel is between 10 MHz
and 12 MHz, and an intended capacity of 8 Mbps.
(1) What should be the SNR in order to obtain this
capacity?
(2) What would be the capacity if the environment starts
suffering lesser noise and the SNR goes up to 27 dB.
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Answer
B=2 MHz=2*10^6, C=8 Mbps=8*10^6 bps
1. C=B*log2(1+SNR) <=> 2^(C/B)-1=SNR<=> SNR=15
2. SNR(dB)=10*log10(SNR)<=>SNR=10^2.7<=>SNR=501
(approximately),C=18Mbps=18*10^6 bps
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Find the Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval for the
following signals.
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