A.

PREDICATE
            Predicate can be defined as a part that has an important function to identify arguments in
sentence, or describe the referring expression in a particular situation.
            According to Soekemi (2000: 25), “a predicate is any word (sequence of words) which
can function as the predicator of a sentence”. In this case, predicator is as a central part of the
analysis.
            Predicate are classified into:
1. Zero-place predicate: predicate that does not require some referent or argument in the
sentence. For example: It is raining. The verb “rain” does not name anything in the subject “it”.
The sentence has a subject, because English requires a subject, but this subject does not
correspond anything in the sentence.
2. One-place predicate: predicate that requires in one arguments. Adjective usually one-place
predicate, e.g.: happy, cool, etc. For example: She is happy. “She” is an argument and “happy”
is one-place predicate which has the function as an adjective. This sentence is intransitive verbs,
or it can be called one-argument predicate. Argument names an actor that carries out the action
(predicate). Predicates tell what an argument did.
3. Two-place predicate: a verb or predicate with two arguments, namely as a subject and an
object). For example: Jane teaches English. “Jane” is an argument as a subject in a sentence;
“teaches” is two-place predicate which has the function as a verb; and “English” is an argument
as an object in a sentence. Predicate is as a link between one argument as a subject and another
argument as an object.
4. Three-place predicate: predicate with three arguments.
For example: the museum is between the church and the school. “The museum”, “the church”,
and “the school” are arguments; and “between” is a three-predicate which has the function as
preposition.
            The degree of predicate or the classification of predicate which have number of zero, one,
two, or three of arguments are required when the predicate used as predicator in utterance or
sentence. Therefore, predicate can be functioned as predicator. Then, predicator becomes a
central part of the analysis.
2.2. SEMANTIC ROLE
            Semantic role is a part of sentence in the basic type of semantic instead of predicate.
Semantic role is an argument which is played by referring expression. As Kreidler (1998: 68)
states, the arguments that accompany the predicate have different semantic functions, or roles, in
the proposition. Predicate has a function to identify the role of argument in producing meaning.
Soekemi (2000: 113) divides the roles played by referring expression called participant
roles into:
a. Agent: the person carrying out the action described. As example: the gardener in the
gardener opened the gate

b. Affected: the thing or the person, upon which the action is carried out. As example: the
door in the gardener opened the door.

c. Instrument: the thing by means of which the action is carried out. As example: the
key in the gardener opened the gate with the key.

d. Beneficiary: the person for whose benefit the action. As example: students in the

gardener opened the gate for the students.

e. Location: the place where the action described. As example: In campus in the gardener
opened the gate for the students in the campus.

According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2003: 193-194) classify the thematic roles
into:
a. Agent, the one who performs an action.

For example: Joyce ran.
b. Theme, the one or thing that undergoes an action.

For example: Mary found the puppy.

c. Location, the place where an action happens.

For example: It rains in Surabaya.

d. Goal, The place to which an action originates

For example: He flew from Singapore to Surabaya.

 e. Instrument, the means by which an action is performed.

For example: Freddie cuts hair with a razor.

f. Experiencer, one who perceives something.

For example: Ruli heard Beni playing the guitar.

g. Causative, a natural force that causes a change.

For example: The wind damaged the roof.

h. Possessor, one who has something.

For example: The tail of the dog wagged furiously.

A VARIETY OF PREDICATES
            According to Kreidler (1998: 251), there are three groups of predicates, namely:
1. Attitudinal predicates: express mental.
It means that people have about their past experiences and possible future and general feelings
about likes, dislikes and preferences. Attitudinal predicate is a verb or adjective that expresses
the feelings of the subject. For example: I hate this music
“Hate” is kind of expression of dislikes to something.
2. Enabling and preventing: express actions that cause something to be done, enables someone to act,
or prevents someone from acting.
An enabling predicate is a verb or an adjective which tells that the following predication is made
possible. For example: we allowed the car to pass. “Allowed” is an enabling predicate by using
of authority. The subject “we” makes possible for something (“car”) to do something (“pass”).
A preventing predicate is a verb which states that an agent causes the non-occurrence of the
predication. For example: I kept the ball from rolling away. “Kept” is a preventing predicate by
using of effort.
3. Perceptual predicates: express the sensations.
It is also called “sensory verbs”, express the sensations through five hands. For example:
Alice heard a funny song. “Heard” is a perceptual predicate by using sensory of ear.
 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
 ANALYSIS
               By analyzing the data which is taken from The Jakarta Post, is expected more
understand about the participant role in semantics.
1.      Speculation rises about William’s future plans. “Speculation” is an argument which has the
position of subject. In the role of argument, “speculation” is a role of affected because it
undergoes a change in an event. “Rises” is a predicate which is telling of an event as a changing
in the condition of an argument. This sentence is one-place predicate because the verb
intransitive. In this case, this sentence also can be written as “speculation rises (about William’s
future plans)”.
2.      I’m speaking to every individual one of you when I say you are very special people. “I” is a
subject of an argument which has the role function of agent. “Speak” is a verb in predicate. It is
one-place predicate because the verb “speak” is intransitive. In this case, a predicate needs an
object or not. “Every individual one of you” becomes an affected in a role of argument.  “When I
say you are very special people” has the function of complement in the sentence.
3.      I love the uniform. “I” is a subject of an argument which has the function as an agent. “Love”
is a verb of predicate which needs an object. It is two-place predicate because there are two
arguments, “I” and “the uniform”. “Love” is a kind of expression of preferences on something,
called attitudinal predicate. “The uniform” as an object has the role function of affected.
4.      It is so sexy. “It” here has referent of “the uniform” in the previous sentence. “It” is a subject
which has the role function of theme. “So sexy” is an adjective in the position of one-place
predicate because the verb in this sentence is intransitive.
5.      This is a milestone day. “This” is a subject that does not name anything. Therefore, the
predicate is categorized as zero-place predicate even though the sentence has a subject. “A
milestone day” is a predicate which has the function of noun in the sentence. 
6.      The queen inspected all the new cadets. “The queen” is an agent which has the position of a
subject in the sentence. “The queen” is the doer who acts something. “Inspected” is a predicate
of verb which is categorized as two-place predicate because this sentence has two arguments.
“All the new cadets” becomes affected in a role of the argument.
  DISCUSSION
            In the discussion, the tree diagram will be drawn to get the summary from the analysis.
1. Argument                Predicate
           
    Affected                 event
              
      Speculation           rises                about William’s future plans.
2. Argument                Predicate         Argument

    Agent                      verb                 Affected

    I                               speak               every individual one of you

3. Argument                Predicate         Argument

    Agent                      Verb                Affected

      I                             love                 the uniform
4. Argument                Predicate        

    Theme                     Verb   
     
      It                           so sexy           
5.   Predicate  

      Verb         
      A milestone day
6. Argument                Predicate         Argument
    Agent                      Verb                Affected
   The queen                 inspected         all the new cadets
               From the tree diagrams above, the composition with the arguments an predicate in the
six sentences are indicated in abbreviated form in order to get more understanding about
predicate in semantics.
               After making the tree diagram, the summary can be drawn that the sentence have and
predicate. Subject here is an argument which has many functions. Argument is as an affected if
the argument undergoes a change in an event Argument is also as an agent which has the
function of the doer in the sentence. Therefore, agent needs an object as the affected of the
action. Then, argument is as a theme constitutes the one or thing that undergoes an action.
Another part of the sentence is predicate to indicate the action (verb), event (verb), or adjective.
Predicate as the action is a verb. It usually categorized into two-place predicate because of two
arguments in a sentence. In this case, predicate needs the object to affect something. An object as
the sufferer immediately following a main verb in predicate is often identified by the role of
affected in the sentence. Predicate as an event does not need an object because the verb is
intransitive in a sentence. Therefore, this predicate is categorized into one-place predicate
because of one argument in the sentence. Then, predicate as an adjective is to describe on
something whether it is sexy. There is also predicate that is categorized into zero-place predicate.
This predicate does not require referent even though there is a subject that does name anything.

B.PREDICATES IN SYNTAX VS IN SEMANTICS

Predicate is an important part in a sentence. In syntax, it is clear that predicate is generally

understood to be realized as a verb. Predicate is needed as grammatical structure in language. As
Fillmore (1968: 23) says in “The Case For Case” that the basic structure of sentences, which is
called proposition, is a tenseless set of relationship involving verbs and nouns. Here, a verb takes
a role as indication in forming a sentence.

In grammatical rule, predicate has a function to define the position of an object or some relation
between two or more objects. The objects concerning which a predicate asserts something are the
arguments of that predicate. Concerning to the position of predicate in structure and semantics,
he (ibid, 32) also states:
Verbs are subclassified according to the case environments which accept them, and the semantic
characterizations of verbs relate them either to specific case elements in the environment or to
elements containing features (such as animateness) introduced as obligatory accompaniments of
particular cases.It means that syntax and semantic can not be separated in a sentence because the
two are interrelated. The meaning of a sentence, which is semantics, has the account of different
form of the ‘same’ word (cat-cats, connect-connecting-connected, etc) which is ruled in syntax.
In this case, while semantics deals with meaning, syntax deals with structure of meaning.

In semantics, a predicate is concept (property or n-ary relation) that is attributed to a given (set
of) argument(s) in a predication. Constituents with the function of a predicate are called
predicate terms. However, the distinction between 'predicates' and 'predicate terms' is often not
made, especially in syntactic research.In predicate logic, a predicate is often represented in
(small) capitals followed by its argument(s) in parentheses. For example, the predicate denoted
by the word man can be represented as man, and if the property of being a man is attributed to
Fred, this is represented as man(Fred). Alternatively, inverted commas are often used to mark
(semantic) predicates as such and to distinguish them from natural language , e.g. man'(Fred).
When a predicate takes two arguments (denotes a relation rather than a property), the arguments
are usually separated by commas (e.g. like(Fred,Mary) for Fred likes Mary). Put differently, the
predicate like takes a pair of entities (rather than a single entity) which functions as an argument
of that predicate.In traditional grammaticography, a predicate combines with a subject to form a
sentence, and the ascribes a property to the subject referent (e.g. Socrates is the subject in the
sentence Socrates is mortal and is mortal is the predicate).

C.PREDICATE, PREDICATOR AND ARGUMENT

a)Predicate is an important part in a sentence,  Predicate is any words or any phrases that have
any function of predicator.Is any word or squence of words which in agiven single sentence can
function as the predicator of a sentence.

EXAMPLE: A Tall, beautiful woman entered the class.

Tall,beautiful,woman, and class are predicates.

b)Predicators, the predicator of a simple declarative sentence is the word(sometimes a group of

words)which does not belong to any of the referring ekspression and which of the
remainder,makes the most spesific contributions to the meaning of the sentence.
 Predicators can be:

All of part of speech

Exept:

- Conjunction
- Articles
- To be

Example: Galing loved Marlin

Loved is the Remainders

Love is Predicators

c)Argument
The term argument is systematically ambiguous. In semantics, an argument is the entity about
which a predication is made. In syntax, an argument is a constituent (noun phrase, adpositional
phrase) that is required by another (predicative, argument-taking) constituent (verb, relational
adjective, relational noun). In this second, syntactic sense, 'arguments' are also called 'argument
terms'. Argument terms are said to be 'sub-categorized' by their governing predicates.

In Generative syntax, Argument is a phrase which is a referential expression and which is

associated with a theta-role assigned by a lexical head.
Examples
In the following sentences, the italicized noun phrases (or adpositional phrases) are arguments
(or argument terms):

 Tasaku bought a ticket on Friday.

 Please give my regards to your husband.
 On the boat the passengers rely on the captain.
The NPs John and apples in (i)a are arguments of eat and the embedded sentence in (i)b is an
argument of obvious. The phrase next week in (ii) is not an argument (of visit), and is assigned no
theta-role.

(i) a John eats apples

b That you're in love is obvious
D.Degree of Predicate (Valency)

In linguistics, valency or valence is the number and type of arguments controlled by

a predicate, content verbs being typical predicates. Valency is related, though not identical,
to subcategorization and transitivity, which count only object arguments – valency counts all
arguments, including the subject. The linguistic meaning of valency derives from the definition
of valency in chemistry. The valency metaphor appeared first in linguistics in Charles Sanders
Peirce's essay "The Logic of Relatives" in 1897,[1] and it then surfaced in the works of a number
of linguists decades later in the late 1940s and 1950s. [2] Lucien Tesnière is credited most with
having established the valency concept in linguistics.[3] A major authority on the valency of the
English verbs is Allerton (1982), who made the important distinction between semantic and
syntactic valency.

Types
There are several types of valency:

1. impersonal (=avalent) it rains

2. intransitive (monovalent/monadic) she sleeps
3. transitive (divalent/dyadic) she kicks the ball
4. ditransitive (trivalent/triadic) she gave him a book
5. tritransitive (quadrivalent/quadradic) I bet her a dollar on a horse

 an impersonal verb has no determinate subject, e.g. It rains. (Though it is technically the

subject of the verb in English, it is only a dummy subject; that is, a syntactic placeholder: it
has no concrete referent. No other subject can replace it. In many other languages, there
would be no subject at all. The Spanish translation of It rains, for example, is a single verb
form: Llueve.)
 an intransitive verb takes one argument, e.g. He1  sleeps.
 a transitive verb takes two, e.g. He1 kicked the ball2.
 a ditransitive verb takes three, e.g. He1 gave her2 a flower3.
 There are a few verbs that take four arguments; they are tritransitive. Sometimes bet is
considered to have four arguments in English, as in the examples I1 bet him2 five quid3 on
”The Daily Arabian”4 and I1 bet you2 two dollars3 it will rain4. However, since the latter
example can be restated as I1 bet you2 two dollars3 without becoming ungrammatical, the
verb bet is not considered to be a true tritransitive verb[citation needed] (that is, the clause it will
rain is an adjunct, not an argument). Languages that mark arguments morphologically can
have true "tritransitive" verbs, such as the causative of a ditransitive verb in Abaza (which
incorporates all four arguments in the sentence "He couldn't make them give it back to her"
as pronominal prefixes on the verb).[4]: p. 57
The term valence also refers to the syntactic category of these elements. Verbs show
considerable variety in this respect. In the examples above, the arguments are noun
phrases (NPs), but arguments can in many cases be other categories, e.g.
Winning the prize made our training worthwhile. – Subject is a non-finite verb phrase
 That he came late did not surprise us. – Subject is a clause
Sam persuaded us to contribute to the cause. – Object is a non-finite verb phrase
The president mentioned that she would veto this bill. – Object is a clause
Many of these patterns can appear in a form rather different from the ones just
shown above. For example, they can also be expressed using the passive voice:
Our training was made worthwhile (by winning the prize).
We were not surprised (by the fact that he came late).
We were persuaded to contribute (by Sam).
That she would veto this bill was mentioned (by the president).

E.Some Change in Valency

Changing valency
Most languages provide a means to change the valency of verbs.There are two ways to change
the valency of a verb: reducing and increasing.
Note that for this section, the labels S, A, and P will be used. These are commonly used names
(taken from morphosyntactic alignment theory) given to arguments of a verb. S refers to
the subject of an intransitive verb, A refers to the agent of a transitive verb, and P refers to
the patient of a transitive verb. (The patient is sometimes also called undergoer.)
These are core arguments of a verb:

 Lydia (S) is sleeping.
 Don (A) is cooking dinner (P).
Non-core (or peripheral) arguments are called obliques and are typically optional:

 Lydia is sleeping on the couch.

 Don is cooking dinner  for his mom.
Valency-reducing
Reducing valency involves moving an argument from the core to oblique status. The passive
voice and antipassive voice are prototypical valency reducing devices.This kind of derivation
applies most to transitive clauses. Since there are two arguments in a transitive clause, A and P,
there are two possibilities for reducing the valency:
1. A is removed from the core and becomes an oblique. The clause becomes intransitive
since there's only one core argument, the original P, which has become S. This is exactly
what the passive voice does. The semantics of this construction emphasizes the original P
and downgrades the original A and is used to avoid mentioning A, draw attention to P or
the result of the activity.
(a) Don (A) is cooking dinner (P).
 (b) Dinner (S) is being cooked (by Don).
2. P is moved from the core and becomes an oblique. Similarly, the clause becomes
intransitive and the original A becomes S.The semantics of this construction emphasizes
the original A and downgrades the original P and is used when the action includes a
patient, but the patient is given little or no attention.These are difficult to convey in
English.
(a) Don (A) is crushing a soda can (P).
(b) Don (S) is crushing. [with the implication that a soda can is being crushed].
Note that this is not the same as an ambitransitive verb, which can be either intransitive
or transitive (see criterion 4 below, which this does not meet).
There are some problems, however, with the terms passive and antipassive because they
have been used to describe a wide range of behaviors across the world's languages. For
example, when compared to a canonical European passive, the passive construction in
other languages is justified in its name. However, when comparing passives across the
world's languages, they do not share a single common feature.
R. M. W. Dixon has proposed four properties of passives and antipassives.

1. They apply to underlying transitive clauses and form a derived intransitive.

2. The underlying P of the passive and A of the antipassive become S.
3. The underlying A of the passive and P of the antipassive go into the periphery
and are marked by a non-core case/preposition/etc. These can be omitted, but
there's always the option of including them.
4. There is some explicit marking of the construction.
He acknowledges that this excludes some constructions labeled as "passive" by some
linguists.
Other ways to reduce valency include the reflexives, reciprocals, inverse
constructions, middle voice, object demotion, noun incorporation, and object
incorporation.[13]:196–222
Valency-increasing[edit]
This involves moving an argument from the periphery into the
core. Applicatives and causatives are prototypical valency increasing devices

 Conclusion

            Predicate is often found in utterance either in speaking or writing. Predicate is one of

basic part in semantics that associates with referring expression or argument. Predicate has the
function to identify a role that argument has in particular situation of the sentence. Predicate can
be preposition, object or object phrase, adjective or adjective phrase, and noun phrase. There are
four degrees in predication, namely zero-place predicate, one-place predicate, two-place
predicate and three predicate. The degrees of predicate have a function to identify numbering of
argument. There are also three varieties of predicate, namely attitudinal predicates, enabling and
preventing predicates, and perceptual predicates. Those varieties are kinds of expression that is
used in predicate.
The grammatical positions which consist of subject, object, and complement are
identified as the position in the sentence. Therefore, semantics and syntax can not be separated
each other. In other words, they have relationship between each other.