A QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IEC PACKAGES ON

KNOWLEDGE REGARDING IMPACT ON USAGE OF MOBILE PHONE DURING PREGNANCY AMONG

AT SELECTED HEALTH CENTER, THANJAVUR .

BY

REG NO: 301922251

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE TAMIL NADU Dr. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY,

CHENNAI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING.

OCTOBER – 2021
 A QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IEC PACKAGES ON
KNOWLEDGE REGARDING IMPACT ON USAGE OF MOBILE PHONE DURING PREGNANCY AMONG
THE AT SELECTED HEALTH CENTER, THANJAVUR .

BY

REG NO: 30192221

Research Guide:

Prof. Mrs.P.Sagayamary, M.Sc(N), PhD

Principal,

Our Lady of Health College of Nursing,

Thanjavur.

Clinical Guide:

Prof. Mrs.Devi M.Sc (N),

HOD of obstetrics and gynecological nursing,

Our Lady of Health College of Nursing,

Thanjavur.
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE TAMIL NADU Dr. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF
SCIENCE IN NURSING.

OCTOBER – 2021

CERTIFICATE

CERTIFIED THAT THIS IS THE BONAFIDE WORK OF

Register No: 301922251

AT OUR LADY OF HEALTH COLLEGE OF NURSING, THANJAVUR.

SUBMITTED TO THE TAMIL NADU Dr. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN NURSING.

Examiners:

1.

2.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this dissertation titled “A quasi experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of IEC
packages on knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among at selected health
center ,Thaanjavur” is an original research work undertaken and carried out by me, under the guidance of guide
Mrs.Devi, M.Sc. (N), HOD of obstetrics and gynecological nursing in Our Lady of Health College of Nursing,
Thanjavur.

I hereby declare that the material of this has not been used as a basis for the award of any degree / diploma in this
university or any other universities.

301922251
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO

NO
INTRODUCTION

 Background of the study

 Need for the study

 Problem statement
I
 Objectives of the study

 Hypotheses

 Operational definitions

 Assumptios

 Delimitations

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 Theoretical literature
II
 Emperical literature

 Conceptual framework
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 Research approach

III  Research design

 Variables under study

 Setting of the study

 Population

 Sample

 Sample size

 Sampling technique

 Criteria for sample selection

 Data collection tool

 Report of the pilot study

 Validity and Reliability

 Method of data collection

 Scoring and interpretation of the tool

 Plan for data analysis

 Ethical considerations

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

IV
 Organization of data

 Presentation of data

V DISCUSSION
VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

 Summary

 Conclusion

 Nursing implications

 Recommendations

REFERENCES

ANNEXURES
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE OF THE TABLE PAGE NO

Scoring and interpretation procedure for the levels of

3.1 knowledge

3.2 Methods of data analysis

Description of demographic variables of the antenatal

women in experimental and control group
4.1

Assessment of pretest and posttest levels of knowledge

4.2 regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during
pregnancyamong antenatal women in experimental and
control group.

4.3 Comparison of mean, standard deviation of knowledge level

of pretest and posttest in experimental group.

4.4 Compare the significant difference in posttest levels of

knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile phone
during pregnancy among antenatal women in experimental
and control group

4.5 Correlate the relationship between the pretest and posttest

levels of knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile
phone during pregnancy among antenatal women in
experimental and control group

4.6 Determine the association between the pretest levels of

knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile phone
during pregnancy and their selected demographic variables
in experimental and control group
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

2.1 Conceptual framework

4.1 Percentage distribution of pretest and posttest level of knowledge

in experimental group

4.2 Percentage distribution of pretest and posttest level of knowledge

in control group

4.3 Comparison of mean ,standard deviation of pretest and post-test

level of knowledge before and after IEC package in experimental
group

4.4 Comparison of posttest level mean, standard deviation in

experimental group and control group
 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS EXPANSION
EMF Electro magnetic field
RF Radio frequency
IEC Information education communication

AN Antenatal
MHZ Megahertz
SAR Specific absorbtion rate
w/kg Watts per kilogram
OR Odds ratio

CI Confidence interval

RR Relative risk

e.g Example

< Less than

> Greater than

H Hypotheses
F Frequency

% Percentage

SD Standard deviation

λ2 Chi-square
r Reliability
n Number of samples

p Probability value

S Significant

NS Not significant
HOD Head of the department

WWW World wide web

 LIST OF ANNEXURES

S.NO NAME OF THE ANNEXURE

1. Letter seeking permission to conduct research study

2. Ethical clearance certificate

3. Letter seeking expert’s opinion for content validity

 4. Content validity certificates

5. Informed consent form

6. Certificate for English editing

7. Research tool

8. Teaching material

9. Snap shots

10. Soft copy of the study

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank god almighty for his love and care and for all the goodness and blessings over me.my heart filled with
gratitude for gods amazing power and inspiration which i experienced throughout my research work.i thank god for
bringing hope even through the toughest times especially during this pandemic period,strengthening and guiding me to
complete the dissertation successful.

I extend my heartfelt thanks to the management of our lady of health college of nursing for given the opportunity to
fortify my nursing professional role and helping me for the completion of my endeavour.

I express my profound gratitude to our esteemed bishop Rev.Fr.Dr.Devadoss Ambrose,D.D,L.S.S,S.T.D.,for his

blessings and prayers throughout our studies.
 I owe my sincere thanks and gratitude to our correspondent Who inspired me and has created craving
interest in research.his insightful comments and constructive criticism and friendly approach helped me a lot in the
completion of the dissertation.i thank him for arranging and providing all the facilities in the college.

Its my privilege to express the deepest sense of gratitude to acknowledge our principal Prof.Dr.SAGAYAMARY
MSC(N).,M.A.,Ph.D(N)., principal of our lady of health college of nursing,who granted permission to do this project and
whose scholory outlook and excellence in guidance helped me to complete the project enthusiastically.

I expressed my deepest gratitude is to prof.IRAIMANI ,M.SC(N).,vice principal of ourlady of health college of

nursing for her valuable suggestions,guidance and support to carry out my research work completely with enthusiasm.

I express my great jublication thanks to my guide MRS.DEVI,M.SC(N).,HOD of obg department for her immense
support and guidance throughout the work.iam indepted to her constant interest ,untiring guidance,valuable suggestions
,motivation to bring this study as a success.

. I express my sence of gratitude to all the evaluators who were validated the content and provided valuable suggestions
for my study.

I am highly indebted to MRS.JOICE ELIZABETH RANI,M.SC(N),Associate Professor of mesical surgical nursing

department for her statistical direction ,constant advice and support for the completion of the analysis part of my research
work

I extend my deepest gratitude to the HODs of all the department specially Mrs.Gowri prabaharan HOD of community
department and subject coordinator of research in our lady of health college of nursing ,for their valuable guidance .

I extend my heartfull thanks to the librarian fo her cooperation in procuring books whenever needed.

A special note of thanks to all the faculty of our lady of helath college of nursing who gave timely help and support to
complete the study.

I extend my heartfull gratitude to the medical officers of marungulam and kallukulam primary health center ,for
giving permission to conduct my study.

I wish to extend my sincere thanks to for editing the thesis

I extend my sincere thans to all the participants who participated in the study for their whole hearted cooperation
without whom this study would have been impossible.

I would like express my heartful thanks to my husband ,parents,inlaws,brothers,sisters, for their love,moral support,and
encouragement throughout the completion of my study.

I extend my thanks to all my colleagues for their help and support during my study.

Once again my immense thanks to all the members who are involved directly as well as indirectly for completing my
dissertation in a fruitful manner.
 ABSTRACT

A Quasiexperimental study to assess the effectiveness of IEC package on knowledge regarding impact on
usage of mobile phones during pregnancy among antenatal women in selected health center at Thanjavur
district.Nonrandomized control group design was used among 60 antenatal women by using non probability convenience
sampling technique. Semi structured self administration knowledge questionnaire were given to assess the knowledge of
the sample. The investigator concluded that the pretest levels of knowledge of experiment and control group was
inadequate and moderate. In post test the levels of knowledge was moderate(10%) and adequate(90%) in experimental
group but inadequate (60%)and moderate(40%) in control group. The calculate paired ‘t ‘ test value for the experimental
group 35 whereas in control group 0.74 .The calculated unpaired test value for levels of knowledge was 19.35. The
correlation between pre and post test levels of knowledge in experimental group was 0.8 and for the control group was
0.5 . This clearly indicates that after the administration of IEC package on levels of knowledge regarding impact on
usage of mobile phone during pregnancy is effective and statistically significant to the experimental group. Hence the
given IEC package was effective.
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER- 1
INTRODUCTION
Life was much easier when apple and blackberry were just fruits, when it becomes a mobile phones
it makes a life more difficult

Mobile phone or cellular phone is a long range and portable electronic device used for communication.
Now mobile phones can support many additional services such as short message service for the texting the
messaging, email packet switching for accessing to the internet, and multimedia messaging services for
sending the video. Mobile phones operate by using radio waves, a form of non-ionizing radiation, the radio
waves transmit to the base station and back again.

Cell phone radiation is one type of non ionizing electromagnetic radiation. Other types of
electromagnetic radiation include radio frequencies, microwaves and electromagnetic frequencies. Cell phone
radiation cannot be seen. It is invisible .Electro Magnetic Radiation frequencies that are continuously
bombarding every cell in our body 24 hours a day. This explosion of wireless technology is drowning human
beings in a sea of electro pollution and cell phone radiation.

The women when she becomes pregnant from the first week to the next 40 weeks she will be on a truly
exciting journey as she actively takes part in the miracle of creating a new life. These 40 weeks of
pregnancy are split into three frames of references each trimester is filled with distinct pattern of fetal
development, emotional changes and physical changes to the pregnant women’s body. The first trimester is a time
of crucial development in the fetus . Most miscarriages occur during the first trimester and often a women
experiences a pregnancy loss before she even realizes that she was pregnant.
During this exciting journey the cell phone radiations causes many ill effects affecting the physical, mental
and the emotional state of women. These detrimental radiations play their role in shaping the later life of the
woman as well as the newborn. There are numerous people including pregnant women who are unaware of
the fact that they are being continuously exposed to the injurious cellular radiations around them which are
negatively affecting their health. They deeply affect the brain cells of mother as well as her child. One cannot
deny the fact that these invisible radiations can impart a deep-rooted ill-effect on the life plus health of the
child which is yet to be born. These radiations have an unpleasant effect on the life of the developing child
as well as the mother during pregnancy.
It is necessary to investigate, understand and monitor the adverse effects of mobile phone usage during pregnancy
and prevent further complication of mobile phones used by pregnant mother, hence education regarding the impact of
mobile phone usage during pregnancy is important
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

DR.NS.kanimozhi (2019)said that Pregnant ladies are not to be encouraged to exposed to radiation during this
pregnancy period . Lesser the exposure to radiation will be lower the risk of birth defects in a newborn. Particularly
between 2 to 18 weeks of pregnancy period fetuses are very sensitive to radiation..

Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health(2010)the new study stated that Exposure to cell phones before
birth and afterward may increase a child’s risk for developing certain behavioral problems, including hyperactivity,
inattention, and problems getting along with peers
Dr. Devra Davis, University of California at Berkeley(2018)said that most pregnant women understand and take
a concern in pregnancy so they are stay away from the alcohol drinking ,cigarette smoking ,and also they are careful
about what kind of food eat during pregnancy. so at the same way protection from the wireless radiation exposure
also need because the weight of evidence clearly supports need to protection from the wireless technology is very
important.

American Academy of Pediatrics (2013) stated that Current FCC standards do not mention for the unique
vulnerability specific to the antenatal women and children. But it is essential that any emerging standards for cell
phones and other wireless devices should be consider about the protecting vulnerable population and to ensure that
they are safeguarded throughout their lifetimes

.The World Health Organisation (WHO)’s conducted interphone study in 2000 .it is done over 10 years among
13 countries and the results showed that heavy cell phone users who are speaking more than 2 hours a day have a
risk of glioma and also the incidence of glioma risk is 55% for those using it over 10 years. They also found 5,117
brain tumour cases in the interphone study.
Prenatally maximum electromagnetic field exposure is associated with high risk of miscarriage in early pregnancy
. When the women is on call for long period significantly it increases the fetal heart rate and decreases the cardiac
output.

Grassroots Environmental Education(2015) included More than one hundred medical doctors,
scientists and public health experts from around the world have signed a Joint statement  advising pregnant women to take
simple precautions to protect from the wireless radiation. The Statement is
part of a national right-to-know campaign called the baby safe poject created by two non-profit organizations to inform
pregnant women about the issue.
Early development of a fetus is particularly a dangerous time for cellular radiation exposure because of
organogenesis during first trimester which increases the risk of birth defects. During the gestational period of two to 15
weeks of development, radiation exposure can cause birth defects such as mental retardation, decreased growth and
severe brain damage. The effects of radiation are similar, though more often after extreme exposure, from the 16 th
to the 25th week of pregnancy. After 26 weeks of development, the fetus is less likely to suffer effects, but there is
still a risk if exposed frequently to cellular radiation.
Yale School of Medicine researchers stated (2015) Cell phone use in pregnancy may cause behavioral
disorders in offspring. Exposure to radiation from the mobile phones  during prenatal period affects the brain
development of offspring, potentially leading to hyperactivity
Jeff Parsons et.al (2017) conducted a study on WiFi and mobile phones could increase pregnant women's risk
of miscarriage. They analyzed 913 pregnant women at various stages of their pregnancy. All of the women carried a
special meter with them that measured their exposure to magnetic field radiation for 24 hours over the course of a
typical day. Results reveal pregnant women with the highest magnetic field radiation exposure have a 48 percent
greater risk of miscarrying than those with the lowest exposure
Nathalie Boileau.et al (2016) conducted a prospective longitudinal ,multi center observational cohort study on
knowledge regarding mobile phone use by pregnant women and fetal development during pregnancy among 1378
antenatal mothers at nehavi .After the analysis 1368(99.3%)mothers used their mobile phone during pregnancy.
Mothers who used their mobiles for more than 30 minutes per day were significantly more likely to have an
newborn with ≤ 10th percentile AUDIPOG score than those whose mothers used their mobiles for less than 5
minutes per day during pregnancy (OR = 1.54 [1.03; 2.31], p = 0.0374). This study concluded that the antenatal
mother who are using a mobile phone for calls for more than 30 min per day during pregnancy may have a negative
impact on fetal growth
Since the usage of mobile phone during pregnancy has a profound effect on the mother and her unborn
child and born children. Since, the exact effects and doses are constantly being researched, it is best for a pregnant
woman to avoid radiation exposure whenever possible. Pregnant women or women trying to get pregnant should
absolutely stay away from nuclear radiation power. Hence, it is very necessary to impart education to the
pregnant women regarding usage of mobile phones during pregnancy by lowering exposing to cell phone and
thereby reducing the complication
NEED FOR THE STUDY.

The cell phone usage by pregnant women, impart an adverse effect on physical, mental and the emotional state of
a pregnant mother and her unborn child. The physical state in the form of, thermal effect is caused by prolonged usage
of cell phone that is, the living tissues are heated by radiations of polar molecules induced by the electromagnetic field.
When cell phones are used frequently most of the heating effect will occur at the surface of head causing its
temperature to increase by a fraction of a degree. The brains blood circulation disposes excess heat by increasing
local blood flow which cause tissue damage resulting in neuromuscular dysfunction. Use of mobile handsets in
pregnancy for long time has reported major physical symptoms like feeling of burning and tingling sensation in the head
and upper extremities. The other symptoms observed are fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, headache and stress.
Approximately 5% of the total population represent the pregnant women and The current birth rate for india in
2021 is 17.3777 births per 1000 people.
According to the telecommunications statistical report(2021) the number of smart phone users in india was estimates
to reach over 760 million in 2021,with the number ofg smartphone users world wide forecastedto exceed to 3.8 billion
users in 2021. India is 3rd in Asia and 19-40 years age group is major section (85%) using internet in India
In 2016 ,70 %of Indian internet users were male while 30 % were female users .this was estimated to 60 % male
users and 40 % female users by2020.so the number of female users are increased .it include the pregnant women also.
Xianglong Xu et.al (2015) conducted a Cross-Sectional Survey in China among 2400 Chinese pregnant women in 16
hospitals of 5 provinces and the response rate of 97.76%in that reported Daily mobile phone usage times between one and
two hours were 26.5%. Among the pregnant women, 14.3% viewed mobile phones for 2–4 h, 13.8% viewed mobile
phones for 4–6 h, and 7.9% spent more than 6 h on mobile viewing per day
Electromagnetic radiations easily flip certain genes in the mitochondria results in genotoxic effects. The damaged
mitochondria make cells no longer to perform the task and leakage through the blood brain barrier can occur. If this
gene sequence is altered in pregnant women, it causes muscular developmental problem in later life of children

United States Nuclear Regulation Commission (USNRC) also recommends total fetus exposure to the radiation
during pregnancy to be less than 5.0 mSv (500 mrem). If radiation dose below 50 mGy is considered safe and not cause
any harm.
Fetuses' developing brains are fragile and more vulnerable to get radiation than adults, so pregnant women must
keep the phone at a distance from the abdomen is very important.
Professor Lennart Hardell and his team (2014) from orebro university conducted a number of studies that found
increased risk of gliomas, acoustic neuromas, and, to a lesser extent, meningiomas among people who had used mobile
phones for more than ten years and also long-term use of mobile phones decreased the survival rate for people with brain
tumours.
World health organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN), signed by191 scientists from 39 nations on 11 May
2015. The text of the Appeal mentioned that Effects include increase risk of cancer , more cellular stress, more harmful to
the free radicals, genetic damages, ,deficits in learning and memory , neurological problems, and negative impacts on
general well-being in humans.’ The Appeal called on the UN and WHO to take action to protect children and pregnant
women, strengthen the standards, encourage the development of safer technologies in order to get a production, and
educate the public and medical professionals about the effects of wireless-radiation exposure .
Exposure to radiation during fetal development has been known to increase cancer risks later in life, and the risk
increases with the amount of radiation a pregnant woman is exposed. DNA is determined during development of a
fetus, and radiation can alter that. DNA is responsible for certain things such as skin, hair colour and other factors that
make a person unique. Electromagnetic radiation can alter the normal characteristics of developing cells and can damage
a cell with or without the chance of repair. If radiation exposure is severe, it can destroy the cells or leave the cells
with defects and mutations.
.
. Ermioni tsarn.et al(2019 ) conducted a research study on associations of maternal cell-phone use during
pregnancy With duration of pregnancy and the growth of the fetus.on the basis of analysis the results the intermediate
exposure group had a higher risk compared to low esposure group of giving birth at a lower gestational age (hazard ratio is
1.04, 95% at the confidence interval: 1.01, 1.07), and exposure-response relationships were found for shorter pregnancy
duration (P < 0.001) and preterm birth (P = 0.003). Finally they are concluded that Maternal mobile phone use during
antenatal period may be associated with shorter pregnancy duration and increased risk of preterm birth
Mobile usage during pregnancy leads to a risk of 25% emotional problem in children,24% have neuromuscular
difficulties relating to other children who are exposed prenatally ,35% to be hyperactive and 49% have problems with
behavior. The risk with the amount of phone use and potential radiation
Laura birks .et al (2017)conducted research study at Denmark on Maternal cell phone use during pregnancy and child
behavioral problems in five birth. Child behavioral problems analyzed with child behavior checklist reported by the
mothers and classified in the borderline/clinical and clinical ranges using validated cut-offs in children aged 5–7 years.
Overall, 38.8% of mothers reported behavioural problems.. that strongly support maternal cell phone use during the
pregnancy can increase the risk of child behavioural problems
The above mentioned studies and incidences show that the problems related to use of mobile are increasing among
pregnant women. The cell phone radiations cause many ill effects on physical, mental and the emotional state of pregnant
women. But they are spending more time with mobile phones especially in pandemic situation without knowing about the
ill effects of mobile. Health hazards of mobile phones is a conditions, that has to be prevented so that the incidence and
prevalence can be reduced. Interventions like ergonomic instructions and education help to improve the health condition of
pregnant women. As pregnant women are the most vulnerable population, the preventive aspect has to be taken into more
consideration. Hence the investigator thought that imparting knowledge regarding preventive measures is very essential for
Health hazards of mobile phones among pregnant women to prevent complications and further progression of disease. So
the investigator planned to prepare a package on knowledge regarding impact of mobile phone usage during pregnancy
among antenatal women so that the impact can be reduced. As prevention is better than cure, the hazards of the mobile
phone usage during pregnancy can be prevented at an early period through the information education and communication
package . Prevention of these problems is better than treating them so that the future complications and fetal loss
associated with that can be reduced to a greater extend.
.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“A quasi experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of package on knowledge regarding impact of usage of mobile
phone during pregnancy among antenatal mother in selected health centers at Thanjavur district.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study

1. To assess the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding impact of of usage of mobile phone during
pregnancy among antenatal mother in experimental group and control group
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of package on level of knowledge regarding impact of usage of mobile
phone during pregnancy among antenatal women in experimental group
3. To compare the significant difference in post test levels of knowledge regarding impact of usage of mobile
phone during pregnancy among antenatal mother in experimental group and control group
4. To correlate the relationship between pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding impact on usage of
mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal mother in experimental and control group.
5. To determine the association between the pretest level of knowledge regarding impact of usage of mobile
phone during pregnancy and their selected demographic variables in experimental and control group

HYPOTHESIS:
All the hypothesis will be tested at 0.05 level of significance

H1: There will be significant difference in pretest and posttest level of knowledge on impact of usage of mobile
phones during pregnancy among antenatal mothers in experimental and control group.
H2: There will be a significant difference in post test levels of knowledge on impact of mobile phone usage during
pregnancy among antenatal women in experimental group.
H3: there will be a significant correlation between the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding impact on usage
of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal mother in experimental group and control group
H4:: There will be a significant association between the` pretest level of knowledge on impact of usage of mobile
phone during pregnancy among antenatal women of both experimental and control group and their selected demographic
variables.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Effectiveness:

In this study, it refers to the outcome of knowledge level of antenanatal mother after providing package regarding
impact of mobile phone during pregnancy has improves the knowledge of antenatal women regarding usage of mobile
phone during pregnancy.
Information education communication package:
In this study ,it referes to a formal plan to educate antenatal women regarding impact of usage of mobile phone during
pregnancy through teaching by using a av aids such as charts, flash cards.
Knowledge:
In this study, it refers to the understanding of antenatal women regarding importance of avoidance of usage of mobile
phone during pregnancy as measured by knowledge questionnaire and expressed in terms of knowledge .

Impact :

In this study, it refers to the negative effects of frequent usage of mobile phone on the health condition of pregnant
women and her fetus due to frequent usage of mobile phone during pregnancy.
Mobile phone:
In this study, it refers to an electronic telecommunication device having connection to a wireless communication
network through radio waves, which has an adverse effect on the health status of the antenatal women and her fetus when
used during pregnancy period.
Antenatal mother:
In this study, it refers to pregnant women with any trimester as well as any gravida.

ASSUMPTIONS

The study assumes that:

 Antenatal mothers may have some knowledge regarding impact of mobile phone during pregnancy.
 The early intervention through package on impact of usage of mobile phone during pregnancy can
prevent complications in pregnant women and her fetus.
 package will create a positive effect on low usage of mobile phone during pregnancy.
DELIMITATION
The study is delimited to
 This study will be delimited to 60 samples
 This study will be delimited to the antenatal women who are willing to participate in the study with informed
written consent
 The Data collection period will be delimited to six weeks
 CHAPTER II
RWVIEW OF LITERATURE
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of literature is a systematic identification, selection, critical analysis and written description of
related materials pertaining to the area of study or topic of interest to expand existing knowledge or to develop
new knowledge

Part 1:Theoretical literature

Part2:Emperical literature

Sec A: Studies related to impact of usage of mobile phone on pregnant women and fetus
Sec B: Studies related to impact on iec:

Part 3:Conceptual framework

PART 1 :THEORETICAL LITERATURE

Introduction:

Millions of people in India and around the world use cellular phones including pregnant mother and
including children. Especially, when pregnant women is exposed frequently to cell phone radiation it leads to
dangerous consequences like miscarriage, sleep disturbances, and fetal effects like growth ceasing and birth
defects.

Definition:

Mobile phone:

It is a wireless, long range, portable electronic device used for communication. Uses of cell phone includes

To make and receive a call Store contact information Send text massages

Send or receive e-mail

Electromagnetic radiations (EMR): The type of radiation emitted from mobile phone is electromagnetic
radiation. It is present in an mobile because it uses radio frequency waves to make and receive calls.
The international communication non ionizing radiation protection has recommended the normal radio frequency
level exposure to be 2 watt/kg of tissue which is considered as harmless for the public.

Base station:

Exposure to radio frequency (RF) radiation can occur from the base station and mobile phones. A base
station is a tower mounted on a building at heights between 15 and 30 meters and it emits radiation about 20-40
watts of radio frequency. The intensity of the radiation decreases beyond a few meters from the cell tower.

Risk factors associated with effect of usage of mobile phone on antenatal mothers.

 Frequent or long exposure to mobile

 phone radiation
 Living near base station area Using non branded mobile phones
 Improper holding of cell phone during making and receiving call
 Keeping mobile phone near to sensitive areas of the body like head, ear and abdomen for prolonged period
 Keeping the mobile phone in vibration mode
 Keeping the mobile phone always in switch on mode
Common or general health effects on pregnant women due to mobile phone usage during
pregnancy:

Radiation absorption:

 Effect of radio frequency energy absorption by the pregnant women increases the tissue temperature.
 The radio frequency energy absorbed is expressed in terms of “specific absorption rate” (SAR)
measured in terms of watts per kg of tissue.
 Radio waves emitted by a mobile phone are absorbed by human head leads to penetration of the
blood brain barrier causing disturbed neuromuscular functions.
 Specific Absorption Rate when exceeding 4watt per kg of tissue is consider harmful only when a
part of the body is exposed to a higher value.

Thermal effect:

 Effect of radio frequency from the mobile phone is dielectric heating, in which living tissue is heated
by rotations of polar molecules induced by the electromagnetic field
 When the pregnant women use cell phone frequently most of the heating effect will occur at the surface
of the head causing its temperature to increase by a fraction of a degree.
 The brains blood circulation disposed excess heat by increasing local blood flow which causes tissue
damage. Exposure of the body to high radio frequency radiation iscalledthermal effect.

Cancer:

 Cell phone users have an increased risk of malignant gliomas. Tumours are more likely to occur
on the side of the head.
 Two to three times per day use of cell phone in pregnant women significantly raises the chance of cancer
and even within the age of twenty years.Current mobile phones are not safe for long time exposure
during pregnancy period.

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity:
  Use of mobile handset in pregnancy for long time has reported major symptoms like feeling of
burning and tingling sensation in the skin of head and extremities.
 The other symptoms observed are fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, headache and stress.

Specific effects of mobile phone usage on pregnant women and her foetus.
On pregnant women:

 Prenatally maximum electromagnetic field exposure is associated with high risk of miscarriage in early
pregnancy.

 Electromagneticradiations affects level of melatonin, a sleep controlling hormone which causes sleep
disturbance in mothers, that pass to unborn babies through placenta resulting in growth retardation.

 Electromagnetic radiations easily flip certain genes in the mitochondria. If this gene sequence is altered
in pregnant women. The damaged mitochondria can be passed to the foetus and cause muscular
developmental problem in children.

On foetus:

Most of the birth defects are observed in first trimester of pregnancy because of organogenesis as a result of
prolonged usage of mobile phone.

 Using mobile phone during the first term of pregnancy increases the risk of embryo growth ceasing.

 Early development of a fetus is particularly a dangerous time for cellular radiation exposure. Because
between the gestation of two to fifteen weeks of development, radiation exposure can cause neural tube
defects.

On pre natal exposure to children:

 When a pregnant woman is on call for a long time it significantly increases the foetal heart rate and
decreases the cardiac output.

 Children of mother exposed to cell phone even infrequently leads to brain dysfunctional disorder includes
hyperactivity, emotional problems and behavioural problems within seven years of age by the time they
start to go for school.

 Pregnant women using handset two or three times a day is enough to raise the risk of behavioural problems
in children.

 The short term hazard seen in child is disruption of memory and long term hazard include depressive
syndrome.

Preventive measures or precautions for potential hazards of cell phone on pregnant women and foetus:

 Avoid anything that can interfere with phone’s signal such as studded cover or rubber sheath out.
  Use phone when there is strong signal which is one way to reduce the level of radiation.

 Use the mobile phone as little as possible or only when there is no alternative.

 Send a text or use a landline instead of making a call by cell phone.

 Keep calls short.

 Using hand free kit can reduce specific absorption rate near to head while on call such as using loud
speaker, ear phone, blue tooth device, sending text, using land line.

 Avoid keeping cell phone near to the body.

 Place the cell phone away from body while using the blue tooth device, don’t hold it next to belly,
pocket, or on a waist clip.

 Find a spot where you can get strong signals before making a call.

 Turn cell phone off more often. Reserve it for emergencies or important matters. As long as cell phone is
on, it emits radiation intermittently, even when you are not actually making a call.

 Do not sleep with a cell phone on or near the bed. The cell phone emits a signal in stand-by mode even
when you aren’t talking.
Keep the cell phone at least 6-7 inches away from the body at all times. Don’t carry the cell phone close to
the body such as in a pocket or on a belt clip.
PART 2: EMPERICAL LITERATURE

Section A: Studies related to impact of usage of mobile phone on pregnant women and fetus
Abdul Rauf Alhassan (2021) conducted a cross sectional survey study to analyze the Factors Associated
with Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage) among 25062 samples in Ghana. The researcher used Maternal
Health Survey for this study. The main dependent variable of the study was history of miscarriage and the
independent variables was demographic characters , mass media exposure then the data analysis was done using
spss version .The prevalence of spontaneous abortion history among the respondent was 15.6%..Chi-square
analysis revealed that significant relation between miscarriage and the demographic variables. The study also
find out the significant relation between miscarriage and other independent variable. In that mainly for the
exposure to radio having the value X 2 =63.424, P ≤ 0.001,for the exposure to TV X 2 =16.403, P ≤ 0.001, for
the exposure to mobile phones X 2 =190.179, P ≤ 0.001 and for the exposure to internet X 2 =44.528, P ≤ 0.001
then the study concluded that women with exposure of tv ,mobile ,radio reported higher rates of miscarriage as
compared to those without exposure.

Tsarna., et al(2019) conducted a cohort study on Associations of Maternal Cell-Phone Use during
Pregnancy with Pregnancy Duration and Fetal Growth. They are using data on 55,507 pregnant women and their
children from Denmark, netherland, spain and south korea. They are examined pregnancy duration, fetal growth,
and birth weight variables and meta-analyzed cohort-specific estimates. After the data analysis exposure-
response relationships were found for shorter pregnancy duration (P < 0.001) and preterm birth (P = 0.003) and
the intermediate exposure group had a higher risk of giving birth at a lower gestational age compared to low
exposure group (ratio = 1.04, 95% interval: 1.01, 1.07). this study concluded that cell-phone use during
pregnancy may be associated with shorter duration of pregnancy and increasing the risk of preterm birth
 Agmed maged et.al (2018) conducted a prospective study at University hospital of Cairo, among primi
and multi para mothers to assess the effect of electromagnetic waves of mobile phone on the fetal heart
rate as well as fetal perfusion using the cardiotocography and Doppler ultrasound. There were 358
pregnant women who participated in the study at 28-32 weeks gestation with no medical disorder or
complication during pregnancy.samples are selected by non random sampling method. Subjects were divided
into two groups, 187 women in their first pregnancy and 171 multiparous women. The fetal heart rate was
recorded using cardotocography and Doppler ultrasound before and after dialing mode for 30 minutes and 5
minutes respectively. The study findings demonstrated that the fetal heart rate showed higher amplitude
and reduced fetal perfusion while the electromagnetic waves was generated than when the phone was
switched off.

Nicolas petitdant.,et.al(2018) conducted a study to assess the Exposure of pregnant women to

radiofrequency (RF) devices raises questions on their possible health consequences for their pregnancy. Pregnant
dams were daily restrained with loop antennas adjoining the abdomen (fetus body specific absorption rates
(SAR): 0, 0.7, or 2.6 W/kg) and received three lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intra-peritoneal injections (0 or 80
μg/kg). Scores in the prepulse startle inhibition, fear conditioning, open field, and elevated plus maze were
assessed. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and interleukines-1β (ILs) were quantified. Activity in the open
field was reduced at 2.6 W/kg at adolescence. GFAP and ILs, emotional memory, and anxiety-related behaviors
were not modified. These data support the hypothesis that maternal immune activation increased the
developmental RF exposure-induced long-term neurobiological impairments. These data support the fact that
fetuses who receive combined environmental exposures with RF need special attention for protection.

Qinqzhi Hou.et al(2018) conducted a cross sectional study on the association between maternal life
styles and antenatal stress and anxiety among 1491 Chinese pregnant women were drawn from the Guangxi
birth cohort study (GBCS). The baseline questionarries, Pregnancy Stress Rating Scale (PSRS) and Self-Rating
Anxiety Scale (SAS) were used to assess mobile phone use prenatal stress and anxiety. After the regression
analyses identified the relationship between maternal lifestyles and prenatal stress and anxiety: mainly (1) Hours
of phone use per day was positively correlated to prenatal stress and anxiety and increased with stress and
anxiety levels (all P trend < 0.05) and also if maternal women use phone >6 hours per day during pregnancy ,
2.43 and 2.62 times of risk increased for prenatal stress and anxiety compared to not users of mobile phone
during pregnancy.

Hava Bektas et.al(2018) conducted a preliminary study to investigate foetal impact of

radiofrequencies (RFs) emitted from mobile phones in postnatal cord blood among 149 pregnant women
samples. the samples are categorized into four groups such as,who are using the mobile phone for 2-15 min/d
(n: 39; group 1), 15-60 min/d (n: 37; group 2) and participants using mobile phone for more than 60 min/d (n:
36; group 3), nonusers of mobile phone (n: 37; control group). Immediately After the birth cord blood was taken
from the infant for the biochemical analysis after the analysis ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartat
aminotransferaz), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), CK (creatine kinase), CRP (c-reactive protein), CK-MB
(creatine kinase-miyocardial band), PCT (procalcitonin), TnT (troponin T), uric acid and lactate levels of 3 rd
group were found higher than the other groups (p < 0.001). and also Mean platelet volume values of 3 rd group
were found lower than the other groups (p < 0.001). finally this study concluded that long-term exposure of
mobile phone radiations during pregnancy may result in some biochemical changes in the infants. Therefore,
they are provided suggestion to pregnant women at least avoid from RFR exposure emitted from mobile
phones during the pregnancy timing

Mohammad Hossein. B.et al(2018) conducted a experimental study on Exposure to mobile phone (900-
1800 MHz) during pregnancy: tissue oxidative stress after childbirth among dams and the offspring mice.The
experimental group was exposed to 900-1800MHz level of mobile phone radiation for totally 20 days during
pregnancy in the manner of 2 hours per day. The dams and the offspring of both groups were sacrificed for the
study purpose and tissues were harvested immediately after delivery. In the experimental groups, levels of
malondialdehyde were significantly increased, while transglutaminase, superoxide dismutase levels were
significantly decreased in the total tissues of dams and their offspring. This study concluded that Exposure to
mobile phone (900-1800 MHz) during pregnancy induced oxidative stress in the tissues of dams and their
offspring.

Yushi Mo  .et al (2018) conducted a cross sectional study on the association between the use of antenatal
care smart phone apps in Pregnant Women and Antenatal Depression among 1304 pregnant women in human
provincial maternal and child health hospital .samples are selected by convenient sampling method .the
researcher used survey questionnaires of the study. It include the demographic characters,usage of antenatal care
apps .the cut off score of Edinburgh postnatal depression scale was 10 and 46.11%(601/1304) of the pregnant
women had depression .the logistic regression analysis showed that depression was associated with availability
of the disease screening appps (odds ratio (OR) 1.78, 95% CI 1.03-3.06) and spending 30 minutes or more (OR
2.05, 95% CI 1.19-3.52). Using apps with social media features was a important factor for antenatal depression
(OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12-0.89.That study concluded more time spent on these apps can associated with the
incidence of antenatal depression.

Jeff Parsons et al (2017) conducted a study on WiFi and mobile phones could increase pregnant women's
risk of miscarriage. They analyzed 913 pregnant women at various stages of their pregnancy. All of the women
carried a special meter with them that measured their exposure to MF radiation for 24 hours over the course of a
typical day. Results reveal pregnant women with the highest MF-radiation exposure have a 48 percent greater
risk of miscarrying than those with the lowest exposure

Bente Daha .et al (2017) conducted an qualitative inductive research study regarding the Use and misuse
of mobile Phones in the maternity ward among 10 midwifes at large hospital in Southeast Norway Two focus
group interviews exploring midwives’ perceptions (n = 10) of parent’ use of mobile phones during and after the
birth were conducted. Systematic text condensation was used to analyses the data, revealing three themes
pertaining to safety concerns: Interrupted communication due to parents’ excessive use of mobile phones during
labor and post natally, Unsafe care caused by lack of attention to the newborn baby’s signals as a result of being
disturbed by the mobile phone and Unsafe care because of parents interrupting their conversation with the
midwife by answering the mobile, acting in a disrespectful manner and failing to pay attention. They were
concerned that parents’ use of mobile phones in the maternity ward could negatively affect the attachment
process and considered that it interrupted their work

Eleni Papadopoulou et al (2017) conducted a prospective population cohort study .to interpret the Maternal
cell phone use in early pregnancy and child’s language, communication and motor skills at 3 and 5 years this
study conducted among 45,398 mother –child pairs in Norway. In this study the researcher used
questionnaires .after the data collection logistic regression was used to analyze the results .in that 9.8 % women’s
are not using phone in early pregnancy.39%,46.9% and 4.3% women are categorized low, medium ,high cell
phone users .children of cell phone user mother had 17%(OR =0.83,95% CI :0.77,0.89) had risk for having low
sentence complexity at 3 years compared to the children of non users and also children of cell phone users had
lower risk of low motor skills score at 3 years compared to children of non users .the study concluded that there
is a risk of low language and motor skills at 3 years in relation to prenatal cell phone users.

Nathalie Boileau.et al (2016) conducted a prospective longitudinal ,multi center observational cohort
study on knowledge regarding mobile phone use by pregnant women and fetal development during pregnancy
among 1378 antenatal mothers at nehavi .After the analysis 1368(99.3%)mothers used their mobile phone
during pregnancy. Mothers who used their mobiles for more than 30 minutes per day were significantly more
likely to have an newborn with ≤ 10th percentile AUDIPOG score than those whose mothers used their mobiles
for less than 5 minutes per day during pregnancy (OR = 1.54 [1.03; 2.31], p = 0.0374). This study concluded that
the antenatal mother who are using a mobile phone for calls for more than 30 min per day during pregnancy may
have a negative impact on fetal growth

Fatemeh Shamsi Mahmoudabadi.et al(2015) conducted a case -control study on the use of mobile phone
during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion among 292 women who had an unexplained spontaneous
abortion at < 14 weeks gestation and 308 pregnant women > 14 weeks gestation the samples were enrolled from
10 hospitals in Tehran. The researcher used two data collection forms; one was used to collect data and
lifestyles. Another set of data form was used to collect data about the usage pattern of cell phones during
pregnancy. Then data analyses were carried out with SPSS. All the data related to mobile phones were different
between the case and control group except the use of hands free devices (p < 0.001). This study concluded that
use of mobile phones may be related to the early spontaneous abortions

Nilgun Col-Araz et.al(2013) conducted a descriptive study to identify factors affecting birth weight and
pre-term birth, and to find associations with electromagnetic devices such as television, computer and mobile
phone in turkey among 500 mothers who presented at the clinic from may to December 2009 . the researcher
used pregnancy history related questionnaire for the study . After the data collection statistical analysis was
done by the researcher.In the study, 90 (19%) patients had pre-term birth, and 64 (12.9%) had low birth weight
rate. Mothers who used mobile phones or computers during pregnancy had more deliveries before 37 weeks (p <
0.018, p < 0.034; respectively). Similarly, pregnancy duration was shorter in mothers who used either mobile
phone or computers during pregnancy (p < 0.005, p < 0.048, respectively).this study Concluded that mobile
phones and computers may have an effect on pre-term birth.

Jingxiu Han.et al(2010) conducted epidemiological study to find out that the effect of electromagnetic
exposure during the first three months of pregnancy on embryo growth ceasing at china. The researcher
used interview method for the data collection. They are selected a cases who had embryo growth ceasing but
they are exclude the cases of embryo growth ceasing because of maternal chromosomal abnormalities, maternal
and child exclusion and genital malformations from this study . They are selected the controls on the basis of
who are termly delivery puerperas with normal newborn in the same hospital and matched by age (+/- 2 years). 
They are conducted the interview on 138 embryo growth ceasing cases and the matched control age. After
the data analysis result showed that using mobile telephone more than or equal to 6 minutes/week during the
first term of pregnancy were associated with risk of embryo growth ceasing. This study concluded that
watching TV and using mobile telephone during the first term of pregnancy increases the risk of embryo
growth ceasing and suggested that pregnant women don’t use the appliances for a long time or advised to adopt
safety protection when using the appliances during pregnancy.
 Ahmed Y Rezk.et al(2008) conducted a comparative study at Benha university hospital and EI-Shorouq
hospital in Egypt, in order to find out the foetal and neonatal responses following maternal exposure to
mobile phones. The study sample included 90 women with uncomplicated pregnancies aged 18-33 years
and 30 full term healthy new-born infants. The antenatal mothers were exposed to electromagnetic field emitted
by mobiles while on telephone dialling mode for 10 minutes during the pregnancy period and after the birth.
Result showed statistical significant increase in foetal and neonatal heart rate and decrease in stroke volume
and cardiac output before and after use of mobile phone. This study concluded that exposure of pregnant
women to mobile phone significantly increase fetal and neonatal heart rate and significantly decrease the
cardiac output.

De-Kun Li, (2011) conducted a prospective cohort study at Kaiser permanent northern California, among
pregnant women to determine maternal exposure to high levels of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) during
pregnancy is associated with the risk of asthma in offspring. To quantify a woman’s overall daily EMF
exposure used median 24 hour electromagnetic dose exposure meter instrument . divided this median into
three category low, medium, and high .Total 734 subjects were included of these 626 mother child pair
shown asthma. By using the categorical EMF level, the results showed 130 children (20.8%) of the study
participants developed asthma during 13 years of follow up, with most cases (80%) diagnosed by 5 years
of age. Study findings provide new epidemiological evidence that high maternal EMF levels in pregnancy
increase the risk of asthma in offspring.

Denise Mann (2010) conducted a research study on Cell Phone Exposure during pregnancy and Behavior
problems in children among 28,745 7-year-olds and their moms who were part of the Danish National Birth
Cohort study . The researchers used to collect the data from the samples regarding the life styles patterns
including cell phone use during and after pregnancy. The same samples were interviewed again about their kids’
cell phone habits and behavioral issues when their children turned 7. After the data analysis the majority of
children (93%) had no behavioral issues, 3.3% had borderline behavioral problems, and 3.1% showed signs of
behavioral problems including conduct problems emotional symptoms, hyperactivity/inattention, and
relationship problems. The study also suggests Close to 18% of children were exposed to cell phones during
pregnancy and after birth, and this was the group with greatest risk for behavioral problems, the study found that
mothers who did use the handsets were 54 per cent more likely to have children with behavioral problems and
that the likelihood increased with the amount of potential exposure to the radiation

Xi lu ,et.al (2017) conducted research study on association of excessive mobile phone use during
pregnancy with birth weight among 461 mothers &child paired in kumanoto at japan .the researcher used self
administered questionnaire for this study. It containing the information of maternal characteristic, infant
characteristics and maternal mobile phone usage during pregnancy. After the data collection analysis was done.
In that 46(9.98%) of them using excessive mobile phones .the mean birth weight and birth chest circumference
were higher in the ordinary mobile phone use group than in the excessive use group  (3167.16 ± 394.05 g vs.
3037.37 ± 324.87 g, P < 0.05, and 32.45 ± 1.65 cm vs. 31.94 ± 1.77 cm, P < 0.05, respectively).  the frequency of
emergency transportation also higher in the excessive use group than in the ordinary use group  (P < 
0.05).Finally this study concluded the excessive mobile phone use during pregnancy may be a risk factors of low
birth weight and a high rate of infant emergency transports.

Nilguncol.et.al (2021) conducted a research study on the possible effects of maternal electronic
media device usage during pregnancy on children sleep pattern. this study was carried out with 400 healthy
children aged between 1 month and 5 years in Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine pediatric outpatient
clinics..The researcher used questionnaires to collect the data from the parents agreed to complete the
questionnaire form. The questionnaire contains history of prenatal and postnatal electromagnetic fields exposure
caused by electronic media devices and the presence of sleep disturbances in children. After the analysis Sleep
disturbances were more prevalent in children whose mothers lived near a base station during pregnancy (p<0.05)
Similarly, sleep problems were more frequent in children whose mothers used electronic devices during
pregnancy (TV, computer, mobile phone, wi-fi, microwave oven) (p<0.05)

Laura birks (2017)conducted research study at Denmark on Maternal cell phone use during pregnancy
and child behavioral problems in five birth cohorts .they are used individual participant data from 83,884
mother-child pairs in the five cohorts from Denmark , Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, and Spain According to
the frequency of calls during pregnancy reported by the mothers .They are categorized cell phone users into
the category of none, low, medium, and high. Child behavioral problems analyzed with child behavior checklist
reported by the mothers and classified in the borderline/clinical and clinical ranges using validated cut-offs in
children aged 5–7 years. Overall, 38.8% of mothers reported behavioural problems.. that strongly support
maternal cell phone use during the pregnancy can increase the risk of child behavioural problems. Like
hyperactivity, inattention problems ( problems in the clinical range is 1.11, at 95%CI 1.01, 1.22; 1.28at 95%CI
1.12, 1.48, among children of medium and high users, respectively occur. finally they are concluded that
Maternal mobile phone usage during pregnancy may be associated with an increased risk for behavioral
problems, especially hyperactivity/inattention problems, in the offspring.

De –kun li et. al(2002) conducted population-based prospective cohort study was conducted among
969 pregnant women less than 10 week of gestational age at Kaiser Permanente Medical Care (KPMCP) in
Northern California. Information from person were collected by interviews on risk factors for miscarriage and
other potential confounders. All participants were asked to wear a magnetic field measuring meter for 24
hours and to keep a diary of their activities. After the analysis the association between the early
miscarriages (<10 weeks of gestation) and magnetic field exposure was very strong . (RR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2-
4.0) and among "susceptible" women with multiple prior fetal losses or subfertility (RR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.3-
7.7).Findings provide strong prospective evidence that prenatal maximum magnetic field exposure above
ascertain level possibly around 16 mG was associated with miscarriage risk

Sec B:Studies related to impact on iec:

P. Latha .et.al (2016) conducted pre experimented study on assess the effectiveness of IEC package on
knowledge regarding minor ailments of pregnancy and its management among 60 antenatal mothers at
Narayana medical college & Hospital at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. The samples are selected by purposive
sampling. The researcher used structured questionarrie for this study. After the IEC intervention post test was
conducted and the finding showed that in pretest 60% AN mothers had inadequate knowledge and 40% had
moderate knowledge. In posttest 70% AN mother had moderate knowledge 28% of them had adequate
knowledge only 2% of them had inadequate knowledge regarding minor ailments of pregnancy. So this study
concluded that IEC packages was effective in increasing the knowledge level of women regarding minor
ailments of pregnancy.
 Sarla takoo(2013) conducted pre experimental study on evaluate the effectiveness of an IEC programme on
knowledge of pregnant mothers regarding prevention and management of warning signs during pregnancy
among 30 pregnant mothers at selected health care setting at New Delhi. Samples are selected by purposive non
propability sampling technique. The researcher used interview technique for this study. Then posttest was
conducted and the findings showed that there was Maximum knowledge deficit regarding warning signs of
pregnancy. IEC program was effective in improving the knowledge level of pregnant mothers on prevention and
management of warning signs during pregnancy.

Saima Akhund & Bilal Iqbal Avan et al (2021) conducted cross sectional approach research on the
Development and pretesting of an information, education and communication (IEC) focused antenatal care
handbook among from 300 expectant women, 150 women each from the community and from the health facility
arm in pakistan . pretest was conducted by Trained field workers the antenatal care handbook, , and information
was collected.and also assessed the feedback on messages for pregnant mothers contained in the handbook . At
the same time, the ANC IEC handbook was reviewed by 25 health care providers (including, nurses, community
health workers, physicians and other health staff working at various kinds of health care facilities). Both
quantitative and qualitative methods are used for the data analysis. The result reveals there is satisfied use of IEC
handbook was utilized by pregnancy mothers.

Sumangala (2012) Conducted a Pre- experimental study on assess knowledge regarding impact of
usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among 50 antenatal women in hospitals at karnataka . the sample was
selected by non-probability convenient sampling method .the researcher used questionarrie for this study.after
the pretest researcher educated about the impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy.then post test was
conducted,After data analysis was done in that the mean post-test knowledge score was (18.88 ± 3.12) higher
than the mean pre-test knowledge score (10.96 ± 3.36) . finally the study concluded that structured teaching
programme is effective in improving the knowledge level regarding impact of usage of mobile phone during
pregnancy among antenatal women.

PART 3: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Conceptual model is a set of interrelated concepts or abstractions that are assembled together in some rational
scheme by virtue of their relevance to a common theme sometimes referred to as conceptual framework.
Conceptualization refers to the process of developing and refining abstract ideas. Conceptual model
provides for logical thinking, for systematic observation and for interpreting the observed data. They also give direction
for relevant question onthe phenomena and pointout solution to practical questions.
The theoretical frame work for the present study is developed from king’s theory goal attainment (Imogene M King).
The model is modified to suit to the present study
The purpose of a conceptual framework is to provide a logical, coherent structure through which phenomena of concern
can be understood and discussed. Conceptual framework provides a frame of reference for members of a discipline
to guide their thinking, observation and interpretations made of concepts, propositions of a conceptual framework are
abstract and general.
The model comprises of 2 primary components that include:
 Perception
 Judgment

Action
Reaction

Interaction

Transaction
1.Perception: Perception is a process in which data obtained through the senses and from memory are
organized, interpreted and transformed, which are related to past experience, concept of self and educational
background.
In the present study, investigator and antenatal women perceived the need to gain knowledge regarding impact of
usage of mobile phone during pregnancy and its complication to the fetus. Both the investigator and the antenatal
women set the mutual goal to improve the knowledge regarding impact of usage of mobile phone during pregnancy.

2.Judgment: In this phase the nurse and the client make mental judgments about the other. This phase
consist of 4 steps. Those are action, reaction, interaction and transaction.
In the present study, the investigator made a judgment that the antenatal women lacks knowledge regarding impact of
usage of mobile phone during pregnancy, so the investigator mobilizes resources to create awareness among antenatal
women. The antenatal women identify the sources to gain knowledge on impact of usage of mobile phone during
pregnancy.
Action: During the action phase, the nurse and the client take some mental action.
In the present study, the investigator develops the self administered semi structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the
knowledge level of the antenatal women and implement IEC package to create awareness among antenatal women.
Antenatal women shows readiness to gain knowledge regarding impact of usage of mobile phone during pregnancy.
Reaction: In this phase, the nurse and the client mentally react to each one’s perceptions of the other.
In the present study, the investigator mobilize the resources to improve the knowledge regarding impact of usage of
mobile phone during pregnancy and antenatal women ready to gain knowledge.
Interaction: It is the process of perception and communication between person and person, person and
environment, represented by verbal and non- verbal behaviors that are goal directed.
During the interaction phase, the investigator administers theself administered semi structured knowledge questionnaire to
assess the knowledge of antenatal women regarding impact of usage of mobile phone during pregnancy. Followed by
which structured teaching programme using various visual aids included components on definition of mobile phone,
electromagnetic radiation, and base station, risk factors associated with effect of usage of mobile phone, general and
specific health effects on pregnant women, fetus, and children, and preventive measures to reduce exposure to mobile
phone radiations during pregnancy period. This resulted in the investigator and the samples to enter into the transaction
phase.
Transaction: It is the observable behavior of human beings interacting with their environment. When
transaction occurs between the nurse and the client, goals are attained.
In the present study, the investigator evaluates the knowledge of antenatal women after the IEC package intervention
and antenatal women gains knowledge regarding impact of usage of mobile phone during pregnancy.
 CHAPTER III
METHADOLOGY
METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is a pathway by which the researcher intended to solve the research problems
systematically. It involves the series of procedures in which the investigator starts from initial identification of the problem
to its final conclusion. This chapter deals with research approach, research design, setting of the study, study population,
sample size, sampling technique and criteria for sample selection. It also deals with development of tool, procedure for data
collection and plan for data analysis.

RESEARCH APPROACH

Quantitative research approach was used in this study.

RESEARCH DESIGN
 Quasi experimental Nonequivalent control group pretest- posttest design was used in this study

GROUP SAMPLING PRETEST INTERVENTION POST

TEST

O2
Experimental Group purposive sampling O1 X
O2
Control group purposive sampling O1 ____

O1 - pretest

O2 -Post test

X –intervention

VARIABLES OF THE STUDY

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Information education communication packages

DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Knowledge level of the antenatal mothers regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnanvy

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

age, religion, type of family, education, occupation, income, sources of health information, gravida, current gestational
age, usage of mobile phone,hours of usage of mobile phone per day,and presence of base station near to living area.

SETTING OF THE STUDY .

The setting for the present study is the hospital which offer care to the antenatal women .The study was
conducted in marungulam primary health centre , thanjavur for experimental group. It is comes under government sector..
It has an outpatient and inpatient department which functions round the clock. The setting was selected on the basis of
feasibility and also the investigator is familiar of the setting out of her professional experience. And for control group in
kallukulam primary health centre thanjavur district.. It is also comes under government sector. It also has out-patients and
in-patients department.The reason for selecting this health centers was the availability of samples, geographical
proximity, facility for the study and expectation of cooperation from the medical and nursing staff for collection of data.

POPULATION

TARGET POPULATION

The population comprises of antenatal women who are attending the antentenatal clinic

ACCESSIBLE POPULATION

The Antenatal women who are attending antenatal clinic in health centers at marungulam and kallukulam health centers
in Thanjavur district

SAMPLE
 The Antenatal women who are attending antenatal clinic in health centers at marungulam and kallukulam health centers
in Thanjavur district and fulfilling the inclusion criteria.

SAMPLE SIZE

In the main study sample size was 60 antenatal women (30 experimental group and 30 control group) who are attending
antenatal clinic In that 30 antenatal women were in control group (kallukulam primary health centre) and 30 antenatl
mothers were in experimental group (marungulam primary health centre)

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Non probability convenience sampling technique was used in this study.

CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION

INCLUSION CRITERIA

Antenatal women who:

 Are present at the time of data collection

 Are willing to participate in the study

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

Antenatal women who:

 Are having history of mental illness

 Are not willing to participate

DATA COLLECTION TOOL

Tools were prepared on the basis of objectives of the study. A self administered semistructured knowledge questionarie
was used to assess knowledge level of the antenatal women those who are attend antenatl clinic and elicit the response
from subjects who are able to speak Tamil.

DESCRIPTION OF TOOL

Section A: Demographic proforma of antenatal women

The purpose of having demographic proforma was to assess the background status and potential risk factors of
antenatal women for usage of mobile phone. It contains 12 items like age, religion, type of family, education,
occupation, income, sources of health information, gravida, current gestational age, usage of mobile phone,hours of usage
of mobile phone per day,and presence of base station near to living area.

Section B: Tools to assess the levels of knowledge

Levels of knowledge was assessed through the structured questionnaire method.thiis section consisted of 30 structred
knowledge questions on different areas about impact of mobile phone usage during pregnancy

REPORT OF THE PILOT STUDY

Pilot study was conducted to test the reliability,validity,practicablity and feesiblity of the tool.pilot study was
conducted among 1/10th of the main study population.Total sample 60.the investigator selected 6 samples in the setting
other than the setting of main study. The investigator obtained a written consent from the medical officers of
regunathaburam PHC and adanakkottai PHC. The investigator had taken regunathapuram primary health centre for
experimental group and adanakkottai primary health centre for control group.Non probablity convenience sampling
technique was used to select the samples.on day 1,after collecting demographic variables from the sample,the investigator
aassessed the level of knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy by using semistructed
knowledge questionarrie in experimental and control group. immediately after the pretest IEC package regarding impact
on usage of mobile phone during pregnacy was given to the experimental group only. On the 7 th day ,the investigator
assessed the posttest level of knowledge by using the same questionnaire in experimental and control group. For control
group posttest was conducted without any intervention the level of knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile phone
during pregnancy was calculated by paired t test and the coefficient correlation r = 0.86 for the levels of knowledge .this
proved that there was a significant difference in the pretest and posttest levels of knowledge among antenatal mothers,at
0.05 levels of significance.it indicated IEC packages on impact on usage ogf mobile phone during pregnancy was effective
and the tool is considered as feasible and precticable.

RELIABLITY AND VALIDITY OF THE TOOL

To evaluate the effectiveness of IEC package .the tools were constructed and modified by the researcher which was
validated by experts in the field of obstetric and gynecological nursing .Reliability of the tool was wstablished by using
Test –Retest (karl pearson co –efficient formula) method.the tool was feasible and practicable.

SCORING AND INTERPRETATION PROCEDURE

Section A : No score was allotted for the demographic variables

Section B : Semi Structured knowledge Questionnaire have 30 multible choice items. Each item will carry 1 correct
answers and 3 distractors.one mark was allot for correct answer.0 mark was allot for the each wrong answer .. The
minimum score was 0 and maximum score was 30. On the basis of scoring, the knowledge score will be arbitrarily
classified

Levels of knowledge Score

Inadequate knowledges 0-10
Moderately adequate knowledge 11-20
Adequate knowledge 21-30

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

Formal permission was obtained from the medical officer of marungulam PHC for experimental group and
kallukulam PHC , for control group, to conduct the study. 60 samples were selected by non-probability convenience
sampling technique . Samples were selected based upon the inclusion criteria. Number of samples selected per day was
based upon the number of antenatal women regularly attending antenatal clinic. Before starting the data collection the
investigator will obtain oral consent from the participants.self introduction, purpose and benefits of the study will be
explained by the investigator. On day 1 after collecting demographic variabiles from the samples pretest levels of
knowledge will be assess for experimental and control group by using questionnaire. After pretest IEC package regarding
the impact of usage of mobile phone during pregnancy administered through PowerPoint presentation ,charts, pamphlets
for experimental group alone and it will take 1 hour for completion The adequate time was given to all study samples to
clarify the doubts. on 7 th day post test levels of knowledge was assessed by using same questionnaire for the samples of
experimental and control group. In control groups the pretest and posttest was done without intervention. The data
collection interval was 6 weeks. the data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.

PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

The collected data would be arranged and tabulated to represent the finding of the study. Both descriptive and inferential
statistics would be used..

S.NO DATA ANALYSIS METHODS REMARKS

1. Descriptive statistics mean,frequency and To describe the
standard deviation demographic variables
to assesss the
knowledge levels of
pretest and post test

2. Inferential statistics Paired„ttest To analyze the

significant difference
between pretest and post
test scores of knowledge
and to find out the the
effectiveness of iec
intervention

Independent„t test
To compare the post test
level of knowledge in
experimental group and
control group.

Correlation co-efficient Analyze the correlation

between pre and post
test level of knowledge
regarding impact on
usage of mobile phone
during pregnancy in
both experimental and
Chi-square test control group.

Analyzing the
association between
demographic variables
and pretest level of
knowledge in both
experimental and
control group.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:

Formal authorization was obtained from the authorities of the selected health centre for the conduction of the study.
Ethical clearance was acquired from the ethical committee of Our Lady of Health College of Nursing. Oral consent was
obtained from each participant before starting the data collection.

Assurance was given to participants that anonymity of each individual was maintained. Privacy and confidentiality of the
data were secured and maintained.

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Analysis and interpretation means collected information and drawn conclusion, significance, and implications of
findings. Data analysis is important in research to understand the problems facing in desired field. Analysis means
summarizing of data to get answered for research questions. Interpretation means the result of analysis and it has
broader meanings about the findings.

This chapter divide out with the analysis and interpretation of data collected from 60 antenatal womens,
(30 – experimental group in Marungulam primary health center, Thanjavur, 30-control group in Kallukulam,PHC
Thanjavur )to evaluate the effectiveness of information education communication package on impact on usage of
mobile phone during pregnancy. The gathered data was inspected by using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Organization of data

Section-I : Description of Demographic variables of the antenatal women in experimental and control group.

Section –II : Assess the pre-test and post-test level of Knowledge regarding impact on mobile phone during
pregnancy among antenatal women in experimental and control group.

Section –III :. Evaluate the effectiveness of IEC packages on knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile
phone during pregnancy among antenatal women in experimental group.

Section :IV: Compare the significant difference in post test levels of knowledge between experimental and control
group regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy.

Section : V: Correlate the relationship between the pre test and post test levels of knowledge regarding impact
on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal women in experimental and control group.

Section –VI : Determine the association between the pre-test levels of knowledge regarding impact on
usage of mobile phone during pregnancy and their selected demographic variables in experimental group
and control group.

SECTION-I

DESCRIPTION OF DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES OF THE ANTENATAL WOMEN IN

EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP.

Table 4.1: Frequency and Percentage distribution of demographic profiles of antenatal women in
experimental and control group.

N=60(30+30)

VARIABLES EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL GROUP

GROUP

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

(N) (%) (N) (%)
Below 20 2 6.66 4 13.33
21-25 13 43.33 15 50
AGE 26-30 12 40 7 23.33
Above 31 3 10 4 13.33
Hindu 27 90 23 76.66
Christian 2 6.66 6 20
RELIGION Muslim 1 3.33 1 3.33
Any other 0 0 0 0

Nuclear 12 40 14 46.66
TYPE OF FAMILY Joint 18 60 16 53.33

Illiterate 0 0 0 0
EDUCATION primary 3 10 0 0

Middle 6 20 5 16.66

7 23.33 9 30
secondary
8 26.67 4 13.33
Higher
secondary

Under 5 16.67 9 30
graduate
Post 1 3.33 3 10
graduate

7 23.33 0 0
OCCUPATION Cooly
17 56.67 26 86.66
House wife
Self employ 2 6.67 1 3.33

Private sector 4 13.33 3 10

Government 0 0 0 0
 sector
below 10,000 20 66.67 10 33.33
MONTHLY
INCOME

10001-20000 8 26.67 16 53.33

20001-30000 2 6.67 3 10

Above30,000 0 0 1 3.33

SOURSE OF Newspaper 2 6.67 3 10

HEALTH Television 17 56.67 16 53.33
INFORMATION Internet 3 10 3 10
Friends 8 26.67 8 26.66

NUMBER OF 1st pregnancy 13 43.33 16 53.33

PREGNANCY
Second 12 40 11 36.66
pregnancy
Third 4 13.33 2 6.66
pregnancy
Above thid 0 3.33 1 3.33

TRIMESTER first trimester 7 23.33 7 23.33

second 11 36.67 14 46.66

trimester
third 12 40 9 30
trimester
MOBILE PHONE Yes 24 80 29 96.66
USAGE No 6 20 1 3.33
HOURS OF less than 1 10 33.33 9 30
MOBILE PHONE hour
USAGE 2-4 hours 11 36.67 12 40
4-6 hours 7 23.33 8 26.66
above 6 2 6.67 1 3.33
hours

MOBILE BASE Yes 6 20 4 13.33

STATION
PRESENCE No 24 80 26 86.66

Table 4.1 Shows that in the demographic variables of antenatal women in experimental group, the majority
13(43.33%) were in the age group of 21-25 years, 2(6.66%) were in the age group of below 20 years and 1(3.33)
were in the age group of above 31 years respectively. Regarding the religion, majority 27(90%) were belongs to
Hindu, 2(6.66%) were Christian and 1(3.33)) were Muslim. Regarding type of family majority 18(60%) were
belongs to joint family,12(40%) were belongs to nuclear Regarding the education none of them are illiterate, 3(10%)
belongs to primary education, 8(26.67%)were belongs to higher secondary, and 1(3.33%) were belongs to post
graduate ,Regarding the occupation 17(56.67%) were belongs to house wife ,2(6.67%) were belongs to self employ.
Regarding the income 20(66.67%) were earning below 10,000,2(6.67%) were earning between 20001-30000 per
month ,Regarding the source of information 17(56.67%) were knowing the information through television,2(6.67%)
were knowing the information through the newspaper ,Regarding the number of pregnancy 13(43.33) were belongs
to first pregnancy,1(3.33)were belongs to above third pregnancy ,Regarding the trimester 12(40%) were belongs to
third trimester,7(23.33%) were belongs to first trimester ,Regarding phone usage 24(80%) were using the mobile
phone,6(20%) were not using the mobile, Regarding the duration of phone usage per day 11(36.67%) were using the
mobiles for 2-4 hours per day,2(6.67%) were using the mobile phones above 6 hours, Regarding the living near the
mobile tower 24(80%) were stay away from the base station,6(20%) were living near the base station.

Table 4.1 Shows that in the demographic variables of the antenatal mothers in control group the majority
15(50%)were in the age group of 21- 25 and 26 -30 years, 4 (13.33 %) were in the age group of below 20 and above 31
years respectively. Regarding the religion, majority 23 (76.66 %) were belongs to Hindu, 1(3.33 %) were Muslim.
Regarding type of family majority 16(53.33 %) were belongs to joint family,14 (46.66%) were belongs to nuclear.
Regarding the education none of them are illiterate, 9 (30 %) were belongs to secondary and under graduate also have
equal value, 3 (10 %) belongs to post graduate ,Regarding the occupation 26 (86.66 %) were belongs to house wife ,1
(3.33%)were belongs to self employ. Regarding the income 16 (53.33 %) were earning between 10001 -20000 , 1 (3.33%)
were earning above 30000 per month, Regarding the source of information the majority 16 (53.33%) were knowing the
information through television,3 (10 %) were knowing the information through the newspaper and internet ,Regarding the
number of pregnancy 16 (53.33 %) were belongs to first pregnancy,1(3.33%)were belongs to above third pregnancy
,Regarding the trimester 14 (46.66 %) were belongs to second trimester,7(23.33%) were belongs to first trimester,
Regarding the phone usage 29 (96.66%) were using the mobile phone,1 (3.33%) were not using the mobile, Regarding the
duration of phone usage per day 12 (40%) were using the mobiles for 2-4 hours per day,1 (3.33%) were using the mobile
phones above 6 hours, Regarding the living near the mobile tower 26 (86.66%) were stay away from the base station,4
(13.33 %) were living near the base station.
SECTION –II

ASSESS THE PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING

IMPACT ON USAGE OF MOBILE PHONE DURING PREGNANCY AMONG ANTENATAL
WOMEN IN EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP.

Table 4.2( a): Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test level of knowledge
Regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal women in
experimental group.

n=30

PRETEST POSTTEST
LEVEL OF
KNOWLEDGE F % F %

INADEQUATE 18 60 0 0

12 40 3 10
MODERATE

0 0 27 90
ADEQUATE

Figure4.1 Represent the percentage distribution of pretest and posttest level of knowledge in
experimental group

90
90
80
70 60
60
50 40 pretest
40 Column2

30
20 10
10 0 0
0
inadequate moderate adequate

The table 4.2 (a) reveals the percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test level of
knowledge Regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal
women in experimental group.

The analysis of pre-test level of knowledge in experimental group, revealed that 18(60) had
inadequate level of knowledge and 12(40%) had moderate level of knowledge Regarding
robotics in Nursing.

The analysis of post-test level of knowledge in experimental group, revealed that 3(10% ) had
moderate knowledge and 27(90%) had adequate level of knowledge Regarding impact on usage of
mobile phone during pregnancy.

Table 4.2 (b): Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test level of
knowledge Regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal
women in control group.

n=30

LEVEL OF PRE TEST POST TEST

KNOWLEDGE
F % F %

INADEQUATE 17 56.66 18 60

MODERATE 13 43.3 12 40

0 0 0 0
ADEQUATE

Figure4.2Represent the percentage distribution of pretest and posttest level of knowledge in control group
 60
56.66
60

50 43.33
40

40

pretest
30
Column2

20

10
0 0
0
inadequate moderate adequate

The table 4.2(b) reveals the percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test level of knowledge
Regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal women in control
group.

The analysis of pre-test level of knowledge in control group, revealed that 17(56.66%) had
inadequate level of knowledge and 13(43.3%) had moderate level of knowledge Regarding
impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy. The analysis of post-test level of knowledge
in control group, revealed that had 18(60%) inadequate level of knowledge and 12(40%) had
moderate level of knowledge Regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy

SECTION –III

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INFORMATION EDUCATION

PERCENTAGE

COMMUNICATION PACKAGE ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING IMPACT OF

USAGE OF MOBILE PHONE DURING PREGNANCY AMONG ANTENATAL
WOMEN IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP.
Table 4.3: Comparison of mean ,standard deviation of pretest and post-test level of knowledge
before and after IEC package and paired t test value

n=30

Level of knowledge Mean S.D Paired Table value

test
Pre-test 10.933 3.44

Post-test 24.97 2.797 35.08

(s) 2.05

(s) =significant

Figure 4.3Represent the Comparison of mean ,standard deviation of pretest and post-test level of
knowledge before and after IEC package in experimental group

30

24.97
25

20

15 pretest
Column2
10.93
10

5 3.44 2.8

0
mean standard deviation

The table 4.3 shows that mean score of the pretest and posttest level of knowledge Regarding the
impact of usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal mothers in experimental
group .On an average, antenatal mothers were improved their knowledge from 10.933 to 24.97after
administration of IEC programme. Considering overall knowledge score, in pre- test antenatal
mothers are having 10.933 score where as in post-test they are having 24.97,so the difference is 14.04.
The differences between pre-test and post-test score is large and it is statistically significant
Difference between pre-test and post-test score was analyzed using paired ‘t’ test and the calculated
paired ‘t’ value of t = 35.08 was found to be highly significant at 0.05 level.

SECTION :IV
COMPARE THE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN POST TEST LEVELS OF
KNOWLEDGE BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP REGARDING
IMPACT ON USAGE OF MOBILE PHONE DURING PREGNANCY AMONG
ANTENATAL MOTHERS.

Table 4.4: Comparison of post-test levels of knowledge on both experimental and control
group Regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal
mothers.

n = 60(30+30)

G roup Mean S.D Unpaired ‘t’ Table val

value
Experimental 24.97 2.8 19.35 2.00
(S)
Control 11.76 2.46

S – Significant

Figure4.4

Represent the Comparison of posttest mean, standard deviation in experimental group and
control group

30
24.97
25

20

15 experimentalgroup
11.76 Column2
10

5 2.8 2.46
0
mean standard deviation
.

Table 4.4shows the comparison of post-test levels of knowledge on both experimental and
control group Regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among
antenatal mothers. When comparing the post test level of knowledge score between the
experimental and control group, the post test mean score in the experimental group was
24.97 with S.D 2.8 and the post test mean score in the control group was 11.8 with S.D 2.46.

The calculated unpaired ‘t’ test value of t = 19.35was found to be statistically

significant at 0.05 level of significance.

This clearly indicates that after the administration of information education communication
programme on level of knowledge Regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy is
effective and statistically significant.

SECTION : V

CORRELATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRE TEST AND POST TEST
LEVELS OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING IMPACT ON USAGE OF MOBILE PHONE
DURING PREGNANCY AMONG ANTENATAL WOMEN IN EXPERIMENTAL AND
CONTROL GROUP.

Table : 4.5 Correlation between pre test and post test levels of knowledge Regarding impact on
usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal women in experimental and control
group.

LEVEL OF
GROUP KNOWLEDGE

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP r = 0.8

CONTROL GROUP r = 0.5

Table:4.5 shows that correlation between pre test and post test level of knowledge in both
experimental and control group.

The Pearson correlation value of level of knowledge in experimental group is r = 0.8and it is

correlation between the two variables is said to be perfect and positive.

The Pearson correlation value of level of knowledge in control group is r = 0.5 and it is correlation
between the two variables is said to be weak and positive.
SECTION –VI

DETERMINE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE PRE-TEST LEVELS OF

KNOWLEDGE REGARDING IMPACT ON USAGE OF MOBILE PHONE DURING
PREGNACY AND THEIR SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES IN
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP.
Table 4.6(a): Association of pre test level of knowledge among antenatal mothers with their selected
demographic variables in experimental group n=30

Demographic variables Inadequate Moderate Adequate

Chisquare

F % F % F % 13.43
2 6.7 0 0 0 0
Below 20 (S)
AGE 3 10 0 0 0 0
21-25
10 33.3 2 6.67 0 0
26-30
3 10 0 0 0 0
Above 31
18 60 9 30 0 0 5 (NS)
Hindu
RELIGION 0 0 2 6.67 0 0
Christian
Muslim 0 0 1 3.33 0 0

Any other 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 10 9 30 0 0 6.21 (S)
Nuclear
TYPE OF FAMILY 15 50 3 10 0 0
Joint
0 0 0 0 0 0 13.3 (NS)
Illiterate
EDUCATION Primary 3 10 0 0 0 0

4 13.33 2 6.67 0 0
Middle

Secondary 5 16.67 2 6.67 0 0

Higher 5 16.67 3 10 0 0
secondary

Under graduate 1 3.33 4 13.33 0 0

Post graduate 0 0 1 3.33 0 0

Cooly 5 16.67 2 6.67 0 0 8.7(NS)

 House wife 11 36.66 6 20 0 0

OCCUPATION
Self employee 2 6.67 0 0 0 0

Private sector 0 0 4 13.33 0 0

Government 0 0 0 0 0 0
sector

Below 10,000 14 46.67 6 20 0 0 2.6(NS)

MONTHLY
INCOME 10001- 20000 3 10 5 16.67 0 0

20001 – 30000 1 3.33 1 3.33 0 0

Above 30000 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 2 6.67 0 0 10.67(NS)
SOURCE OF Newspaper
HEALTH Television 14 46.67 3 10 0 0
INFORMATION
Friends 2 6.67 1 3.33 0 0

Internet 2 6.67 6 20 0 0

NUMBER OF 1 st pregnancy 3 10 9 33.33 0 0 13.38(S)

PREGNANCY
10 33.3 2 6.67 0 0
Second
pregnancy
Third pregnancy 4 13.33 0 0 0 0

Above 3rd 1 3.33 0 0 0 0

TRIMESTER First trimester 6 20 1 3.33 0 0 2.91(NS)

Second trimester 5 16.67 6 20 0 0

Third trimester 7 23.33 5 16.67 0 0

PRESENCE OF Yes 14 46.67 10 33.33 0 0 0.137(NS)

MOBILE PHONE
USAGE
No 4 13.33 2 6.67 0 0

HOURS OF MOBILE 7 23.33 3 10 0 0 1.416(NS)

PHONE USAGE Less than 1 hour

7 23.33 4 13.33 0 0
2 -4 hours
 4 -6 hours 3 10 4 13.33 0 0

Above 6 hours 1 3.33 1 3.33 0 0

MOBILE BASE Yes 3 10 3 10 0 0 0.313(NS)

STATION
PRESENCE
No 15 50 9 30 0 0

S-significant, N.S Non significant

The table 4.6 (a) shows that the demographic variables of age, type of family ,number of pregnancy had
shown statiscally significant association with the pretest level of knowledge . other demographic variables
such as religion, education, occupation ,income ,source of information, trimester, presence of mobile phone
usage, duration of mobile phone usage per day, presence of base station had not shown statistically
significant association with the pretest level of knowledge among antenatal women in experimental group

Table 4.6(b): Association of pre test level of knowledge among antenatal mothers with their selected
demographic variables in control group. n=30

Demographic variables Inadequate Moderate Adequate

Chisquare

F % F % F %
3 10 1 3.33 0 0
Below 20 17.27
AGE 1 3.33 14 46.67 0 0
(S)
21-25
5 16.67 2 6.67 0 0
26-30
4 13.33 0 0 0 0
Above 31
12 40 11 36.67 0 0 3.09 (NS)
Hindu
RELIGION 1 3.33 5 16.67 0 0
Christian
Muslim 0 0 1 3.33 0 0

Any other 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 6.67 12 40 0 0 8.74 (S)
Nuclear
TYPE OF FAMILY 11 36.6 5 16.67 0 0
Joint
0 0 0 0 0 0 26.64 (S)
Illiterate
EDUCATION Primary 3 10 0 0 0 0

4 13.33 2 6.67 0 0
Middle

Secondary 5 16.67 2 6.67 0 0

Higher 0 0 4 13.33 0 0
secondary

Under graduate 0 0 9 30 0 0

Post graduate 0 0 3 10 0 0

Cooly 3.39(NS)
0 0 0 0 0 0
House wife
OCCUPATION 13 43.33 13 43.33 0 0

Self employee 0
0 0 1 3.33 0
Private sector 0 0 3 10 0 0

Government 0 0 0 0 0 0
sector

Below 10,000 5 16.67 5 16.67 0 0 3.99(NS)

MONTHLY
INCOME 10001- 20000 7 23.33 9 30 0 0

20001 – 30000 0 0 3 10 0 0

Above 30000 1 3.33 0 0 0 0

3 10 0 0 0 0 5.98(NS)
SOURCE OF Newspaper
HEALTH Television 6 20 10 33.33 0 0
INFORMATION
Friends 2 6.67 1 3.33 0 0

Internet 2 6.67 6 20 0 0

NUMBER OF 1 st pregnancy 7.17(NS)

PREGNANCY 4 13.33 12 40 0 0

Second 7 23.33 4 13.33 0 0

pregnancy
Third pregnancy
 2 6.67 0 0 0 0
rd
Above 3 0 0 1 3.33 0 0

TRIMESTER First trimester 2 6.67 5 16.67 0 0 2.19(NS)

Second trimester 8 26.66 6 20 0 0

Third trimester 3 10 6 20 0 0

PRESENCE OF Yes 12 40 17 56.67 0 0 1.55(NS)

MOBILE PHONE
USAGE
No 1 3.33 0 0 0 0

HOURS OF MOBILE 5 16.67 4 13.33 0 0 3.2(NS)

PHONE USAGE Less than 1 hour

5 16.67 7 23.33 0 0
2 -4 hours

4 -6 hours 2 6.67 6 20 0 0

Above 6 hours 1 3.33 0 0 0 0

MOBILE BASE Yes 2 6.67 2 6.67 0 0 0.1(NS)

STATION
PRESENCE
No 11 36.66 15 50 0 0

S-Significant, N.S – Not significant

The table 4.6(b) shows that the demographic variables of age,education ,type of family had shown
statiscally significant association with the pretest level of knowledge .other demographic variables such as
religion, occupation ,income ,source of information ,number of pregnancy ,trimester ,presence of mobile
phone usage, duration of mobile phone usage per day, presence of base station had not shown statistically
significant association with the pretest level of knowledge among antenatal women in control group.

CHAPTER V
 DISCUSSION

CHAPTER V DISCUSSION

This chapter attempts to discuss the findings of the study. The findings of the present
study are compared and contrasted with those of other similar studies. The aim of the present
study was to evaluate the effectiveness of information education communication package on
knowledge regarding impact of usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal
women attending antenatal clinic in selected health centres, Thanjavur. The study was conducted
by quantitative research approach .quasi experimental research design was used . The non-
probability convenient sampling technique was used to select the study setting and purposive
sampling technique to select the samples. the sample size was 60(30 experimental group and 30
control group).self administered semistructured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the level
of knowledge. Data was collected by distributing the tools to the samples. The obtained data
was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The first objective to assess the pre test and post test level of knowledge regarding impact on
usage of mobile phone during pregnacy among antenatal mothers in both experimental and
control group.

The assessment of pre test level of knowledge in experimental group had the inadequate
knowledge level as 18(60%), had moderate knowledge 12(40%), none of them had adequate
knowledge and the post test level of knowledge in experimental group, revealed that 1(3.33%) had
moderate knowledge,29(96.665) had adequate knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile
phone during pregnancy .

The assessment of pre test level of knowledge in control group had the inadequate
knowledge level as 17(56.66%), had moderate knowledge 13(43.33%) ,none of them had adequate
knowledge and the post test level of knowledge in control group, revealed that 18(60%)) had
inadequate knowledge, 12(40%) had moderate knowledge.

These findings supported by Ramu.k et.al(2018) conducted a quasi experimental study to

assess the knowledge regarding hazard of using mobile phone among 50 high school students in
Bangalore . Non probability convenience sampling technique was used .they found in pretest
35(70%)had inadequate knowledge,15(30%)had moderate knowledge and none of them had
adequate knowledge ,in post test 36(72%)had adequate knowledge 14(28%)had moderate
knowledge and none of them had inadequate knowledge regarding hazard of using mobile phone.

The second objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of IEC on knowledge regarding impact
on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal mothers in experimental
group.
The assessment of mean pretest level of knowledge10.93 with standard deviation3.44 and post test
mean value was 24.97 with standard deviation 2.8 and the projected paired t value CV=35.07 and TV
=2.05
The investigator come to an end that antenatal mothers were improved their knowledge from
10.93 to 24.97 after administration of IEC package in experimental group, so the dissimilarity
between pre test and post test score is high and it is significant statistically. The correlation
among the two variables is perfect and positive. Dissimilarity between pre test and post test
value inspected using paired ‘t’ test and the calculated paired ‘t’ value of t =19.35 was found to
be highly significant at 0.05 level of significance.
There was significant difference in the pretest and posttest levels of knowledge regarding
impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy Among antenatal women which revealed
that the given IEC intervention was effective. hence the research hypothesis H1 was accepted.
The third objective is to compare the significant difference in post test levels of knowledge
regarding impact of usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal mother
between experimental group and control group

The assessment of posttest mean value in experimental group was higher than the
posttest mean value of control group and the unpaired t test value was 19.35 tabulated value
2.0 .the calculated value is greater than tabulated value which was significant at 0.05 level.
 There was significant difference in posttest level of knowledge regarding impact on
usage of mobile phone during pregnancy between the experimental and control group which
revealed that IEC intervention was effective. hence the research hypothesis H2 accepted.

These findings was supported by sumangala (2013) who conducted a study to assess the level of
knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal
mothers.30 samples were selected by non probability purposive sampling technique.
Questionnaires were used to analyze the knowledge level. This study result shows that, mean
value at pre test was 12 which is increased to 18 in post test and the mean difference is 6 , and ‘t’
value computed between pre test and post test knowledge scores { t (49) = 11.09, table value =
1.674, p<0.05 } is statistically significant. It shows that there is significant difference between the
mean pre test and post test knowledge scores of antenatal women regarding impact of usage of
mobile phone among antenatal women. The structure teaching programme was effective in
increasing the knowledge of antenatal women regarding impact of usage of mobile phone during
pregnancy
The fourth objective is to correlate the relationship between the pre test and post test levels of
knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal
women in experimental and control group.

The investigator concluded that the Karl Pearson correlation value of experimental group
pre test and post test knowledge score before and after IEC intervention is r = 0.8 and it is
correlation among the two variables is perfect and positive.and the Pearson correlation value of
control group pre test and post test knowledge score without intervention is r = 0.5 and it is
correlation among the two variables is weak and positive.

There was a significant relationship between the pretest and post test levels of
knowledge in experimental and control group.hence the research hypothesis H3 accepted.

The fifth objective is to determine the association between the pre test levels of knowledge
regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal women
with their selected demographic variables in both experimental and control group.

Chi square value was calculated to determine the association between the pretest level of
knowledge among the antenatal women’s with their selected demographic variables.

The fourth hypothesis stated that there would be a significant association between the pretest
level of knowledge among antenatal women and their selected demographic variables. In this
study, it was found that there was a significant association between pretest level of knowledge
and their demographic variables such as age, type of family ,number of pregnancy in experimental
group.and other demographic variables such as religion, education, occupation, income, sources
of health information, current gestational age, usage of mobile phone, hours of usage of mobile
phone per day, and presence of base station near to living area are not statistically significant
with pretest knowledge. In control group found that there was a significant association between
pretest level of knowledge and their demographic variables age,type of family ,educational status
of the antenatal women and other demographic variables such as religion, occupation, income,
sources of health information, number of pregnancy, current gestational age, usage of mobile
phone, hours of usage of mobile phone per day and presence of base station near to living
area are not statistically significant with pretest knowledge. Hence the research hypothesis H4
was rejected .

Thus the above stated results reveals that pre-test knowledge score on impact of usage of
mobile phone during pregnancy is independent on the above selected variables.

The findings was supported by blunter.M.et.al(2009) who conducetd cross sectional study on
possible health risks related to mobile phone base stations in Germany among 30,047 persons .
the result showed that higher prevalence of health complaints for the persons who are living near
base stations persons .there was a association between demographic variables of residence area
and exposure to health risks of mobile phone base station radiation

CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY &CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER VI

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter deals with the summary and conclusion of the present study. It follows limitation of the
study, implications, recommendation in different areas like nursing practice, nursing education, nursing
administration, nursing research and recommendation for the further study.
SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of IEC packages on assess the knowledge
regarding impact on mobile phones during pregnancy among antenatal women at selected health centers in
thanjavur district.

THE FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES WERE SET FOR THE STUDY

1. To assess the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding impact of of usage of mobile
phone during pregnancy among antenatal mother in experimental group and control group
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of package on level of knowledge regarding impact of
usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal women in experimental group
 3 .To compare the significant difference in post test levels of knowledge regarding impact
of usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal mother in experimental group and
control group
4. To correlate the relationship between pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding
impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal mother in experimental and
control group.
5 To determine the association between the pretest level of knowledge regarding impact of
usage of mobile phone during pregnancy and their selected demographic variables in
experimental and control group

HYPOTHESIS

H1: There will be significant difference in pretest and posttest level of

knowledge on impact of usage of mobile phones during pregnancy among antenatal mothers in
experimental and control group.
H2: There will be a significant difference in post test levels of knowledge on impact of mobile phone
usage during pregnancy among antenatal women in experimental group.
H3: There will be a significant correlation between the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding
impact on usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal mother in experimental group and
control group
H4:: There will be a significant association between the` pretest level of knowledge on impact of
usage of mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal women of both experimental and control
group and their selected demographic variables.

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY:

the statistical analysis of pretest level of knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during
pregnancy signified that 18(60%) of the mothers had inadequate knowledge,12(40%) of the antenatal
mothers had moderate level of knowledge and none of them had adequate level of knowledge

The posttest level of knowledge showed that none of them had inadequate knowledge and 3(10%)
of the antenatal mothers had moderate level of knowledge and 27(90%) of the antenatal mothers had
adequate level of knowledge in experimental group.

the statistical analysis of pretest level of knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during
pregnancy signified that 17(56.67%) of the mothers had moderate knowledge, 13(43.33%) of the
antenatal mothers had inadequate level of knowledge and none of them had adequate level of knowledge in
control group.

The posttest level of knowledge showed that none of them had adequate knowledge and 18(60%)
of the antenatal mothers had moderate level of knowledge and 12(40%) of the antenatal mothers had
inadequate level of knowledge in control group.
The mean score of the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile phone
during pregnancy among antenatal mothers were 10.93(SD+ 3.44) and 24.97(SD+2.8)
,respectively with paired t value is 35.08 which was significant at 0.05 level in experimental group.

Hence the research hypothesis H1 was accepted as is a significant difference in pretest and post test levels
of knowledge.

The mean score of the post test level of knowledge regarding impact on usage of mobile phone during
pregnancy among antenatal mothers in experimental and control group were 24.97(SD+2.8)and
11.8(SD+2.46 ) ,respectively with unpaired t value is19.35 which was significant at 0.05 level.

Hence the research hypothesis H2 was accepted as is a significant difference in posttest level of knowledge
between the experimental control group.

The correlation value for experimental group r=0.8 and for the control group r=0.5.hence the research
hypothesis H3 accepted.

IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY

NURSING PRACTICE:

 Nurse have to perform various role in various situation of service.The nurse should be equipped
with up to date knowledge of recent technologies as well as pros and cons of the technologies , so
that they are able to instruct appropriate knowledge regarding the adverse effects of technologies
to the antenatal mothers and public also
 The findings of the study will help to create awareness among the nurses about the importance of
information education and communication in improving the knowledge level of antenatal mothers.

.NURSING EDUCATION

 Nurse educator is not primarily to teach, but to promote learning, to conduct research and provide
the environment conducive to learning and to maintain clinical standards in the nursing profession
 Nurse as an educator needs to learn and disseminate the information on usage of mobile phone
its health problems especially highlighting on cell phone related health problems and preventive
measures to the cell phone users.
 Nurse educator can present a paper regarding impact of health due to over use of mobile phone
during pregnancy.
 Nurse educator should teach the harmful effects of mobile phone devices during pregnancy
 Nurse educator can create awareness regarding of ill effects of mobile phone among the student
nurse . The findings of the study indicates that all the nurses should be made aware of the need of
the teaching of ill effects of mobile phone during pregnancy .

NURSING ADMINISTRATION

 The findings of the present study will help the nursing administrators to take initiation in planning,
organizing and implementing health education sessions using variety of educational
programmes on impact of usage mobile phone during pregnancy among antenatal women, as
well as to the public in their respective community areas.
  There is increased need of awareness program on impact of usage mobile phone during
pregnancy by improving the knowledge and minimizing exposure to cell phone radiation in
today life.
 Even in the clinical setup, the nurse administrator can create an ergonomics committee, and
organize and conduct various in-service education and continuing nursing education for staff
nurses regarding impact of usage mobile phone . and also the nurse administrators can conduct
various awareness programme regarding the impact of usage of mobile phone during pregnancy in
community as well as clinical setup.

NURSING RESEARCH

The research implication of the study lies in the scope for expanding the quality of nursing service. In the
era of evidenced based practice, publication of these studies will take nursing to new horizon.

 Nurses should conduct research for further clarifications regarding health hazards
of usage of mobile phone during pregnancy.
 Encouragement should be fostered among various research institutions, health
associations to conduct further research on health hazards of mobile phone during
pregnancy
 Nurse researchers can look into this matter and cost effective innovative models
can be prepared, reliability can be established and effectiveness can be evaluated
through concerned teaching and training programmes.
 This study can be a base line for future studies to build upon and motivate other
investigators to conduct further research studies.
 The findings of the study would help to expand the scientific body of professional
knowledge upon which further research can be conducted.
 Nurse Educator can direct and motivate the Student Nurses. So that they can
conduct research in the same or different specialties and thereby professional
independence can be achieved

LIMITATIONS

The present study had and encountered the following limitations.

 This study assessed the antenatal women knowledge only.but attitude and practice is not assessed.
 Long term follow up is not feasible.
 The setting of the study was selected as per convenience of the researcher.
 In this study the word impact of usage of mobile phone is limited only to antenatal women

 Samples were excluded who were near to the expected date of confinement
 The study was limited to a small population

RECOMMENDATIONS

On the basis of the present study the following recommendations have been made for further studies.

 A study can be conducted with a larger sample size to confirm the results of the study.
 A study can be conducted in various health care set ups aswell as community setups.
 A study can be conducted in various group other than antenatal women like children,
common people, and staff nurses since it is essential for every individual in their today life
to reduce risk.
 A similar study can be conducted by using qualitative approach.
 An exploratory survey can be done to find out ill effects of mobile phone in antenatal mothers
 Study can be conducted using random sampling techniques.
 Study can be conducted with various intervention
 Study can be conducted with first trimester antenatal women means it will be more useful
 A comparative study can be conducted between knowledge and practice of antenatal women
while using a mobile phone.
 Different teaching strategies can be used to educate the antenatal women regarding impact of usage
of mobile phone during pregnancy.
 An experimental study can be conducted to show strong statistical associations.

LESSON PLAN ON IMPACT

OF USAGE OF
MOBILE PHONE
DURING PREGNANCY
TOPIC : IMPACT OF USAGE OF MOBILE PHONE ONPREGNA
GROUP : ANTENATAL MOTHERS
TIME : 45min
MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION : Tamil
TEACHING AIDS : CHART,PPT
METHOD OF TEACHING : LECTURE AND DISCUSSION
General objective: At the end of teaching, the antenatal mothers will gain, knowledge
about impact of usage of mobile phones during pregnancy and its preventive measures and apply
this knowledge in daily practice.

Specific objectives:

At the end of the class

Antenatal mothers will be able to:

define mobile phone, electromagnetic radiation and base station

describe about specific absorption rate

Specify the time limitation for usage of mobile phone

list out the risk factors associated with effect of usage of mobile phone on pregnant women

enumerate common effects of usage of mobile phone on pregnant women

explain the specific effects of usage of mobile phone on pregnant women

adopt preventive measures to reduce exposure to mobile phone ill effects

TOOL: 1

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFORMA OF ANTENATAL WOMEN

INSTRUCTIONS:
Read each item of the questionnaire carefully and place a tick mark
in the appropriate column and fill in the additional relevant information in the space
provided.

1. Age(in years)
1.1 Less than 20
1.2 21 to 25
1.3 26 to 30
1.4 Above 30

2. Religion
2.1 Hindu
2.2 Christian
2.3 Muslim
2.4 Any other(Specify)

3. Type of family
3.1 Nuclear
3.2 Joint

4. Education
4.1 Illiterate
4.2 Primary education
4.3 Middle school education
4.4 Secondary education
4.5 Higher secondary education
4.6 Undergraduate
4.7 Postgraduate

5. Type of occupation
5.1 Coolie
5.2 Homemaker
5.3 Self business
5.4 Private sector
5.5 Government sector
6. Family income per month(in rupees)
6.1 below 10000
6.2 10001-20000
6.3 20001-30000
6.4 Above 30000
7. Source of health information
7.1 Newspaper
7.2 Television
7.3 Friends
7.4 Internet

8. Number of pregnancy
8.1 First pregnancy
8.2 Second pregnancy
8.3 Third pregnancy
8.4 Above third

9. Period of current gestation (in trimester)

9.1 First trimester
9.2 Second trimester
9.3 Third trimester

10. Do you use mobile?

10.1 Yes
10.2 No

11. Duration of mobile usage per day

11.1 0 to 2 hours
11.2 2 to 4 hours
11.3 4 to 6 hours
11.4 More than 6 hours

12. Is there any mobile base station near to your residence?

12.1 Yes
12.2 No
TOOL: 2

1. Which type of radiation is emitted by mobile phone

a) Ultra violet radiation
b) Gamma radiations
c) X-rays
d) Electro magnetic radiation

2. What is the normal range of frequency of electromagnetic radiation that pregnant

women can be exposed to?
a) 6-7 watt/kg of tissue
b) 1-2 watt/kg of tissue
c) 2-3 watt/kg of tissue
d) 4-5 watt/kg of tissue

3. How much amount of electromagnetic radiation emits from base station?

a) 20-40 watt
b) 40-60 watt
c) 60-80 watt
d) 80-100 watt

4. Which is the risk factor associated with effects of usage of mobile phone on
pregnant women?
a) Smoking
b) Alcoholism
c) Use of transistors
d) Living near to base station area

5. What is specific absorption rate?

a) Absorption of radiofrequency energy
b) Absorption of drugs
c) Absorption of toxic agents
d) Absorption of nutrients

6. What is the general effect of mobile radiation when it penetrates blood brain
`barrier of pregnant women during prolong exposure?
a) Disturbed renal function
b) Cardiovascular dysfunction
c) Disturbed neuromuscular function
d) Disturbed gastro intestinal function

7. What is the Effect of radio frequency energy absorption in the pregnant women tissue
temperature?
 a) Decreased tissue temperature
b) Increased tissue temperature
c) Maintained normal tissue temperature
d) No changes in tissue temperature

8. what are the disease can occur because of overuse of mobile phone?
a) Brain tumor
b) Tinnitus
c) Sleeping disorders
d) All of the above

9. What is the risk factor associated with pregnant women when mobile phone is
frequently used before the age of 20 years?
a) Heart attack
b) Cancer
c) Meningitis
d) Paralysis

10. What is the consequence on the pregnant women when mobile phone is frequently
being used during early pregnancy?
a) Anemia
b) Hypertension
c) Hyperemesis
d) Miscarriage

11. Which is the main sign of electromagnetic hypersensitivity in long time exposure to
mobile?
a) Seizure
b) Generalised oedema
c) Burning sensation
d) Allergy

12. What is the mental effect cannot happen in antenatal women because of over use of
mobile phone?
a) Depression
b) Anxiety
c) Stress
d) Phobia

13. What is the effect of frequent usage of mobile phone during first trimester of
pregnancy on the embryo?
a) Increased embryo growth
b) Embryo growth ceasing
c) Double embryo production
d) No changes in embryo growth

14. What is the risk associated with exposure of electromagnetic radiation to the
foetus between the gestational period of 2 to 15 weeks?
a) Cardiovascular defect
b) Skeletal defect
 c) Cleft lip
d) Neural tube defect

15. Which hormone is responsible for sleep disturbance in pregnant women when
exposed to mobile radiation?
a) Thyroid
b) Melatonin
c) Growth hormone
d) Insulin hormone

16. Which is the risk may develop because of over use of mobile phone during
pregnancy?
a) Hemorrhagic shock
b) Post term birth
c) Preterm birth
d) Obstructed labour

17. What is the consequence to the child when during its prenatal period on receiving
damaged cells from mother as a result of mobile phone usage?
a) Diabetes mellitus
b) Muscular developmental problem
c) Excessive hair growth
d) Sexual problem

18. Select the appropriate cardiovascular changes that result in the foetus when a
pregnant woman is on call?
a) Decreased cardiac output
b) Heart failure
c) Pericardial effusion
d) atrioventricular septal defect

19. Which system of the body affects mainly in children by exposing frequently to mobile
phone in prenatal period?
a) Nervous system
b) Gastro intestinal system
c) Genitourinary system
d) Reproductive system

20. Which is the most important short term hazard seen in children exposed prenatally to
excessive use of mobile phone?
a) Disruption of memory
b) Eating disorder
c) Tremors
d) Constipation

21. What is the problem the child can get if the mother exposed to cell phone radiation
effect for a long time in her pregnancy period?
a) Fracture
b) Hyper activity
c) Convulsion
d) Hypoactivity
22. In which age, the children show behavioural problems when their mothers are
exposed frequently to mobile phone
a) 2
b) 7
c) 5
d) 10
23. What is the respiratory problem the child can get if the mother exposed to high emf
levels in her pregnancy period?
a) Pneumonia
b) Asthma
c) Broncho pulmonary dysplasia
d) Pleural effusion

24. How to check the specific absorption rate for the mobile?
a) Dial*#07#
b) Dial*#8#
c) Dial*#3#
d) Dial*#10#

25. Which specific area is considered safe to use mobile phone to avoid excess exposure to
mobile phone radiation?
a) Near to mobile shop
b) Populated places
c) Strong signal place
d) Silent places

26. How much minimum distance should be maintained from the mobile phone to
reduce the radiation exposure to the body?
a) 3 to 4 inches
b) 5 to 6 inches
c) 6 to 7 inches
d) 8 to 9 inches

27. What is the safest time limit of mobile phone usage per day?
a) 18-24 mins
b) 30-50 mins
c) 60-120 mins
d) 25-30 mins

28. What should be avoided to reduce the radio frequency absorption exposure in the
mobile phone?
a) Mobile phone usage with head set
b) Mobile phone usage with loud speaker
c) Send the messages
d) Mobile phone usage with near the head

29. which way is the safest way to prevent the emit of radiation from the mobile phone ?
a) Reading mode
b) Silent mode
 c) Airplane mode
d) Vibrate mode

30. How much minimum distance should be maintained from the mobile phone to
reduce the radiation exposure to the abdomen of the antenatal women?
a) 10mm
b) 25mm
c) 50mm
d) 60mm
 ANSWER KEY FOR SEMISTRUCTURED SELF ADMINISTERED
KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE

QUESTION NO ANSWER
1. D
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. B
10. D
11. C
12. D
13. B
14. D
15. B
16. C
17. B
18. A
19. A
20. A
21. B
22. B
23. B
24. A
25. C
26. C
27. A
28. D
29. C
30. D
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 https://scholar.dominican.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=physician-
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 https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/doctors-caution-pregnant-women-about-
wireless-radiation-health-risks-300107404.html
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disorders-offspring
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551690/
 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/electromagnetic-fields-and-public-
health-mobile-phones
 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120315110138.
 https://www.uft.org/files/attachments/wireless-radiation-baby.pdf
 https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=123038
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 https://www.google.com/search?q=The+current+birth+rate+for+india
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 https://www.defendershield.com/pregnant-women-exposed-emfs-triples-risk-miscarriage