Bi

ologyHol
i
dayHomewor
k
I
NSTRUCTI
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TALl
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iontablesmenti
onedi
nthe
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hpenci
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andk eeptheobser
vat
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it
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ecaut
ionson
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inesi
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uct
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ami l
ymember s,nei
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ollowthei
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ructi
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eceiv
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BI
OLOGY:CLASSI
X

Exper
iment1A

Aim
Toprepar
est ai
nedtempor
arymount
sofoni
onpeel
andt
orecor
dobser
vat
ionsand
dr
awt hei
rlabel
leddi
agr
ams.

A.Topr
epar
est
ainedt
empor
arymountofoni
onpeel
.

Mater
ial
sRequi r
ed
Oni
on,sli
des,cover
sli
ps,
wat chglass,pet
ri
dish,
forceps,
needl
es,
dropper
,
gl
ycer
ine,bl
otti
ngpaper,
blade/knif
e,safr
ani
nsol ut
ionandamicr
oscope.

Pr
ocedur
e

1.Takeamedi um sizedoni on,cuti t

sout ersur f
acewi thkni f
e.
2.Usef or cepst oremov ethepeel ofoni on.
3.Witht hehel pofneedl esepar atethesmal lportionofepi der mis(peel)
4.Keepdi lutesaf r
aninsol uti
oni nawat chgl ass.
5.Putthi ssmal lpeelinthiswat chgl asswi thbrushandal lowi ttostainfor3-5
minutes.
6.Transf ert hestainedpeel t
oanot herwat chglasst hatcont ainsdisti
ll
edwat eri
nit
,
toremov eextrastai n.
7.Takeacl eandr yslideandpl acet wodr opsofwat er/gly
cer ineont hecent r
eof
theslide.
8.Transf ert hestainedpeel wit
hneedl eandbr ushont hemi ddl eoftheslide,i
f
thepeel curlsstraightenitandf latteni twithbr ushandneedl e,dothi
sgent l
y.
9.Witht hehel pofbl adecutt hepeel intoasquar eshape.
10.
Takeadr yandcl eancov ersl
ipandgent lyplacei tont hesl idewi t
hthehel pof
needlesucht hatnoai rbubbl esent erini t.
11.
Gentlypr essthecov ersl
ipwithneedl ef orevenspr eadingofgl yceri
ne.
12.
Remov et heext rast ai
nandwat erwi tht hehel pofbl ottingpaper .

13.
Cleanthesi
desofthecover
sli
pwithdryblott
ingpaperandpl
acei
tundert
he
lensofthemicr
oscopeandrecor
dy ourobservat
ions.
Observati
ons
Thecellsunderobser
vati
onaretheplantcel
l
s.I
tconsist
sofcell
wal
landl
arge
vacuol
es.Thenucleusisver
yprominentandiscl
earl
yv i
sibl
e.

I
nfer
ence
Pl
antcel
lshowst
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Itconsi
stsofcel
lwall
.
2.Thenucleusispr
ominentandpresentatt
heperi
pher
yofcy
topl
asm.
3.Largevacuol
esareseenatthecentreoft
hecel
l.
4.Al i
ghtl
ystai
nedcyt
oplasm i
spresenti
nthecel
l
.

Pr
ecaut
ions

1.Usedilut
estai
nforstai
ning.
2.Avoidthefor
mati
onofai r-
bubbl
eswhilepl
aci
ngthecoversli
pont heslide.
3.Takeverythi
npeelofoniontogetasingl
elay
erofcel
ls,noov er
lappingof
cell
sshouldbeseen.
4.Usedryandcleansli
de,wipeoutext
rastai
norwaterpresentont hesidesof
thesli
de.
EXPERI
MENT-1B

Ai
m

Toprepar
estai
ned,
temporar
ymountofhumancheekcel
lsandr
ecor
d
obser
vati
onsanddr
awlabell
eddi
agr
ams.

Materi
alsRequired
Sl
ide,
cov er
sli
p,watchglass,
methyl
enebl
uest
ain,
blot
ti
ngpaper
,toot
hpi
ck,
needl
e,
dr
opper,brush,micr
oscopeandgly
ceri
ne.

Pr
ocedur
e

1.Makeadi l
utemet hylenebl uesol utioninawat chgl ass.
2.Keepacl eansl i
dewi thadr opofdi stil
ledwateratt hemi ddleofthesli
de.
3.Takeacl ean/ unusedt oothpickandscr aptheinnerwal lofy our
mout h/ cheekgent lytoobt aintheepi theli
alani
mal tissue,(usetheblunt
sideoft oothpi ck)
4.Transfert hescr apont hemi ddleoft heglasssli
deandputadr opof
met hylenebl uesol uti
ononi t
,tost ainthecell
s.
5.After2- 3mi nut espl acet hecov er sl
ipgent l
yonthecheekcel lwiththehel
p
ofneedl eandav oi
dt heai rbubbl e.(Adr opofglycerinecanbespr eadonthe
cheekcel ls,i
ti sopt i
onal )
6.Wi t
hthehel pofbl ottingpaperr emov etheextr
ast ain/waterpresenton
theslide.
7.Placet hesl ideundermi croscopeandobser veit.

Obser
vat
ions

1.Cel
lswi
thirregul
arshapesar
eseen.
2.Aprominentnucleusi
sseeninthemiddleofthecel
l.
3.Athi
nmembr anecall
edpl
asma-membr aneisvi
sibl
eatt
heboundar
yofeach
cel
l.
4.Thecel
l
sdonotshowanyi nt
ercel
lul
arspace.
 5.Nobi
gvacuol
esandcel
lwal
li
sseen.

I
nf er
ence
Thecellsobser
vedunderthemi
croscopedonothav
ecel
lwal
landbi
gvacuol
es,
thesearethecel
lsofani
mal.

Pr
ecaut
ions

1.Useunused/newt oot
hpickforscrapi
ngofcheekcell
s.
2.Pl
aci
ngofcov er sl
ipshouldbedonecar ef
ull
ytoavoi
dairbubbl
es.
3.Avoi
dov er
staining.
4.Useclean/
drymount edsli
dewhi l
eplaci
ngitundert
helensoft
hemicr
oscope.
5.Avoi
dov er
lappingoft hecel
ls.
EXPERI
MENT2A

Aim
Toidentif
yparenchymaandscl
erenchymat i
ssuesinpl
ant
s,str
iat
edmuscl
e
fi
bresandnervecellsi
nani
mals,fr
om prepared(per
manent)sl
i
desandtodraw
thei
rlabel
leddiagr
am.

Mater
ial
sRequir
ed
Per
manentsli
desofpar
enchymati
ssues,
sclerenchy
mat
issues,
str
ait
ed
muscl
efibr
e,ner
vecel
landcompoundmicroscope.

Pr
ocedur
e

1.Placethecompoundmicroscopewher
eproperli
ghtcanberecei
vedand
refl
ectedont
hesli
de.
2.Placetheper
manentsl
idesonebyone.Observeit
sstruct
ureanddraw
diagrams.

Observat
ions
I
.Plantti
ssues

(
a)Par
enchy
mat
oust
issues:

1.Allcel
lsaresamei nsizeandlength.
2.Cornersoft hecel
lsshowi nt
ercel
lul
arspaces.
3.Eachcellshowspr ominentnucleusandalargecentr
alv
acuol
e.
4.Eachcellhast hi
ncellwal
ls.
5.I
ntercell
ularspacesarepresentinbetweenthecel
ls.
I
nfer
ence

1.Theseareplantcel
lsaslargevacuol
eisseenandcell
walli
spresent.
2.Thesearealll
ivi
ngcell
s.
3.Thesecell
sarepresentall
ov ert
heplantbodyi
.e.—stems,
leav
es,roots,
fl
owersandf r
uit
s.

(
b)Scl
erenchy
mat
oust
issues:

1.Thesecel
l
sshowt hi
ckcomer sandt hi
ckcellwal
l
s.
2.Theydonothaveanyprotopl
asm init.
3.Theyshowli
gni
fiedwall
s.
4.Theycanbediv
idedint
otwot ypes:scl
erenchymafi
bresandscl
erei
ds.
5.Thesecel
l
saredead.

I
nfer
ence
Thescl
erenchy
matousti
ssuesaredeadcell
s,withhardcellwall
andprov
ides
mechani
calsuppor
ttopl
ant.Fore.
g.coconuthusk,hardshell
soffr
uit
s.

(
c)Col
lenchy
mat
oust
issues:

1.Thecel l
sofcol lenchy
mamaybeov alorel
ongated.
2.Eachcel lconsistsofcentr
alnucl
euswithcyt
oplasm attheperiphery.
3.Cel l
wallsarethickenedatthecomers.Thethi
ckeni
ngi sduet ocell
uloseand
pect i
n.
4.Intercel
l
ularspacei sabsent.
5.Thesecel lsarecommonl yseenbelowtheepidermi
si npeti
ole,leav
esand
stems.
 6.I
tsmai
nfunct
ioni
stopr
ovi
demechani
cal
str
engt
h.

I
nfer
ence

1.Thesecell
shavethi
ckcomer s.
2.Therei
snospacebet weenthecell
s.
3.Thenucleusi
sprominentattheperi
pher
ywi
thcy
topl
asm butt
hecent
reof
thecel
l
sconsistofvacuol
e.
I
I.Ani
malti
ssues
(
a)Str
iat
edmuscles:

1.Thesemusclesshowlongcy li
ndri
calfi
bres.
2.Thecel
lsaremulti
nucleated.
3.Themusclesshowalternatedarkandlightbands.
4.Thecel
lsaresurr
oundedandhel dbyconnect iv
etissue.
5.Thecel
lsaresurr
oundedbyamembr anecalledassarcol
emma.

I
nfer
ence

1.Thesli
deshowscyli
ndr
icalf
ibr
es,
wit
hdarkandli
ghtbands
2.Thesearevol
unt
arymusclesandwor
kaccordi
ngtoourwil
l.

(
b)Non-
str
iat
edmuscl
esorSmoot
hmuscl
es:

1.Thecellsarespi
ndle-shaped.
2.Nucleusiscentr
all
yl ocated.
3.Thesemuscl esdonotshowdar kandli
ghtbandsst
ri
ati
ons.
4.Non-str
iat
edmuscl esar einvol
unt
aryi
nnature.
5.Theyarefoundinbl oodv essel
sandinal
imentar
ycanal
.

I
nfer
ence
 1.Thecell
sofnon-st
ri
atedmusclesaretaperi
ngatbot
htheendsi
.e.
,spi
ndl
e-
shaped.
2.Thenucleusi
sprominentandi
scent r
all
ylocat
ed.
3.Thedarkandli
ghtbandsarenotseen.

(
c)Car
diacmuscl
es:

1.Cardi
acmuscl ecel l
sarelong,br
anchedanduni nucl
eat
e.
2.Theyshowal ternateli
ghtanddarkbands.
3.Theseareinvoluntarymuscles.
4.Theyareseenonl yinthewal l
sofheart
.
5.Theyarenon-tir
ingmuscl esandresponsi
bleforrhyt
hmiccont
ract
ion
andrel
axationofhear tmusclesthr
oughoutli
fe.

I
nfer
ence

1.Thesecel
lsarebranchedandeachcel
lconsi
stofsi
ngl
enucl
eus.
2.Thestr
iat
ionsareseen.

(
d)Ner
vecel
l:

1.Thener
v ecel
lshasaneur onwithalargebodycal
l
edcy
ton.
2.Thecyt
onhasapr ominentnucl
eus.
3.I
thasproject
ionscall
eddendrit
es.
4.Oneofthedendrit
ewhi chisl
ongcalledaxon.
 5.Thener
veendi
ngsar
eat
tachedt
omuscl
es.

I
nference
Eachnervecell
consist
sofprominentnucl
eusandgr
anul
arcy
topl
asm
wit
hpr oj
ect
ionscal
leddendr
ites

Pr
ecaut
ions

1.Handl
ethemicroscopecaref
ull
y.
2.Handl
ethepermanentsli
descaref
ull
y.
3.Al
waysfocusthesli
defi
rstatlowpowerandt
henathi
ghpower
.