Answers to Class Book questions Unit 9A Inheritance and selection ‘9A.1 What information is passed from parents? 1 Examples of aifferences between the human and cow that can be seen are shown in the table. ‘The human has 2 9 The new plant has a mixture of its parents’ genes. ‘This means that itis unique. 9A.3 Differences between offspring ‘Answers may include that the tomatoes are different colours, different shapes and different sizes. The cow has ‘Seeds from red tomatoes will produce red hooves hands and feet tarntane: mT nea 3. Number of seeds, Navour, texture and nutritional content are also passed from fourlegs "wo arms and two legs generation to generation. eyes on the sides of 4 Tomato A has an inherited characteristic to grow her head his head faster than Tomato B. Both A and B have the TS aaa a same inherited characteristic for thelr full size alr over mow of her] bare skin over mostof] 5 The environmental conditions include sunlight, Pod nis Bae water, carbon dioxide and minerals. 6 2 Answers may include that, one is male and the Eletentio€ kant |(exni dl iemiber.e€ plate other is female, they have different shaped faces, 31-40 6 and the girl appears to be taller than the boy. eae a 3 Characteristics that show similarities within the ale a aaa family are hair colour, skin colour, face shape and eve colour. e170 Z 4 The twin on the left has a longer face and a larger 71 —80 @ chin. The skin around his eyes Is more lined. They also have different haircuts. 7) The difference in heights could have been caused by the plants having different inherited 5a The shape of the nose and mouth and hair ciate arpeas a ba ihsraan Teter characteristics for height. Alternatively, the difference could have been caused by bb The texture of the skin, the firmness of the chin _environmental differences since some received and neck and the thickness of the hair have more sunlight and water than others, changed with age and are likely to be partially = 5 ay. newer should include advice that Patrick affected by the environment. ‘9A.2 Why are we similar but not identical? 1. Genetic information Is contained in the nucleus of the cell, 2 There are 46 chromosomes (23 paits) ina normal 1 human body cell 3 The number of chromosomes halves between stages 2 and 3. 4 Sperm cells are streamlined and have talls for swimming. 5 Egg cells contain yolk as a food store and have 23 chromosomes instead of 46. 6 A child is not identical to either of its parents because half of his or her chromosomes come from each parent. 7 When the nuclei of the sperm and egg cells join together, the 23 chromosomes in each join 10 ‘make 23 pairs of chromosomes 2 8 Fertilisation in plants and in animals both involve female and male sex cells Joining together to make an embryo. ensures that each plant receives the same amount Of sunlight (by storing them all in the same place and using a smaller number), water and minerals. 9.4 The right breed for the job a The dogs both have a tail, four legs, long noses, fur all over their bodies, and many more similarities. » [The sheepdog has | The dachshund has Tong leas short legs tong hair short hair bushy tail thin tal Diack and white | black and brown colour colour ‘ears that point pward: fears that droop downwards a The dachshund, b The dachshund Is small to help It fit into burrows. It has short legs and a long body to help it move in a burrow. It has ears that droop, which stops mud blocking them up. 463 (Gorstim Kay Sage 3 Sclence © Carbige Unvraiy Press 2008 )Answers to Class Book questions 3 The nucleus contains the genes that control an. animal's characteristics, 4 Farmer Mansfield will let the male breed with females A and FB. 5 Farmer Mansfield will keep the baby goats with the longest, softest fur. 6 Farmer Mansfield will choose the offspring with the longest, softest fur and breed from them. 7 Breeders make sure that both the male and female animals have the required characteristics because the offspring inherits characteristics from both. & Breeders control environmental conditions to help cenoure that any characteristics they eee are due to inherited differences, 9 Beef cattle are big and muscular so that they produce a lot of meat. Dairy cows are less muscular than beef cattle. ‘They are female cows with large udders that produce a lot of milk. A guide dog needs to be alert, strong, confident, calm and intelligent. Egg-laying hens should be large and healthy, and, regularly and consistently lay large eggs. 10 a apples should be large, juicy, sweet, well- coloured, and regularly shaped. There should also be lots of apples on each tree. sheep being bred for wool should be large and very woolly, and should be fertile so that they are easy to breed from. 9A.5 How new varieties of plant are produced 1a The tall plant has a strong stem and can survive in strong winds and cold weather. b The small plant produces lots of big frutt. 2 Other combinations were: ‘© small with lots of fruit; tall with few fruit ‘© small with few fut. 3 Farmer Kirkby bred from the tall plant with lots of fruit since this had the characteristics she wanted, 4 Pollen from other plants may have different genetic characteristics. 5A paint brush is soft and delicate so that it can transfer pollen without damaging the stigma, 98.6 What is a clone? 1. Acione is a plant that is genetically identical to another plant. 2 Asexual reproduction is different from sexual reproduction in two ways: ‘* ‘There is one parent, ‘© Offspring are clones. 3. Offspring of asexual reproduction are genetically identical to each other and so any variation is ‘due 10 the environment. Offspring of sexual reproduction are genetically unique and also vary due to environmental differences. Therefore, there is more variation between offspring of ‘sexual reproduction than between offspring of asexual reproduction, 4 The root of a rhubarb plant can be used to make cuttings. 5 Taking cuttings is a quick and cheap way of producing lots of new plants. 6 From cuttings, in the first harvesting season afier planting. From seeds, two or three years after planting. 7 ‘The plants are identical because they are genetically Identical and have been grown in identical environmental conditions. & The two surfaces are taped together so that the ‘cut can heal to make a new plant. 9 Cloned apple trees will provide identical fruit to the tree that the grower took cuttings from. This ‘means that they know what the fruit will be like long before the tree is mature enough to bear fruit. The tree will also grow to maturity more ‘quickly than it would from a seed. 10 Reasons why people are against animal cloning Include the following: © This may lead to human cloning. ‘© Itis unnatural to have large animals that are clones (with the exception of identical twins). © Cloned populations are more susceptible to disease, Cloning may lead to genetic damage that could, then be passed on to future generations. Unit 9B Fitness and health 98.1 Ideas about fitness 1 There are no right or wrong answers. The important aspect of the answer is whether puplls Clearly justify their decision for each photograph. Examples of more likely responses with suitable A He is ft because he Is very strong, B She is fit because she is very supple. € She is fit because she has to wheel herself everywhere, D He is not fit because he Is fat, and drinks. E She is fit (for her age) because she rides a bike F He is fit because he plays football 464 { tacos log ope emce ioten arma Ree sk _2. Answers should include strength and stamina, However, pupils may also consider fliness in various normal life situations, such as driving, or coping with living alone in old age. 3 All your cells need glucose because they need energy to function and glucose is a source of energy. They need oxygen in order that the energy stored in glucose can be released during the process of respiration. 4 The systems in your body that help to get glucose and oxygen to your cells include the digestive system, breathing system and circulatory system, 5 Pupils’ answers will depend on their choice. For cxample, your fitness is affected when your breathing system is not working properly because insufficient oxygen is taken into the body. Therefore, respiration slows down in the cells and you do not have enough energy for muscles to function. 6 The word equation for respiration is: glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water Topic 98.2 Breathing in action 1. Answers will vary, e.g. “My chest {hand) moves up and outwards as I inhale. As I exhale, my chest (hand) moves down and back in.” 2 The parts of the body that are involved in breathing Include the ribs, muscles (between the ribs), diaphragm and lungs. 3 The diaphragm contracts and flattens. The muscles between the ribs contract causing the chest to expand outwards. Therefore the size of the chest cavity increases, and air is sucked in. 4 Breathing in requires more ettort because muscles in the diaphragm and between the ribs contract. ‘This requires more effort and energy than breathing out when the muscles simply relax. 5a Your breathing rate increases when you exercise Your breathing rate decreases when you go to sleep. Topic 9B.3 The dangers of smoking 1. Dangerous substances in cigarette smoke ‘Substance Parts of the body | affected ‘carbon monoxide | heart nicotine heart, brain tar ‘mouth, throat, lungs: 2 The graph shows that the more you smoke, the more likely you are to die from lung cancer. 3 1G people in 10000 who don’t smoke die of Jung cancer. 4 38 people in 10000 who smoke 20 cigarettes a day die of lung cancer. 5 Cells in the air pipes secrete mucus. The harmful substances found in air get trapped in this mucus that lines air pipes. Small hairs (cilia) beat and move the mucus up and out of the lungs. 6 Smokers often cough when they wake up in the ‘morning because the cilia in their airways have been destroyed by the smoke. The mucus therefore collects in the lungs and throat and causes coughing. 8 These are controversial, ethical issues. Any logical, clearly expressed view is acceptable. Arguments around the rights of individuals and the suffering of non-smokers are relevant. 9 Answers may include: ‘© Nicotine in cigarette smoke is addictive and itis therefore very difficult to stop smoking. ‘* Smoking increases the chance of dying of various diseases, ‘© Smoking makes you less fit. 98.4 Why your diet ts imporrant 1. Foods containing the main food groups Food group _| Examples of foods Carbohydrates | bread, cereals, pasta, rice Proteins ‘meat, fish, chicken, eggs, dairy products | Fats "| butter, oil, margarine 2 Its better to get most of your energy from carbohydrates such as cereals because they take longer to digest and therefore release energy over a longer period of time. They also contain more fibre, vitamins and minerals than fat and sugars. 3 Pupils can describe any balanced meal that is, suitable for a lunchbox . It should contain all three food groups, roughly in the proportion. represented in the pyramid, 4 if you atan’t know about vitamins, you wouldn't know if your diet was balanced or not. This might lead to you eating a unbalanced diet and developing health problems as a result. 5 a If your teeth often needed filling and your bones broke easily you would need to eat more dairy products and dark green vegetables to increase your calcium intake. b If you were suffering from kwashiorkor, ‘caused by a protein deficiency, you would need to eat more meat, fish, chicken, eggs and dairy products, 465 (Gore Ray Sage 3 Sconce © Cambridge Universi Press 2008 >Answers to Class Book questions 9B.5 The use and abuse of drugs 1. Three groups of legal drugs are over the counter drugs, prescription drugs and recreational drugs. 2 Yes, many legal drugs are harmful, For example, alcohol and painkillers are harmful if they are not, used correctly. Nicotine is harmful. 3. Answers may include morphine, which is a legal drug if it is used on prescription, but illegal if not, and cannabis that is used by some people as a recteational drug but is illegal. 4 Answers will vary. One example is that people drink alcohol for enjoyment and relaxation, but the side effects of alcohol include dehydration and headache, damage to the liver, and slowing down of reactions. 5 Drugs that can be taken only with a doctor's permission are prescription drugs. 6 Many legal drugs are addictive. For example, alcohol, nicotine, certain painkillers and tranquilisers. 7. Addiction to drugs can negatively affect many areas of people's lives, eg. it can lead to poverty, crime, violence, breakdown in relationships, 10ss of a job. 8 Answers may include the liver, brain, stomach, heart and skin. 9 The diagram should have label lines pointing to the organs in the diagram on page 22 of the class bbook (and any other relevant parts), and annotations which they have extracted from the text or reworded, 10 If you use alcohol oF other drugs, you tale them for the right reason and in a way that will not ‘cause any harm to yourself or other people. If you ‘abuse them, you take them in a way that is harmful to yourself or to others. For example, you take to0 much, or at an unsuitable time, oF too often. 11 Answers to this controversial question will vary. Pupils should support thelr decision with logical arguments. 98.6 Fit for life 1A joint is where two bones are connected together. 2. Ligaments hold the bones of the elbow joint ogether. The muscles are attached to the bones of the joint by tendons. When the biceps muscle contracts and the triceps relaxes, the humerus bends up. Cartilage covers the ends of each bone and reduces the friction, Fluld in the sealed joint ‘also lubricates the joint and acts as a shockabsorber. 3. Asprain is when the ligaments of a joint are over- stretched or torn, A strain is a ‘pulled’ or injured muscle, usually caused by vigorous exercise, 4 Sports injuries are usually caused by not warming Up properly, doing exercise that is unsuitable for your fitness level, failing to increase exercise ‘gradually, or exercising too much. 5 Answers may include any appropriate information related to one of the conditions. They might include the cause, symptoms and treatment of, the condition. 6 Angina is a painful heart condition that is often caused by a high fat det. The blood vessels in the heart become narrow as fatty material is deposited in them, 7 Answers may include: # Do you exercise regularly? ‘© Do you eat a balanced diet? ‘© Is your diet high in fat? © Do you smoke? © How much alcohol do you drink? © Do you take any drugs besides alcohol and nicotine? ‘* Is you job very demanding? ‘© Are you under any other stress? 8 Answers may vary. Things affecting health that were different in pupils’ great-grandparents time may include lifestyles, working conditions, Knowledge and awareness of health issues, the environment including pollution, medical care, stress levels and diseases. 9 Pupils should note any suitable and specific question to investigate in a scientific way, ‘Questions are likely 10 De related t0 factors mentioned in question 8. For example, how has the life expectancy of people changed In the last 100 years? What major medical advances have ‘occurred in the past 100 years? How do pollution levels in cities compare 10 100 years ago? Has the percentage of people dying from stress-related diseases changed over the last 100 years? Unit 9C Plants and photosynthesis 9C.1 How do plants grow? Light 1 water + carbon dioxide > oxygen + glucose 2 Bio means ‘living’ Mass means the amount of matter something is made up of. 3. Plants need carbon dioxide and light to grow. 4 a Answers will vary. Examples include: ‘© Carbon dioxide is invisible; ‘¢ He could not imagine that light could be used to make biomass. 466 (Coes ey Sage 3 Sines © Cane Uveray Press 2008 )Answers to Class Book questions b The tree increased by 99 kg but the soil had not lost any mass, of only lost very litle mass. 5 This plant has been grown in distilled (pure) water. The plant can only get water from the test tube. Also, there is no soil in this experiment. 6 a Levels are lowest during hours of daylight/ between 0100 h and 1200 h, Pupils can explain. this as gradual changes over 24 hours. b The more light there is, the more carbon dioxide plants take up for photosynthesis. 9€.2 Leaves and photosynthesis 1 They are rectanaular and more reqular in shape. 2 They can be compacted together for more photosynthesis ‘To get the most amount of light. Light is needed for a plant to make starch Starch only appears where there is chlorophyll Do one experiment in the dark. ‘The greater the light intensity, the more oxygen is given off by the plant. There is a maximum point where increasing the light intensity does not Increase the amount of oxygen any further. 8 No oxygen would be given off because there would be no light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Youse 9€.3 What happens to the glucose that is made during photosynthesis? 1 ‘Substance made from glucose How the substance is used in the plant Fused as a food store ‘used to make cells for growth protein cellulose this is used to make cell walls 9C.4 Roots, water and minerals 100t hairs > roots > stem > leaves Leaves use water for photosynthesis, ‘Spread out and branched roots, and root hairs. the root hair cell has thin ‘projections’, which increase the surface area. eens Root cells get oxygen from air in the sol. The plants could not get enough oxygen. 77 Answers incluce oxygen, water, minerals and ° Use of water for cell growth, How does it happer water enters cells an¢ stretches them out for photosynthesis. | water is a raw material for making sugar [tocooldown | evaporating surfaces cool down. forming fruits ‘making plant cells firm fruits swell up with water water pushing inside against the cell wall makes cells firm 9 To show that a lack of nitrate affects the growth of plants, 10 Repeating the experiment 10 times makes the results more reliable. 11. The plant that lacks nitrate has small yellow leaves, a thin stem and short roots. 12 Farmers add manure, compost and fertilisers to the soll. 9€.5 Green plants and the environment 1. Photosynthesis uses energy to make sugar. Respiration breaks down sugar to release energy. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. Respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. 2 From 315 (accept 314 to 317) to 354 (accept 353 to 356). A Answers may inclurle methane, water vapour, CFCs and nitrous oxides. 4 The temperature of our planet changes naturally anyway. Also, acid rain masks the effects of global warming. 5 Answers may include rising temperatures, rising levels of carbon dioxide, and changing weather patterns, Unit 9D Plants for food 9D.1 Where does our food come from? 1a Any two foods from green plants, eg. lettuce and tomato. b Any two foods from animals, e.g. fish and chicken, 2 Green plants need the energy from sunlight to make food. We feed on plants or on animals that have eaten plants. So we depend on both the Sun and plants for our food. 3 a Youae feeng as a primary consumer b You are feeding secondary consume on Ca ag See 6 Cae Ty Pe HD >‘Answers to Class Book questions * Plant cells respire to release energy for their life processes. 5 Plants make proteins for repairing damaged cells, and for growing new cells. 6 a Onion, flour, margarine, herbs and pepper. Chicken and lard. 8 Some plant materials cannot be digested by humans. Some parts of plants don’t taste nice and others are poisonous. 9 a We get starch and protein from potatoes; b We get proteins and oils from seeds. 10 Seeds contain proteins as raw materials for growth and an energy source so that the seedling can carry out its life processes, including growth. 11. The sugars make the fruits attractive food for animals. Animals throw away the stones that coniain the seeds, often some distance from the tree. So tree benefits by having its seeds dispersed. 12 Table completed for the following foods: at [ ee a owe a i : : a ; [pea _|_[e ea b Ee : 9D.2 How do fertilisers affect plant growth? 1 Answers should include that plants need minerals to make amino acids, proteins and chlorophyll 2. a Nitrates and magnesium, b Phosphates. 3 a Both fertilisers supply are nitrates, phosphates and potassium. 1b The second fertiliser also supplies horon, copper, iron, manganese and zinc. 4 Farmers and garcleners need to consider what nutrients their crops need, how much fertiliser they need to add, and the cost of various brands of fertiliser. They should also take into account the environmental impacts of different fertilisers. 5. Holen and Vijay grew their plants in sand because thas no minerals that plants take in, So they could control the minerals that the plants received. © They used twenty plants to allow for the fact that plants vary. 7 To make their test fair, they could also keep the plants in identical conditions of light and temperature. 8 Plants use magnesium for making chlorophyll because without magnesium, the leaves are not very green, 9 The students dissolved each fertiliser in the same amount of water to make their test fair. The Concentration of fertiliser had to be the same in each case. 10 The students found out that increasing the amount of fertiliser increased the yield of wheat, but only up 10 300kg/hectare of fertiliser. Above that the yield decreased, 11. Using less fertiliser means that the minerals in the soil will not be so depleted so much by the crop. Aso, less fertiliser will be washed into rivers so there will be less pollution. 9D.3 Plants out of place 1. Grass is the weed in the photograph of the flower border. 2 Daisies are the weeds in the photograph of the lawn, 3 Roots of weeds and crops compete for water, minerals and space 4 Leaves of weeds and crops compete for light and space. 5 _ Use Glyphosate to get rid of couch grass because it can kill plants with deep roots. 6 Use 2,4-D to get rid of daisies because daisies are broad-leaved plants. 7 Ite difficult to weed a field of wheat by hand because the wheat grows too close together 10 walk between the rows, 8 Farmers prefer the field in the lower photograph because It contains only crop plants, with very few weeds, so the crop yield will be higher 9 Conservationists prefer the fleld in the top photograph because there are lots of wildflowers in, the field. This will provide food for wild animals. 10 Ifa farmer uses weedkiller the population of wild birds on farmland will go down because their {food supply is cut off cg CM Rey Bae 75S © Cage Univers Pres 2009 >‘Answers to Class Book questions 9D. 4 Slugs and snails 1. In this food web the song thrush and the blackbird eat caterpillars. 2 a The population of snails will go down because the slug pellets will kill them. b The population of song thrushes will go down because there is less food for them if the snails have been killed, © The population of sparrowhawk will go down because there will be less song thrushes. 3. a The caterpillar population may go up because there won't be any slugs and snails to compete wih dhe caverpiliar 10 eat the Cabbages. b ‘The caterpillar population may go down because song thrushes may start eating more caterpillars instead of snails. 4 Answers should include that song thrushes and hedgehogs rely on snails and slugs for food and sparrowhawks and foxes eat these animals, Killing slugs and snails will seriously affect the populations of other wild animals. 6 Farmers don’t spray their crops with insecticide when the crops are flowering because they don’t want to kill the bees that are pollinating the crops. 7 ‘cide’ means to kill 8 A pesticide that kills rodents is called a rodenticide. 9 Although dilute DDT will not kill a heron, at each level of the food chain the DDT becomes more concentrated and eventually builds up to a level that can kill the heron. 20 It was 10 years before sciontists realised DDT was killing herons because it took along time for DDT to build up to a toxic level, 11 Farmers use non-persistent pesticides so that they don’t kill animals higher up the food chain. 90.5 Producing more food 1. Environmental conditions that affect plant growth, are light, temperature, amount of carbon dioxide, water and minerals. 2a Plants need light and heat for growth. b This energy usually comes from the Sun. 3 To make their crops grow faster farmers may use fertilisers (or minerals}, pesticides, carbon dioxide and water. 4 a Outdoor crops are larger and faster growing in Malaysia than In Egypt because there is a plentiful water supply. b Outdoor crops are larger and faster growing in Malaysia than in the UK because It is a much. warmer climate. 5 The benefit of heating greenhouses is that tomato plants will grow faster at higher temperatures. ‘The disadvantage is it can be expensive to heat the greenhouse, 6 Inthe UK, we don't provide higher temperatures for crops such as wheat and beans because they are grown in large fields that are too big 10 ‘enclose in glass. Even if we could enclose them it would be far too expensive to provide the heat. 7 Other benefits of growing crops in greenhouses are that you can increase the amount of light [this might trigger a crop to flower) and increase the amount of carbon dioxide. You can also use biological controls to reduce pests e.g. Introduce the spider mite to eat white fly in cucumber greenhouses. Other disadvantages of growing crops in greenhouses are that disease or pests can spread quickly amongst the plants and the size of plants is restricted by the size of greenhouse you build. 8 a Fodder units produce fodder more quickly because plants are provided with extra heat, light and water which the barley needs to grow. b Fodder units use much less water because less water evaporates from the units than from an open field. 9 Two reasons why we need scientists to go on researching crops and crop production are: ‘© We need to be able to grow crops in places that at the moment we cannot, e.g. breed crops that can grow in poor soil; © We need to increase the yield of crops we get from the land we are using already without destroying the land by over-use. 9E Reactions of metals and metal compounds 9E.1 Why are metals useful? 1 Metals: # have high melting points; ‘© are shiny when polished; + are dense; are good conductors of heat; ‘© are good conductors of electricity; © can be bent and hammered into shapes. 2. Iron, cobalt and nickel are special because they are magnetic 3. Copper is used in pipes because is can be bent into shapes and is hard wearing. It is used in wiring because it is a good conductor of heat and Is flexible. 4 Aluminium alloys have a low density which make them ideal for making machines that need to be light, such as planes. It is used in pylons because Its light and conducts electricity. 469 (Cea Wey Sage 3 Secs Cage Uaieay Pres 2008 >Answers to Class Book questions 5 Gold is very unreactive and so stays shiny for a Tong time, 6 ron is used for making cooking pans because it is, hard wearing and a good conductor of heat. 96.4 Reacting metal oxides with acids 1 The element found in all metal oxides is oxygen. ‘The solution turns from colourless to blue. ‘The substance is called an insulator of electricity. 3 The separation technique used is filtration. The substance is called an insulator of heat ora _‘There are no bubbles because no gas is released thermal insulator, jing reaction 9 Graphite is a non-metal that conducts electricity, The products of the reaction are salt and water. 10 Mercury is aliquid at room temperature. 6 a zinc sulphate. 11 Element X is shiny, has a high melting point b iron chloride. and conducts some electricity. This suggests 7a copper oxide and hydrochloric acid. that it could be a metal. However, it has a low thermal conductivity, which suggests it could be b magnesium oxide and sulphuric acta, a non-metal 9E.5 More about salts 12. Calcium oxide forms alkaline solutions, 1. The chemical name for common salt is sodium 13 The pH will be less than 7. chloride. 96.2 Reacting metals with acids 2 One use of potassium nitrate is in gunpowder. 1. Bubbles are evidence of a chemical reaction. ‘3 Neutralisation reactions are used in: 2 The gas ‘pops’ when you put a lighted splint into + the treatment of bee stings; the test mie. ‘+ indigestion tablets; 3 The salt produced is zinc sulphate, ‘© neutralising acidic lakes. 4 The elements found in sulphuric acid are 4 When a bee stings, it injects an acid into the skin hydrogen, sulphur and oxygen. An alkaline treatment will neutralise the aci. 5 a Potassium sulphate. 5 Anneutralisation reaction happens between b Magnesium chloride, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. 6 a Hydrochloric acid. 6 a hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide > sodium chloride + water b Nitric acid, b We don’t see bubbles because no das is, 7 Add magnesium powder to dilute hydrochloric produced. acid one spatula at a time until all bubbling has ‘topped, filter out the unreacted magnesium, 7a Magnesium sulphate. heat he salt solution to evaporate the water unt Potassium nitrate. only the salt remains, ‘4 8 a Calcium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid 9E.3 Reacting metal carbonates with acids b Sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid. 11 The elements found in calcium carbonate are 9 Anneutral solution has a pH of 7. calcium, carbon and oxygen. oI 10 Universal indicator turns green in a neutral 2 The signs of a chemical reaction are that solution ‘© the solution changes from colourless to blue; 11. Chemists use a burette to measure the exact ‘© bubbles are produced: ole ated ae 12 If the potassium hydroxide is added too fast, itis Shee ate easy t0 add slightly too much. bon dioxide. S| The gas fe carbon dioxt 13 The universal indicator will go blue or even purple. 4 copper carbonate + sulphuric acid > copper sulphate + water caibon donde 14 You can measure the pH by using Bee ne eee ‘© universal indicator and a pH chart; ron sulphate. haa ee ea iran, 15 The volume of potassium hydroxide needed was b Mag tat met 7a Iron carbonate and hydrochloric acia b Magnesium carbonate and sulphuric acid. apo Cama Rey Sage Sener © Gnige Univers res 2003 )Answers to Class Book questions 9F Patterns of reactivity ‘9F.1 What happens to metals? 1. Gold does not tarnish easily. 2 Copper can be bent easily and is hardwearing. 3 The iron will rust quickly and the jewellery will be spoilt 4 Sodium should be able to conduct electricity and have a shiny surface when itis cut 5. Storing the metal under oil prevents oxygen in air from coming into contact with the surface of the ‘metal and forming the metal oxide tarnish. 9F.2 Metals and water 1a The chemical formula for water is H,0. b The chemical formula for sodium is Na. 2. The gas is flammable and hydrogen is a flammable gas. 3° The liquid is an alkali 4 a potassium + water > potassium hydroxide “+ hydrogen b lithium + water > lithium hydroxide + hydrogen 5 Suitable uses for metals include: # jewellery; ‘© plumbing: = cutlery; # coins; ‘* pots and pans: * electrical wiring, 6 Calcium is more reactive because more bubbles are being produced. 7 The iron will change to a brown colour as spots of rust (iron oxide} are produced. 8 a Nickel will react very slowly with water. b Nickel may be useful in making coins providing it does not react too quickly. 9F.3 Reactivity of metals with acids 1 Bubbles can be seen in the tube containing copper. This means that a reaction is taking place. There are no bubbles in the tube containing gold, so the reaction must be happening much slower, if atall 2 a Magnesium reacis fastest with cold acid. Iron reacts most slowly with hot acid. 9F.4 Metal and oxygen 11 These metals are too weak and too expensive for making cars. 2° We protect bridges and cars from rusting by painting over the surface of the metal. 3 a copper + oxygen > copper oxide b magnesium + oxygen > magnesium oxide € sodium + oxygen > sodium oxide 9F.5 Displacement reactions 11 The blue colour of solution has disappeared, and an orange brown metal has appeared. 2 The products are zinc sulphate, which is in solution, and copper, which you can see as a brown solid. 3 The liquid changes colour because the copper sulphate solution is blue and that is converted during the reaction to a zinc sulphate solution, which is colourless. 4 There is evidence of a chemical reaction between: © magnesium and the tin salt solution; magnesium and the copper salt solution; «tin and the copper salt solution ‘The order of reactivity is magnesium > tin > copper. ‘The metal that wins the competition is: ‘magnesium; silver, a b © zinc; @ sodium; f potassium. 7 Aluminium and iron are elements. Iron oxide and aluminium oxide are compounds. 8 There is no reaction because iron is less reactive than aluminium, 9 Heating will result in a chemical reaction, between: © magnesium and copper oxide; ‘© magnesium and iron oxide; © zinc and copper oxide. 9F.6 Sources and uses of metals 1. Gold, silver and copper are at the bottom of the reactivity series. Gold is too heavy and too soft. Copper is too soft 3 The onder of racy 6 maghesum > IMI 3a inact end ny chemical ened to nc> Hon onggen bocce eyes int ac usa 4 Aluminium is difficult to place because it changes itis found in the atmosphere. consderaly beweon cold and hac a Ry Sage Se 6 Ge ey aE et =)‘Two elements are present ~ iron and oxygen. Aluminium ore is called bauxite. 4 5 6 Sodium is the metal found in rock salt. 7 We can extract lead from gatena, 8 Metals at the bottom of the reactivity series can be extracted using charcoal (below and including zinc) 9 Air, which contains oxygen, is blown into the furnace. 10 Coke is the source of carbon, 11 The iron sinks to the bottom of the furnace and is then run off. 12. Aluminium oxide is split into aluminium and oxygen. 13 Examples include foil, cans, window frames and pans. 14 a Gold Is used for jewellery because it is very shiny and unreactive, b Aluminium is used in overhead cables because ithas a low density, © Tron Is used for railway lines because itis strong and relatively cheap {and not too reactive} 9F.7 Investigating metals and acids further 1 The gas produced is hydrogen. 2. The products are aluminium chloride and hydrogen. 3 Joy must use the same amount of metal, the same temperature and the same amount and strength of acid. 4 Tho order of reactivity ie Magnesium> Zinc > Iron > Copper, 5 alron 42. 10. ‘Volume of gas fm ‘0 30 100 150 200 250 Time (3) Zine 16 Volume of gas fm) ‘80 100 150 200 250 Time (s} b The order of reactivity is Magneslum> Zinc > Iron > Copper. 6 a Joy has looked at the final volume of gas produced. Magnesium has produced roughly double the amount of gas as zinc. b You have to decide what twice as reactive means. Joy could have looked at how quickly the gas Is produced. This would show that magnesium is more than twice as reactive. 7 Aluminium should be between magnesium and zinc in the series. 8 The results do not agree with the prediction in question 7. They suggest that aluminium is the Teast reactive. This Is because aluminium has a protective oxide layer that makes it appear less reactive than it really Is. 9G Environmental Chemistry 9G.1 Are soils different from each other? 1 Compost adds mineral nutrients and substances to the soil. Earthworms burrow and allow air to get into the soil 2 a The pHi scale measures acidity and alkalinity b pH 6 means that a substance is a very weak acid. © pH 7 means that a substance is neutral (neither ‘acid nor alkali pH 8 means that a substance is a very weak alkali 3 The garden with cowslips in it has alkaline soil because cowslips grow in alkaline soils. The garden with rhododendron in it has acidic soll because rhododendrons grow in acidic soils. 4 The gardener will find this difficult as thododendrons grow well in acidic soll and cowslips grow well in alkaline soil they need different soil 6 To neutralise is to change something acidic or alkaline into something neutral, for example to turn an acid soil into a neutral soil. 96.2 Acid Rain 1 The rain on Ascension Island is a weak acid. The DH of the rain is about 5.5. 2 Unpolluted means ‘without any extra things added to it. These ‘extra things’ are usually things that have a harmful affect on living things. They are usually produced by human industry. 3° The rain is a weak acid. The rain is more acidic than the rain on Ascension Island. The pH of the rain Is about 4. 4 Polluted means ‘with extra things added to it ‘These ‘extra things’ are usually things that have a harmful affect on living things. They are usually produced by human industry. 472 (Corea Rey Sage 3 Snes © Cage Ur eaty Frew 2008 >Answers to Class Book questions 3° The rain in Faxton is more acidic than the rain on Ascension Island, The pH of the rain in Faxton is, about 4. The pH of the rain in Ascension Island is about 5.5. The rain in Faxton Is polluted. The rain in Ascension Island is unpolluted. Some substance produced by the industry near Faxton is dissolved In the rain and has made it more acidic. 6 The acid reacts with the chalk and limestone to produce a gas. The chalk and limestone eventually dissolve in the acid. 7 The sandstone falls apart into a heap of sand grains. 8 The ‘cement’ which sticks the sand grains together dissolves in the acid, 9 Granite and sandstone with a silica cement would be best because they are not affected much by acid. Faxton has acid rain that would dissolve chalk or limestone and would make sandstone with a carbonate cement crumble. 10 The statue is likely to be made from limestone. Chalk is a bit too soft for making statues. 11. The river gradually wore away the rock on its riverbed. Ever year the river wore away a bit more, eventuaily forming a deep canyon. 12 Peoples’ feet wore away the steps. 13 The tree roots broke up the slabs as they grew. 14 Zine corrodes the fastest. 15 Lead, as it is not corroded by acid. 16 Rain is only slightly acidic and iron is not very reactive, sO it takes a very long time for iron railings to rust away. 17 The fir tree doesn’t have any needles left! Most fir trees are evergreen so if they lose their needles then itis a sign that they are dying. 18 Cola is more acidic than acid rain, 19 Acid rain might have stopped the eggs of water ‘creatures from hatching. ‘Acid rain might have killed the young creatures after they hatched from their eggs. ‘Acid rain might have killed the water plants and. insects that other creatures fed on. ‘Some other pollution might have Killed the water life 96.3 What Causes Acid Rain? 1 People, volcanoes, cars, power stations. 2 People: by breathing out. Volcanoes: gases come out of the vent at the top. Cars: from their exhaust pipes. Power stations: from their chimneys. 3° When the rain falls through the air some of the gases dissolve in the rain, 4 Water and gases can be carried great distances by wind. Also, animals and humans live in remote places and breathe out acidic gases. 5 People, birds, dog, volcano, car, lorry, aircraft, power station be Natural Artificial people _| car birds Jory dog aircraft volcano _| power station Although trees and grass respire, they are not a net source of acidic gases. People, birds and the dog all give out carbon dioxide. A volcano gives out carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide. ‘The car, lorry and aircraft all give out carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. ‘A power station (that burns fossil fuels) gives out carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide. 8 Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide dissolve to form strong acids. 9 Plants use more carbon dioxide than they make in a typical 24 hours. Because plants use up more carbon dioxide than they make, they prevent carbon dioxide building up in the air due to people, cars, power stations ct 9G.4 Can We Reduce The Amount Of Acid In The Rain? 1. Reducing pollution takes effort and costs money. People can be lazy and greedy. 2 We will still have to live on the Earth if we pollute it, Pollution makes the Earth less suitable for humans and other living things to live on. 3. Nitrogen avides can form strong acids and are one cause of acid rain, 4 Carbon monoxide is poisonous. It stops our blood from carrying enough oxygen. 5 The catalytic converter is fitted underneath the car in its exhaust system. 6 The car's exhaust fumes contain nitrogen dioxide {gas and carbon monoxide gas. The catalytic Converter makes these two gases react with each other. This makes the car's emissions less polluting. 7 The substance in the catalytic converter that makes the car's emissions less polluting is called the catalyst. The catalyst slowly gets dirty and this stops It working, so occasionally it has to be replaced, 473 (Garcia hy Sage Siena 0 Carbige nveray ress 2008 >Answers to Class Book questions 8 Acalalytic converter costs around £300. 9 If there are 20 cars in your street fiting a catalyst to each one would cost a total of £300 x 20 = £6000. 10 One cause of acid rain is sulphur dioxide. Because the petrol contains less sulphur, the exhaust emissions contain less sulphur dioxide. 11 Testing only needs to be done once, but monitoring measures something regularly so that, any change will be detected, 12 In this example they monitor sulphur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and particles. 13 People with health problems need to know what pollution levels are. Somebody with breathing problems may need to stay indoors if pollution is bad. 14 The number of species of lichen normally Increases as you move away from a city centre because air pollution normally decreases. 15 a The lack of lichens and tar spots could be because the air quality is poor. b It might be gases that can cause acid rain like sulphur dioxide from the power station. ‘© No, the scientist has insufficient data, Noticing the lack of lichens and tar spots in fone churchyard is not sufficient data to base a definite conclusion on. This is why we have used expressions like ‘suggest’ and ‘could be” in this question. 16 A car manufacturer might try to suggest that their cars’ exhausts are less polluting than they really are. Suppose for example their cars exhaust ‘emissions contain very little smoke, but they do coniain a lot of nitrogen dioxide. They might use lots of space in their reports to say how marvellous, the car's low level of smoke is, while completely ignoring the nitrogen dioxide problem. They might ‘hope that this will enable them to sell more cars to ‘people who care about the environment. 17 Photographs show that for 600 years Lincoln cathedral suffered very little from erosion caused. by acid rain. It seems to have suffered a lot from such erosion in the last 100 years. This suggests that this pollution problem has got worse recently. Historical records state that there were no green. plants in Widnes in Victorian times. Photographs show workers wearing a lot of protective clothing. Nowadays Widnes has normal plant life and ‘workers don't need to wear such protective clothing. This suggests that this pollution problem. has got beiter since the records were made and b 1880 to 1930. © 1940 to 1970. _ 1980 to 2000. 3. The greenhouse effect is natural ‘a Carbon dioxide, b Photosynthesis uses up carbon dioxide. Respiration makes carbon dioxide. 5 Power stations are needed to generate electricity Power stations that burn fossil fuels release a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. We rely on a lot of forms of transport like cars ‘and aircraft that relense carbon dioxide as part of their exhaust emissions. 6 The first cartoon suggests that the sizes of deserts could increase. The second cartoon represents climate change. Europe could have much hotter ‘weather throughout the year. The third cartoon represents rising sea levels. Cities near the coast could be flooded, 7 Global warming could be part of a natural cycle of climate change in which the world warms up, then cools down, dest wanins up, dient Couls down, et Global warming could be caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. 8 Less than 10% of weather scientists believe that global warming is part of a natural cycle of climate change. Over 90% of weather scientists believe that global ‘warming is being caused by increased amounts of cathon dliewide in the Farth’s atmosphere This doesn’t mean that those who believe in the ‘carbon dioxide explanation’ are definitely right. It Is.a case of ‘insufficient data’. If scientists had been making weather records and measuring the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for a million years we might be able to be fairly certain, but as it is we're not. Unit 9H Using chemistry 9H1 What chemical reactions take place when fuels burn? 1. Answers may Include water, carbon dioxide, metal oxides, nitrous oxides and sulphur dioxide. 2 a Iron oxide. b Hydrogen oxide (some pupils may put water. es os bets Hace ere 3 Respiration is simlar to combustion, 4 Methane isa llydrocarbon 96.5 Is Global Warming Really Happening? 5 A methane molecule contains five atoms. 1 The Eantis temperature could tise by up 105°C. Wnareanetuserae nate 2a Temperature ae rising ang Ca Sage RD CE TG PTO >