SERIES SOLUTIONS OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS coefficient of the highest power assumed form of solution. such @ power now exists because of our [Bi asin a pliant Fd Te ales of (1034) for which ich a SOON ‘We assume a polynomial solution to (16:34) of the form y = Si gay2*. Substituting this form into (16.38) we find Dn a Bena 4 dae") =0. Now, instead of starting with the Jowest power of =, we stat with the highest. Thas, demanding thatthe coecent of: vanishes, we equa -2N + =0, ie. 2=2N, a8 we found in the previous example. By demanding that the covlient of « gensral power of: 1s zero, the same recurrence relation as above may be derived and the solutions found. 1656 Exercises 161 Find two power series solutions about z = 0 ofthe dierent equation (= shy" ary bay 0 Deduce thatthe value of 2 for which the corresponding power seis becomes an Nthaegree polynomial Uy(s) is NUN +2) Construct Uys) and Us) 162 Find solutions, as power sees in , ofthe equation dey = 241-2 -y =0, entity one ofthe solutions and verify it by det substitution 163. Find power series solutions n > ofthe diferent equation sy 227 49y=0. entity closed forms for the two series, ealulate their Wronski, and verify that they are liacarly independent. Compare the Wionskian with that ealculated from the dflerental equation, 164 Change the independent variable in the equation Hs renaih vas 0 tomy x: al fd depend ses sli xan tt Ae =a? 4 BS mg ay faa) Aemne 49S with 4 and B arbitrary constants 165 Investigate solutions of Legendre’s equation at ove of is singular points as follows (a) Verify that «=i «regular singular pont of Legendre’s equation and that the indicia equation for a seis solution in powers of (21) hat roots 0 ard () Obiaia the corespondiag recurrence relation and show that ¢ save a vald sees solution docs not 550166 167 168 169 1610 166 EXERCISES (e) Determine the radius of convergence R of the ¢ = 3 series and relate it to the postions ofthe singularities of Lezendre’s equation. Verify that: = 0s regular singular point ofthe equation a that the indiial equation has roots 2 and 1/2. Show that the general solution 'sgiven by Sorin nae = 6aet Se onl’ Use the derivative method to obtain, asa second solution of Bess’ equation for the eae when v'= 0, the following expression © 2 Seley: “Lor ou (St ja sv tha the fist slim J) 8 eel by (187) Ets srs slut equation 3420 shout ts eplr singular poi (2) Show that ts india eqation Bat rst tha lr yan integer bat hat dBc to rts aves poets Eval indepen shoe 1p aa soa te () Show that (2) is equal to 3asin2 ~ 2 os2) by expanding the sinusoidal onctions. Thea, using the Wronskian method, find an expression for y=) in terms of sinusoids. You will need to wit =" a5 (2/sinz}(zsi2) and integrate hy pats to evaluate the integral involved, () Confirm thit the two solutions ate hneary independent by showing that thie Wrosskan sequal to, ay would be exposed rom te arm of (+). Find series solutions ofthe equation y"—22y/—29 = 0, Identiy one ofthe series as(2) = exp" and very thas by direct subaation. By setting (2) = 2) (2) tnd solving the resulting equation for us), ind an explicit form for yx=) and accuse tat Peteee’S area 2a Solve the equation ey wy sanaea 18 follows (a) enity and classi its singular points and determine their indices ssiSERIES SOLUTIONS OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS () Find one series solution in powers of z. Give a formal expression for second linearly independent solution. (0 Deduce the values of 4 for which there i « polynomial solution Py(2) of dlogece N- Evaluate the fist four polynomials, normalised in such way that PN) =i G11 Find the general power series solution about 2 =O ofthe equation 4 ay *Bra-ad 1612 Find the radius of convergence of a seis solution about the origin for the ‘equation (+ as'+ By" + 2y = On the fallowing ase: (a)an5,b= 6; (eyanSba7 Show that if a and b are real and 4b > a, then the radius of convergence is always pen by 1613 For the equation y*-42~%y = 0, show thatthe origin becomes a regular singular points the independent variable is changed from = to x ~ 1/2 Hence Gnd a ves solution ofthe form (2) = Soy aye. BY seting ys) = a(2}(2) and ‘xpanding the realting expression for ufde in powers of =~, show that plc) has the asymptote form. pe) me|rsine—4+0(#2)], whore ei arbitrary constant 1614 Prove thatthe Laguere equation, £ ea-nbrr=o, has polynomial solutions La(z) iis a non-negative integer N, and determine the fecurence relationship for the polynomial coefbetents lence show that an ‘expression for Ly(2h aormalied in suet a Way tat L4(0) = N16 valuate£s(2) explicitly. 1615 The origin isan ordinary point ofthe Chebyshev equa By ay my = 0, which therefore has seis soto ofthe fom 2° for and « 1 (a) Find the recurrence relationships forthe ay inthe wo cases and show that, there exist polyoma solutions Ta} (for ¢ = 0, when m is an even integer, the polynomial having 40m +2) i) for 4, when m isan od ing, the polynomial having $m +1) (©) Tal) is normalised so fem O23 to have Ty(1) = 1. Fiad expt forms for Ty) 5821636 163 16s 167 169 163 65 167 HINTS AND ANSWERS. (e)_ Show thatthe corresponding non-terminaing seis solutions Sy(2) have as thei fist Few terme sinyna(i-See Here) brain the recurrence relations for the solution of Legendre’ equation (18.1) a Inverse powers of ie set yl) = Souqs”, with ap #0. Deduce that Zitat "hen the series with ¢ — / wll tomuinate and henge converge for all 3 Waist the series with ¢ ™ —(7-+1) doesnot terminate and hence converges only forkl>1 16.7 Hints and answers Note that 2 ~ 0s an ordinary point of the equation For r= 0, va/te = [et 2)— Zilia + 1-2] and, corespondingy, for sls) alt 424) and Ute) = ale — 2. LO and 3; aga/ag = (=P) defy = (1/0 + 1) expe $yie) = agcor sandy) ~ ayains! The Wronskian ie bade? #0. (1) acalan = [ele+ Hint H/L20 1) (e) R= 2, equal 10 the distance beiween 2 Peat ty and the closest singularity at A opi erm inthe eis for 9,8) 8 TE, “The origin is an ordinary point. Determine the constant of integration by exam ining the behaviour ofthe related Functions for small Ja(e) = texp2) fg expt Repeat routs 2 = 2. ae as So EMC we has 00} ee The transformed equation is xy" +2)/+y dujde= AL.) (3) 6) occ los? PI llm + 240+ (3) aa (ayn melon + Ion 2) () 2, 222 = 3 3