Ernst and Peter Neufert Architects’ Data Third Edition Edited by Bousmaha Baiche DipArch, MPhil, PhD School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University and Nicholas Walliman DipArch, PhD, RIBA School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University b Blackwall ScienceThis book provides architects and designers with a concise source of core information needed ta form a framework for the detailed planning of any building project. The abjecive is to save time for building designers during their basic ives: tigations. The information includes the principles of the ‘design process, basic information on siting, servicing and constructing buildings, 2s weil a illustrations and descrip tions of a wide range of building types. Designers need to be ‘well informed about the requirements fr all the constituent parts of new projects in order to ensure that their designs Satisfy the requirements of the briefs and thet the buildings conform to accepted standards and regulations The extended contents list shows now the book is orga: rise and the order ofthe subjects discussed. To help read fers to identity relevant background information easily, the Bibliography (page $88) and list of related British and inter. national standards (page 895) have beon structured in a way that mirrors the organisation of the main sections of the book. To avoid repetition and keep the book to @ manageable length, the different subjects are covered only once in fll Readers should therefore refer to several sections ta glean all of the information they require. For instance, a designer ‘wanting te prepare a scheme fora collage will need toreter to ‘other sections apart from thet on collages, such as — ‘draughting guidelines; muttistorey buiéings: the various sections on services and environmental control restaurants for tho catering facilities; hotels, hostels and flats for the student accommodation; office buildings for details on working environments; libraries: car parks; disabled access {in the Rousing and residential section|; indoor and outdoor sports faities:gardens; as wellas details on doors, windows, Slaits, and the section on construction management, ete, Readers should noto that the majority of the material is from European contributors and this means that the detail ABOUT THIS BOOK on, for example, climate and daylight is from the perspective of a temperate climate in the northern hemisphere. The Concitions at the location of the proposed building will always have to be ascertained fram specific information on the locality. A similar situation is 10 be seen in the section on roads, where the illustrations show traffic driving on the Fight-hand side ofthe road. Again, oral conditions must be taken into consideration for each individual case The terminology and style of te texts UK English and this clearly will need to be taken into account by readers accus famed to American English. These readers wil need to be aware that, for example, ‘it’ has been used in place of ‘elevator’ and ‘ground floor’ is used instead of “ist floor (and ‘first floor for ‘second’ et. ‘The data and examples included in the text are drawn from 4 wide range of sources and as a result a combination of conventions is used throughout for dimensions, The mea surements shown are all metic but a mixture of metres ‘centimetres and milimetros is used and they are inthe main ot identified, Readers will also find some superscript numbers asso: ciated with the measurements. Where these appear by ‘dimensions in metros with contimetres, for instance, they represent the additional millimetre component of the mea sure (eg. 128" denotes 11, 260m, 5mm). Anybody familiar with the metric system will not find this troublesome and those people who are less comfortable with metric units can use the Conversion Tables given on pages 617 to 627 t0 clarify any ambiguities The plans and diagrams of buildings do not have scales as the purpose here isto show the general layout and express relationships between different spaces, making exact sealing lunnecessary. However, al elevant dimensions are given an the detailed drawings and diagrams of installations, to assist in the design of specific spaces and constructions‘The Publishers wish to thank, in particular, Dr Bousmaha Baicho, of the Postgraduate Research School, School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University, for his enormous, ttfors and patience in averseeing the final English language fedition. They would also like to thank his colleague, Dr Nicholas Walliman, also of the Postgraduate Research ‘School, for his valuable contribution on questions of content {and terminology. ‘The Publishers are also especially ratoful to Paul Stringer {or his efforts in managing the editorial and production work fon the new edition and for hie exceptional attention to detal “They would also lke to thank Mark Straker of Vector for his ‘work on the ilustrations and text, Richard Moore for proof reading, and the following for their work on the translation Bantrans Services, Chris Charlesworth, Chiltern Language Services, Katharina Hesse, Jeff Howel, Keith Murray, Amy Newland and Wordswop. Finally, they would like to thank the following for con: teibuting information and illustrations to this exition: “Martin Pugh, Trevor Fish, Group Property Services, Barclays Bank Pie Peter J. Clement, Group Property, NatWest Group Mary Heighway and members’ of stat, Public Relations, Environment Agency Pick Everard, Graham Brown, Andrew Robinson, Pick Ever. ‘ard jArchitecs, Surveyors, and Consulting Engineers) and 4. Sainsbury's Ple AscaNVCEC Architects Lesley Bailie, Office of Health Economics ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Simon Marshal, railway expert Stanley Partnership, Architects, Cheltenham ‘Malcom Lee, National Small-Bore Rille Association (NSRA\ Britisn Steel Strip Products Matthew Foreman, Katy Harris, Jo Olsen and members of staf, Foster and Partners, London La Kershaw and colleagues at RIBA Publications, the Royal Institute ofthe British Architects for permission to repro ‘duce forms on page 48 (copyright RIBA Publications 1999) Derek Wolterdale, Principal Track and Gauge Engineer at Railtrack, and members of staf of Railtrack Graeme Loudon, The Met Office Pam Beckley (Copyright Administrator, the Controller, and members of staff of the Copyright Unit, HMSO for per ‘mission to reproduce illustrations (Fig 1, page S41 and Fig 8, page 542) trom Health Building Note 36 (Crown copy Fight moterial is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’ Stationery Office) Addison Wesley Longman for permission to reproduce ilustrations (Fig. 1, page 101 and Fig. 18 page 158) from The Climate ofthe British sles (Chandler & Gregory! Dr Ray Ogden, Professor Mike Jenks, Margaret Ackil Postgraduate Research School, School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University Chris Kendrick, School of Architecture, Oxtord Brookes Uni The illustrations on pages 134-7 are reproduced from The Building Regulations Explained and Mustrated (Powell Smith & Billington) Blackwoll Sciance Lt,Throughout history man has created things to be of service to him using measurements relating to his body. Until relatively recent times. the limbs of humans were the basis far a the units of measurement. Even today many people would have 2 better understanding of the Size of an object if they were told that it was so many men high, so many paces long, so many feet wider or so many heads bigger. These are concepts we have from birth, the sizes of whieh can be said to be in our nature. However, the introduction of motric dimensions put an end to that way of depicting our world Using the metric scale, architects have to try to create ‘8 mental picture that is 98 accurate and as vivid as possible. Clionts are doing the same when they measure Toms on a plan to envisage the dimensions in reality. Architects should familiarise themeeives with the size of rooms and the objects they contain so that they can Picture and convey the real size of yet to-be designed furniture, rooms of buildings in each line they draw and fach dimension they measure. We immediately have an accurate idea of the size of an jobject when we see 2 man (real or imaginary) next toi It isa sign of our times that pictures of buildings and rooms presented in aur trade and professional journals are 100 often shown without people present in them. From pictures alone, we often obtain a false idea of the size of these rooms and buildings and are surprised how different they appear in reality ~ frequently, they seem ‘ayuch smaller than expected. One of the reasons for the failure of buildings to have cohesive relationships with ‘one another is because the designers have based their ‘work on different arbitrary scales and not an the only ue ‘Scale, namely that of human beings. It this is ever to be changed, architects and designers must be shown how these thoughtlessly accepted measurements have developed and how they can be avoided. They have to understand the relationship between the sizes of human limbs and what space 2 person requires in various postures and whilst moving around. They must also know the sizes of objects, Uiensils, clothing ete. in everyday use to be able to determine suitable dimensions for containers and furnituee. In addition, architects and designers have to know ‘what space humans need betwoon furniture ~ both in the hhome and in the workplace ~ a8 well as how the furniture ccan best be positioned. Without this knowledge, they Wl be unable to ereate an envionment in which no space is wasted and people ean comfortably perform their duties for enjoy relaxation time, Finally, architects and designers must know the dimensions for minimum space requirements for people moving around in, for example, railways and vehicles These minimum space requirements produce strongly fixed impressions from which, often unconsciously, other dimensions of spaces are derived ‘Man is not simply a physical being, who needs room, Emotional response is no less important: the way people feel about any space depends crucially on how it is divided up, painted, lit, entered, and furnishes. Starting out from all these considerations and perceptions, Ernst Newfert began in 1926 to collect methodically the experiences gained in # varied prectice land teaching activities. He developed a ‘theory of planning’ based on the human being and provided a frameork for assessing the dimensions of buildings and their constituent parts. The results were embodied in this INTRODUCTION book, Many questions of principle were examined, developed and weighed against one another for the first Inthe current edition up-to-date technical options are included to the fullest extent and common standards are taken into consideration. Description is kept to the absolute minimum necessery and is augmented or replaced as far as possible by drawings. Creative building designers can thus obtain the necessary information tor design in an orderly, brief, and coherent form, which otherwise they would have to collect together laboriously from many reference sources or obtain by detailed measurement of completed buildings. Importance has been attached to giving aniy a summary; the fundamental data and experiences are compared with finished buildings only i it is necessary to provide # suitable example BY and large, apart from the requitements of pertinent standards, each project is different and so should be studied, approached an designed afresh by the architect. Oniy in this way caa there be lively progress within the spit of the times. However, executed projects lend themseives too readily to imitation, or establish ‘conventions from which architects of similar projects may find difficulty in detaching themselves. If creative ‘architects are given only constituent parts, as is the intention here, they are compelled to weave the components together into their own imaginative and Unified constuction Finally, the component parts presented here have been systematically researched from the literature to provide the data necessary for individual Ouilding tasks, checked ‘out on well-known buildings of a similar type and, where hecessary, determined from mode's and experiments The objective of this is always that of saving practising building planners from having ta carry out all of these basic investigations, thereby enabling them to devote themselves ta the important creative aspects of the taskr] H A A H M H : A H H H H H UNITS AND SYMBOLS © eee of ving 8 wns in et Jum Me ey eat cal | * 8 | | 4 ® samen fan rived na D santo an nts soundUNITS AND SYMBOLS = aoe = Mathematical symbols fer oves |smw rome Jaen > gener tan = bh [= 2 eter an Foto i Elum | a tg a ale bss ee | fom [Rta corns fecern [em imam ae — : 2 ae 7 ear = lementy eu =| fm |= : nn eS eaten — fenttcnn fiw |S | empty ea ES some fie |i ‘Sime ame = infinity = ir Ul psae ~ wee 4 mot identically equal to = - volume on iia meaa|s. [ome [ve 1 fantom = a a= conan ==} = 11 soe Section para ne |” 225 : Greek alphabet eee em Ee se sone ce ft 8 tot Fy igen 20 7 so ante m fe sion oe ny ea emf nat Mom Nave [tant | pent -oamtsninnt 1h (iow ted x toapea ao ae ow ima renee nee | Moccia Mn mm ee eee oe ees 06 lotemicron ms | onan Eo tags Javncine | geal ceuee fe ee |e | | wet maa 0 toh) phi Jorn |r [yeeros ty esi © Stand stanatony unis for he constreton induryDG soot eer tomate [te perp ae i @ sheets [ame = © se tomar es Pade uncudingenbonars ® © Fermatsrpn aa DOCUMENTATION AND DRAWINGS The format of documentation (whether in the form of plans, reports, letters, envelopes ete) has, apart from in the USA, generally been standardised to’ conform to tv internationally aecepted {150} series of paper sheet sizes in the ‘A, ’B ‘Cand 'D’ ranges, These standard paper formats are derived from a rectangular sheet with an area ‘of 1m2, Using the ‘golden square’, the lengths ofthe sides, are chosen as x = 0.841 and y = 1.189m such that “This forms the basis for the A series. Maintaining the same ratio of length to width, the sheet sizes are worked out by brogressively halving (or, the other way round, doubling) the sheet ares, 3s would happen if the rectangular sheet was repeatedly folded exactly in half =). Additional ranges (B, C, and D) ste provided for the associated products that require larger paper sizes, ie posters, envelopes, loose-teat fle binders, folders ete. The formats of range B are designed for posters and wall charts. The formats in ranges C and D are the geometric mean dimensions of ranges A and B and are used to ‘manufacture the envelopes and folders to take the A sizes, @ The extra size needed for loose leat binders, folders and box files will depend on the size and type of clamping device employed The strip oF side margin formats ate formed by halves, quarters, and eighths of the main formats (or envelopes, signs, drawings etc.) + 6) + @. Pads and duplicate books using carbonless paper also have standard formats but may have a perforated edge or order, which means the resulting pages will be corresponding amount smaller than the standard sheet size ®. During book-binding, a further tim is usually necessary, siving pages somewhat smalier than the standard format size. However, commercial printers use paper supplied in the RA or SRA sizes and this has an allowance for trimming, which allows the final page sizes to match the standara formats. T 5 moreno [we [wan [ae oor a oy Sh) === EE , Taran dea mang Soa = tw aon | @ eyes any aan with A tad frmat@ sented toni ‘ ae 4 @ 190 wens ay I Fe ney coma 1 | QD het veons rd uote Lad DOCUMENTATION AND DRAWINGS The use of standard drawing formats makes it easier for architects to lay out drawings for discussion in the design office oF on the building site, and also facilitates pasting and filing. The trimmed, orginal drawing oF print must therelore conform to the formats of the ISO A series. Q)-@ The box for written details should be the following distance from the edge of the drawing: for formats AO-A3 tomm for formats At-AG 5mm For small drawings, a fling margin of up to 25mm can be Used, with the result that the usable area of the finished format will be smaller. ‘As an exception, narrow formats can be arrived at by stringing together a row of identical or adjacent formats out of the format range. From normal roll widths, the following sizes ean be used to give formats in the A series for drawing paper tracing paper 1800, 1860™mm {derived from this 1280, 1250, 660, 900m) for prt paper £650, 900, 1200" If all the drawing formats up to AO are to be cut from a paper web, a oll width of atleast 900mm will be necessary. Drawings which are to be stored in AA box files should be folded as follows: +) (1)The weting nox must always be uppermost, in the correct place and clearly visible. (210n starting to fold, the wicth of 210 mm Wold 1) ‘must always be maintained, and itis useful to use a 210 297 mm template, (@)Fold 2's a triangular fold started 297mm up from the Dattam leftthand corner, 0 that on the completely folded drawing only the lef bottom field, indicated with a cross, will be punched or clamped. (The drawing is next folded back parallel to side ‘a’ using a 185 x 298mm template. Any remaining area 's concertina folded so as to even out the sheet size {nd this leaves the writing box on the top surface. If itis not possible to have even folds throughout, the final fold should simply halve the area left (e.g. At fold 5, AO fold 7). Any longer standard formats can be folded in a similar way. (5) The resulting strip should be folded from side 'b’ to ive a final size of 210 x 297 mm. To reinforce holes and filing edges, @ piece of AS size cardboard (148 x 210mm) can be glued to the back of the punched part of the drawing © mension and scheme for edingDOCUMENTATION AND DRAWINGS Arrangement Leave a Sem wide blank strip down the left hhand edge of the sheet for binding or stapling. The writing box on the extreme fight + @ should contain the following details (type of drawing (sketch, preliminary esign, design etc.) (2)type of view or the part of the building illustrated (layout drawing, plan view, section, elevation, ete) (2) scale = (a) dimensions, f necessary. +] "| on drawings used for statutory approvals {and those used by supervisors during construction! it might also contain: {3} the elient’s name (and signature) (2) the building supervisor's name (and = signature) {31 the main contractors signature pete © suradie arrangement of wat dea {the building supervisor's comments about inspection and the building permit (if necessary on the back of the sheet A north-point must be shown on the ‘drawings for site layouts, plan views et. —a Scales “The main scale of the drawing must be given in large type in the box for weitten details, Other scales must be in smaller type and these scales must be repeated next to their respective diagrams. All objects should be drawn to scale; where the Yah = the whole of the ‘crotch upwards "Yeh = leg length from the ankle to the knee and from the chin to the navel length af foot hhead length from the hsir parting to the bottom of the chin, distance between the nipples ‘Woh face height and width (including the ears}, hand length to the wrist ‘yas face width atthe level ofthe bottom of the nose, leg width (above the ankle) and so on. The sub-divisions go up to Yeoh. half of the body, from the Yen ven During the last century, A. Zeising, brought greater clarity with his investigations of the dimensional relationship of man’s proportions, He made exact ‘measurements and comparisons on the basis ofthe golden section. Unfortunately, this work did not receive the atention it deserved until recently, when a significant researcher in this field, E, Moessel, endorsed Zeising's work by making thorough tests carried out following his methods. From 1945 onwards, Le Corbusier used forall his projects the sectional relationships in accordance with the {olden section, which he called ‘Le Modulor’~ p. 30. 15REQUIREMENTS MAN: DIMENSIONS AND SPACEMAN: SMALL SPACES© ‘ening Can @-© erodection terbon nie and wer vps amas aN ‘Tne function of housing is to protect man against the weather and to provide an environment that maintains his well-being ‘The required inside atmosphere comprises gently moving (vt. not draughty), well oxygenated a, pleasant warmth and air humidity and sufficient light. To provide these. conditions, important factors are the location and orientation of the housing inthe landscape (~»p. 272) as well asthe arrangement ‘of spaces in the house and its type of constuction. The prime requirements for promoting a lasting feeling of wollbeing are an insulated construction, with appropriately Sized windows placed correctly in rolation to the room furnishings, sufficient heating and corresponding draughe‘ree The need for sir Man breathes in oxygen withthe air and expels carbon dioxide ne exhales. These vary ip quantity Sepending on the individual's weight, food intake, activity anc surrounding environment» Q-@ Ie has been caleveted that on average human beings produce 0.020m%n of carton dioxide and 40gh of water vapour. "A carbon dioxide content between 1 and 3 con stimulate doaper breathing, ta the ai in tho dweling should not a far as porsble, contain more than The. This means, with a single ‘change af ar por hour, a requirement for an alr space of 32m per fault and 150 fr each end. However, because the natural rate (of air exchange in freestanding buildings, even with closed ‘windows, reaches 1/2 to 2 times this amount, 16-24 is ‘Sufficient (depending on the design) as a normal air space for adults and 8-121 for children. Expressed anther way, with 2 oom height 2.5m, a oom flaor area of 4-8.6m> for each adult is adequate and 32-4 8m? for each child. With a greater rate of fr exchange, le. sleeping with @ window open. oF venation ‘ia ducting), the volume of space per person for ving rooms can be racuced to 75m? and for bedrooms to 10m? per bed. Where air quality is likely t0 deteriorate because of naked ‘ight, vapours and atner pollutant fae in hospitals of factories) and in enclosed spaces (such as you in en auditorium), rate of ‘xchange of air Must be artficaly boosted in order to provide the lacking oxygen and remove the hermful substances. ‘Space heating ‘The room temperature for humans at rests atts most pleasant betwoen 18 and 20°C, and for work between 15°end 18°C, depending on the level of activity. A human being produces ‘bout 15kcally per kg of Body weight. An adult weighing 70kg thetelore generates 2520kcal of heat energy per day, although the quantity produced varies according to the circumstances. For instance iinereases with & drop in room temperature just eit dove with exercise, "When hesting 8 00m, cate must be taken to ensure that ow temperature heat i used to warm the room air an the cold side fof the room. With surface temperatures above 70-80°C decom- position can take place, which may irritate the mucous membrane, mouth and pharyr and mako the ai feel too éry. Because ofthis, steam heating and iron stoves, with their high surface temperature, are not suitable for use in blocks of flats BEES meas tence MAN AND HIS HOUSING © wening oom humidity Room air is most pleasant with a elative air hhumielty of §0-60%, f should be maintained between limits 40% and 70%. Room air Which Is toa moist promotes germs, mould 01d bridging, rot and condensation. ~ ©). ‘The production of water vapour in hum beings varies in accordance with the provaiing conditions and performs an Important cooling function. Production Imma wih hg wey oft com, ticularly when the temperature goes hove 37 Wlood temperature Bay ght IE NENT Iay Ry, adam @ vet eemet an | 920 cel = i 5 Ly i 1 FT) EERN ee i Ectp Neat i : * ea om sriroetae, * mactenooaie ce @ Fiat ot comfort Pats ot comton ROOM CLIMATE same way 98 the ean has climate, he ses of ings bo se clot at mearurabie vaio for a pressu, Mut, inthe bay sein bala wen he by ‘manages thermal raqusion withthe isha of eft a te ‘Ssuipata om tho Boaycoresoonds with tne aquirium loss of est tome surounaing area ‘Temperature regulation and heat loss from the body ‘The hur bey ean fle roe he fate thie ones Mea sing Ssveral_mochanisms’ inceasing bivad siteulaion in the. skin incrosing th Blood excuanon speed vasa dition and sere ng Sweat Won cold, the body uses Muscular shivering 19 gorarate ea is lost ffom the Body in throo main ways: conduction oowetion and radian, Condon the proces ht ae ons ‘ne srfoco to another surface when they ae contact fa fot eract wi the for. Tha tof eat vasor depends 0 the aurace Eondoctvites ofthe metros nvoved. Copp for axampie has high thormalconduetvty whe at of as owe maxing porousinasitng Imetoal. Convection is he proces of body est beng lot ete sek ‘arms the surrounding at This poses = yoversed By the wolcty of {he creating a inthe room snd te temperate sterol Dewees {he clthed and unclathe args otthe body sr ultone ato ven by convecson:ir-watm tse by coat ih hot bjects fey ‘autora rss, caol off on the caing and sks again As vulstse the a cari stand floating partis wan The uk the heting ‘medium flows eg aatorsn radiator fs user the development Stescutaton. Al abjects, including the human body. emit hee osaton in sezordance to forpertaresferano bebween the ay susace am ‘hoof the ambient ara ti properion tothe somes ofl he ay buoute emporsture and thereors 1 tas as high the temperture ‘outles The wavelength otha rasation ala changes wth temperate {he ngher th surface temzeature the shorter the waweength. Above 50°C: root bocomes wale as ight. The radiation below th lente alld ina root raion. faites mal aeons, pontrates the Si wout heating Ian's absorbed by for rfeted of thers bodies In absorbing the radiation, thee dod bodes Vnctucing Maran otis) are warmed Ths fala hoa absorption by the body te rom ‘le stove! sth mom pasar sansation for hur for psa tesaons and als the most helt, ‘evaporation of moisture from the sweat glands ana bathing. Te Body surface and vapour pressure dierent between the sun dnd Strung areas ore key factors hore. Recommendations for internal climate Ban ai temperature of 20.244 re convorsble Both in summer ang in ‘inter ‘Thesuraunding surace arene shoud not ier by Move than BEE rom the air tomparaturo. A change hea tempetetute cn be compensated or by changing the surface lmperatre (es wth 'S'oo gress sifterence between th at an surface temper scessve movement oar tae place The main eis ae 8 2 tho oor temperature should be 179° more The surace temperate ofthe seing depande upon the height of he Tm. The temperature send by humane ts someuner ahs aveage ten ‘oom ait empurture ht of sounding rutace, Te Importen to contol air movement aod Mumity 26 ta 36 posable The movement can ho sensed ae saughts and tis has the Efecto fei enting ofthe body eine ar humisyof 400% = Comfort Wir alower humiy eg. 9) dt parce ae tae “Tomainain the quality of thai controled ventions deal-The coy cuntan ofthe ae must bo replaced by oxygon. ACO, content ot Oss by volume should not he excaeded. and terete ein “he rah al requirement at humane comes fo abot 320m £0 the bir ehange in eng rooms should be 0.4 0.8 tes te foom volume Comparative relative humiaty valuesvmowvtiaty © creeds putogene aN Jinn © SEREL ewan uncorgennd wenacewne ne BUILDING BIOLOGY Woldbrunn Waldkatzenbach, among others, nave” been rasearching the effects that the environment has an people: in particular the etlects of the ground, buildings, rooms, bslding Geological effects Stretched acrass the whole of the earth isa se-cllc ‘global net ‘consisting of stationary waves, thought o be induced by the sun. However ts regularity, according to Harmann, is such that Suggests an eanhly radiation whicn emanates ftom inside the ferth and is effected by crystaline stuctures in the earth's crust, 2 spacing of about 2 50m_Atrightanglas fo these are othe sips funaing in an eastwestarection at a spacing of about 2m = have peychologically detrimental effects, particulary when one is Yepeatedly at rest over a point of intersection fr long periods {e.g when in bed). In adtion to this, zooms which same pathogenic influences. These intersection points only b fr joints the ground, or watercourses The later in particular, frethe most nfuental = 3) Hence there a cumulative ettect involved so the best atuation isto make use ofthe undisturbed Zone oF area of 180*230m between the global stupa - According to Hartmann, the mast effective action isto move the bed out of the cisurbance area, particularly away tram the ‘According to Palm, the apparent global 2<250mis made up of halfistance ines. The actual network ‘would be, a2 2 results global nat with svipa at 4-Sm and 56m enres, runing dead straight in the eastiwest direction all ound the earth. Every 7th one of thee net sinps ie reported to be of a soccallad 2nd order and have an influence many times Greater than the others. Also based on sevenths, an even Songer disturbance zone hes been identified asa so-called rd fice This at a spacing of about 250 and 300mm respectively. The intersection points here are alsa fale particularly strongly ‘Also accorsing to Palm, in Europe there are deviations From the above nore of up 10 18% from the northisouth and the fastest directions, Americans have observed such stripe with the aid of very sensitive cameras Trom aeroplanes fying at & heignt of several thousand meters. In addition to this, The diagonaie algo form torr awn globsl net, running north east to has its own pattern of sttong sevenths, which are about one ‘quarter as song again in thee eect Cam influence the neode ofthe compass, Thus variations of 1-2 Steady result in faulty location and this is sigeficant because the fedges of the srps ae particularly pathogenic. Careful detection Df al the relationships requires much time and experience, and btn needs several investigations to cross check ihe results, The se zones a0 located with divining rods oF radio Interesction between ground and ire. atthe earth's surface. Endros nas demonstrated with models thet these breaks ar sao Setectabla on the solid floors of multistorey buildings, = (h He Underground steam i) and measured the strength of the ‘isturbanees above a watercourse 3) ‘The main detrimental effect of such pathogenic zones is that of ‘deuitalsation’ lor example, tiredness, distoroances of the hear, kidneys, circulation, breathing. stomach and metabo, tnd could extend as far ae serious chronic diseases such as ally pathogenic time (5) The been dlscovered to be a source eq height 3m. wacth 4m, length Sm) and round houses oF hexagonal plans (honeycomb are also praised 212 © Ratan pee © we rier of lang ‘phat sheeting diverts the southert inclined radiation BUILDING BIOLOGY Physicists recognise that matter exists in three phases, dopanding on (gaseous For example, with water when under Oi existe #89 solid a) namely cat normal temperatire = (= wate: wnen ove 100 ‘els team. Other materia change phase at dierantemparatures. ‘The atoma of molecles that makeup the materiale in cont ‘mason. In slid metas, for example, the atoms worte around fed tomperture, tho bonds folding space atoms together ave broken ‘down and metal igetston occurs enabling te tara to move mare treaty = Frac heating suses more excaton ofthe atoms ur he toting point reached. Her, the mation seo energete tat he soe an escape al erator fore of atacton an dipars to fom Sninous sate” @) On the reverse side a stra or merlot ‘movement tops completely ot sole sro O kein OK =-273 1510) materais. The atomic or molecular arangerent of Sach rote {ves tte oan properties and dietates how tract to and act te Surroundings. In the case of glass, for example, afoough tot Spparenty solid ot room temperature, does oy have a stalling Etrsture, the ators being in random, amorphous state, Ki thoratore,tecancaly, a supercooled lig The Bens oF vapost ‘molscuesin air depends onthe temperature 0 the weter molecules difuse to the cooter side (ere the density slower. To replace them, air molecules ase to the Tosge, both movements beng indore bythe ditain resistance ofthe wal constuction = Many yoets of research ‘on building materia by Schade Speck _syggpts hat organic mater abeorb or resk up ration of eval ‘ngin For instance, sepa mating wth 100mm stip edge overs ‘round place on concrete Toor diverted he previously pene a.ng Tadiation. The adjacent room, however, racsived bundled diverted rays. = @ =D. In an aternate experiment a ganulted cok oor owed a capaiy to abr the radiation, Cork eet 25 00mm ck compressed and sealed, tngued and grooved al oun ae alsa sunabie = ‘Clay i fogared as “healthy earth’ and bricks and roofing tos fired at about 880°C give tho optimum living conditions. For brieklayng,aulphurfree white line ie recommended, produced by aking burr ime in a Saking pit and where fty lime is produced ‘ough maturation. Hydraute Ime shovld, however, be used i ‘nals subject to damp, Lime hae wel known anomptie Guaiios an S cormmonly used oe Ime ween in stables and cow sheds, Plaster is considered best when i red as for bow 200°C a5 possible. preferabiy witha. sonstant huricty sila to ara textes eater sik ete} Sandetone a9 natural Ime-eandstone fe ccoptabe Bu should not be used for complete wa materials. Timber preservation Weatments should be derived fom the dition oF wood isa (29. as wood vinegar, wood ol! oF wood tar) Tiber reacts well to. ooute and. therefore ‘ecommended that genuine ter be used for inter cladding, hecessary as slywood using natrat glues. Ideally the ‘ld rules Should be followed: timber fled oly in winter. during the waning ‘moon, then watered for one year in a clay pit before Wis sawn However, thi every expansive, For insulation, natural building materials such as cork grancles and cork sheets tincluding those vith bitumen coating) ee Fecommended, a6 well esa plant-based mating (eg. sem grass, Coconut fibre ete togethor with expended vay end datomseecus anh oss meal Plates, miners fore, mineral wool glass fore, ‘erated concrete, foamed concrete and covrugatedslvminum fall remot consisored to be satisfactory. ‘Norma glass for gaving or erstal glass counts es neutral. eter sill is quartz glase for bioglass. which transite 70-80% ofthe Siteswiolet hight. Doub ewst With glass welded edges are ‘sealed edges. One is seoptcal about colouted Met! trjected by Palm for extorar was wel 6 for vse on large areas Tis cludes copper for rots on dwelnge (out not on churches. Ganerlly the adic et avoid the extensive us of meta ‘Coppers tolerated the best Kon i ejected racintors,alogely, case surance in adv fm) Zine ale tolerated ae ead Bronce too, accptate 76% copper an aluminium i ogara 9 having ‘ture, Asbestos soul not be used With psnting ta eeommended {hat o carol tty is made of th contents snd mead of manufacture tt the paint in order to proven the nroducton of damaging radon, Pastis are_gonerly regarded es Nevng mo harmful me fact Concrete, parulry reforcod caneet, a reected io sabe and arches buss however, permed in foundations and callaate bn anal at nts, date sw Semin tenant Svael peas aon panied test Sn pc os bette ee ith [rPhiedipiedepening on | hetime dy Incardng 1) Distance aren around a trator st ‘tacts on poplin beds 9 to 12 (cean BUILDING BIOLOGY A ditferentiation should be made between concrete with clinker ‘aggregate and man-made plaster {which have extremely high racition valuest and "natura cement and plaster. Lightweight ‘onerete with expanded clay aggregate is tolerable. "Al pipes for water cold or hot, sewage or gas radiate to theie surroundings and can influence the organs of living creatures 29 wel as plants. Therefor, rooms that are occupied ‘by humans and animals for lang periods of time (ea. bedrooms land living rooms) should be a {ar away 95 possible from Pipework Consequently, is recommended that all Installations are concentrated inthe centre of the dweling, in the htehen or bathroom, or collected togerher in a service wal (ip.277 @). ‘These is @ similar problem with electrical wiring earrying alternating current, Even if current does not flow electrical Felds with pathogenic eltects ore formes, and when current is being drawn, the electromagnetic felds created are reputed 19 bbe even mare harmful. Dr Hartmann found an immediate cure none case of disturbed well-being by geting the pation pul ‘out the plug and therefore eliminate the current in tho flex ‘vin went around the head of his bed ~(D, In another case similar symptoms were cured by moving @ cable running bbetwoen an elactre heater and the thermostat rom behind the head of the double bed to the other side of the room» (2) Loose cables are particularly troublesome, as they produce @ 50He alternating Meld syndrome. In addition, electrical ‘equipment, such as heaters, washing machines, dish wash Bolles and, particulary, microwave ovens with defective sea, situated next to or beneath bedrooms send out pathogenic Faiation through the walls and floors, so tat the inhabstonts fate often in an area of several influences ~(). Radiation can largely be avoided in new buildings by using wiring with appropriate insulating sheathing, In existing statutes tho only Solution isto relay the eables or switch off she current at the ‘meter. For this purpose It is now possible to obtain automatic Shutoff swifehes when no current is Being consumed. In this ease, separate circu is required for appliances that constantly (eg. freezers, rofigerators, boilers et "Additional, harmful radiation covers large areas around transformer stations (Schroder Speck measured radiation fom 3,10-20000V station as far away as 30-50m to the north and 420-150m to the south), electric taiiways and high-voltage powerlines. Even the power earthing of many closely spaced houses can give rise to pathogenic effet ‘The human metabolism is influenced by ions (electrically charged particles). & parson in the open airs subjected 10 8 tlectreal voltage of sbout HOY, although under very sight urrent due tothe lack of a charge cari There ean be up to Several thousand ions in ane cube metre of ait, depending on ‘geographica location and local conditions ~»(@) They vary in ‘Sze and it the medium end small ions that have a biological teffet. A strong electrical force field is produced betwoen the mostly negatively charged surlace of the earth and the postvely charged air and this affects the body. The esearch of ‘achishewski inthe 1920s revealed the benelical influence of negative fons on animals and humans, and showed 2 progressive reduction inthe eletresl potential of humans with Increasing age. In alton, the more negative ions there aren the air, the slower the rate at which humans age. Research n the last 50 years has also confirmed the beneficial effects of hegative ions in the trestment of high Blood pressure, asthoa, {creulation problems and rheumatism. The positive ions are predominant in closed rooms, partculsly H they are dusty. Fooms; but only negatively charged oxygenated air is biologically valuable. There isa large choice of devices which can be placed in work and utlty rooms to artificially produce the negative ions (8. whieh produce the desirable steady fla, Such steady fields (continuous current fields) change the polarisation of undesirably charged ions to create improved {oom air conditions. The dovices are available in the form of caling electrodes and table or floor mounted wits (SU ie-a maarurement value; derived Irom Suht, the home town of Schrader Speck! 23