The Laws of Motion PUZZLER The Spirit of Akronis an airship that is more than 60 m long. Whenit is parked at an airport, one person can easily sup- port it overhead using a single hand. Nonetheless, itis impossible for even a very strong adult to move the ship abruptly. What property of this huge air- ship makes it very difficult to cause any sudden changesin its motion? (Cour- tesy of Edward E. Ogden) Ez For more information about the airship, visit http://www. goodyear.com/us/blimp/ index.htmlContact forces Field forces A body accelerates because of an external force Figure 5.1 Some examples of applied forces. In each case a force is exerted on the object within the boxed area. Some agent in the environment external to the boxed area exerts force onthe object.Measuring the Strength of a Force fa) (c) (d) Figure 5.2 The vector nature ofa force is tested with a spring scale. (2) A downward force F; elongates the spring 1 cm. (b) A downward force F, elongates the spring 2 cm. (c) When F, and Fp are applied simultaneously, the spring elongates by 3 cm. (4) When F; is downward and Fy is horizontal, the combination of the two forces elongates the spring VI? + 2? em = Y5 em.NEWTON’S FIRST LAW AND INERTIAL FRAMES Newton’s first law of motion: In the absence of external forces, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with a constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line). inertia The tendency of an object to resist any attempt to change its velocity MASS Mass is that property of an object that specifies how much inertia the objecthasFigure 5.3. Unlessanet ex- ternal force acts on it, an ob- jectat restremains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with constantveloc- ity. In this case, the wall of the building did not exert aforce on the moving train that was large enough to stop it. v= constant Electric blower Figure 6.4 Air hockcy takes ad- vantage of Newton’s first law to make the game more exciting.NEWTON’S SECOND LAW The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. >F = ma Dry = may > = may SF = ma, TABLE 5.1 Units of Force, Mass, and Acceleration? System of Units Mass Acceleration Force SI kg m/s? N= kg-m/s? British engineering slug ft/s? Ib = slug ft/s? *1N = 0.225 lbNEWTON’S THIRD LAW If two objects interact, the force Fj, exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude to and opposite in direction to the force Fy, exerted by object 2 on object 1: Fy = FySOME APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS Ee (b) Figure 5.8 (a) Acrate being pulled to the right ona frictionless surface. (b) The free-body diagram representing the external forces acting on the crate. or ora Figure 5.9 Whenone object pushes downward on another ob- ject with a force F, the normal force mis greater than the force of gravity: n = B= F T= T | ie (c) Fy (a) (b) Figure 5.10 (a) Alamp sus- pended from a ceiling by ach: negligible mass. (b) The forces act ing on the lamp are the force of gravity F, and the force exerted by the chain T. (c) The forces acting on the chain are the force exerted by the lamp T’ and the force ex- erted by the ceiling T”. ofATraffic Light at Rest A traffic light weighing 125 N hangs from a cable tied to two other cables fastened to a support. The upper cables make angles of 37.0° and 53.0° with the horizontal. Find the ten- sion in the three cables. Solution Ts (©) aun Cur dic ual fic Tiglat suspentled Ly ables. (Lb) Free-butly ali Figure 6.11 fic light. (c) Free-body diagram for the knot where the three cables are joined.Force x Component y Component Ty, = 1) cos 37.0" ‘1; sin 37.0° T, Ty cos 53.0° Ty sin 53.0° T; 0 — 125 N (1) SF, = —T; cos $7.0° + Ty cos 53.0° = 0 @) YF, = Tisin 37.0° + Tysin 53.0° + (-125 N) =0 he= n( 22%) = 1337 aN cos 53.0° weet T, sin 37.0° + (1.337,) (sin 53.0°) — 125N = 0 T, = 751N Ty = 1.337, = 99.9NCrate on a Frictionless Incline A crate of mass m is placed on a frictionless inclined plane of angle @. (a) Determine the acceleration of the crate after it is released Solution (1) SF. = mgsin 0 = max ~~ a - (2) x =n- mgcos @=0 aN (3) dy = gsin 6 @) (b) Figure §.12 (a) A cae of mass mslidting dowa a ficionless in cline. (b) The free-body diagram for the crate. Note that its accelera- tion along the incline is gsin 6(b) Suppose the crate is released from rest at the top of the incline, and the distance from the front edge of the crate to the bottom is d. How long does it take the front edge to reach the bottom, and what is its speed just as it gets there? Solution a, = constant Xp j= Uyil + Gayl* xp xy = dand vy; = C d= dal? 2d 2d (4) t= = ay gsin @ vy" = v7 + Zag(xp— x) Vy = 0 ty? = 2a,d (5) uy = V2axd = \2gdsin 0One Block Pushes Another Two blocks of masses m; and mg are placed in contact with each other on a frictionless horizontal surface. A constant horizontal force F is applicd to the block of mass m,. (a) De termine the magnitude of the acceleration of the two-block system. Solution D Fysystem) = F = (m, + mg) ay = F 1 oe , 2 () 2S Fr Pr P —t, 2 “ my my mg(b) Determine the magnitude of the contact force be- tween the two blocks. Solution 2) SF = P= may 3) P= myay = (Jr m, + my 4) SR=F- P'=F- P= ma Substituting into (4) the value of a, from (1), we obtain mF my P=F- ma, = F —- ——— = |——— ]F m, + mg m + moWeighing a Fish in an Elevator A person weighs a fish of mass m ona spring scale attached to the ceiling of an elevator, as illustrated in Figure 5.14. Show that if the elevator accelerates either upward or downward, the spring scale gives a reading that is different from the weight of the fish. Solution (1) dF =T- mg = may ay Q) T= ma, + mg = me (2 + 1) 52 = 400) ( 2.00 m/s? :) 9.80 m/s? = 482N =2.00 m/z T= me(- + 1) = (40.0 N) (ome g 9.80 m/s? = 31.8N “thes -) Figure 5.14 sppate spring seale read aval wsard, the springsale 1 tor aeseleraces upward, the the elevator accelenstes downAcceleration of Two Objects Connected by a Cord A ball of mass mand a block of mass mg are attached by a lightweight cord that passes over a frictionless pulley of negli- gible mass, as shown in Figure 5.16a. The block lies on a fric- tionless incline of angle 6. Find the magnitude of the acceler- ation of the two objects and the tension in the cord. (a) (b)Solution (1) (2) (3) (4) (6) YF, =0 DA - TH mgm may— ma DFy = mogsin 6 -— T= mgay = mga DF = n— mogcos = 0 _ mggsin 6 — mg m, + mg _ _mimgg(sin 6 + 1) m, + mgFORCES OF FRICTION Ss = pen Sh = pan Motion | > ! TABLE 5.2 Coefficients of Friction* I Camel ! By Me I ! Steel on steel 074 | Aluminum on steel 0.61 " ' "s Copper on steel 0.53 @ I () Rubber on concrete 1.0 | Wood on wood 0.25-0.5 | Glass on glass 0.94 i | . a 4 Waxed wood on wet snow O14 ' Waxed wood on dry snese — os i Metal on metal (lubricated) O15 0.06 Ice on ice oul 0.03 Teflon on Teflon 0.04 0.04 Synovial joints in humans 0.01 0.003 « All values are approximate. In some cases, the coeificient of frie: tion can exceed 1.0. eeAcceleration of Two Connected Objects When Friction Is Present A block of mass m; on a rough, horizontal surface is con- nected to a ball of mass mg by a lightweight cord over a light- weight, frictionless pulley, as shown in Figure 5.21la. A force of magnitude Fat an angle 6 with the horizontal is applied to the block as shown. The coefficient of kinetic friction be- tween the block and surface is 4,. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the two objects.Solution Motion of block: (1). SF, = Feos 6 — fy — T= may = ma (2) YR=n+ Find - mg = may=0 Motion of ball: SF, = ma, = 0 3) Y= T= mg = may = ma (4) i = wag — Fsin 6) Substituting (4) and the value of T from(3) into (1) gives Fcos 6 — py(mg — Fsin 6) — mo(a+ g) = ma F(cos 6 + py, sin 8) — g(my + pym,) 5 a= 6) m, + mzFigure P5.72 The system shown in Figure P5.72 has an acceleration of magnitude 1.50 m/s?. Assume the coefficients of ki- netic friction between block and incline are the same for both inclines. Find (a) the coefficient of kinetic fric- tion and (b) the tension in the string. (a) 0.0871 (b) 27.4NWhat horizontal force must be applied to the cart shown in Figure P5.69 so that the blocks remain station- ary relative to the cart? Assume all surfaces, wheels, and pulley are frictionless. (Hint: Note that the force ex- erted by the string accelerates my.) — (a F——-| M _é}———__@) Figure P5.69 (M+ m, + mg)(mgg/m))Calvin and Hobbes by Bill Watterson Nakka Foch Moc. Grug. PubbaWuP ZINK WattooM GaZoRK. CHUMBLE spuzz. 1. Explain Newtons First Law of Motion in your own words