Labour Force Participation in Rwanda

THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012
Thematic Report
Labour force
participation
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS OF RWANDA

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THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012
Thematic Report
Labour force participation
January 2014
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The Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census (2012 RPHC) was implemented by the National
Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). Field work was conducted from August 16th to 30th, 2012. The
funding for the RPHC was provided by the Government of Rwanda, World Bank (WB), the UKAID (Former
DFID), European Union (EU), One UN, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and UN Women.
Additional information about the 2012 RPHC may be obtained from the NISR:
P.O. Box 6139, Kigali, Rwanda; Telephone: (250) 252 571 035
E-mail: info@statistics.gov.rw; Website: http://www.statistics.gov.rw.
Recommended citation:
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
(MINECOFIN) [Rwanda], 2012. Rwanda Fourth Population and Housing Census.
Thematic Report: Labour force participation
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Table of contents
List of tables vii

List of figures x
List of abbreviations xi
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Executive summary xvii
Chapter 1: Overview of the Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census 1
1.1 Context and justification 1
1.2 Legal and institutional frameworks 1
1.3 Census phases 2
Chapter 2: Context, objectives and methodology of the analysis 3
2.1 Context 3
2.1.1 National economic context 3
2.1.2 National employment policy, strategies and legal framework context 4
2.2 Background of Rwanda‟s labour force 5
2.2.1 Active population 5
2.2.2 Inactive population 7
2.3 Objectives 7
2.4 Methodology 7
2.4.1 The RPHC4 questionnaire 7
2.4.2 Definition of key indicators 9
2.4.3 Limitations 10
2.4.4 Labour force framework 11
Chapter 3: Size and composition of the working-age population and labour force participation 12
3.1 Size and composition of the active and inactive populations 12
3.2 Evolution of working-age population and active population from 1978 to 2012 15
3.3 Refined activity rate 15
3.4 Economic dependency ratio 16
3.5 Labour force participation rate, employment to population ratio, and unemployment
rate 19
3.5.1 Labour force participation by age group and sex 19
3.5.2 Labour force participation by area of residence and sex 22
3.5.3 Labour force participation and marital status 23
3.5.4 Labour force participation and level of education 24
3.5.5 Labour force participation and highest degree obtained 26
3.5.6 Labour force participation and nationality 28
3.5.7 Labour force participation and disability 29
Chapter 4: Characteristics of the active population 31
4.1 Description and evolution of the active population 31
4.1.1 Distribution of the active population by employment status 31
4.1.2 Distribution of the active population by sex 31
4.1.3 Evolution of the active population between 1978 and 2012 32
4.2 Employed population 33
4.2.1 Spatial distribution, age–sex structure and background characteristics of the
currently employed population 33
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4.2.2 Main occupation 39
4.2.3 Employment status 46
4.2.4 Institutional sector of employment 47
4.2.5 Branch of economic activity 48
4.3 Unemployed population 52
4.3.1 Size and composition of the unemployed population 52
4.3.2 Spatial distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above 53
4.3.3 Age–sex structure and background characteristics of the unemployed population 55
Chapter 5: Characteristics of the inactive population 62
5.1 Composition and spatial distribution of the inactive population 62
5.2 Age–sex structure of the inactive population 63
5.3 Background characteristics of the inactive population 65
Conclusion 68
References 70
Annex A Census objectives, methodology and data quality assessment 71
A.1 Objectives of the Census 71
A.2 Methodology and Census phases 72
A.2.1 Census mapping 72
A.2.2 Pilot Census 72
A.2.3 Questionnaires and manuals 72
A.2.4 Census publicity and sensitisation campaign 73
A.2.5 Recruitment and training of field staff 73
A.2.6 Actual Census enumeration 74
A.2.7 Post-enumeration activities 75
A.3 Data quality assessment 75
Annex B Census questionnaire 77
B.1 Private households: person record 78
B.2 Private households: household record and mortality record 82
B.3 Institutional households: person record 83
Annex C Glossary of key terms and definitions 86
C.1 Population and demographic characteristics 86
C.2 Housing and household characteristics 88
C.3 Migration and spatial mobility 89
C.4 Education 90
C.5 Employment/economic activity 91
C.6 Socio-cultural characteristics 93
Annex D Supplementary tables 94
Annex E Sector-level tables 121
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List of tables
Table 1: Distribution of the resident population aged 5 and above by economic activity status,
sex and province .................................................................................................... 13
sex and province .................................................................................................... 14
Table 3: Share of the working-age population in the total population by sex and Province .. 15
Table 4: Refined activity rate based on the active population aged 16 and above by sex .... 16
Table 5: LFPR, employment to population ratio and unemployment rate by age group, area of
residence and sex .................................................................................................. 21
Table 6: LFPR, employment to population ratio and unemployment rate by province, area of
residence and sex .................................................................................................. 23
Table 7: LFPR, employment to population ratio and unemployment rate by current marital
status, area of residence and sex (aged 16 and above) ......................................... 24
Table 8: LFPR, employment to population ratio, employment rate and unemployment rate by
level of education, area of residence and sex (aged 16 and above) ....................... 25
Table 9: Unemployment rate by the highest level of education and area of residence ........ 26
Table 10: LFPR, employment to population ratio, and unemployment rate by highest degree
obtained, area of residence and sex (aged 16 and above) ..................................... 27
nationality, area of residence and sex .................................................................... 29
disability status, area of residence and sex (aged 16 and above) .......................... 30
Table 13: Distribution (number and percentage) of the currently employed population aged 16
and above by area of residence, province and sex ................................................ 34
and above by level of education and sex ............................................................... 36
and above by highest degree obtained and sex ..................................................... 37
Table 16: Distribution (number) of the currently employed population aged 16 and above by
sex, area of residence and nationality .................................................................... 38
and above by sex, area of residence and disability status ...................................... 38
and above by language(s) of literacy and sex ........................................................ 39
Table 19: Distribution (numbers and percentages) of the currently employed population aged
16 and above by main occupation and sex ............................................................ 40
Table 20: Distribution (%) of the employed population aged 16 and above by occupation and
level of education ................................................................................................... 42
employment status ................................................................................................. 44
Table 22: Distribution (%) of the employed population aged 16 and above by occupation,
institutional sector and sex ..................................................................................... 45
and above by institutional sector of employment, sex and area of residence ......... 48
Table 24: Distribution (number and percentage) of employed population involved in economic
activities other than agriculture by industry and sex ............................................... 50
Table 25: Evolution of the economic activity sectors among the population aged 16 and above
from 2002 to 2012 .................................................................................................. 52
Table 26: Age distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above ....................... 56
Table 27: Distribution (%) of unemployed population by age group, unemployment status and
school attendance status ....................................................................................... 58
Table 28: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by the highest level of
education, unemployment status and area of residence ........................................ 59
Table 29: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by the highest degree
obtained ................................................................................................................. 60
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Table 30: Distribution (count) of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by nationality
.............................................................................................................................. 61
Table 31: Distribution (count and percentage) of the unemployed population aged 16 above by
disability status and area of residence ................................................................... 61
Table 32: Distribution of the inactive population aged 16 and above by inactivity status ....... 62
Table 33: Distribution (number and percentage) of the inactive population aged 16 and above
by area of residence and province, disaggregated by sex ...................................... 63
Table 34: Mean and median age of the inactive population aged 16 and above bysex, province
and area of residence ............................................................................................ 65
by level of education, area of residence and sex.................................................... 66
Table 36: Distribution (number) of the inactive population aged 16 and above by nationality,
area of residence and sex ...................................................................................... 66
by disability status and sex .................................................................................... 67
Table 38: Labour force participation rate, employment to population ratio, employment rate and
unemployment rate by age-group, area of residence and sex (16 years and above)
.............................................................................................................................. 94
unemployment rate by level of education, area of residence and sex (16 years and
above).................................................................................................................... 95
unemployment rate by age-group, sex and area of residence ................................ 96
Table 41: Age-sex distribution (count and %) of the currently employed population aged 16
years and above (urban) ........................................................................................ 97
years and above (rural) .......................................................................................... 97
unemployment rate by nationality, area of residence and sex (16 years and above)
.............................................................................................................................. 98
Table 44: Distribution (count and %) of the currently employed population aged 16 years and
above by level of education by sex and area of residence ..................................... 99
above by language(s) of literacy by sex and area of residence ............................ 100
above by main occupation by sex and Area of residence ..................................... 101
Table 47: Distribution of employed population aged 16 years and above (count) by occupation,
status in employment, status in employment and area of residence..................... 102
Table 48: Distribution of employed population aged 16 years and above (count and %) by
occupation, institutional sector and sex ................................................................ 103
above by main Industry by sex and area of residence .......................................... 104
Table 50: Distribution of employed population aged 16 years and above by economic activity,
level of education and sex.................................................................................... 107
Table 51: Distribution of employed population aged 16 years and above (count) by economic
activity, status in employment and sex ................................................................. 109
Table 52: Age-sex distribution (count and %) of the unemployed population aged 16 years and
above (national) ................................................................................................... 112
above (urban) ...................................................................................................... 113
above (rural) ........................................................................................................ 114
Table 55: Distribution (count and %) of the unemployed population aged 16 years and above
by level of education and area of residence ......................................................... 115
Table 56: Distribution (count and %) of the unemployed population aged 16 years and above
by highest degree obtained by sex and area of residence ................................... 116
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Table 57: Composition of the inactive population aged 16 years and above (%)bysex and
province ............................................................................................................... 117
Table 58: Age-sex distribution (count and %) of the inactive population aged 16 years and
above (national) ................................................................................................... 117
above (urban) ...................................................................................................... 118
above (rural) ........................................................................................................ 118
Table 61: Count of the resident population aged 16 years and above by economic activity
status, sex and sector of residence ...................................................................... 121
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List of figures
Figure 1: Evolution of Rwanda‟s GDP per capita, 1994–2012 ......................................................... 3
Figure 2: Distribution of working-age population (16 +) by activity status ...................................... 13
Figure 3: Evolution of working-age population and active population from 1978 to 2012 ............... 15
Figure 4: Evolution of the refined activity rate, 1978–2012 ............................................................ 16
Figure 5: Economic dependency ratio by province ........................................................................ 17
Figure 6: Evolution of economic dependency ratio from 1978 to 2012 .......................................... 18
Figure 7: Economic dependency ratio by sector ............................................................................ 19
Figure 8: LFPR by age group and sex........................................................................................... 22
Figure 9: Unemployment rate by the highest level of education and sex ....................................... 26
Figure 10: Evolution of labour force participation rate from 1978 to 2012 ...................................... 30
Figure 11: Composition of the active population ............................................................................ 31
Figure 12: Distribution of the active population by sex and province ............................................. 32
Figure 13: Evolution of the active population aged 16 and above, 1978–2012 .............................. 33
Figure 14: Age–sex distribution (%) of the currently employed population (Rwanda) .................... 35
Figure 15: Mean and median age of the employed population aged 16 and above ....................... 35
Figure 16: Occupational segregation index by area of residence .................................................. 40
Figure 17: Evolution of agricultural and non-agricultural occupations, 1978–2012 ........................ 41
Figure 18: Occupational segregation index by highest level of educational attendance ................ 43
Figure 20: Distribution of the employed population aged 16 and above by institutional sector and
occupation ................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 20: Distribution of the currently employed population aged 16 and above by employment
status and sex ............................................................................................................. 46
Figure 21: Distribution of the employed population aged 16 and above by employment status, area
of residence and sex.................................................................................................... 47
Figure 22: Distribution of the currently employed population aged 16 and above by main activity
sector in 2002 and 2012 .............................................................................................. 49
Figure 23: Distribution of the currently employed population aged 16 and above by the
predominant branches of economic activities and areas of residence .......................... 50
Figure 24: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by unemployment status
.................................................................................................................................... 53
Figure 25: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by sex ......................... 53
Figure 26: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by province and
unemployment status................................................................................................... 54
Figure 27: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by area of residence.... 54
Figure 28: Distribution of unemployed population by unemployment status, sex and area of
residence ..................................................................................................................... 55
Figure 29: Age–sex distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above ...................... 56
Figure 30: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by age group and area of
residence ..................................................................................................................... 57
Figure 31: Distribution of the unemployed population by sex and highest level of education attained
.................................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 32: Distribution of the inactive population aged 16 and above by sex................................. 63
Figure 33: Age–sex distribution of the inactive population aged 16 and above .............................. 64
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List of abbreviations
CE/FM Certificat d‟études familiales
CTC Census Technical Committee
DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo
EDPRS Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy
EICV Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie des ménages (Household Living
Conditions Survey)
EMA/ENTA Ecole des Moniteurs Auxiliaire/Ecole Normale Technique Auxiliaire
GDP Gross Domestic Product
HH Household
ICPD-PoA International Conference on Population and Development – Programme of Action
ILO International Labour Organization
IPAR Institute of Policy Analysis and Research
ISIC International Standard Industrial Classification of all economic activities
LFPR Labour Force Participation Rate
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MINAFFET Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MINALOC Ministry of Local Government
MINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
MINEDUC Ministry of Education
MTN Mobile Telecommunication Network
NCC National Census Commission
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa‟s Development
NISR National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
PES Post-Enumeration Survey
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
RPHC4 Fourth Rwandan Population and Housing Census
UN United Nations
USD United States Dollar
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Executive summary
The Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census (RPHC4) enumerated a resident population
of 10,515,973 people of which 107,822 were living in institutional households and 10,378,021 living
in private households. Only the latter were eligible for the questions on economic activity. The
official minimum working age in Rwanda is 16 and above. Females were predominant among the
working-age population (54%).
Of the entire population aged 16 and above 74% were economically active. The economic activity
rate was higher in rural areas (75%) compared to urban areas (68%) and it was higher among
males (76%) compared to females (72%).
There were 4,152,682 employed people, representing 71% of all residents aged 16 and above.
Unemployment in Rwanda is an urban phenomenon and affects young people (16-35 years) more
than adults. The unemployment rate in urban areas (7.7%) was more than twice as high as the one
at the national level (3.4%), whereas it was 2.6% in rural areas. The unemployment rate among
active youth (16–35) was 4.0% and 8.7% respectively at the national level and in urban areas,
while it was 2.6% and 5.6% among adults (aged 36–65).
The breakdown of the unemployment rate by the highest level of education showed that young
persons with secondary and university levels of education are most exposed to unemployment.
13% of active persons with an upper secondary education level were unemployed and the
unemployment rate was 10% for those who had attended university.
The level of education of the labour force is still low. 26% of the employed population have never
attended school and 61% have attended only primary school. 47% of the unemployed population
had a primary school level of education.
The Rwandan labour market is predominated by agriculture (73%).A higher percentage of

employed females is employed in agriculture (82%) compared to males (63%) and a higher
percentage of employed persons in rural areas is farmers(83%) compared to those in urban areas
(21%). Non-agricultural occupations in urban areas were mainly services and sales workers and
craft and related trades workers. Except for agricultural and clerical support workers, men
predominated in all other occupations.
Concerning employment status, the results showed that the majority of the employed population in
Rwanda were self-employed in the agriculture sector (60%), followed by employees (18%) while
self-employed out of agriculture represented 8% of the total employed population. The proportion
of males who were employees was twice as high as the corresponding figure for females, while the
proportion of women contributing to family work was more than double that of men.
The results show that 94% of the employed population were employed by the private sector and
the public sector employed 4%. Non-profit organisations employed only 0.5%.In the public sector,
six out of 10 employed persons were males.
The analysis of the branches of economic activity reveals that 76% of the employed population
were working in the primary sector, 6% in the secondary sector and 16% in the tertiary sector. The
fastest growing branches of economic activity between 2002 and 2012 were administration and
support services activities (83%), arts, entertainment and recreation (23%), financial and insurance
activities (18%) as well as accommodation and food service activities (18%).
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The inactive population, which consists of persons, aged 16 and above who are out of the labour
force, amounted to 1,545,708. The majority were students (51%), for both men and women,
followed by persons looking after the home or family (25%).
The majority of inactive persons had a primary level of education (60%) and 24% of all inactive
persons had attended or were still attending lower secondary school.
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Chapter 1: Overview of the Fourth Rwanda Population and
Housing Census
1.1 Context and justification

The history of the Population and Housing Census in Rwanda dates back to the 1970s. To
date, four modern censuses have successfully been conducted in Rwanda, in 1978, 1991,
2002 and 2012.
The 2002 Census collected a number of demographic and socio-economic characteristics

and indicated a total population of 8,128,553 people. Following the United Nations Decennial
Census Program, the 2012 Census is the Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census
(RPHC4). It indicates that the country now has a total population of 10,515,973 people.
Besides the endorsement of recommendations from major international conferences held

under the auspices of the United Nations, the Government of Rwanda (GoR) has been
focusing since 2000 on the long-term Vision 2020 that aims at transforming Rwanda into a
middle-income country. This is being implemented through the medium-term planning
framework of the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) for
successive five-year periods. The measurement of progress in implementing the EDPRS and
the various UN recommendations calls for the availability of demographic and socio-
economic statistical data to inform the selected indicators at different levels.
The RPHC4 is a reliable and comprehensive source of data, which compared to other official
statistics data sources (administrative data, surveys, etc.) allows for disaggregation to the
lowest geographical level.
The RPHC4 was undertaken to update the national mapping and demographic databases, to
provide indicators for monitoring poverty reduction strategies and achievement of
international development goals (MDGs, ICPD-PoA, NEPAD, etc.) and to strengthen the
technical capacity of the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR).
A more detailed discussion of the long- and short-term objectives of the Census is presented
in Annex A of this report.
1.2 Legal and institutional frameworks

As an essential precondition for Census execution, the legalization of its operations was
secured by a Presidential Decree officially establishing and determining the administrative
organization of the Census. In addition, a Ministerial Order of the Minister of Finance and
Economic Planning has set forth the official and statutory requirements for Census activities.
The institutional framework set up for implementing the RPHC4 consists of three main
bodies: the National Census Commission (NCC), the Census Technical Committee (CTC)
and the decentralized branches of the NCC at province and district levels.
In order to ensure focused functioning during the whole period of Census execution, a
1
Census Unit was created within the NISR, as an executing unit, and benefiting from other
financial, logistical and technical support services from the NISR.
1.3 Census phases

Following the preparatory phase of the Census, which consisted of the production of the
project documents, schedule and Census budget, the following technical activities were
undertaken:
 Census mapping;
 A Pilot Census;
 Questionnaire and manual development;
 Census publicity and sensitization campaign;
 Recruitment and training of field staff;
 Census enumeration; and
 Post-enumeration activities.
Further details on all Census phases can be found in Annex A of this report.
The success of the RPHC4 is attributable largely to the rigorous pre-Census planning and
robust Census enumeration monitoring undertaken by the NISR as well as the remarkable
support received from the Government and people of Rwanda and the generous technical
and financial assistance given by international development partners.
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Chapter 2: Context, objectives and methodology of the
analysis
2.1 Context
2.1.1 National economic context
Rwanda is a landlocked country situated on the border of Central Africa and East Africa, with
a total surface area of 26,338 square km. Bordering Rwanda are Uganda to the north,
Tanzania to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)to the west and Burundi
to the south.
After the socio-economic crisis of the war and the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi, the GoR
adopted a long-term strategic vision known as „Vision 2020‟ which aims to move Rwanda
from a very poor country to a middle-income country.
Despite the war and the genocide against the Tutsi, with the serious and harmful
consequences they had on all sectors of the country, Rwanda‟s economic growth over the
last decades has been remarkable. With a Government that is committed to achieving
sustainable economic growth coupled with growth in employment opportunities for its people,
Rwanda has made impressive progress in rehabilitating and stabilising its economy to
exceed pre-1994 levels. The overall economy is growing at a significant rate. The GDP
annual growth rate isan average of 8.2% between 2000 and 2012. Rwanda‟s GDP per capita
has increased from less than USD 200 in 1994 to USD 644 in 2012 (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Evolution of Rwanda’s GDP per capita, 1994–2012
Source: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda.
Another sign of Rwanda‟s economic transformation is that development of the non-

agricultural sectors of the economy has clearly begun. So far, this has been dominated by a
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proliferation of small-scale business and activities operating on an informal or semi-informal
basis. The magnitude of this phenomenon over the past 10years has been large enough to
make non-agricultural entrepreneurship and wage employment a major source of new
employment and income opportunities and to have quite a significant impact on the structural
pattern and pace of economic growth.
According to the 2011 Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV3) results, increases in
non-farm wages have been among the major drivers of the poverty rate reduction from 57%
in 2005/2006 to 45% in 2010/2011 (IPAR, 2012). This is a substantial reduction of 12%
within only a five-year period. The EICV results show that extreme poverty has also been
reduced from 40% in 2000/2001 to 36% in 2005/2006 and to 24% in 2010/2011.
2.1.2 National employment policy, strategies and legal framework context
Vision 2020 presents the framework and key priorities for Rwanda‟s development with
employment as one of the fundamental pillars. Vision 2020 has been made operational by a
series of medium-term national Poverty Reduction and Economic Development Strategies.
The first strategy was the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) finalised in 2001, which
covered the period 2002–2006. The PRSP evaluation report shows that social life
improvements in the education and health sector were achieved; however, the sector dealing
with the production of goods and services saw little change. The PRSP was followed by the
EDPRSI, which covered the period 2008–2012. During its implementation, priority was given
to accelerating economic growth, creating employment and generating exports.
The evaluation of the EDPRS1showed the achievements, opportunities and challenges,

learned lessons, which resulted in the organisation of EDPRS1. The EDPRS1 will cover the
period 2013–2018 and it is built around four thematic priority areas: economic
transformation, rural development, productivity and youth employment and accountable
governance. The 2012 Census data on economic activity contained in this report will inform
the implementation of the EDPRS2.
In line with the national strategies, legal and regulatory frameworks, as well as the
international conventions that Rwanda has ratified, the GoR adopted the National
Employment Policy in 2007.
The National Employment Policy places employment promotion at the centre of poverty
reduction and sustainable development, and it highlights the following priority areas of
intervention: rural sector development, private sector and entrepreneurship development,
youth employment promotion, women‟s employment promotion, employment promotion of
vulnerable groups, strengthening of the labour intensive approach in economic and social
infrastructure programmes, human resource development and employability, promotion of
tripartism and social dialogue, and social security promotion.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which Rwanda has also ratified, stipulates that
„everyone has the right to work, to have free choice of employment, to just and favourable
conditions of work, to protection against unemployment‟. The Rwandan constitution, in Article
37, stipulates that „Every person has the right to free choice of employment‟ and that
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„Persons with the same competence and ability have a right to equal pay for equal work
without discrimination.‟
The Rwanda Labour Law, No. 13 of 27/05/2009, stipulates that:
“It is prohibited to employ a child in any company, even as apprentice, before the
age of sixteen (16).A child aged between sixteen (16) and eighteen (18) may be
employed under condition that the rest between two working periods be of a
minimum duration of twelve (12) consecutive hours and that the performed job be
proportionate to his/her capacity and not be of the nature that can damage his/her
health, education and morality.”
Article 9 of the above mentioned law stipulates that „it shall be forbidden to directly or
indirectly subject a worker to gender-based violence or moral harassment within the context
of work‟. Its Article 12 relates to the right to equal opportunities and salaries of all workers
regardless of their race, colour, origin, sex, marital status, family responsibility, religion,
beliefs, political opinions, social or economic condition, disability and previous, current or
future pregnancy.
2.2 Background of Rwanda’s labour force
2.2.1 Active population
During the first Census of 1978, the economically active population included all persons
aged seven and above who were employed or seeking a job. The results of that Census
showed that out of the total population of 4,831,527, the economically active population
numbered 2,666,560,representing crude activity rate of 55%. Unlike the 1978 Census, during
the 1991Censusthe minimum age of economic activity was fixed at 10 years. The results of
that Census revealed that out of the total population of 7,157,551, the active population
amounted to 3,569,436 people, corresponding to a crude activity rate of 50%. According to
the 2002 Census, the economic activity was measured among the population aged six and
above. In that context the active population was evaluated to number 3,418,078 out of the
total population of 8,128,553. The crude activity rate was 42%.
The Survey conducted in 2000/01 (EICV1) showed that the usual activity rate was estimated
to 88% and this fell to 86% in 2005/06 according to EICV2. Between 2005/06 and 2010/11
the population in the labour force has kept pace with the growth of the population aged 16
and above. In fact, the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) recorded by EICV3 results
was 85%, which is not statistically different from the figure found in 2005/06.
Employed population
The 1978 Census enumerated 2,647,875 employed persons of a population aged seven and
above of 3,620,059. This represents an employment to population ratio of 73%. This
percentage sharply decreased to 56% between 1978 and 2002. In fact, the 2002 Census
measured the economic activity among the population aged six and above and it found that
3,387,469 of 6,065,433 people were working. This fall may be due to the decrease of
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economic activity among children, which decreased from 28% to 13% between the two
censuses.
The Rwandan labour supply has been characterised by low levels of education. The results
of the first General Population Census conducted in 1978 revealed that 98% of the employed
population had only primary-level education or below. The results of the 2002 Census
showed that the percentage of the employed population with at least a primary level of
education was 93%. According to EICV3, conducted in 2010/11, the level of education
among the employed population aged 16 and above was still low; 91% of the employed
population had at least primary-level education and only 9%of the employed population had
attended secondary school.
The economic activity of the majority of Rwandans is based on agriculture. The 1978 Census
showed that 93% of the population aged seven and above was employed in agriculture.
Services engaged almost 5% of the employed population and the remainder (2%) were
engaged in the extractive or manufacturing industries.
The 2002 Census as well as EICV3 conducted in 2010/11 revealed that the Rwandan
economy is slowly shifting from agriculture to other sectors of economic activity. The
percentage of the employed population in agriculture decreased from 87% in 2002 to 73% in
2010/11. The percentage of the employed population in secondary sector activities grew
from 3% in 2002 to 6% in 2010/11, while the figure for the tertiary sector increased from 10%
in 2002 to 20% in 2010/11.
Unemployed population
According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), an unemployed person is someone

who during the reference period was simultaneously without work, currently available to work
and seeking a job. In Rwanda‟s 2002 Census, all persons aged six and above who reported
that they had not worked during the reference period were considered unemployed. The
questionnaire of the RPHC4however includes a series of questions which allow
unemployment to be defined using the three criteria mentioned above or a more relaxed
definition using the first two criteria.
In many low income countries that do not have advanced social safety nets, unemployment
is quite low because it is rare to be able to afford to do no work at all (EICV3, 2010/11).
Different censuses as well as household surveys conducted in Rwanda showed that the
unemployed rate in Rwanda is low but increasing over time. In fact, the 1978 General
Population Census indicated an unemployment rate of 0.5%, which had increased to 0.9%
by 2002. According to the EICVs conducted in 2000/01, 2005/06 and 2010/11, the
unemployment rate within the seven-day reference period was respectively 1.4%, 1.5% and
2.4%. It is important to mention that EICVs collected data throughout 12-monthperiods and
consequently captured the effect of seasonality, while censuses collected data on only 15
days in a particular month, in this case August.
The same studies revealed that unemployment in Rwanda is an urban phenomenon and it
tends to be higher among younger persons. In the 2002 Census, the unemployment rate in
urban areas was almost 10 times as high as the unemployment rate in rural areas (3.9% vs.
6
0.4%). The same pattern was observed from EICV3 conducted in 2010/11, where those
rates were 8.8% vs. 1.2% respectively in urban and rural areas, and hit 13.1% in the urban
area of Kigali City.
2.2.2 Inactive population
In the framework of measuring economic activity, the inactive population or population

outside the labour force comprises all persons in the population aged 16 and above who
during the short reference period of one week were neither employed nor unemployed (ILO).
According to the 1978 Census findings, of the population aged seven and above of
3,620,059, 26% were inactive. Students made up a high percentage of the inactive
population (49%). The 2002 Census revealed that the inactive population accounted for 44%
of the total population aged six and above. As for the 1978 Census, students comprised
majority of the inactive population (60%), followed by homemakers (29%).
2.3 Objectives
The specific objectives of this analysis are the following:
 Analyse the sizes of the different segments of the working-age population (active and
inactive populations) and their evolution since 1978;
 Measure the levels, trends, and spatial variations of indicators of the labour force
participation;
 Describe the active population‟s characteristics such as age–sex structure, spatial
distribution and background characteristics;
 Describe the employed population‟s characteristics such as age–sex structure, spatial
distribution and other background characteristics;
 Describe the unemployed population‟s characteristics such as age–sex structure,
spatial distribution and other background characteristics; and
 Describe the inactive population‟s characteristics such as age–sex structure, spatial
distribution and other background characteristics.
2.4 Methodology
2.4.1 The RPHC4 questionnaire
People‟s economic activity is among the most important topics of investigation in a

Population Census. To measure the economic activities in the RPHC4, among other
questions related to other specific topics, 10 questions related to economic activity and
labour force participation have been asked of all household members aged at least five.
The first question (P20) was about whether a person has performed any economic activity
during the seven days before the Census night. The second question (P21), asking why a
person has not worked during the reference period (seven days), was addressed to those
who answered „No‟ to the first question. The third question (P22) applied to those who
responded that the reason they have not worked during the reference period is that they did
7
not have a job or were contributing family workers. Those persons were asked whether they
had performed at least one of activities specified in the given list. The next question (P23)
asked if those without jobs, according to the first three questions, were available to start
work. The following question (P24) asked whether a person who reported being available in
P23 had been looking for a job during the seven days before the Census night. Questions
P25 to P28 were asked of those who were employed or those who had ever worked. They
covered the following variables: occupation (P25), status in employment (P26), economic
activity (P27), and sector of employment (P28) (see Annex B).
8
2.4.2 Definition of key indicators
The key concepts and indicators used to measure economic activity are found in the
glossary in Annex C. The formulas used to calculate specific indicators are given in Box 1.
Box 1: Key formulas used to calculate economic activity indicators
Labour force participation rate =
Employment rate: The employment rate measures the level of employment in the labour force of a country. It shows
the percentage of the labour force that is employed (ILO).
Employment rate =
Unemployment rate: The unemployment rate is a measure of imbalance in the labour market. It shows the
percentage of the labour force without work (ILO).
Unemployment rate =
Inactivity rate: The inactivity rate is the proportion of the working-age population that is not in the labour force. By
definition, the inactivity rate and the LFPR will add up to 100% (ILO).
Employment to population ratio: The employment to population ratio measures the performance of the economy
in providing employment to its growing population (ILO).
Employment to population ratio =
Occupational sex segregation index: The occupational sex segregation index is one of the ILO decent work
indicators. It is a commonly used proxy indicator for equality of opportunity in employment and occupation. The index
measures the extent to which labour markets separate male and female occupations. This index is given by the
following formula:
Where nAi and nBi are, respectively, the number of men and women in occupational category i and nA and nB are,
respectively, the total number of men and women in all occupational categories. The value of the segregation index
D ranges from 0 to1, 0 indicating no segregation and 1 indicating complete segregation. The index may be
interpreted as the fraction of persons who need to change occupations to achieve zero segregation (Labour force
data analysis: guidelines with African specificities).
Economic dependency ratio is an indicator which gives the numbers of persons unemployed and inactive per 100
employed persons.
Economic dependency ratio = 100 X
Refined activity rate
9
2.4.3 Limitations
In general the measurement of economic activity through the general population census is
limited to a few indicators. The RPHC4– like other population censuses – has not captured
some employment characteristics such as working hours, income from work and informal
employment. Consequently, some important indicators such as the underemployment rate
(which shows the insufficiency of the volume of work among the employed population) could
not be computed. It is also worth noting that the information presented in this report is limited
to the main activity performed during the reference period (seven days before the Census
night)while the working population of Rwanda routinely works in multiple jobs.
The questionnaire has captured information that can be used to measure the unemployed
population using either a strict definition or a relaxed definition. However, using the strict
definition will tend to underestimate the unemployment rate because the reference period for
seeking a job was shortened to seven days before the Census night. In the context of
Rwanda, there may be many reasons why persons who have searched for a job one month
before the given reference period have not done so during the reference period.
Consequently, the relaxed definition which is used in this report excludes the condition of
whether or not a person was seeking a job during the reference period of seven days before
the Census night. Thus a person will be considered unemployed if he/she did not have any
job during the reference period and was available to work (irrespective of whether that
person was seeking work or not).
10
2.4.4 Labour force framework
TOTAL POPULATION: 10,515,973
POPULATION LIVING IN INSTITUTIONAL HH: POPULATION LIVING IN

137,952 PRIVATEHH:10,378,021
POPULATION AGED16+: 5,846,266 POPULATION BELOW 16:4,531,755
WORKED IN 7DAYS NOT WORKED
TEMPORARILY DID NOT HAVE

ABSENT FROM JOB JOB/ENTERPRISE
AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE

TOWORK TOWORK
EMPLOYED: UNEMPLOYED: INACTIVE:

4,152,682 147,876 1,545,708
LABOUR FORCE: 4,300,558
11
Chapter 3: Size and composition of the working-age
population and labour force participation
The population constitutes the human capital of the nation and determines its potential
labour supply. On the one hand, the working population is a factor of production and its
capacity in terms of skill level and aptitude contributes to the productivity of the economy of
the country. On the other hand, the population is made up of social groups of particular
concern and meeting their needs is a major challenge faced by decision-makers, public and
private institutions and society itself.1
The objective of this chapter is to present the size and composition of the population in terms
of economic activity status, its evolution from 1978, and the level of labour force participation.
The RHPC4 conducted in August 2012 enumerated 10,515,973 resident persons, of

whom137,952 were living in institutional households and 10,378,021 in private households.
Questions related to economic activity were addressed to all residents living in private
households aged at least five while those living in institutional households during the Census
or those younger than five years were not asked these specific questions. Persons residing
in institutional households are therefore excluded in the below analysis.
3.1 Size and composition of the active and inactive populations

During the seven days (reference period) prior to the 2012 Census night, all persons aged
five and above who had performed any economic activity or who were temporarily absent
from their job were classified as employed, while those who were not working and available
to work were classified as unemployed. Those two categories form the active population
while the inactive population refers to those aged five years and above who were at the
same time not working and not available to work.
Table 1below shows the counts of active and inactive persons among the population aged
five and above by province and sex.
1
African Development Bank (2012), p. 52.
12
sex and province
Status and Province
sex Rwanda Kigali City Southern Western Northern Eastern
Rwanda
Male 4,200,934 492,575 1,018,033 960,892 693,817 1,035,617
Female 4,646,038 466,701 1,161,003 1,105,136 785,781 1,127,417
Total 8,846,972 959,276 2,179,036 2,066,028 1,479,598 2,163,034
Active
Male 2,098,958 287,412 486,076 455,642 354,566 515,262
Female 2,289,253 208,702 561,169 543,649 413,290 562,443
Total 4,388,211 496,114 1,047,245 999,291 767,856 1,077,705
Inactive
Male 2,101,976 205,163 531,957 505,250 339,251 520,355
Female 2,356,785 257,999 599,834 561,487 372,491 564,974
Total 4,458,761 463,162 1,131,791 1,066,737 711,742 1,085,329
Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census.
Even though the economic activity was measured from the age of five, the results presented
in this report are mainly produced based on the population aged at least 16, the official
working age in Rwanda. The economic activity characteristics of the population aged below
16 were analysed in a specific thematic report on „Socio-economic characteristics of
children‟.
According to the results presented in Figure 2, the share of employed population in the
working-age population (16 +) was 71% while the proportion of students was 13%. Details on
the active population (employed + unemployed) are found in Chapter 4, whereas the detail
description of inactive population (students, retired, old age, looking after family) are
discussed in in Chapter 5.
Figure 2: Distribution of working-age population (16 +) by activity status
Table 2 shows the count of the active and inactive population aged 16 and above by sex and
province. The RPHC4 counted 4,300,558 active and 1,545,708 inactive persons, summing
13
up to a total working-age population of 5,846,266. Females were predominant among the
working-age population as well as among the active and inactive populations.
sex and province
Status and Province
Rwanda
Male 2,716,688 371,038 649,967 597,886 439,711 658,086
Female 3,129,578 340,826 788,415 732,724 522,137 745,476
Total 5,846,266 711,864 1,438,382 1,330,610 961,848 1,403,562
Active
Male 2,055,109 284,660 476,564 443,974 345,896 504,015
Female 2,245,449 203,874 552,691 532,224 404,895 551,765
Total 4,300,558 488,534 1,029,255 976,198 750,791 1,055,780
Inactive
Male 661,579 86,378 173,403 153,912 93,815 154,071
Female 884,129 136,952 235,724 200,500 117,242 193,711
Total 1,545,708 223,330 409,127 354,412 211,057 347,782
The results presented in Table 2 also show that the Southern Province was the largest in
terms of the working-age population as well as the inactive population, while Kigali City was
the smallest in both the working population and active population.
It is also worth noting that in all other provinces, except Kigali City, the number of working-
age females was higher than the number of working-age males. The percentage of working-
age males in Kigali represented 52%.
Table 3 shows that Rwanda‟s population is dominated by the population aged 16 years and
above which represented 56% in 2012. The comparison with the 2002 Census reveals a rise
of 3 percentage points between the two censuses. The share of the working-age population
in Kigali city (64%) is higher than in other provinces which range from 55% to 57%. The
share of working-age females amongst all females is higher than for males in all provinces,
except in Kigali.
14
Table 3: Share of the working-age population in the total population by sex and Province
Province Total population Working-age population(16+) Share of working-age
population
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Rwanda 4,964,554 5,413,467 10,378,021 2,716,688 3,129,578 5,846,266 54.7 57.8 56.3
Kigali City 569,944 544,690 1,114,634 371,038 340,826 711,864 65.1 62.6 63.9
South 1,202,054 1,345,792 2,547,846 649,967 788,415 1,438,382 54.1 58.6 56.5
West 1,146,334 1,292,021 2,438,355 597,886 732,724 1,330,610 52.2 56.7 54.6
North 807,973 900,714 1,708,687 439,711 522,137 961,848 54.4 58.0 56.3
East 1,238,249 1,330,250 2,568,499 658,086 745,476 1,403,562 53.1 56.0 54.6
3.2 Evolution of working-age population and active population

from 1978 to 2012
Figure 3 shows the evolution of the working-age population (16+) and active population from
1978 to 2012. The working age population has increased consistently over time while a slight
decrease in the active population can be observed between 1991 and 2002. Between 2002
and 2012, however, the increase in the active population had almost the same pace as that
in the working-age population (16+). The annual growth of the population aged 16 years and
above was 3.0% while the one for the active population was 2.9%. The gap between the
working-age population and active population, which represents the inactive population, was
broadening with the time. This pattern may be explained by the increasing number of
students in secondary schools and universities. The share of students amongst the inactive
population rose from 37% in 2002 to 51% in 2012.
Figure 3: Evolution of working-age population and active population from 1978 to 2012
Source: Rwanda Population and Housing Censuses1978, 1991, 2002 and 2012. Notes: (1) The population of the 1991
Population Census as presented in Figure 3 is aged 15 and above instead of 16 and above.
3.3 Refined activity rate

The refined activity rate is the labour force aged 16 years and above expressed as a
percentage of the total population. As shown in Table 4 below the refined activity rate
15
calculated based on the active population aged 16 and above was 41% at the national level
and it is almost the same for men and women.
Table 4: Refined activity rate based on the active population aged 16 and above by sex
Population Male Female Total
Total population 4,964,554 5,413,467 10,378,021
Active population aged 16+ 2,055,109 2,245,449 4,300,588
Refined activity rate 41.4 41.5 41.4
Figure 4 shows the evolution of the refined activity rate between 1978 and 2012. The refined
activity rate slightly decreased between 1978 and 1991 and sharply decreased from 46% to
40% between 1991 and 2002. As some of those young people, born after 1994, already
started to enter the labour market in 2012, they contributed to the increase of the refined
activity rate.
Figure 4: Evolution of the refined activity rate, 1978–2012
Source: Rwanda Population and Housing Censuses1978, 1991, 2002 and 2012.
3.4 Economic dependency ratio

The dependency ratio is defined as the number of inactive and unemployed persons for 100
employed persons. To compute it, the inactive persons must also include the persons under
the specific age for which the economic activity was measured.
The economic dependency ratio calculated based on the employed population aged five and
above, was 145 at the national level; this means that 100 employed persons supported 145
inactive and unemployed persons. The Southern Province was the one with the highest
economic dependency ratio while the lowest dependency ratio was reported in the Northern
Province as shown in Figure 5.
16
Figure 5: Economic dependency ratio by province
If calculated based only on the employed population aged 16 and above, the economic
dependency ratio increases from 145 to 150 at the national level and it fluctuates from 132 in
the Northern Province to 157 in the Western Province.
The below comparison of the economic dependency ratio across different censuses was
based on the employed population aged 16 years and above. Figure 6 shows that there has
been a rise of the dependency ratio between 1978 and 2002 while a drop of 3 percentage
points was observed between 2002 and 2012. That decline may be attributable to the
different Government programs aiming the promotion of employment and poverty reduction
such as Vision 2020 Umurenge, Hanga Umurimo etc. In addition the Government has
implemented measures to encourage national as well as foreign investors to conduct their
business in Rwanda. This may also have been the source of new jobs which contributed to
the decrease of the dependency ratio between the last two censuses.
17
Figure 6: Evolution of economic dependency ratio from 1978 to 2012
Source: Rwanda Population and Housing Censuses 1978, 1991, 2002, 2012.
Figure 7 below shows the economic dependency ratio by sector. The darkest red colour
shows the highest dependency ratio. The highest dependency ratio is concentrated in the
different districts of the Southern Province such as Nyamagabe, Nyaruguru and Huye; in the
Western Province, high ratios were found in some sectors of Rubavu and Nyabihu Districts.
The dependency ratio was also high in different sectors of Bugesera and Nyagatare Districts
in the Eastern Province as well as in some sectors of Nyarugenge, Gasabo, Kicukiro and
Rulindo districts.
Details on the number of employed, unemployed and inactive populations by sex and
administrative sector are presented in Table 61 in Annex E.
18
Figure 7: Economic dependency ratio by sector
3.5 Labour force participation rate, employment to population

ratio, and unemployment rate
The data collected during the RPHC4 allowed the computation of important indicators related
to economic activity. In the present section the analysis is focused on the following
indicators: labour force participation rate (LFPR), employment to population ratio and
unemployment rate. The definition of each of these indicators is presented in Annex C.
The information in the tables, graphs and maps in this section is computed based on the
population aged at least 16, the legal minimum age for economic activity in Rwanda. All
indicators mentioned above were analysed in respect of social demographic characteristics
as well as spatial distribution.
3.5.1 Labour force participation by age group and sex

The LFPR reflects the extent to which a country‟s working-age population is economically
active while the employment to population ratio shows the proportion of the working-age
population that is employed. Table 5 below shows an LFPR of 74% at the national level,
while the employment to population ratio was 71%.
19
The LFPR and employment to population ratio were the highest among the adult population
(aged 36–65) and lowest among the oldest population (65+ years old). The high rates among
elderly persons, especially in rural areas, indicate the characteristics of an agriculture based
economy where everybody is obliged to work in order to survive, and that the populations in
rural areas stay in the labour market longer than those living in urban areas. The levels of
both indicators were higher in the rural areas (75% and 72%) compared to urban areas (68%
and 54%).
The low rates in urban areas may be attributed to the high level of school attendance among
the working-age population.
The unemployment rate is the proportion of the labour force that is unemployed.
Unemployed persons are defined in this analysis as those who, during the seven days before
the Census night, were without work and at the same time available to work. This constitutes
the more relaxed definition of unemployment, which disregards the condition of seeking work
over a specific reference period.
The results in Table 5 reveal that, unemployment rate in Rwanda were 3.4% in 2012. The
unemployment rate is an urban phenomenon and it is severe among the youth population. It
was 7.7% in urban areas, more than twice as high as the national unemployment rate and
three times as high as the level in rural areas (2.6%). The unemployment rate among
females was more than double that of males in urban areas countrywide.
Concerning the unemployment rate according to age groups, 8.7% of the 16–35 age group in
urban areas were unemployed and unemployment rate was higher among females belonging
to the same age group (12.7%).
20
Table 5: LFPR, employment to population ratio and unemployment rate by age group, area of
residence and sex
Labour force participation Employment to population
Unemployment rate
Age group and rate ratio
area of residence Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both
Sexes Sexes Sexes
Rwanda
16–35 70.7 68.1 69.3 68.4 64.7 66.5 3.2 4.9 4.0
36–65 90.4 84.3 87.0 88.4 81.9 84.8 2.2 2.9 2.6
65+ 49.9 41.8 44.9 48.8 40.7 43.8 2.1 2.5 2.4
Total 75.6 71.7 73.6 73.5 68.8 71.0 2.8 4.0 3.4
Urban
16–35 71.1 58.7 65.0 67.1 51.2 59.4 5.6 12.7 8.7
36–65 90.0 73.0 81.7 86.5 67.4 77.2 3.9 7.7 5.6
65+ 37.9 22.6 28.1 36.3 21.6 26.8 4.2 4.7 4.4
Total 75.2 60.9 68.1 71.3 54.1 62.9 5.1 11.1 7.7
Rural
16–35 70.5 70.3 70.4 68.8 68.0 68.4 2.5 3.3 2.9
36–65 90.5 85.9 87.9 88.8 83.9 86.0 1.9 2.3 2.1
65+ 51.0 43.8 46.6 50.0 42.8 45.5 2.0 2.4 2.2
Total 75.8 73.9 74.7 74.1 71.7 72.8 2.2 2.9 2.6
Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census. Notes: (1) The LFPR is defined as the ratio of the labour force to the
working-age population (active + inactive) expressed in percentage terms (ILO). The LFPR is calculated for the population aged
16 and above. (2)Employment to population ratio = .(3) The unemployment rate is defined as the ratio
of unemployed to the labour force, expressed in percentage terms. The unemployment rate is calculated for the population aged
16 and above.
Figure 8 below shows the labour force participation rate by age-group and sex. The labour
force participation rate curve shows that the age at which most young people are in the
labour force is between 20 and 24, while the age at which most old people are out of the
labour force is between 70 and 74 for females and between 75 and 79 for males.
It also shows that for both sexes, the LFPR was low (36%) in the lower age group (16–19) as
some young people are still at school. It increased with age and reached a peak in the 35–39
age groups. Almost 90% of the population stays in the labour force between the ages of 30
and 49 years. At the age 50, a noticeable decline starts and the LFPR becomes lower than
70% at the age 65 as parts of the population get older and retire.
Forth lower age groups there is no difference between the LFPR for males and females. The
discrepancy begins at age 25, with a higher proportion of males, and this trend continues
across all further age groups. The magnitude of disparities is 6.5 percentage points on
average.
21
Figure 8: LFPR by age group and sex
3.5.2 Labour force participation by area of residence and sex
The results presented in Table 6 below reveal that the LFPR and employment to population
ratio were the highest in the Northern Province (78% and 77%). The lowest levels of both
indicators were observed in Kigali City. The levels of both the LFPR and employment to
population ratio were higher among males compared to females across all provinces.
However, gender disparities were more marked in urban areas compared to rural areas.
Among all provinces, Kigali City was the one with the highest gender disparity in both
indicators, with figure for males being 17 and 21 percentage points higher, respectively, for
the LFPR and employment to population ratio.
The difference between Kigali City and other provinces in the unemployment rate is
remarkable. While the unemployment rate in Kigali City was 9%, in other provinces it
fluctuated between 2% in the Northern Province and 3% in the Southern Province. As at the
national level, the unemployment rate was higher in urban areas compared to rural areas in
all provinces. The unemployment rate was higher among females than among males in all
provinces regardless of the area of residence.
22
Table 6: LFPR, employment to population ratio and unemployment rate by province, area of
residence and sex
Active
Labour force participation population
Province and area
rate Employment to pop ratio Unemployment rate aged 16+
of residence
Femal Femal Femal
Male e Total Male e Total Male e Total
Rwanda
Urban 75.2 60.9 68.1 71.3 54.1 62.9 5.1 11.1 7.7 711,410
Rural 75.8 73.9 74.7 74.1 71.7 72.8 2.2 2.9 2.6 3,589,148
Total 75.6 71.7 73.6 73.5 68.8 71.0 2.8 4.0 3.4 4,300,558
Kigali City
Urban 77.4 59.5 69.0 72.4 49.6 61.7 6.5 16.6 10.5 384,155
Rural 73.9 61.0 67.2 71.1 56.7 63.7 3.8 7.1 5.3 104,379
Total 76.7 59.8 68.6 72.2 51.3 62.2 5.9 14.3 9.4 488,534
Southern
Province
Urban 74.7 65.1 69.8 72.1 60.8 66.3 3.5 6.6 5.0 89,728
Rural 73.2 70.6 71.7 71.2 68.1 69.5 2.7 3.5 3.1 939,527
Total 73.3 70.1 71.6 71.3 67.5 69.2 2.7 3.7 3.3 1,029,255
Western
Province
Urban 67.7 56.0 61.6 64.9 52.0 58.2 4.1 7.1 5.5 101,920
Rural 75.3 74.9 75.0 73.6 72.9 73.2 2.2 2.7 2.4 874,278
Total 74.3 72.6 73.4 72.5 70.4 71.3 2.4 3.1 2.8 976,198
Northern
Province
Urban 74.7 68.9 71.6 73.0 66.4 69.5 2.2 3.6 2.9 61,565
Rural 79.1 78.4 78.7 77.8 76.9 77.3 1.7 1.9 1.8 689,226
Total 78.7 77.5 78.1 77.3 76.0 76.6 1.7 2.0 1.9 750,791
Eastern Province
Urban 74.5 63.4 68.9 72.6 60.3 66.4 2.6 4.9 3.7 74,042
Rural 76.8 74.8 75.7 75.2 72.7 73.9 2.0 2.9 2.5 981,738
Total 76.6 74.0 75.2 75.0 71.8 73.3 2.1 3.0 2.6 1,055,780
Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census. Notes: (1) The LFPR is defined as the ratio of the labour force to the
working-age population (active + inactive) expressed in percentage terms (ILO). The LFPR is calculated for the population aged
16 and above. (2) Employment to population ratio = .(3) The unemployment rate is defined as the ratio
of unemployed to the labour force, expressed in percentage terms. The unemployment rate is calculated for the population aged
16 and above.
3.5.3 Labour force participation and marital status
Table 7 below presents the LFPR, the employment to population ratio and unemployment
rate by sex and marital status. The LFPR and the employment to population ratio were
highest among married people (87% and 84% respectively) and they were lowest among the
never married, possibly because they were young and still in education (55% and 53%
respectively). The same pattern is observed in urban areas as well as in rural areas. Except
for never married people, where the LFPR in urban areas was slightly higher than the one in
rural areas, for other statuses the rates were higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.
While the highest LFPR was observed among married males, for females the highest rate
was observed among those separated from their husbands.
The highest unemployment rate was observed among the never married population as
youths form the majority of this population. That rate was 5% at the national level and it
reached 9% in the urban areas. It is also important to note that the unemployment rate for
23
those separated from their spouses reached 9% in urban areas. Some differences related to
gender were observed among the married population and these were more significant in
urban areas.
Table 7: LFPR, employment to population ratio and unemployment rate by current marital
status, area of residence and sex (aged 16 and above)
Labour force Employment to population Active
Area of Unemployment rate
participation rate ratio populatio
residence and
n aged
marital status Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
16+
Rwanda
Never married 57.0 53.0 55.1 54.5 50.4 52.6 4.3 4.9 4.6 1,174,348
Married 89.9 83.3 86.5 88.0 79.9 83.8 2.1 4.0 3.0 2,714,811
Separated 86.3 84.1 84.5 83.3 80.9 81.3 3.4 3.8 3.7 29,513
Widowed 61.5 68.1 67.5 60.0 66.2 65.7 2.5 2.8 2.8 292,949
Divorced 83.1 83.3 83.3 80.7 80.3 80.4 2.8 3.6 3.4 86,538
Not stated 77.5 67.2 69.8 75.5 64.4 67.2 2.6 4.3 3.8 2,399
Total 75.6 71.7 73.6 73.5 68.8 71.0 2.8 4.0 3.4 4,300,558
Urban
Never married 62.4 50.8 57.5 57.8 45.4 52.5 7.4 10.6 8.6 283,491
Married 90.5 69.5 80.0 87.6 61.0 74.2 3.2 12.3 7.2 380,426
Separated 86.9 76.3 78.8 82.2 68.7 71.9 5.5 9.9 8.8 4,294
Widowed 59.5 55.4 55.8 56.4 51.7 52.1 5.1 6.7 6.5 27,798
Divorced 85.1 75.6 77.9 80.7 69.0 71.8 5.2 8.7 7.8 15,038
Not started 77.1 57.9 63.6 74.1 53.4 59.5 3.8 7.8 6.3 363
Total 75.2 60.9 68.1 71.3 54.1 62.9 5.1 11.1 7.7 711,410
Rural
Never married 55.2 53.6 54.4 53.5 51.7 52.6 3.1 3.5 3.3 890,857
Married 89.8 85.6 87.6 88.1 83.2 85.6 1.8 2.8 2.3 2,334,385
Separated 86.2 85.4 85.5 83.6 83.0 83.1 2.9 2.9 2.9 25,219
Widowed 61.9 69.7 69.1 60.6 68.1 67.4 2.1 2.4 2.4 265,151
Not stated 82.5 85.0 84.5 80.7 82.8 82.3 2.2 2.6 2.5 71,500
Divorced 77.6 69.0 71.0 75.8 66.4 68.7 2.3 3.7 3.3 2,036
Total 75.8 73.9 74.7 74.1 71.7 72.8 2.2 2.9 2.6 3,589,148
3.5.4 Labour force participation and level of education
Table 8 below shows the LFPR, the employment to population ratio of the working-age
population by the highest level of education, and area of residence and sex. The LFPR and
the employment to population ratio were higher among the population with no education or a
low level of education compared to the figures for those who had at least secondary level
education. In fact, the LFPR was higher than 70% for the population with no education or
whose studies had not reached secondary education while it was 64% for those who had
attended university, 54% for those with upper secondary level education and 34% for those
with lower secondary level education.
The low level of LFPR and employment to population ratio among the population with a high
level of education may have been caused by students who were still attending schools, and
were therefore economically inactive. In urban as well as rural areas the same situation
appears; however, lower rates were observed among the educated population living in rural
areas compared to those in the same category living in urban areas.
24
level of education, area of residence and sex (aged 16 and above)
Labor force participation rate Employment to population Active
ratio population
Area of residence and level of education Male Female Total Male Female Total aged 16+
Rwanda
No education 82.7 75.4 78.0 81.1 73.4 76.2 1,083,900
Pre-primary 72.9 70.0 71.4 70.6 66.9 68.6 10,469
Primary 82.8 79.4 81.0 81.1 76.8 78.9 2,613,288
Post-primary 92.3 83.5 88.0 90.3 80.5 85.5 62,241
Lower secondary 37.7 31.0 34.3 36.3 28.5 32.3 191,920
Upper secondary 56.8 50.9 54.0 51.1 42.1 46.8 194,198
University 65.8 60.6 63.7 60.5 52.3 57.2 115,996
Not stated 66.0 60.4 63.0 63.3 56.9 59.9 28,546
Total 75.6 71.7 73.6 73.5 68.8 71.0 4,300,558
Urban
No education 80.1 59.7 67.4 77.6 56.3 64.4 73,705
Pre-primary 71.3 59.6 65.3 68.2 53.8 60.8 1,781
Primary 85.5 69.4 77.7 82.7 63.5 73.5 354,335
Post-primary 92.3 72.9 83.0 88.9 66.9 78.3 12,632
Lower secondary 54.0 40.4 47.3 51.2 34.8 43.1 73,772
Upper secondary 65.2 54.8 60.2 58.7 43.2 51.3 98,794
University 72.3 64.2 68.9 66.1 54.6 61.2 89,678
Not stated 69.7 55.5 62.7 66.1 49.9 58.2 6,713
Total 75.2 60.9 68.1 71.3 54.1 62.9 711,410
Rural
No education 83.0 76.7 79.0 81.4 74.8 77.2 1,010,195
Pre-primary 73.2 72.3 72.7 71.1 69.8 70.4 8,688
Primary 82.3 80.9 81.6 80.8 78.8 79.7 2,258,953
Post-primary 92.3 86.3 89.4 90.6 84.1 87.4 49,609
Lower secondary 31.2 27.4 29.3 30.3 26.2 28.2 118,148
Upper secondary 49.9 47.5 48.7 44.9 41.1 43.1 95,404
University 51.6 49.3 50.8 48.2 45.1 47.1 26,318
Not stated 64.7 61.7 63.1 62.4 58.8 60.4 21,833
Total 75.8 73.9 74.7 74.1 71.7 72.8 3,589,148
The analysis of unemployment by the highest level of education as presented in Table 9

reveals that the highest unemployment rates were found among those with at least upper
secondary school-level of education (12%).
There was a significant difference in the unemployment rate by level of education across the
areas of residence. While the unemployment rate for the population with at least upper
secondary education in urban areas was 13%, the corresponding rate in rural areas was
11%. For those who had attended up to lower secondary school, the figure was 6% in urban
and 2% in rural areas
25
Table 9: Unemployment rate by the highest level of education and area of residence
Unemployment
Area of residence and level of education Employed Unemployed Labour force rate
Rwanda
No education 1,057,967 25,933 1,083,900 2.4
Lower secondary and below 2,794,963 82,955 2,877,918 2.9
Upper secondary and university 272,621 37,573 310,194 12.1
Not stated 27131 1,415 28,546 5.0
Total 4,152,682 147,876 4,300,558 3.4
Urban
No education 70,376 3,329 73,705 4.5
Lower secondary and below 415,860 26,660 442,520 6.0
Not stated 6226 487 6,713 7.3
Total 656,317 55,093 711,410 7.7
Rural
No education 987,591 22,604 1,010,195 2.2
Lower secondary and below 2,379,103 56,295 2,435,398 2.3
Not stated 20905 928 21,833 4.3
Total 3,496,365 92,783 3,589,148 2.6
Across all levels of education, women have less success in accessing jobs than men. The
unemployment rate among females was higher than the unemployment rate among males.
The greatest disparities among males and females were observed at the upper secondary
and university levels. The differences in these education categories were 7 and 6 percentage
points, respectively (Figure 9). It is worth noting that in urban areas, the unemployment rate
among females reached 21% for the upper secondary level and 15% for the university level.
Figure 9: Unemployment rate by the highest level of education and sex
3.5.5 Labour force participation and highest degree obtained
Table 10 presents the LFPR, employment to population ratio and unemployment rate in
respect of the highest degree obtained, area of residence and sex. The results show that
26
according to the RHPC4 more than 90% of the population with at least a Bachelor‟s degree
were active. Low LFPR levels were found among the holders of Bacc/diplomas (two or three
years of university) and A2/D6/D7, whose rates were respectively 59% and 68%. These low
rates indicate that a significant number of these persons may still be at school.
At the national level, the employment to population ratio was the highest among PhD holders
(91%) as well as in urban areas (92%); in the rural areas, the highest employment to
population ratio was found among Bachelor‟s degree holders. The lowest employment to
population ratios were observed among Bacc/Diploma holders in both urban (55%) and rural
(50%) areas as well as at the national level (53%). At the national level and in urban areas,
the employment to population ratio was higher for males compared to females for all
categories of the highest degree obtained, and the differences were more accentuated in
urban areas among the population with an A2 certificate or less.
The highest unemployment rates were observed among the holders of A2/D6/D7 at the
national level (14%) and in both urban (16%) and rural (12%) areas. It is worth noting that
the unemployment rates for Bacc/diploma and Bachelor‟s degree holders were higher than
10% at the national level and in urban areas. In general the unemployment rate was higher
among females compared to males with striking differences among A2/D6/D7 holders living
in urban areas, where the unemployment rate for females (21%) was almost twice as high as
the unemployment rate for males (11%).
Table 10: LFPR, employment to population ratio, and unemployment rate by highest degree
obtained, area of residence and sex (aged 16 and above)
Area of Labor force participation Employment to

residence Unemployment rate Active
rate population ratio
and highest population
degree aged 16+
obtained Both Both Both
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Sexes Sexes Sexes
Rwanda
None 75.8 71.9 73.7 74.1 69.5 71.6 2.2 3.4 2.8 3,986,174
CE/FM 92.8 83.1 88.1 90.4 79.8 85.3 2.5 3.9 3.1 31,048
EMA/ENTA 76.4 68.8 72.9 74 64.2 69.5 3.2 6.6 4.7 1,491
A3/D4/D5 77 68.8 73.8 73.5 63.1 69.5 4.5 8.3 5.9 6,290
A2/D6/D7 69.3 67.2 68.3 61.8 55.5 58.9 10.9 17.4 13.9 182,539
Bacc/Diploma 60.2 57.7 59.2 55.1 50.2 53.1 8.5 13.1 10.3 21,936
Bachelor‟s 91.7 88.9 90.6 84.3 75.8 81.1 8.1 14.6 10.5 61,152
Master‟s 93.3 90.3 92.5 90.1 84.5 88.6 3.4 6.4 4.2 7,600
PhD 93.4 94 93.5 91 89.4 90.7 2.7 5 3.1 1,276
Not stated 16.6 11.9 13.8 12.4 7.9 9.7 25.4 33.7 29.7 1,052
Total 75.6 71.7 73.6 73.5 68.8 71 2.8 4 3.4 4,300,558
Urban
None 74.5 58.8 66.6 71.8 53.4 62.5 3.6 9.1 6.1 529,850
CE/FM 92.6 73.8 83.8 88.8 68 79 4.1 7.9 5.7 8,524
EMA/ENTA 78.9 58.3 69.1 76.5 51.3 64.5 3.1 11.9 6.6 544
A3/D4/D5 79.7 63.8 72.9 75.7 56.5 67.5 5.1 11.4 7.4 3,574
A2/D6/D7 70 62.8 66.6 62.2 49.7 56.2 11.2 20.9 15.5 94,011
Bacc/Diploma 64 59.2 61.8 57.8 50.7 54.6 9.6 14.4 11.7 15,599
Bachelor‟s 92.3 89 91 84.8 75.6 81.1 8.1 15 10.8 50,587
Master‟s 94.1 90.6 93.1 91.1 84.9 89.4 3.2 6.4 4 7,273
PhD 94.1 95 94.3 91.7 90.9 91.5 2.6 4.3 2.9 1,204
Not stated 25.8 15.3 20 22 12.1 16.6 14.8 20.6 17.2 244
Total 75.2 60.9 68.1 71.3 54.1 62.9 5.1 11.1 7.7 711,410
Rural
None 76 74 74.9 74.5 72 73.2 1.9 2.6 2.3 3,456,324
CE/FM 92.8 86.7 89.8 91.1 84.5 87.8 1.8 2.6 2.2 22,524
27
Area of Labor force participation Employment to
residence Unemployment rate Active
rate population ratio
and highest population
degree aged 16+
obtained Both Both Both
Sexes Sexes Sexes
EMA/ENTA 74.9 75.6 75.2 72.4 72.6 72.5 3.3 3.9 3.6 947
A3/D4/D5 73.7 77.5 75 70.9 74.4 72.1 3.8 4 3.9 2,716
A2/D6/D7 68.6 72.4 70.3 61.3 62.5 61.8 10.6 13.8 12.1 88,528
Bacc/Diploma 53.8 53.4 53.7 50.5 48.6 49.9 6.1 8.9 7 6,337
Bachelor‟s 89.3 87.9 88.9 82.1 77.3 80.7 8.1 12.1 9.2 10,565
Master‟s 79.1 82.4 79.8 72.9 76.5 73.7 7.8 7.1 7.6 327
PhD 83.1 81.3 82.8 80.3 68.8 78.2 3.4 15.4 5.6 72
Not stated 14.6 11.3 12.6 10.3 7.2 8.4 29.5 36.8 33.4 808
Total 75.8 73.9 74.7 74.1 71.7 72.8 2.2 2.9 2.6 3,589,148
3.5.6 Labour force participation and nationality
Table 11shows the LFPR, employment to population ratio, and unemployment rate of the
population aged 16 and above by nationality, area of residence and sex. Resident foreigners
represented only 0.8% of the total resident population. The findings showed that the highest
LFPRs for foreigners were found among Kenyans (90%), persons from the Americas (89%),
Burundians (87%) and Ugandans (86%).
The Employment to population ratio for males was higher than the one for females,
especially among foreigners. The results showed that 86% of Americans who were living in
Rwanda during the Census were working, while for the population from East African
Community countries other than Rwanda, 85% of Kenyans, 85% of Burundians, 83% of
Ugandans and 67% of Tanzanians were employed.
As for unemployment, the highest unemployment rate was reported among those with DRC
nationality (10%); however, it is important to note that many DR Congolese resided in
refugee camps and were therefore administered the Census questionnaire for institutional
households, which did not include questions on economic activity. The next highest
unemployment rates among foreigners were found among Tanzanians (6%) and nationals of
other African countries other than East African Community countries and the DRC (6%). For
all nationalities the unemployment rate was higher among females compared to males.
28
nationality, area of residence and sex
Labour force participation Employment to population Unemployment rate
Area of residence and rate ratio Active
nationality Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both population
Sexes Sexes Sexes aged 16+
Rwanda only 75.6 71.8 73.6 73.5 68.9 71.0 2.8 4.0 3.4 4,266,744
Rwanda and other 72.1 62.0 67.2 68.2 56.5 62.4 5.5 8.9 7.0 10,552
Burundi 90.9 77.8 86.6 89.6 74.2 84.5 1.4 4.6 2.4 8,837
Tanzania 77.8 60.6 71.5 75.7 52.3 67.1 2.7 13.6 6.1 423
Kenya 94.9 78.2 89.5 93.3 67.8 85.1 1.7 13.3 5.0 1,044
Uganda 91.7 75.9 86.3 89.6 70.2 83.0 2.2 7.5 3.8 2,748
DRC 78.1 52.4 67.1 74.6 42.2 60.7 4.5 19.5 9.5 4,019
Other African country 87.7 58.0 77.5 85.1 50.0 73.1 2.9 13.8 5.7 593
Europe 86.1 80.4 83.8 84.7 77.7 81.9 1.6 3.4 2.3 610
Americas 92.3 86.9 89.4 88.2 84.5 86.2 4.4 2.8 3.6 421
Asia 93.7 62.9 83.1 92.5 56.2 80.0 1.3 10.6 3.7 1,228
Oceania 60.0 71.4 64.7 60.0 71.4 64.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 11
Not stated 58.1 66.4 62.6 57.4 64.5 61.2 1.2 2.9 2.2 3,328
Total 75.6 71.7 73.6 73.5 68.8 71.0 2.8 4.0 3.4 4,300,558
3.5.7 Labour force participation and disability
Table 12 shows the LFPR, employment to population ratio and unemployment rate by
disability status, area of residence and sex. As expected, the LFPR and employment to
population ratio were higher among the population without disability compared to the
population with disability. The disparity between women and men was much higher among
persons with disabilities. In fact, for persons without disabilities the LFPR was 77% for males
and 73% for females, while it was 60% and 52% respectively for males and females with
disabilities.
The unemployment rates as presented in Table 12 reveal that the difference between active
persons with disabilities and those without disabilities in terms of job opportunities is small.
Regardless of the disability status the unemployment rate is higher in urban areas compared
to rural areas and women living in urban areas are much more exposed to unemployment
regardless of their disability status.
29
disability status, area of residence and sex (aged 16 and above)
Area of Labor force participation Employment to Unemployment rate
residence rate population ratio Active
and disability Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both population
status Sexes Sexes Sexes aged 16+
Rwanda
With
60.0 51.8 55.7 57.8 49.4 53.4 3.7 4.8 4.2 210,617
disabilities
Without
76.8 73.1 74.8 74.7 70.2 72.3 2.7 4.0 3.4 4,089,941
disabilities
Total 75.6 71.7 73.6 73.5 68.8 71.0 2.8 4.0 3.4 4,300,558
Urban
With
61.1 41.9 52.2 56.9 36.8 47.6 6.9 12.3 8.9 20,542
disabilities
Without
75.7 61.6 68.8 71.9 54.7 63.5 5.0 11.1 7.7 690,868
disabilities
Total 75.2 60.9 68.1 71.3 54.1 62.9 5.1 11.1 7.7 711,410
Rural
With
59.8 52.8 56.1 57.9 50.6 54.1 3.3 4.2 3.7 190,075
disabilities
Without
77.0 75.4 76.2 75.4 73.3 74.2 2.2 2.8 2.5 3,399,073
disabilities
Total 75.8 73.9 74.7 74.1 71.7 72.8 2.2 2.9 2.6 3,589,148
Figure 10 below shows the evolution of the LFPR from 1978 to 2012. Between 2002 and
2012 the working age population grew at almost the same pace as the active population,
which was not the case before 2002. The LFPR decreased by 5 percentage points between
1978 and 1991 and 14 percentage points between 1991 and 2002, while the decline
between 2002 and 2012 was small (1 percentage point).
Figure 10: Evolution of labour force participation rate from 1978 to 2012
Source: Rwanda Population and Housing Censuses 1978, 1991, 2002, and 2012.
30
Chapter 4: Characteristics of the active population
4.1 Description and evolution of the active population

The aim of this chapter is to give a detailed description of the active population as well as the
analysis of its two subsets in terms employed and unemployed of their spatial distribution,
age–sex distribution and their distribution according to other social demographic
characteristics such as level of education, nationality, etc. The employed population is also
analysed in respect of some labour market characteristics such as occupation, branch of
economic activity, status in employment, etc.
4.1.1 Distribution of the active population by employment status
The active population consists of the population aged 16 and above who were employed or
unemployed during the reference period of seven days before the 2012 General Population
and Housing Census night (15 August 2012).
The enumerated total active population was 4,300,558. The share of the employed
population was 96.6% while 3.4% of the active population were unemployed (Figure 11).
Figure 11: Composition of the active population
4.1.2 Distribution of the active population by sex
Figure 12 below shows the distribution of the active population by sex and province. The
proportion of active females was higher than the one of males at the national level as well as
in all provinces except Kigali. At the national level; females represented 52% of the active
31
population. Across the provinces, the share of females fluctuated between 52% and 55%
while in Kigali it was only 42%.
Figure 12: Distribution of the active population by sex and province
4.1.3 Evolution of the active population between 1978 and 2012
Figure 13 below shows the evolution of the active population aged 16 and above between
1978 and 2012. The active population increased from 2,347,033 to 3,321,929 between 1978
and 1991. Between 1991 and 2002 the active population decreased to 3,239,434 before
increasing again to 4,300,558 between 2002 and 2012. The reasons for the decrease
observed between the 1991 and 2002 censuses are the war and the genocide against the
Tutsi, which happened in Rwanda during the 1990–1994 period. The figure also shows that
males were more affected than females.
32
Figure 13: Evolution of the active population aged 16 and above, 1978–2012
Source: 1978, 1991, 2002 and 2012 Rwandan Population and Housing Censuses. Notes: The active population of the 1991
Population Census as presented in Figure 13 is aged 15 and above instead of 16 and above.
4.2 Employed population
4.2.1 Spatial distribution, age–sex structure and background characteristics

of the currently employed population
The findings of the 2012 Census as presented in Table 13 below showed that of 4,152,682
employed persons aged 16 and above, 2,154,670 were females (52%). The highest
percentage of the employed population was in rural areas (84%). The employed population
in urban areas was dominated by males, while the employed population in rural areas was
dominated by females.
33
and above by area of residence, province and sex
Province and area of residence Count Percentage
Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both
Sexes
Area of residence
Urban 379,063 277,254 656,317 19.0 12.9 15.8
Rural 1,618,949 1,877,416 3,496,365 81.0 87.1 84.2
Province
Kigali City 267,742 174,758 442,500 13.4 8.1 10.7
Southern 463,521 532,072 995,593 23.2 24.7 24.0
Western 433,284 515,954 949,238 21.7 23.9 22.9
Northern 339,972 396,662 736,634 17.0 18.4 17.7
Eastern 493,493 535,224 1,028,717 24.7 24.8 24.8
Rwanda 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682 100.0 100.0 100.0
As for the province of residence, the Eastern Province represented one-fourth of the total
employed population, followed by the Southern Province with 24%. Kigali City represented
only 11% of the total employed population in Rwanda. Table 13 shows that the distribution of
employed persons by sex in Kigali City was different from the distribution in other provinces.
In all other provinces females made up a larger percentage of employed persons than males;
the situation in Kigali City was the opposite, whereby 60% of employed persons were males
against 40% females.
The age–sex distribution of the employed population of Rwanda as presented in Figure 14

reveals that the highest percentage of the working population during the Census was aged
between 25 and 29 for both males and females: 18% for males and 17% for females. The
age–sex distribution of the employed population shows that the resident employed
population was dominated by young persons. Almost half (49%) of the employed population
was aged between 20 and 34 years old.(Table 41and Table 42 in Annex D).
Even though some people of advanced age (85 and above) were found to still be working,
the proportion of older persons in the working population was low. Persons aged 65+
represented only 3% of all employed persons. The proportion of older working persons tends
to be higher among older women than among older men.
34
Figure 14: Age–sex distribution (%) of the currently employed population (Rwanda)
The fact that the working population of Rwanda is young is also proved by the mean and
median age of the employed population as presented in Figure 15 below. It shows that the
mean age of the employed population at national level was 35.6 years and respectively 32.6
and 36.2 in urban and rural areas, while the median age was 32 at national level and
respectively 32.6 and 33.0 in urban and rural areas. The difference between the mean age
and median age in rural areas indicates that most of older working persons were
concentrated in rural areas rather than urban areas.
Figure 15: Mean and median age of the employed population aged 16 and above
Table 14 presents the distribution of the employed population aged 16 and above by the
highest level of education attended and sex. The results show that the level of education of
the employed population in Rwanda is still low. The highest level of education of 87% of the
employed population was primary or no education and only 3% had attended university.
35
The level of education among employed men was higher than the level of education among
employed women. According to the results, 89% of employed women had not gone beyond
primary-level studies at the time of the Census and that percentage among employed males
was 85%. Furthermore, the percentage of employed males with university-level education
was almost twice as high as the percentage among females: respectively 3.3% and 1.8% for
males and females.
Even though the level of education of the employed population is low, there has been some
improvement over the time. Looking at previous censuses‟ results, the percentage of the
employed population with primary school education or less decreased from 98% in 1978 to
93% in 2002 and to 87% in 2012; and the percentage of the employed population with a level
of education beyond primary school increased from 5% in 1991 to 13% in 2012.
The comparison of the levels of education of the employed population according to the area
of residence shows that the structure of the labour market in rural and urban areas is
different. While the percentage of the employed population whose highest level of education
was beyond primary school was 37% in urban areas, it was only 8% in rural areas. This may
be due to the difference in the type of jobs between the two areas of residence.(Table 44 in
Annex D).
and above by level of education and sex
Number Percentage
Level of education Both Both
Male Female Male Female
Sexes Sexes
Never attended 407,740 650,227 1,057,967 20.4 30.2 25.5
Pre-primary 4,865 5,206 10,071 0.2 0.2 0.2
Primary 1,276,640 1,266,934 2,543,574 63.9 58.8 61.3
Post-primary 32,477 27,972 60,449 1.6 1.3 1.5
Lower secondary 100,504 80,365 180,869 5.0 3.7 4.4
Upper secondary 96,194 72,255 168,449 4.8 3.4 4.1
University 66,177 37,995 104,172 3.3 1.8 2.5
Not stated 13,415 13,716 27,131 0.7 0.6 0.7
Total 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682 100.0 100.0 100.0
Table 15 shows the distribution of the employed population aged 16 and above by the
highest degree obtained and sex. 93% of the employed population did not have any degree,
4% had a secondary degree and only 2% had a university degree. Like Table 14, Table 15
shows that employed males were more highly educated than employed females. On the one
hand, 95% of employed females were without any degree, while that proportion was 92%
amongst employed males. On the other hand, employed females who had a university
degree represented 1% of all employed females while the share of the same category
amongst males was 2%.
36
and above by highest degree obtained and sex
Highest degree Count Percentage
obtained Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
None 1,834,226 2,040,142 3,874,368 91.8 94.7 93.3
CE/FM 16,412 13,659 30,071 0.8 0.6 0.7
EMA/ENTA 812 609 1,421 0.0 0.0 0.0
A3/D4/D5 3,848 2,072 5,920 0.2 0.1 0.1
A2/D6/D7 88,556 68,695 157,251 4.4 3.2 3.8
Bacc/Diploma 12,056 7,616 19,672 0.6 0.4 0.5
Bachelor‟s 35,305 19,416 54,721 1.8 0.9 1.3
Master‟s 5,388 1,893 7,281 0.3 0.1 0.2
PhD 1,027 210 1,237 0.1 0.0 0.0
Not stated 382 358 740 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682 100.0 100.0 100.0
Table 16 presents the distribution of the employed population aged 16 and above by
nationality and sex. The results show that almost all of the employed population had
Rwandan nationality (99.2%), and 0.2% who had dual nationality. The remaining percentage
was divided among different nationalities. Among non-Rwandans, Burundians predominated
with 8,628 employed persons, followed by DRC nationals with 3,637 and then Ugandans
with 2,643. As mentioned above, the findings for DRC nationals need to be interpreted with
caution as many residents DR Congolese are refugees and were not administered the
questions on economic activity. Among the East African Community countries, Tanzania has
the lowest number of employed persons in Rwanda. Looking at the employed persons from
outside Africa, Asia was the continent with the highest number of employed persons in
Rwanda (1,182) while Oceania had the fewest, with only 11 persons.
Unlike the Rwandese, where the number of employed females was slightly higher than that
of employed males, the number of employed males was far higher than that of employed
females for other nationalities. Only 30% of foreign workers were women.
37
Table 16: Distribution (number) of the currently employed population aged 16 and above by
sex, area of residence and nationality
Count
Nationality
Male Female Both Sexes
Rwanda only 1,977,693 2,142,869 4,120,562
Rwanda and other 5,474 4,339 9,813
Burundi 6,114 2,514 8,628
Tanzania 283 114 397
Kenya 737 255 992
Uganda 1,879 764 2,643
DRC 2,550 1,087 3,637
Other African country 428 131 559
Europe 366 230 596
America 194 212 406
Asia 896 286 1,182
Oceania 6 5 11
Not stated 1,392 1,864 3,256
Total 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682
Table 17 presents the number and percentage of the employed population by disability
status. 5% of the employed population suffered from a disability at the time of the census
operations. More males with disabilities (5.2% of employed males) than females (4.5%) were
represented in the employed population. A higher percentage of persons with disabilities
were observed among the employed in rural areas than was the case in urban areas.
and above by sex, area of residence and disability status
Count Percentage
Area of residence and disability status Male Female Both Male Female Both
Sexes Sexes
Rwanda
With disabilities 104,626 97,119 201,745 5.2 4.5 4.9
Without disabilities 1,893,386 2,057,551 3,950,937 94.8 95.5 95.1
Total 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban
Without disabilities 367,053 270,554 637,607 96.8 97.6 97.1
Total 379,063 277,254 656,317 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rural
Without disabilities 1,526,333 1,786,997 3,313,330 94.3 95.2 94.8
Total 1,618,949 1,877,416 3,496,365 100.0 100.0 100.0
During the Census a question on language of literacy was asked. The head of the household
was asked a question about the languages each member aged at least three years old is
able to read, to write and to understand. The findings from that question were analysed
among employed population aged 16 and above and the results are presented in Table 18
below. In this table, the focus was put only on the official languages of Rwanda, and
combinations with “other” languages were re-grouped (for example, if language of literacy
was stated to be “Kinyarwanda and other”, the respondent was considered as literate in
“Kinyarwanda only”. The same applies to the example of “English, French and other” which
was re-grouped to “English and French”. For the full distribution see Table 45in Annex D).
38
The results show that 55% of the employed population in Rwanda could write and read
Kinyarwanda only. The percentage of the employed population that was not able to either
read or write any language was 33%. This applied to a larger share of females (38% of
employed females) compared to males (27%). As far as the employed population with
literacy in multiple languages is concerned, the results show that 5% used Kinyarwanda,
English and French, 4% used Kinyarwanda and French while 2% were literate in
Kinyarwanda and English. Multiple languages are more common among those who live in
urban areas than among those in rural areas. In fact, those who use all three languages
made up 10% of the urban employed population compared with just 2% in the rural areas.
Similarly, the percentage of the employed population who are literate in both Kinyarwanda
and French was 9% in the urban areas while it was 3% in the rural areas (Table 45 in Annex
D).
and above by language(s) of literacy and sex
Count Percentage
Language(s) of literacy Both Both
Sexes Sexes
None 547,379 814,066 1,361,445 27.4 37.8 32.8
Kinyarwanda only 1,153,905 1,127,667 2,281,572 57.8 52.3 54.9
English only 6,427 3,975 10,402 0.3 0.2 0.3
French only 4,126 2,984 7,110 0.2 0.1 0.2
Kinyarwanda and English 49,894 35,054 84,948 2.5 1.6 2.0
Kinyarwanda and French 98,120 76,631 174,751 4.9 3.6 4.2
English and French 2,251 1,298 3,549 0.1 0.1 0.1
Kinyarwanda, English and French 124,251 79,620 203,871 6.2 3.7 4.9
Other only 2,563 1,524 4,087 0.1 0.1 0.1
Not stated 9,096 11,851 20,947 0.5 0.6 0.5
Total 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682 100.0 100.0 100.0
4.2.2 Main occupation
Table 19 shows the distribution of the employed population by occupation according to sex.
The results show that the predominant occupation in Rwanda during the RPHC4 was
agricultural forestry and fishery work, which accounted for 73% of the employed population.
The other occupations with high prevalence were service and sales workers (9%), craft and
related trades workers (6%) and elementary occupations (5%). As expected, the
occupational structure is different in urban areas compared to rural areas. While 83% of the
employed population was involved in agriculture in the rural areas, that percentage was only
21% in urban areas (Table 19).Employment occupations for males and females were
dominated by agriculture, representing 82% of employed females compared to 63% of
employed males. This pattern is also observed in urban as well as in rural areas (Table 46 in
Annex D).
39
Table 19: Distribution (numbers and percentages) of the currently employed population aged
16 and above by main occupation and sex
Main occupation
Count Percentage
Male Female Both Male Female Both
Sexes Sexes
Rwanda
Managers 10,589 5,442 16,031 0.5 0.3 0.4
Professionals 59,647 46,023 105,670 3.0 2.1 2.5
Technicians and associate professionals 21,431 12,840 34,271 1.1 0.6 0.8
Clerical support workers 7,227 8,021 15,248 0.4 0.4 0.4
Service and sales workers 202,993 159,694 362,687 10.2 7.4 8.7
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery
workers 1,248,004 1,772,323 3,020,327 62.5 82.3 72.7
Craft and related trades workers 200,511 41,121 241,632 10.0 1.9 5.8
Plant and machine operators, and assemblers 68,650 2,117 70,767 3.4 0.1 1.7
Elementary occupations 136,918 70,709 207,627 6.9 3.3 5.0
Other/occupation not stated 42,042 36,380 78,422 2.1 1.7 1.9
Total: Rwanda 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682 100.0 100.0 100.0
Males have a more diverse occupational structure than females. In all categories other than
agricultural and clerical support workers, the proportion of males was higher than the
proportion of females. Females are largely restricted to agriculture and services and sales
work, a kind of possible occupational segregation.
The occupational segregation index is a proxy indicator for equality of opportunity in

employment and occupation. The index measures the extent to which labour markets
separate male and female occupations. The value of the occupational segregation index
ranges from 0 to1, 0 indicating no segregation and 1 indicating complete segregation. The
index may be interpreted as the fraction of persons who need to change occupations to
achieve zero segregation.
The occupational segregation index was 0.20 at the national level and differences based on
sex in occupations are remarkable in urban areas compared to rural areas (Figure 16).
Figure 16: Occupational segregation index by area of residence
40
The evolution of agricultural and non-agricultural occupations, as presented in Figure 17
below, shows that there has been a shift from agricultural occupations to non-agricultural
occupations over 30 years. Those aged 15 and above who were involved in non-agricultural
work in 1978 represented 8% of the employed population. In 2002, that percentagewas12%
among the employed population aged 16 and above; it kept growing and reached 27% in
2012. The percentage of males engaged outside of agriculture was higher than the
percentage of females across the period and the shifting from agricultural to non-agricultural
occupations was faster among males compared to females.
Figure 17: Evolution of agricultural and non-agricultural occupations, 1978–2012
Table 20 shows the distribution of the employed population aged 16 and above by their main
occupation and the highest level of educational attendance. As expected the occupations
which require high level skills were occupied by more educated people. The distribution
shows that 72% of employed people with university education were managers (11%),
professionals (48%) or technicians and associate professionals (13%). On the other hand,
people with less education were involved in occupations that demand low levels of
education. 87% of the population who had never attended school were working in
agriculture and 5% of them in elementary occupations. It is important to note that the higher
the education level, the greater the chances of entering an occupation other than agriculture.
The results show that the chance of being involved in agriculture decreases from 87% to
76% if the person concerned has some primary education; from 76% to 46% if the level of
education increases from primary to lower secondary; and 46% to 2% if the level of
education increases from lower secondary to university.
41
level of education
Main Never Pre- Primary Post- Lower Upper University Total
occupation attended primary primary secondary secondary
Managers 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.0 11.0 0.4
Professionals 0.1 0.5 0.1 1.0 1.6 28.0 47.8 2.5
Technicians
and associate 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.8 1.2 6.9 13.3 0.8
professionals
Clerical
support 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.6 3.5 6.4 0.4
workers
Service and
3.4 10.9 9.0 9.4 21.6 22.1 10.2 8.7
sales workers
Skilled
agricultural,
86.6 72.1 75.9 61.8 45.6 15.2 2.3 72.7
forestry and
fishery workers
Craft and
related trades 2.7 6.0 6.0 18.7 14.6 10.3 3.2 5.8
workers
Plant and
machine
0.4 1.4 1.7 3.1 5.8 4.7 1.0 1.7
operators and
assemblers
Elementary
5.3 5.5 5.2 3.1 5.3 2.6 0.6 5.0
occupations
Other/occupati
1.5 3.0 1.6 1.8 3.7 4.7 4.1 1.9
on not stated
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Count 1,057,967 10,071 2,543,574 60,449 180,869 168,449 104,172 4,125,551
The occupational segregation indexes by the highest level of educational attendance as

presented in Figure 18 reveal that the occupational segregation index was higher among the
employed population with a post-primary level of education (0.31), followed by those with
lower secondary education (0.27). It is interesting to note that the lowest index was found
among the population who has ever attended university (0.08) –less than half the index at
the national level.
42
Figure 18: Occupational segregation index by highest level of educational attendance
Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census. Notes: (1) Occupational sex segregation index: The occupational sex
segregation index is commonly used as a proxy indicator for equality of opportunity in employment and occupations. The index
measures the extent to which labour markets are separated in male and female occupations. The value of the segregation index
ranges from 0 to1, 0 indicating no segregation and 1 indicating complete segregation. The index may be interpreted as the
fraction of persons who need to change occupations to achieve zero segregation (Labour force data analysis: guidelines with
African specificities).
The information collected during the RPHC4 allowed analysis of the relationship between the
occupation and the employment status of the employed population aged 16 and above. The
results show that service and sales work was the most common occupation for employees
(21%) and self-employed persons not in agriculture (49%). All other remaining categories of
employment status were dominated by agricultural occupations.
The analysis of the main occupation, employment status and sex shows the
interdependence of these variables. While it was most common for male employees to be
craft and related trades workers (22%), for female employees the most highly represented
category were services and sales work and agricultural work. The percentage of female
employees involved in craft and related trades was only 3.2%. It is interesting to note that the
position of professionals was occupied in higher proportions amongst employee females
than amongst employee males, 17% and 10%, respectively (Table 46 in Annex D).
43
employment status
Contributing family
Status not stated

Self-employed in
Self-employed in
non-agriculture
Main
cooperative
producers’
agriculture
Member of
Employee
occupation
Employer
worker
Other
Total
Managers 1.8 4.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4
Professionals 12.5 4.8 0.0 1.7 0.1 3.9 7.3 3.6 2.5
Technicians and
3.4 2.7 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.8 4.3 1.4 0.8
associate professionals
Clerical support workers 1.7 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.4
Service and sales
20.8 12.1 0.0 48.5 4.7 10.4 8.8 13.2 8.7
workers
Skilled agricultural,
forestry and fishery 15.9 39.8 99.1 1.7 90.8 43.0 47.5 35.6 72.7
workers
Craft and related trades
15.8 19.8 0.0 30.0 1.0 15.2 10.4 7.3 5.8
workers
Plant and machine
operators and 5.7 4.8 0.0 6.7 0.1 7.2 2.2 2.1 1.7
assemblers
Elementary occupations 19.6 8.4 0.5 7.9 2.8 15.1 16.2 4.7 5.0
Other/occupation not
2.7 2.7 0.2 1.3 0.4 1.7 2.0 30.9 1.9
stated
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Count 739,338 17,809 2,500,838 343,297 384,336 13,338 5,561 148,165 4,152,682
Table 22 below shows the distribution of the employed population by occupation and
institutional sector. The predominant occupations in the public sector were professionals
(43%), services and sale workers (11%) and technicians and associate professionals (10%),
while the predominant occupation in the private sector was agricultural (77%), followed by
services and sales workers(9%). The Rwandan private sector is dominated by small-scale
agricultural sector jobs; therefore, it is still weak in offering decent work compared to the
public sector.
The three main occupations that demand higher levels of education (managers,
professionals, and technicians and associate professionals) were occupied by 60% of the
employed population in the public sector while this percentage was only 1% in the private
sector. The predominant occupations in non-Governmental organisations were agricultural
workers (27%) and professionals (26%).
44
Table 22: Distribution (%) of the employed population aged 16 and above by occupation,
institutional sector and sex
Both sexes Male Female
Sex and Main
Private
Private
Private
Public
Public
Public
stated
stated
stated
NGO
NGO
NGO
Total
Total
Total
occupation
Not
Not
Not
Managers 6.2 0.1 4.9 0.2 0.4 6.7 0.2 4.9 0.3 0.5 5.4 0.1 4.9 0.1 0.3
Professionals 43.1 0.7 25.5 1.1 2.5 38.1 0.9 28.7 1.4 3.0 51.0 0.6 20.4 0.9 2.1
Technicians and
associate 10.2 0.4 9.5 0.5 0.8 8.5 0.6 11.1 0.7 1.1 12.9 0.2 7.0 0.3 0.6
professionals
Clerical support
3.2 0.2 3.7 0.2 0.4 2.3 0.2 2.5 0.3 0.4 4.7 0.2 5.7 0.2 0.4
workers
Service and
10.9 8.7 10.9 7.2 8.7 14.5 10.0 11.9 8.1 10.2 5.4 7.5 9.3 6.5 7.4
sales workers
Skilled
agricultural,
7.1 76.6 26.8 31.6 72.7 5.4 66.5 18.5 28.1 62.5 9.7 85.8 40.2 34.3 82.3
forestry and
fishery workers
Craft and related
2.8 6.0 6.2 3.2 5.8 4.0 10.5 8.0 5.7 10.0 0.9 1.9 3.2 1.2 1.9
trades workers
Plant and
machine
1.7 1.7 3.0 1.0 1.7 2.6 3.5 4.7 2.1 3.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
operators, and
assemblers
Elementary
6.6 5.0 7.2 2.6 5.0 5.9 7.0 7.2 4.0 6.9 7.6 3.2 7.2 1.5 3.3
occupations
Other/occupation
8.3 0.5 2.3 52.5 1.9 12.2 0.6 2.5 49.4 2.1 2.2 0.4 2.0 55.0 1.7
not stated
Total: Rwanda 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
The situation described above is also clearly displayed in Figure 19, which shows the
distribution of the employed population by institutional sector, according to occupation. It is
clear that the private sector dominates in low skill level occupations while the public sector
dominates the occupations that require higher levels of education.
Figure 19: Distribution of the employed population aged 16 and above by institutional sector
and occupation
45
The distribution of the employed population by occupation, sex and institutional sector shows
the interdependence between the three variables. While 51% of females employed by the
public sector were professionals, that percentage was only 38% amongst males. On the
other hand the proportion of males engaged as “service and sale works” in Public Sector
(15%) was higher than females engaged in the same occupation (5%). In addition the
proportion of males employed in craft and related workers in private sector were 11%
whereas that proportion is 2% amongst females. Furthermore, most of females employed by
NGOs are skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers (40%) while the highest proportion
of males in NGOs is professionals (28%) (Table 48 in Annex D).
4.2.3 Employment status
Figure 20 shows the distribution of the employed population aged 16 and above by
employment status according to sex. As expected the majority of the employed population in
Rwanda were self-employed in the agriculture sector (62%), followed by employees (19%).
The disaggregation of the employed population by employment status in their main job and
sex reveals a relationship between employment status and sex. The percentage of the male
employed population was more than twice as high as the percentage for the employed
female population (26% and 12%). In contrast, the percentage of contributing family worker
among employed females was twice as high as that of males. Similar differences were
observed for those self-employed in non-agricultural occupations, where the percentages
among the male and female employed populations were respectively 12% and 6%.
Figure 20: Distribution of the currently employed population aged 16 and above by
employment status and sex
Figure 21 shows that the labour market structure according to employment status was
different in urban areas compared to rural areas. The share of employees and self-employed
46
persons in the non-agricultural sector was higher in urban areas while the share of self-
employed persons in agriculture together with contributing family workers was higher in rural
areas. In both urban and rural areas, males are more prevalent in more decent employment
status (employee and self-employed in non-agriculture job) compared to females.
Figure 21: Distribution of the employed population aged 16 and above by employment status,
area of residence and sex
4.2.4 Institutional sector of employment
Table 23 shows the distribution of the employed population aged 16 and above by
institutional sector, sex and area of residence. The results show that at the time of the
RPHC4, 94% of the employed population were working in the private sector while the public
sector employed 4%. Non-profit organisations employed only 1%.
The private sector remained the largest sector in both urban and rural areas, accounting for
84% and 95% of the employed population aged 16 and above respectively. In urban areas
the public sector percentage of the employed population was 11%, which was much higher
than the figure in rural areas (3%).
The results show that among both sexes the majority of employees were working in the
private sector, with the percentage among females a little bit higher than the percentage
among males (95% and 93%), However, in the public sector, six out of 10 employed persons
were males.
47
and above by institutional sector of employment, sex and area of residence
Count Percentage
Area of residence and institutional sector
of employment
Sexes Sexes
Rwanda
Public 99,452 63,482 162,934 5.0 2.9 3.9
Private 1,848,133 2,035,328 3,883,461 92.5 94.5 93.5
Non-profit institution 13,583 8,470 22,053 0.7 0.4 0.5
Not stated 36,844 47,390 84,234 1.8 2.2 2.0
Total 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban
Public 44,443 27,407 71,850 11.7 9.9 10.9
Private 316,423 231,588 548,011 83.5 83.5 83.5
Not stated 12,192 14,853 27,045 3.2 5.4 4.1
Total 379,063 277,254 656,317 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rural
Public 55,009 36,075 91,084 3.4 1.9 2.6
Private 1,531,710 1,803,740 3,335,450 94.6 96.1 95.4
Not stated 24,652 32,537 57,189 1.5 1.7 1.6
Total 1,618,949 1,877,416 3,496,365 100.0 100.0 100.0
4.2.5 Branch of economic activity
The branch of economic activity refers to the activity of the establishment in which an
employed person worked in his or her main job during the seven days before the Census
night. The tables were produced using the 21 broad categories of the International Standard
Industrial Classification (ISIC) version 4. In this section, 21 categories were aggregated into
three categories known as activity sectors (primary, secondary and tertiary). The primary
sector includes agriculture, forestry and fishing as well as mining and quarrying. The
secondary sector includes manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply;
water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities; and construction.
The tertiary sector includes all the remaining categories.
The analysis of the branch of economic activity reveals that 76% of the employed population
were working in the primary sector, 6% in the secondary sector and 16% in the tertiary sector
as shown in Figure 26. The predominant branch of economic activity in the primary sector
was agriculture, which employed 75% of the employed population. In the secondary sector
the predominant branches of economic activities were construction (3.4% of the employed
population) and manufacturing (2.7%). The predominant branch of economic activity in the
tertiary sector was wholesale and retail trade (Table 43in Annex D).
The comparison of the 2012 Census with the previous 2002 Census as presented in Figure
22 shows that there has been a shift from primary jobs to the secondary and tertiary sectors.
The primary sector‟s percentage of total jobs decreased by 12 percentage points, while, the
percentage of the population employed by the secondary and tertiary sectors increased
between 2002 and 2012.
48
Figure 22: Distribution of the currently employed population aged 16 and above by main
activity sector in 2002 and 2012
The RPHC4 enumerated 954,875 employed people who were engaged in other sectors than
agriculture. This represents 23% of all employed persons. Out of then on-agriculture sectors,
those which employed an important number of workers were wholesale and retail trade
(22%), construction (15%), manufacturing (12%) and households (11%). Employed females
were predominant in some sectors such as wholesale and retail trade (29% of employed
females), households (20% of employed females) while in others such as construction,
transportation and storage their participation compared to males was very low.
49
Table 24: Distribution (number and percentage) of employed population involved in economic
activities other than agriculture by industry and sex
Both Both
Industry Male Female Male Female
Sexes Sexes
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and
118,734 87,217 205,951 18.1 29.1 21.6
motorcycles
Construction 131,155 11,631 142,786 20.0 3.9 15.0
Manufacturing 72,947 37,592 110,539 11.1 12.5 11.6
Activities of households as employers; producing for own use 48,483 58,757 107,240 7.4 19.6 11.2
Transportation and storage 80,444 2,753 83,197 12.3 0.9 8.7
Education 39,844 31,695 71,539 6.1 10.6 7.5
Public administration and defense 30,336 9,239 39,575 4.6 3.1 4.1
Other service activities 27,326 9,270 36,596 4.2 3.1 3.8
Accommodation and food service activities 21,115 13,139 34,254 3.2 4.4 3.6
Human health and social work activities 13,484 15,929 29,413 2.1 5.3 3.1
Administrative and support service activities 19,649 5,227 24,876 3.0 1.7 2.6
Mining and quarrying 16,801 1,370 18,171 2.6 0.5 1.9
Professional, scientific and technical activities 9,018 4,011 13,029 1.4 1.3 1.4
Financial and insurance activities 7,560 5,330 12,890 1.2 1.8 1.3
Information and communication 4,240 1,485 5,725 0.6 0.5 0.6
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 5,020 613 5,633 0.8 0.2 0.6
Arts, entertainment and recreation 3,220 2,032 5,252 0.5 0.7 0.6
Activities of extraterritorial organizations/bodies 2,995 2,061 5,056 0.5 0.7 0.5
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation
2,541 463 3,004 0.4 0.2 0.3
activities
Real estate activities 118 31 149 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 655,030 299,845 954,875 100.0 100.0 100.0
There are differences in the structure of the urban and rural industries. The agriculture sector
in rural areas was four times as large, in terms of the share of the employed population, as
the agriculture sector in urban areas. All other sectors were larger in urban areas compared
to rural areas (Figure 23).
Figure 23: Distribution of the currently employed population aged 16 and above by the
predominant branches of economic activities and areas of residence
50
The distribution of the employed population by the branches of economic activities according
to the highest level of education shows that the branch of economic activity and the level of
education are interrelated. Except for employed persons who had attended university, the
predominant branch of economic activities was agriculture, forestry and fishing. However, the
predominance decreases with higher levels of education. In fact, it decreased from 90%
among employed persons who had never attended the school to 47% among those with
lower secondary level education and to 3% among those who had attended university.
Looking at the branches of economic activities other than agriculture, those with primary
education or below were most frequently employed in the wholesale and retail trade, and
with the household as the employer. Among those whose highest level of education was
post-primary education, the common branches of economic activity were construction (11%),
wholesale and retail trade (7%) and manufacturing (7%). For those with lower secondary
education as the highest level of education, wholesale and retail trade (12%) and
construction (7%) predominated. Among those with upper secondary education as the
highest level of education the most frequently recorded employment categories were
education (22%) and the wholesale and retail trade (15%). Finally, for those whose highest
level of education was university, the predominant branches of economic activities were
education (25%), public administration and defence (15%) and human health and social work
activities (12%) (Table 50: in Annex D).
Table 25 shows that there were 868,783 new jobs between the two censuses of 2002 and
2012. This corresponds to an annual increase of 2.4%. The largest annual percentage
increase was observed in administration and support services activities (83%), arts,
entertainment and recreation (23%), financial and insurance activities (18%) as well as
accommodation and food service activities (18%). On the other hand, the highest absolute
increase in net new jobs was observed in agriculture (305,480), wholesale and retail trade
(116,711), construction (99,718), and manufacturing (42,983).
51
Table 25: Evolution of the economic activity sectors among the population aged 16 and above
from 2002 to 2012
Growth
Industry 2012 2002 Increase
rate
Administrative and support service activities 24,876 60 24,816 82.7
Arts, entertainment and recreation 5,252 691 4,561 22.5
Financial and insurance activities 12,890 2,398 10,492 18.3
Accommodation and food service activities 34,254 6,725 27,529 17.7
Information and communication 5,725 1,617 4,108 13.5
Mining and quarrying 18,171 5,185 12,986 13.4
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 5,633 1,646 3,987 13.1
Construction 142,786 43,008 99,778 12.7
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and
3,004 1,105 1,899 10.5
remediation activities
Transportation and storage 83,197 30,799 52,398 10.4
Manufacturing 110,539 42,983 67,556 9.9
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and
205,951 89,240 116,711 8.7
motorcycles
Other service activities 36,596 16,156 20,440 8.5
Human health and social work activities 29,413 15,084 14,329 6.9
Education 71,539 39,937 31,602 6.0
Activities of households as employers; producing for own
107,240 62,644 44,596 5.5
use
Professional, scientific and technical activities 13,029 8,246 4,783 4.7
Public administration and defence 39,575 28,172 11,403 3.5
Activities of extraterritorial organizations/bodies 5,056 3,740 1,316 3.1
Industry not stated 69,631 61,000 8,631 1.3
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 3,128,176 2,822,696 305,480 1.0
Real estate activities 149 677 -528 -14.0
Total: Rwanda 4,152,682 3,283,809 868,873 2.4
Source: Rwanda Population and Housing Census 2002 and 2012.
The distribution of the employed population by the branches of economic activities and
employment status, as presented in Table 51 in Annex D, reveals that the branches
accounting for the most employees were agriculture (27%) and construction (13%). The
same branches of economic activities were responsible for the highest percentages of
employers, respectively 43% and 15%. Those self-employed outside of the agricultural
sector were mostly predominant in wholesale and retail trade (43%) and manufacturing
(17%). Contributing family workers were predominant in agriculture (92%), while members of
cooperatives were mostly working in agriculture (47%) and manufacturing (12%).
4.3 Unemployed population
4.3.1 Size and composition of the unemployed population
The RPHC4 enumerated 147,876 unemployed people and the majority of them were not
looking for a job during the seven days before the Census night, followed by those who were
looking for a job for the first time and lastly those who had worked before and were looking
for a new job (Figure 24).
52
Figure 24: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by unemployment
status
The distribution of the unemployed population by sex shows that the majority of the
unemployed population were females. The results show that six out of 10 unemployed
persons were females (Figure 25).
Figure 25: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by sex
4.3.2 Spatial distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above
The distribution of the unemployed population by province as presented in Figure 26 shows

that Kigali City was the province with the highest percentage of unemployed persons in
Rwanda (31%) and the lowest percentage was found in the Northern Province (10%). The
53
Eastern Province had more new job seekers than any other province (28% of the country).
Kigali City and the Southern Province accounted for the highest percentages of first job
seekers and those who were not seeking a job respectively.
Figure 26: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by province and
unemployment status
The distribution of the unemployed population by area of residence in Figure 27 shows that
63 out of 100 unemployed persons live in rural areas. This is obvious because a great
number of working-age persons live in rural rather than urban areas (82% and 18%
respectively).
Figure 27: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by area of residence
The results in Figure 28 reveal that the status of the unemployed population is related to the
area of residence. While the highest proportion of first job-seekers was reported amongst the
unemployed population in urban areas (44%), most of the unemployed population in rural
areas were new-job seekers (35%).
54
Figure 28: Distribution of unemployed population by unemployment status, sex and area of
residence
4.3.3 Age–sex structure and background characteristics of the unemployed

population
Figure 29 shows the age–sex distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above.
Young people aged between 20 and 29 make up most of the unemployed. Part of this of
course is due to an age effect (given that the Rwandan population is generally young) but
also because this age group is most likely to be still at school, but available to work, or they
have just finished school and are looking for their first jobs.
55
Figure 29: Age–sex distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above
Table 26 again reveals a strong age dynamic among the different categories of unemployed.
54% of unemployed who had previously been employed were below 35, while among those
seeking a job for the first time 77% were below 35 and among those unemployed but not
seeking a job during the seven days before the Census night this is true of 69%.
Table 26: Age distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above
New job First job Available/Not New job First job Available/Not
Age group Total Total
seeker seeker seeking seeker seeker seeking
16-19 2,730 2,871 5,264 10,865 6.7 5.9 8.9 7.3
20-24 5,850 13,938 13,541 33,329 14.4 28.8 23.0 22.5
25-29 7,366 13,338 13,138 33,842 18.1 27.6 22.3 22.9
30-34 6,194 6,904 8,601 21,699 15.2 14.3 14.6 14.7
35-39 4,229 3,523 5,069 12,821 10.4 7.3 8.6 8.7
40-44 3,425 2,623 3,819 9,867 8.4 5.4 6.5 6.7
45-49 2,893 1,783 2,891 7,567 7.1 3.7 4.9 5.1
50-54 2,739 1,468 2,724 6,931 6.7 3.0 4.6 4.7
55-59 1,983 874 1,686 4,543 4.9 1.8 2.9 3.1
60-64 1,362 523 1,068 2,953 3.3 1.1 1.8 2.0
65-69 755 227 505 1,487 1.9 0.5 0.9 1.0
70-74 530 147 304 981 1.3 0.3 0.5 0.7
75-79 304 80 122 506 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.3
80-84 175 45 65 285 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2
85+ 128 26 46 200 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 40,663 48,370 58,843 147,876 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Figure 30 below shows that the unemployed in urban areas tended to be younger than those
in rural areas. In urban areas, 76% of unemployed persons were under 35, whereas this is
only true for 63% of the unemployed in rural areas.
56
Figure 30: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by age group and
area of residence
Table 27 presents the distribution of the unemployed population by age group,

unemployment status and school attendance status. One can imagine situations where the
head of the household (who was in most of cases the respondent or the Census
questionnaire) might have reported full-time students as available to work.
57
Table 27: Distribution (%) of unemployed population by age group, unemployment status and
school attendance status
School attendance status and Unemployment status
current education status and age Total
New job seeker First job seeker Available/Not seeking
group
Currently attending school
16-20 39.0 15.2 26.5 26.3
21-25 20.4 44.8 39.9 35.9
26-30 13.3 25.7 20.2 20.1
31-35 8.3 7.1 6.1 7.1
36+ 18.9 7.2 7.3 10.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Count 3,204 3,729 4,118 11,051
Not currently attending school
16-20 6.4 9.1 11.6 9.4
21-25 15.3 31.0 23.3 23.6
26-30 19.0 24.8 21.3 21.8
31-35 14.0 12.2 13.0 13.0
36+ 45.3 22.9 30.7 32.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Count 37,459 44,641 54,725 136,825
All unemployed
16-20 9.0 9.6 12.7 10.6
21-25 15.7 32.1 24.4 24.5
26-30 18.6 24.9 21.2 21.7
31-35 13.5 11.8 12.5 12.6
36+ 43.2 21.7 29.1 30.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Count 40,663 48,370 58,843 147,876
Table 28 below shows that the highest proportion of the unemployed population has not
gone beyond primary school. This proportion was 65% at the national level and it reached
80% in rural areas. More skilled unemployed persons were concentrated in urban areas,
where the proportion of those who have attended at least upper secondary school was
45%.Regardless of the unemployment status or the area of residence, primary school is the
highest level of education of most unemployed persons. This can indicate inadequate skills
to fit new job opportunities. Those with upper secondary levels constitute the next-largest
group of first job seekers after those with primary school levels. These persons are mainly
young people who just finished their studies and are entering the labour market. In contrast,
the majority of unemployed persons who had worked before did not go beyond primary
school education.
58
Table 28: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by the highest level of
education, unemployment status and area of residence
Count Percentage
Area of residence and Level New New
First job Available/Not First job Available/Not
of education job Total job Total
seeker seeking seeker seeking
seeker seeker
Rwanda
Never attended/Preschool 10,717 5,369 10,245 26,331 26.4 11.1 17.4 17.8
Primary 22,131 18,026 29,557 69,714 54.4 37.3 50.2 47.1
Lower secondary/Post-
3,224 4,316 5,303 12,843 7.9 8.9 9.0 8.7
primary
Upper secondary 2,822 14,061 8,866 25,749 6.9 29.1 15.1 17.4
University 1,282 6,170 4,372 11,824 3.2 12.8 7.4 8.0
Not stated 487 428 500 1,415 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.0
Total 40,663 48,370 58,843 147,876 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban
Never attended/Preschool 880 1090 1482 3452 10.8 4.5 6.6 6.3
Primary 3,460 7,530 8,304 19,294 42.4 30.8 36.9 35.0
1,157 2,972 3,114 7,243 14.2 12.2 13.9 13.1
primary
Upper secondary 1,594 7,479 5,623 14,696 19.5 30.6 25.0 26.7
University 982 5,167 3,772 9,921 12.0 21.1 16.8 18.0
Not stated 88 215 184 487 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.9
Total 8,161 24,453 22,479 55,093 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rural
Never attended/Preschool 9,837 4,279 8,763 22,879 30.3 17.9 24.1 24.7
Primary 18,671 10,496 21,253 50,420 57.4 43.9 58.4 54.3
2,067 1,344 2,189 5,600 6.4 5.6 6.0 6.0
primary
Upper secondary 1,228 6,582 3,243 11,053 3.8 27.5 8.9 11.9
University 300 1,003 600 1,903 0.9 4.2 1.6 2.1
Not stated 399 213 316 928 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0
Total 32,502 23,917 36,364 92,783 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Figure 31 below shows that most unemployed were females regardless of the highest level
of education (and this disparity clearly exceeds the generally higher number of females than
males in the population).The greatest disparities were found among the population with a low
level of education. This means that the more highly people are educated, the smaller the
disparities in unemployment observed between women and men.
59
Figure 31: Distribution of the unemployed population by sex and highest level of education
attained
Looking at the relationship between unemployment and the highest

degree/diploma/certificate obtained, Table 29 below shows that the unemployed population
was dominated by those who had no degree/certificate regardless of their unemployment
status. This category is followed by the holders of secondary school degrees who
represented 29% of first-job seekers and 15% of those who were not seeking a job during
the reference period. The newcomers to the labour market included 8% who obtained a
university degree. This group represented only 4% among those not seeking a job but
available to work.
Table 29: Distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by the highest degree
obtained
Highest Count Percentage
degree New job First job Available/Not New job First job Available/Not
Total Total
obtained seeker seeker seeking seeker seeker seeking
None 36,565 28,759 46,482 111,806 89.9 59.5 79.0 75.6
CE/FM 305 288 384 977 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7
EMA/ENTA 21 22 27 70 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
A3/D4/D5 112 133 125 370 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3
A2/D6/D7 2,489 14,150 8,649 25,288 6.1 29.3 14.7 17.1
Bacc
229 1,074 961 2,264 0.6 2.2 1.6 1.5
/Diploma
University
740 3893 2156 6789 1.8 8.0 3.7 4.6
degree
Not stated 202 51 59 312 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2
Total 40,663 48,370 58,843 147,876 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Table 30 is about the distribution of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by
nationality. The results show that 99% of unemployed people were Rwandese. 58,201
unemployed Rwandans, which represented 40% of the Rwandese unemployed population,
were available for work but not seeking a job during the reference period (seven days before
the Census night). 47,630 (33%) of them were looking for their first job and 40,351 (28%) of
them were looking for a new one.
60
Among other unemployed foreign nationals, the population from the DRC was the largest,
with 382 unemployed persons (but as mentioned above this excludes DRC nationals that
were refugees, due to no economic activity questions being administered in institutional
households), followed by Burundians and Ugandans with respectively 209 and 105
unemployed persons.
Table 30: Distribution (count) of the unemployed population aged 16 and above by nationality
Area of residence and nationality Count
Available/Not
New job seeker First job seeker seeking Total
Rwanda only 40,351 47,630 58,201 146,182
Rwanda and other 152 322 265 739
Burundi 56 76 77 209
Tanzania 3 8 15 26
Kenya 5 25 22 52
Uganda 18 53 34 105
DRC 44 181 157 382
Other African country 3 18 13 34
Europe 2 6 6 14
Americas 5 3 7 15
Asia 9 18 19 46
Oceania 0 0 0 0
Not stated 15 30 27 72
Total 40,663 48,370 58,843 147,876
The results presented in Table 31 below indicate that 8,872 persons with disabilities were
unemployed, representing 6% of the unemployed population. The majority of persons with
disabilities were either available for work but not looking for a job or were looking for a new
job.
Table 31: Distribution (count and percentage) of the unemployed population aged 16 above by
disability status and area of residence
Sex, area of Count Percentage
residence and New job First job Available/ Total New job First job Available/ Total
disability status seeker seeker Not seeker seeker Not
seeking seeking
Rwanda
With disabilities 3,027 2,236 3,609 8,872 34.1 25.2 40.7 100.0
Without
37,636 46,134 55,234 139,004 27.1 33.2 39.7 100.0
disabilities
Total 40,663 48,370 58,843 147,876 27.5 32.7 39.8 100.0
Urban
With disabilities 395 692 745 1832 21.6 37.8 40.7 100.0
Without
7,766 23,761 21,734 53261 14.6 44.6 40.8 100.0
disabilities
Total 8,161 24,453 22,479 55093 14.8 44.4 40.8 100.0
Rural
With disabilities 2,632 1,544 2,864 7,040 37.4 21.9 40.7 100.0
Without
29,870 22,373 33,500 85,743 34.8 26.1 39.1 100.0
disabilities
Total 32,502 23,917 36,364 92,783 35.0 25.8 39.2 100.0
61
Chapter 5: Characteristics of the inactive population
5.1 Composition and spatial distribution of the inactive population

The inactive population which will be analysed in this section consists of the resident persons
aged 16 and above who were neither employed nor unemployed during the reference period.
The total number of inactive persons enumerated during the Census was 1,545,708, which
represented 26% of the population aged 16 and above. A high proportion (79%) of the
inactive population was, unsurprisingly, found in rural areas as most Rwandans live in rural
areas. The inactive population is composed of the following categories: students, those
looking after their family/home, retired people, elderly people and other inactive people who
are not classified. Students constitute the highest proportion among the inactive population
at the national level as well as in both urban and rural areas (around 50%).These are
followed by those looking after the family/home (24%). The inactivity status is highly related
to the sex. While 6 out 10 of inactive males are students, the proportion of students among
females is 30%. On the other hand, the proportion of those looking after the family/home is
twice as high among females when compared with males. Those differences are observed in
both areas of residence; however they are more predominant in urban areas (Table 32)
Table 32: Distribution of the inactive population aged 16 and above by inactivity status
Count Percentage
Sex and Status
Rwanda Urban Rural Rwanda Urban Rural
Both Sexes
Looking after
380,716 87,157 293,557 24.6 26.2 24.2
family/home
Retired 14,363 4,657 9,704 0.9 1.4 0.8
Old age 159,011 18,296 140,713 10.3 5.5 11.6
Student 785,593 176,643 608,950 50.8 53.1 50.2
Other 207,244 45,907 161,335 13.4 13.8 13.3
Total 1,545,708 332,661 1,213,047 100.0 100.0 100.0
Male
Home worker 99,784 13,468 86,315 15.1 10.2 16.3
Retired 6,614 2,377 4,236 1.0 1.8 0.8
Old age 54,794 5,546 49,247 8.3 4.2 9.3
Student 402,483 88,994 313,488 60.8 67.4 59.2
Other 97,909 21,654 76,254 14.8 16.4 14.4
Total 661,579 132,038 529,541 100.0 100.0 100.0
Female
Home worker 281,415 73,629 207,786 31.8 36.7 30.4
Retired 7,676 2,207 5,468 0.9 1.1 0.8
Old age 103,747 12,840 90,906 11.7 6.4 13.3
Student 383,148 87,873 295,275 43.3 43.8 43.2
Other 108,830 24,075 84,755 12.3 12.0 12.4
Total 884,129 200,623 683,506 100.0 100.0 100.0
The results shows that the majority of the inactive population were students (51%), followed
by those looking after their family/home (25%). The category of „others‟, which comprised
13% of the total inactive population, may include young people who were not students. The
category of retired persons refers to the persons who had ever held a formal job and who
were retired from that job at the time of the Census, while the category „old age‟, which
62
makes up 10%, refers to the older persons who were not receiving pension benefits because
of the nature of their previous jobs.
The distribution of the inactive population by sex as presented in Figure 32 shows that
women constituted the majority of economically inactive persons (57%).
Figure 32: Distribution of the inactive population aged 16 and above by sex
Among both males and females, the majority of the inactive persons were students;
however, there were more male than female students among the inactive population. This
situation was also observed in all provinces, but the discrepancy was greatest in Kigali City
and smallest in the Northern Province.
Table 33 below shows the distribution of the inactive population aged 16 and above by
province according to sex. The Southern Province had the highest percentage of the inactive
population followed by the Western Province. The lowest percentages of the inactive
population were found in the Northern Province and Kigali City.
by area of residence and province, disaggregated by sex
Province and area of Count Percentage
residence Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
Kigali City 86,378 136,952 223,330 13.1 15.5 14.4
Southern 173,403 235,724 409,127 26.2 26.7 26.5
Western 153,912 200,500 354,412 23.3 22.7 22.9
Northern 93,815 117,242 211,057 14.2 13.3 13.7
Eastern 154,071 193,711 347,782 23.3 21.9 22.5
Total 661,579 884,129 1,545,708 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census
5.2 Age–sex structure of the inactive population

The age–sex distribution of the inactive population aged 16 and above as presented in
Figure 33 below shows that for those outside the labour force the predominant group
63
isagedbetween16 and 19as a substantial number of those in this age group are in education.
Two age groups (16–19) and (20–24) represented 58% of the entire inactive population. The
percentage of the inactive population decreases with age (which is partly an age effect given
that the population of Rwanda is generally young). It is important to note that the youngest
group (between 16 and 29) was more strongly represented among inactive males than
inactive females, while the opposite is true for the older groups aged 30 and above. This may
be caused by the domestic responsibilities of females after being married.
The same situation is observed in both urban and rural areas; however, the changes in rural
areas occur earlier than in urban areas, for the females in rural areas tend to marry earlier
than those in urban areas (Table 58, Table 59 and Table 60 in Annex D).
Figure 33: Age–sex distribution of the inactive population aged 16 and above
Table 34 is about the mean and median age of the inactive population aged 16 and above by
sex, province and area of residence. The mean age of the inactive population in Rwanda
was 32 while the median age was 22. The mean as well as the median age was higher
among females (34 and 24) compared to males (29 and 21). The mean age ranged from 30
in Kigali City to 33 in the Southern Province while the median age ranged from 21 in
Northern Province to 24 in Kigali City. Irrespective of the province the mean and median
ages were higher among females than males.
64
Table 34: Mean and median age of the inactive population aged 16 and above bysex, province
and area of residence
Province and Male Female Both Sexes
area of Population Mean Median Population Mean Median Population Mean Median
residence count age age count age age count age age
Rwanda 661,579 29.3 21.0 884,129 33.9 24.0 1,545,708 31.9 22.0
Urban 132,038 26.9 21.0 200,623 30.9 24.0 332,661 29.3 23.0
Rural 529,541 29.9 21.0 683,506 34.8 24.0 1,213,047 32.6 22.0
Province
Kigali City 86,378 27.4 22.0 136,952 31.2 25.0 223,330 29.8 24.0
Southern 173,403 30.3 21.0 235,724 35.4 25.0 409,127 33.2 23.0
Western 153,912 29.3 20.0 200,500 34.2 23.0 354,412 32.1 22.0
Northern 93,815 29.9 20.0 117,242 34.5 22.0 211,057 32.5 21.0
Eastern 154,071 28.7 20.0 193,711 33.3 23.0 347,782 31.3 22.0
5.3 Background characteristics of the inactive population

Table 35 shows that the level of education of 60% of inactive persons was not beyond
primary, and that 24% had attended or were still attending lower secondary school.
The distribution of the inactive population by area of residence shows some differences in
the structure of that population based on the highest level of education. Inactive persons who
had never attended school represented 11% of the inactive population in urban areas and
22% in rural areas. In addition; the percentage of inactive persons with university education
was six times higher in urban areas than in rural areas.
65
by level of education, area of residence and sex
Area of residence and Level of Count Percentage
education Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
Rwanda
Never attended/preschool 88,714 220,452 309,166 13.4 24.9 20.0
Primary 271,649 340,768 612,417 41.1 38.5 39.6
Post-primary/Lower secondary 175,329 200,404 375,733 26.5 22.7 24.3
Upper secondary 81,265 84,331 165,596 12.3 9.5 10.7
University 37,420 28,618 66,038 5.7 3.2 4.3
Not stated 7,202 9,556 16,758 1.1 1.1 1.1
Total 661,579 884,129 1,545,708 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban
Primary 34,269 67,346 101,615 26.0 33.6 30.5
Upper secondary 29,549 35,694 65,243 22.4 17.8 19.6
University 20,804 19,738 40,542 15.8 9.8 12.2
Not stated 1,660 2,328 3,988 1.3 1.2 1.2
Total 132,038 200,623 332,661 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rural
Primary 237,380 273,422 510,802 44.8 40.0 42.1
Upper secondary 51,716 48,637 100,353 9.8 7.1 8.3
University 16,616 8,880 25,496 3.1 1.3 2.1
Not stated 5,542 7,228 12,770 1.0 1.1 1.1
Total 529,541 683,506 1,213,047 100.0 100.0 100.0
Table 36 below presents the distribution of the inactive population by nationality and sex.
Almost all inactive persons were Rwandese (99.5%). Among foreign residents, the DRC had
the highest number of inactive persons (1,975, again this excludes persons living in refugee
camps), followed by Burundi (1,371) and Uganda (437).
Table 36: Distribution (number) of the inactive population aged 16 and above by nationality,
area of residence and sex
Count
Area of residence and nationality
Male Female Both Sexes
Rwanda only 656,452 877,434 1,533,886
Rwanda and other 2,239 2,923 5,162
Burundi 619 752 1,371
Tanzania 83 86 169
Kenya 40 82 122
Uganda 175 262 437
DRC 749 1,226 1,975
Other African country 62 110 172
Europe 60 58 118
Americas 17 33 50
Asia 61 189 250
Oceania 4 2 6
Not stated 1,018 972 1,990
Total 661,579 884,129 1,545,708
The distribution of the inactive population aged 16 and above by disability status and sex as
presented in Table 37 below reveals that 11% of the inactive population were disabled. The
majority of them were living in rural areas; 12% of inactive persons in rural areas were
66
disabled, compared to 6% in urban areas. The percentages of persons with disabilities
among inactive persons were almost the same in both sexes at the national level and in rural
areas; and a very small difference was observed in urban areas, where a higher percentage
of males in the economically inactive population was disabled.
by disability status and sex
Area of residence and Count Percentage
disability status Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
Rwanda
Without disabilities 589,073 789,361 1,378,434 89.0 89.3 89.2
Total 661,579 884,129 1,545,708 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban
Without disabilities 123,830 190,040 313,870 93.8 94.7 94.4
Total 132,038 200,623 332,661 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rural
Without disabilities 465,243 599,321 1,064,564 87.9 87.7 87.8
Total 529,541 683,506 1,213,047 100.0 100.0 100.0
67
Conclusion
The analysis of economic activity and labour force participation in Rwanda has focused on
the population aged 16 and above to identify different characteristics of the currently active
and inactive populations. The structure of both populations showed that 71% of the resident
population were employed while 3% of them were unemployed and 26% were inactive.
The active population, which consists of employed and unemployed persons, represented
74% of the population aged 16 and above. Females were predominant in the active
population and also constituted the majority of the working-age population.
Even though the employment rate in Rwanda is high (97%), the unemployment rate, which
reflects an unbalanced labour market, is growing and is more remarkable among young
people who are living in urban areas, especially those who have at least a secondary level of
education.
Although the majority of employed persons were females (52%), they were mainly working in
the agriculture sector.
Labour force participation in Rwanda increases rapidly with age for young persons, peaks
around the age 35-39 and then decreases slowly but steadily with increasing age. The fact
that a high number of older people keep working even after they reach the official age for
retirement, indicates an economy where a person is obliged to work in order to survive.
The level of education among those currently employed is still weak; only 2% had at least a
Bachelor‟s degree. A similar situation was observed among unemployed persons,65% of
whom had not gone beyond primary education. 26% of unemployed persons have attended
secondary, and 8% university.
The analysis indicated that the main occupation among the employed population was
agriculture (73%) and a greater percentage of females were employed in agriculture (82%)
than men (63%). Non-agricultural occupations were mostly present in urban areas and
mostly occupied by men.
The analysis of the main occupation and the institutional sector of employment showed that
the private sector in Rwanda has to be strengthened. The three most common occupations
which require high levels of education (managers, professionals, and technicians and
associate professionals) accounted for the majority of employed persons in the public sector
(60%) but only 1% in the private sector.
Except for employees and self-employed persons not working in agriculture, who were
largely services and sales workers, all other categories of employment were dominated by
agriculture.
The relationship between the main occupation and the level of education proved that the
occupations which require high level education were occupied by educated people. 72% of
employed people with university education were managers, professionals or technicians and
associate professionals. On the other hand, people with less education were involved in
68
occupations that do not require high levels of education. 87% of employed persons who had
never attended school were working in agriculture.
Concerning employment status, the results showed that the majority of the employed
population in Rwanda were self-employed in agriculture (60%), followed by employees
(18%). The percentage of employed males who were employees was twice as high as the
corresponding figure for women and the percentage of employed women who were
contributing family workers was more than twice as high as the corresponding figure for men.
The private sector employed 94% of employed persons including small-scale famers and the
public sector employed only 4%.The analysis of the branches of economic activity revealed
that the primary sector employed the majority of the population. However, there had been a
significant shift to the non-agricultural sector during the previous 10 years. The percentage of
agricultural workers in the employed population decreased from 88%in 2002 to 76% in 2012.
The secondary and tertiary sectors grew between 2002 and 2012 and the fastest growing
branches of economic activity were accommodation and food service, construction, and
transportation and storage.
The majority of the inactive population were students (51%),followed by home workers
(25%). However, the student percentage of inactive males (61%) was higher than the figure
for inactive females (43%).
The highest level of education for 40% of the inactive population was primary and 24% of all
inactive persons had attended or were still attending lower secondary school.
In general, the measurement of economic activity through the RPHC4 is limited to selected
indicators which can be measured by a population census. Like other population censuses, it
has not captured employment characteristics such as working hours, income from work and
informal employment which are usually measured by specific employment surveys.
Consequently, some important indicators such as the underemployment rate (which shows
the insufficiency of the volume of work among the employed population) could not be
computed. It is also worth noting that the information presented in this report is limited to the
main activity performed during the reference period (seven days before the Census night)
while the working population of Rwanda routinely works in multiple jobs. Moreover, the data
on economic activity from the RPHC4 are captured within a short reference fixed period.
Thus the seasonality is disregarded while the majority of Rwandans works in agricultural
activities which are heavily subject to annual seasons. In the next censuses both short and
long reference periods could be used to capture the seasonality effects of the labour force.
69
References
1. African Development Bank (2012): Labour force data analysis: guidelines with African
specificities, Tunis.
2. IPAR (2012): Rwanda case study on economic transformation, Kigali.
3. MIFOTRA (2007): National employment policy, Kigali.
4. MINECOFIN (2013): Economic development and poverty reduction strategy: 2013–
2018, Kigali.
5. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (2011a): EICV3.Thematic report on
economic activity, 2011, Kigali.
6. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (2011b): The evolution of poverty in Rwanda
from 2000 to 2011, Kigali.
7. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (2007): Labour market and economic activity
trend in Rwanda, Kigali.
8. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (2002): A synthesis of the analysis of the
2002 General Population and Housing Census in Rwanda, Kigali.
9. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (1984): Recensement général de la
population et de l‟habitat 1978, vol VI.
10. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (1978): Recensement général de la
population et de l‟habitat: Activité économique, Résultats définitifs, Vol II.
11. UN (1968): Method of analysing census data on economic activity of the population,
New York.
70
Annex A Census objectives, methodology and data
quality assessment
A.1 Objectives of the Census

The long-term objective of the Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census (RPHC4) is
to contribute to:
i. Improving the level of knowledge on the social, demographic and economic

characteristics of the population of Rwanda;
ii. Enabling a better understanding of population and development interrelationships;
and
iii. Reinforcing the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda‟s(NISR) human and
technical capacity.
In the short term, the objectives of the Census are to:
i. Determine the current size of the population of Rwanda and its spatial distribution
among provinces, districts, sectors, cells and villages and among rural and urban
areas;
ii. Determine the present demographic, social, economic and cultural characteristics of
the population of Rwanda;
iii. Determine the level, structure and trends in regard to fertility, mortality and migration
among the population in order to come up with the natural and overall growth rates of
the population of Rwanda;
iv. Provide indicators to enable advocacy for particular groups of the population such as
women, children, youth, the elderly and disabled persons;
v. Determine the characteristics of households, housing conditions and household
welfare in Rwanda to further use this information for a more elaborate poverty
mapping of the country;
vi. Produce national population projections using updated demographic data and other
information on population dynamics to enhance future planning;
vii. Update the relevant databases, providing information right down to the smallest
administrative unit in order to enhance the current Government policy on „village
clusters‟;
viii. Provide clear details of the current statutory boundaries of all administrative units of
the country to which appropriate geographical codes can then be assigned;
ix. Constitute an updated sampling frame for Rwanda and produce maps for each
enumeration area for future sample surveys; and
x. Promote the use of Census data at national and local level in formulating, monitoring
and evaluation of development programmes.
71
A.2 Methodology and Census phases
As mentioned in Chapter 1 of this report, following the preparatory phase of the Census
which consisted of the production of the project documents, schedule and Census budget,
the following technical activities were undertaken.
A.2.1 Census mapping

The purpose of the Census mapping is to divide the whole country into well-delineated
enumeration areas that constitute the smallest operational Census units to be assigned to
each enumerator during the enumeration period.
The Census mapping operation lasted for about a year (from February 2011 to March 2012),
which enabled the NISR to better estimate the number of staff to be recruited (e.g.
enumerators, team leaders, supervisors, etc.) and the other Census infrastructure and
facilities necessary for planning robust field activities. The outcomes of the Census mapping
include the production of a new sampling frame for future surveys and an updated
administrative area boundary map for Rwanda. In total, the country was delineated into
16,728 enumeration areas within the current boundaries of administrative units, consisting of
five provinces, 30 districts and 416 sectors. This allows for the easy compilation of Census
results in these administrative entities.
A.2.2 Pilot Census

Prior to the conducting of theRPHC4, a Pilot Census designed for testing the Census
questionnaires, other Census data-collection tools, enumeration time requirements and the
state-of-preparedness of the entire field work organisation was carried out. This test was
conducted on a sample of 75 enumeration areas throughout all the districts of the country,
from 16 to 30 August 2011, exactly one year before the actual Census.
The Pilot Census was a dress rehearsal for the actual Census during which the various
methods and procedures for field organisation were tested as well as the Census
publicity/awareness campaign, Census map products and data-coding and data-entry
equipment.
The lessons learnt from the Pilot Census exercise were used to revise some Census
procedures and instruments necessary for a smooth/successful implementation of the actual
Census enumeration work.
A.2.3 Questionnaires and manuals

The first draft of Census questionnaires prepared by the NISR was submitted to the Census
Technical Committee (CTC) for review before its approval by the National Census
Commission (NCC). The CTC-reviewed Census questionnaires and related manuals were
tested during the Pilot Census.
The lessons learnt during the Pilot Census were used by the NISR to improve and finalise
the Census questionnaires, containing 77 variables, as well as to revise the manuals of
instructions for all Census functionaries accordingly. The revised Census questionnaires and
72
manuals were again reviewed and approved by the CTC before final approval was granted
by the NCC to use the Census questionnaire for the RPHC4.
The questionnaires used to collect data are presented in Annex B of this report. Two different
types of questionnaires were administered –one for private households and one for
institutional households. The questionnaire for private households contained a person
record, a household record and a mortality record. The questionnaire for institutional
households contained only a person record.
A.2.4 Census publicity and sensitisation campaign

Prior to the conducting of Census enumeration a national publicity and sensitisation
campaign was implemented in order to inform the public about the importance and relevance
of the fourth Rwanda RPHC4, as well as to seek their active participation and the
involvement and collaboration of administrative authorities during the Census enumeration
period. A subtle and targeted publicity and awareness campaign was conducted before the
Pilot Census, which was later intensified and diversified to cover all of the country as the
actual Census enumeration period approached.
The active collaboration and participation of Census commissions at both provincial and
district levels in campaign activities contributed significantly to the success of the Census
enumeration.
The innovative mass-communication mix that was used to inform the public about the
Census and, at the same time, to ask for their full participation in the RPHC4, included the
following:
(i) Census Commission meetings;

(ii) Articles in local newspapers;
(iii) Radio and television programmes;
(iv) Outdoor billboards, banners, publicity spots and press releases; and
(v) Monthly village community development meetings (Umuganda).
The Census results published in this report attest to the high level of cooperation of the
political and administrative authorities and the effective participation of the general public in
the entire Census enumeration process.
A.2.5 Recruitment and training of field staff

The RPHC4 was conducted by personnel from various institutions: the NISR (the Census
executing agency), MINECOFIN, MINALOC (districts and sectors), MINAFFET, the Rwanda
Defence Force, the Rwanda National Police, the Rwanda Correctional Services and
MINEDUC (heads of secondary schools and teachers). The recruitment of Census
functionaries was done by each institution according to the needs (i.e. number and
categories of staff) of the NISR, except in the case of teachers whose recruitment was done
by the NISR in collaboration with administrative authorities at the district, sector and cell
levels.
73
At each stage of Census implementation, the necessary induction and mandatory training for
NISR staff and Census functionaries took place. For example, the Census mapping phase
was preceded by the training of cartographers, while the Pilot Census and the actual Census
enumeration were preceded by training of enumerators and their supervisors.
About eight weeks prior to the commencement of actual Census enumeration cascading
training was organised for all categories of Census functionaries, namely:
(i) Core master trainers‟ dialogue;

(ii) Training for 275 master trainers;
(iii) Training for 1,004 trainers organised in five training centres, one centre per
province; and
(iv)Training for 24,426 enumerators in 68 training centres spread across all districts of
the country.
The Census training sessions focused on the understanding of Census enumeration

processes and the correct completion of Census questionnaires, reading and interpretation
of Census maps, practical role plays, and field practice. All the trainers and trainees were
subjected to mandatory qualifying tests which they had to pass before being appointed.
In order to mitigate the risk of declining quality of training at the various cascading training
levels, the comprehensive enumerator training was voice-over simulated by core master
trainers at a recording studio. The audio recorded training session was mass-recorded on
CDs and distributed to all the training classes as a reference source for the trainers.
A.2.6 Actual Census enumeration

As initially planned, the actual Census enumeration of the population in private and
institutional households was conducted across the country from 16 to 30 August to 2012,
immediately after the Census reference night.
Although data-collection activities were carried out by well-trained enumerators, quality

assurance of the Census enumeration was ensured through close supervision by line
managers at various levels. The Census functionaries deployed for the RPHC4 comprised
the following personnel:
(i) Enumerators and support staff;

(ii) Team supervisors, covering an average of five enumeration areas each;
(iii) Sector controllers;
(iv) Zonal supervisors, covering between two and five administrative sectors;
(v) District coordinators;
(vi) Province coordinators; and
(vii) National coordinators.
In accordance with the instructions contained in the Census Manual, each manager oversaw
and ensured the operations of daily Census activities within his/her area of supervision.
Enumerators were accountable for the work done on a daily basis to their team leaders, who
carried out the verification of completed questionnaires and also resolved to the best of their
ability challenges and/or problems encountered.
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The team leaders communicated their daily progress achieved to the innovative Census
Command and Control Centre (CC&CC) established at the NISR using a SMS (i.e. Short
Message Service) system. The CC&CC system was an open source and web-based system
that allowed NISR senior management and authorised staff to continually monitor the
progress of Census enumeration in all the 16,728 enumeration areas via the internet. These
officials were also able to contact each other through a MTN Closed User Group.
Prior to the conducting of Census enumeration, a robust field operations plan with worst case
scenarios and risk analyses was established to facilitate hitch-free data collection and
supervision of the work. Appropriate logistical support was made available to field staff, such
as bicycles, motorcycles, vehicles and other necessary equipment. The mechanism utilised
for the distribution of Census material for data collection as well as the repatriation of
questionnaires and other materials to NISR headquarters was mainly facilitated by Rwanda
Defence Force trucks.
A.2.7 Post-enumeration activities

The logistical arrangement employed for the repatriation, inventory of Census questionnaires
and collating of Census counts was swift and seamless, which enabled the rapid publishing
of the Provisional Census Report within 90 days of Census enumeration being concluded.
The other post-enumeration activities included: the Post-Enumeration Survey (PES); data
coding; data processing; the release of final results; thematic analysis; and the dissemination
of Census results.
The PES was conducted from 19 September to 3 October 2012. The aim of the PES was to
assess the coverage and quality of Census data gathered during the actual Census. A total
of 120 enumeration areas was sampled from across all districts of the country.
The data-coding and data-processing activities were done concurrently and completed within
six months. The Census data-cleaning, data-editing and data-stabilisation processes were
completed in two months, after which approximately 1,000 basic Census data tables were
generated. The final results were subjected to an in-depth analysis across 17 generic themes
(one of which is presented in this report) in accordance with the analysis plan developed for
each theme. Census monographs for each of the 30 districts will also be produced.
A.3 Data quality assessment

An independent quality review (available as an internal report to NISR) was conducted in
parallel with the thematic analysis. This investigated the work done prior, during, and after
enumeration to maximise the data quality. The assessment confirmed the strong planning
and quality assurance throughout the enumeration to maximise representation of the
population; but also found potentially weaker direct quality assurance during the data
processing phase. The overall conclusion of the assessment is that the RPHC4was
implemented with strong quality control and gives an excellent representation of the
population of Rwanda with generally good measurement of its structure both in terms of
spread and demographic and socio-economic characteristics.
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The claim of high quality with respect to representation is confirmed by the Post-Enumeration
Survey (PES), which measured the net-coverage of the household population in the RPHC4
to be over 99% nationally with little variation across regions and by age and sex. Gross
under-coverage was around 1.5% while gross over-coverage (erroneous inclusions) was
around 0.6%. The conclusion of excellent representation is also consistent with the plausible
growth rate for the population over the inter-censal period implied by the national results.
Analysis of the demographic and socio-economic information contained in the final RPHC4
database and triangulation with other data sources also confirm that for most areas, the
RPHC4 gives a reliable and comprehensive representation of the population. However,
some issues were found with respect to measurement of population characteristics: some
possible under-reporting of males (especially at young ages), some age-heaping around the
digits 0 and 2 as well as particular irregularities around the ages 2 and 12. Moreover, despite
careful testing of the questionnaire with explicit enumerator instructions regarding these
sections, there is also evidence of under-reporting of mortality, and to a lesser extent fertility.
Indirect estimation may be appropriate in these two thematic areas. However, apart from
these issues the analysis of the RPHC4 database supports the assertion of good quality with
respect to measurement.
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Annex B Census questionnaire
This annex provides the key pages of the Census questionnaires. The full questionnaires
including all cover sheets can be obtained from the NISR.
As mentioned above, two different types of questionnaires were administered, one for private
households and one for institutional households. The questionnaire for private households
contained a person record, a household record and a mortality record. The questionnaire for
institutional households contained only a person record.
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B.1 Private households: person record
78
79
80
SECTION P – CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION
FOR ALL MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLD
FOR RESIDENTS LESS THAN 18 YEARS OLD P23 – Is [NAME] available to work?
P01 – Serial Number of the person P14 – Parental survivorship and residence 1. Yes 2. No Go to P29
P14a - Is [NAME]’s natural mother 1. Yes 2. No P24 – Has [NAME] been seeking for work
NAME: ____________________________________ alive? 3. Don’t know during the last 7 days (8-14/08/2012)?
___________________________________________ P14b - If yes, does [NAME]’s 1. Yes 0. No
P02 – What is [NAME]’s relationship to the Head of natural mother live in this 2. No 1. Yes, 1st job Go to P29
household?
2. Yes, new job
Household?
2. Spouse 6. Brother/Sister P14c - Is [NAME]’s natural father 1. Yes 2. No FOR RESIDENTS WHO ARE CURRENTLY
3. Son/Daughter 7. Grandchild alive? 3. Don’t know WORKING or HAVE EVER WORKED
4. Unrelated Child 8. Other Relative P14d - If yes, does [NAME]’s natural 1. Yes P25 – What was [NAME]’s main occupation
5. Father/Mother 9. Non Relative father live in this household? 2. No (type of work) during the last 7 days preceding
P03 – Is [NAME] male or female? P15 – Was [NAME]’s birth registered? the census night or during the last time he/she
1. Male 2. Female 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know worked?
_________________________
P04 – In what month and year was [NAME] born? FOR RESIDENTS AGED 3 YEARS or OLDER
_________________________
Month:_______ Year:
P16 – Can [NAME] read and write with
understanding in the following languages? P26 – What is [NAME]’s status in employment?
P05 – How old was [NAME] at his/her last birthday? Kinyarwanda 1 Record the SUM of the 1. Employee 5. Producers’ cooperative
codes circled 2. Employer member
Record age in completed years French 2
3. Self-employed 6. Other
English 4
P06 – What is residence status of [NAME]? Other 8
4. Contributing family worker
1. Present Resident – PR None 0 P27 – What is the main product, service or
2. Absent Resident - AR P17 – Has [NAME] ever attended school? activity of [NAME]’s place of work?
3. Visitor – VIS ________________________
1. Has never attended Go to P20
________________________
2. Has ever attended
FOR USUAL RESIDENTS P28 – What is [NAME]’s institutional sector of
3. Is currently attending school
P18a – What is the highest level of education employment?
P07 – Where [NAME] was born?
[NAME] attended? 1. Public 3. Non-profit institution
Province: _____________________ 2. Private 4. Household
Level Level
District: _______________________
Preschool 0 Secondary 3 FOR RESIDENTS AGED 12 YEARS or OLDER
Foreign Country: _______________
Primary 1 University 4
Post Primary 2 P29 – What is [NAME]’s marital status?
P08 – What is [NAME]’s Nationality? 1. Never married 3. Separated 5. Divorced
P18b – How many years of school did [NAME]
1st Nationality: ___________________ complete at that level? 2. Married 4. Widowed
2nd Nationality: ___________________ Level Years Completed If never married and FEMALE P33
Foreigner:________________________ Preschool 0 1 2 3 If Widowed or Divorced P32
(Record the name of the country) Primary 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
If never married and MALE Next Person
Post primary 0 1 2 3
P09 – Where was [NAME] residing previously? Secondary 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P30 – How many spouses [NAME] have?
Province: ______________________ University 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7+ (For men only)
District: _______________________ P19 – What is the highest certificate/degree Current number of spouses:
Foreign Country: _______________ [NAME] obtained?
0. None P31 – What is the rank of [NAME] to the
5. A1: Bacc/Diploma
P10 – How long has [NAME] been living 1. CE/FM spouse? (For women only)
6. A0: Bachelor
continuously in this District? 2. EMA/ENTA Current rank as spouse:
7. MA: Master
Record 000 if less than 1 year; 3. A3/D4/D5
Record 999 if the residence has 4. A2/D6/D7
8. PhD: Doctorate P32 – How old was [NAME] when he/she first
not changed since birth got married or lived together with partner?
FOR RESIDENTS AGED 5 YEARS or OLDER
P11 – What is [NAME]’s Religion? Age at first marriage :
P20 – Aside from his/her own housework, did
1. Catholic 4. Muslim 7. No Religion [NAME] work at least 1 hour during the last 7 FOR RESIDENT WOMEN AGED 12 YEARS or
2. Protestant 5. Jehovah Witness 8. Other………...….. days preceding the census night (8-14/08/2012)? OLDER
3. Adventist 6. Tradit/Animist
1. Yes Go to P25
P12 – Does [NAME] have any difficulty or problem P33 – How many live births [NAME] has ever
2. No had?
as listed below? If yes, what were the causes? P21 – Why [NAME] did not work during the If none, write 00 for each sex and proceed to the next
Type of disability (D) Causes (C) last 7 days (8-14/08/2012)? person
1. Seeing 1. Congenital
0. Home worker
2. Hearing 2. Disease/Illness Male Female
1. Non-worker (Never worked)
3. Speaking 3. Injury/Accident
4. War/Mines
2. Non-worker (Ever worked) P34 – Among those children, how many are still
4. Walking/Climbing 3. On leave, but has job P25 alive?
5. Genocide
5. Learning/Concentrating 4. Retired
6. Not Known 5. Oldness Male Female
6. Other………………….
7. Other……………. 6. Student Go to P23
7. Other: …………………………….. P35 – How many live births has [NAME] had
If None (Write 0 in first D P13)
during the last 12 months (from 15 August 2011
D C D C D C D C D C D C P22 – Did [NAME] do one of the following to 15 August 2012)?
activities during the last 7 days (8-14/08/2012)? Male Female
P13 – What is [NAME]’s Medical insurance? 1. Farming/Rearing animals/Fishing
2. Production Go to P25 P36 – Among those children, how many are still
1. Mutuelle 2. RAMA 3. MMI 4. FARG 3. Services/Selling alive?
5. Insurance Cie 6. School 7. NGO 8. Employer 4. House worker at someone’s house
Male Female
9. None 10. Other…………………………………… 5. Home worker at own house
6. None
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B.2 Private households: household record and mortality record
82
B.3 Institutional households: person record
83
84
85
Annex C Glossary of key terms and definitions
This Glossary provides definitions of key concepts and indicators used in the thematic
reports of the Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census (RPHC4). Readers are
referred to the methodological sections of the respective reports for a more detailed technical
explanation of indicators.
C.1 Population and demographic characteristics

Residents: persons who have lived for more than six months in the place where they were
enumerated or who intended to live for more than six months in that place. They represent
the population usually living in a place. Residents could be:
• Present residents: present in their place of usual residence on the reference night;
or
• Absent residents: not present in their place of usual residence on the reference
night. The person must be absent for a period shorter than or equal to six months.
Visitors: persons who were not usual residents of the household. They might be residents in
another place in Rwanda, and thus absent residents in that place, or non-residents of the
country, for example tourists present at the moment of the Census.
De facto population (present residents + visitors): includes all persons physically present in
the country or area at the reference date.
De jure population (present residents + absent residents): includes all usual residents of the
given country or area, whether or not they were physically present in the area at the
reference date. The de jure population is also referred to as the (usual) resident population.
Most of the analysis presented in these thematic reports is based on the de jure population.
Demographic dependency ratio: is measured as the ratio between those typically not in
the labour force and the age group typically in the labour force. Using the national definition
of working age, it is defined as the sum of persons aged 0 to 15 and elderly people aged 60
and above, divided by the population in the 16 to 59 age group, multiplied by 100. For
international comparisons, age groups 0 to 14 and 65 and above are used to identify
dependents.
Median age of a population: the median age is the age at which exactly half the population
is older and half is younger.
Population growth rate: the increase (or decrease) in the number of persons in the
population during a certain period of time, expressed as a percentage of the population at
the beginning of the time period. The average annual growth rates for all ages as well as for
particular age groups are calculated on the assumption that growth is continuous.
Population pyramid: graphically displays a population‟s age and sex composition.

Horizontal bars present the numbers (or percentages) of males and females in each age
86
group or at each individual age. The sum of all the age/sex groups in the population pyramid
equals the total population.
Sex: refers to the classification of people as male or female, based on biological and
physiological characteristics such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs.
Gender: a social and cultural construct, which values men‟s and women‟s (and girls‟ and
boys‟) attributes differently. Accordingly, it assigns socially acceptable and often stereotypical
roles and responsibilities to men and women. Gender-based roles and other attributes,
therefore, change over time and vary with different cultural contexts. The concept of gender
includes the expectations held about the characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of
both women and men (femininity and masculinity). This concept is also useful in analysing
how commonly shared practices legitimise discrepancies between sexes.
Sex ratio: the number of males per 100 females in the population. A sex ratio of 100 would
imply that there are as many males as females.
Disability status: characterises the population into those with and without a disability. The
„International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health‟ defines disability as „an
umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions. It denotes the
negative aspects of the interaction between an individual (with a health condition) and that
individual‟s contextual factors (environmental and personal factors).‟ The following limitations
in activity functioning are considered in the RPHC4: seeing, hearing, speaking,
walking/climbing, learning/concentrating and another type of difficulty/disability.
Total fertility rate (TFR): refers to the average number of children a hypothetical cohort of
women would have at the end of their reproductive period during their lifetime if they were
subject to experiencing the ASFRs of a given period. It is calculated by summing the ASFRs
and multiplying the sum by the width of the age interval. The indirect estimate of TFR for
Rwanda is obtained by applying the Arriaga (ARFE2) method after adjusting the ASFRs
using the El Badry correction procedure.
Age-specific fertility rate (ASFR): refers to the number of births to women in a specific age
group, divided by the number of women in that age group. The ASFR is expressed as
number of births per 1,000 women.
Mean age at childbearing: the mean age of mothers at the time of the birth of their children
if women were subject throughout their lives to the ASFRs observed in a given year.
Parity: the number of children born alive to a woman. Zero parity women are those with no
live births and single parity refers to those women who have one child and so on.
Nuptiality: refers to marriage as a population phenomenon, including the rate at which it

occurs, the characteristics of people united in marriage, and the dissolution of such unions
(through divorce, separation, widowhood, and annulment). The question on marital status
was formulated as follows: „what is [name]‟s marital status?‟Men in marital union were further
asked the type of union, whether it is a monogamous or a polygamous union, and the age at
first union. Women in union were asked about their rank as spouse and their age at first
union.
87
Marital status: personal status of each individual in relation to the marriage laws or customs
of the country and defined in the Census in five categories: Never married: an individual who
has never been in a union; Married: an individual who was in marital union at the moment of
the Census, legally or not; Divorced: an individual who has been separated from his or her
spouse through a court decision, according to legislation; Separated: an individual who has
separated temporarily from his/her spouse and is awaiting the court decision; Widowed: a
man or a woman who has lost his or her spouse by death, not yet remarried. The marital
status of all usual residents aged 12 and above is enquired about in the Census
questionnaire.
Monogamous: is defined as having one spouse. This indicator is only calculated for
currently married or separated males aged 12 and above living in private households.
Polygamous: is defined as having more than one spouse. This indicator is only calculated
for currently married or separated males aged 12 and above living in private households.
C.2 Housing and household characteristics

Housing unit: a separate and independent place of abode intended for habitation by a
single household or one not intended for habitation but occupied by a household at the time
of the Census. The essential features of housing units are separateness and independence.
Household: the concept of the household is based on the arrangements in regard to food or
other essentials for living. One household occupies a single housing unit.
Private household: consists of one or more persons living together and sharing at least one
daily meal. Persons in a private household may or may not be related, or may constitute a
combination of persons both related and unrelated. In order to facilitate analysis of the de
jure population (usual residents) across thematic reports, private households were further
categorised as follows:
a) Households where there is at least one usual resident in the household (present or
absent resident); and
b) Households consisting only of visitors (e.g. households found during the Census in
their holiday homes, etc.)
Subsequently, and across all thematic reports, any analysis of the characteristics of „private
households‟ will refer to the definition in (a) above, whereas analysis of „private housing
units‟ will refer to households under both (a) and (b).
Types of private households:
• One-person household: consists only of the head of the household.

• Nuclear household: refers to a household consisting entirely of a single family
nucleus. It may be classified into married couple, family with children or without
children or single parent with children only.
• Extended household: people related to each other and living together but who do
not form a nuclear family.
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• Composite household: people not related to each other living together; extended or
nuclear family living with non-relatives.
Institutional household: comprises a group of persons who are being provided with
institutionalised care, and includes educational institutions, health care institutions, military
institutions, religious institutions, or institutions for the elderly or persons with disabilities. In
the RPHC4, persons who were homeless on the night of the Census were also classified as
belonging to an institutional household.
Head of household: refers to a person recognised as such by the respondent. Every private
household has one and only one household head.
Structure: for Census purposes, a structure constitutes a building used for dwelling
purposes. A structure can contain one or more dwelling units.
Types of habitat: there are five types of habitat for private households: clustered rural
settlement (umudugudu)/old settlement, dispersed/isolated habitat, planned urban housing
(cadastre), and spontaneous or squatter habitat(Akajagari).
Sources of drinking water: have been split into improved and unimproved sources.
Improved sources include internal pipe-borne water, pipe-borne water in the compound, and
public tap outside the compound, protected spring/well, and rain water. These
categorisations are based on the definition developed by the World Health Organization
(WHO) and the United Nations Children‟s Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme
(NISR, n.d.) in 2010. Unimproved sources include unprotected springs/wells, rivers and
lakes/streams/ponds/surface water.
Housing tenure: refers to legal occupation of the dwelling. Usually, occupancy here is
defined as owner, tenant, hire purchase, free lodging, staff housing or refugee/temporary
camp settlement.
C.3 Migration and spatial mobility

Lifetime migrant: is a person whose place of residence at birth (district) differs from the
place of current residence (district). The number stated in this case is, however, an
underestimation of the extent of migration that has occurred during the lifetime of the
population. People who moved from their place of birth to a given destination and then
returned before the Census date as well as people who moved but died before the Census
date will not be counted. Figures at the provincial level have been aggregated from the
district level, i.e. they do not necessarily mean that the person has moved between
provinces.
International lifetime migrant: is, in the context of the thematic analysis of the RPHC4,
defined as a person whose country of birth is not Rwanda (i.e. foreign born).
Recent migrant: is a person who moved to his/her current district of residence five years or
less prior to the Census.
89
International recent migrant: is a person who was previously living abroad and has been
living in Rwanda for five years or less.
Internal migration: human movement within the borders of a country usually measured
across regional, district or municipality boundaries resulting in a change of usual place of
residence. For the thematic report on migration, the district will be the geographic partition to
be considered.
Net migration: refers to the total number of in-migrants to a geographical area (e.g. district,
province or country) minus the number of out-migrants over a specified period. Net migration
is presented in terms of net lifetime migration as well as net recent migration.
Migration effectiveness: is the ratio of net migration to gross migration. It is meant to

display the magnitude of the effective addition (or loss) through migration to the overall gross
movement.
C.4 Education
Education system (Rwanda) and degrees/certificates: the education system in Rwanda is
organised in four levels:
• Pre-primary education: is organised in nursery schools for a period of three years

for children between the ages of three and six.
• Primary education: lasts for six years and the official age at this level is seven to 12.
• Secondary education: lasts for six years and the official age for this level is 13 to 18.
It is composed of lower secondary (the first three years – often referred to as
TroncCommun) and upper secondary (the second three years). The following
certificates and/or diplomas were or are currently awarded at this level of education:
i) ENTA: (EcoleNormale Technique Auxiliaire) – a certificate awarded upon
successful completion of five years of secondary school. This type of
certificate is no longer available.
ii) A3/D4/D5: certificates awarded upon successful completion of three, four or
five years of secondary school. This type of certificate is no longer available.
iii) A2/D6/D7: certificates awarded upon successful completion of six or seven
years of Secondary School.
Previously, post-primary education constituted an alternative to lower secondary
school that targeted specialised fields of study and allowed students, after
successfully completing three years of study, to either: i) enter upper secondary level
or ii) enter the labour market. Some disaggregations by highest level attended may
group post-primary and secondary education. The following certificates and/or
diplomas were awarded at this level of education:
i) EMA (Ecole des MoniteursAuxiliaire): a certificate awarded upon successful
completion of two years of post-primary education, when this level existed in
the education system.
ii) CE/FM(Centre d’Enseignement Rural Artisanal
Integré/Certificatd'EtudeFamiliale): a certificate awarded upon successful
completion of three years of post-primary education.
90
• Tertiary education: the duration of tertiary education varies between three and six
years according to the institution and the field of study. The following certificates
and/or diplomas were or are currently awarded at this level of education:
i) Bacc/diploma: a degree previously awarded upon successful completion of
two years of university. It is no longer available.
ii) Bachelors: a degree awarded upon successful completion of four years of
university.
iii) Master’s: a degree awarded to a university graduate upon his/her successful
completion of at least one year of post-graduate studies.
iv) PhD: a degree awarded to a university graduate upon his/her successful
completion of a doctoral programme, usually lasting between three and four
years.
Highest level of education attended: current or previous attendance at any regular

accredited educational institution or programme, public or private, for organised learning at
pre-school, primary, post-primary, secondary, university level – or none.
Net Attendance Ratio (NAR): attendance of the official age group for a given level of
education expressed as a percentage of the corresponding school-age population.
Gross Attendance Ratio (GAR): total attendance in a specific level of education, regardless
of age, expressed as a percentage of the corresponding school-age population.
Gender Parity Index (GPI): ratio of number or proportion of female population to male
population for a given indicator. It measures gender equality between girls‟ and boys‟
performance in school.
School life expectancy (SLE) (primary to tertiary education): total number of years of
formal education that a person of a given age can expect to receive in terms of future
education. SLE is the total number of years of schooling (primary to tertiary) that a child can
expect to receive, assuming that the probability of he or she attending school at any
particular future age is equal to the current attendance ratio at that age.
Literacy: the ability to both read and write with understanding (self-reported). A literate
person is one who can both read and write a short, simple statement on his or her everyday
life. An illiterate person is one who cannot, with understanding, both read and write such a
statement. Hence, a person capable of reading and writing only figures and his or her own
name should be considered illiterate, as should a person who can read but not write as well
as one who can read and write only a ritual phrase that has been memorised. Literacy is
recorded in the following languages: Kinyarwanda, English, French and Other.
C.5 Employment/economic activity

Reference period for economic activity: A short reference period was used to measure
economic activity in this Census. The reference period was fixed as the seven days before
the Census night (15 August 2012) and it was the same for all interviewees.
91
Priority rules: The economic activity status of employment will take precedence over all
other economic activity statuses. For those who are not in employment, the activity status of
unemployment will take precedence over the status of not being economically active. This
means that in classifying the population according to the labour force framework, the
following steps are applied sequentially:
First, identify persons who were employed among all those in the population above the
minimum working age (16 and above). Next, from among the rest of the working-age
population, identify those who were unemployed; then of the residual group in the population,
including those below the minimum working age, determine those outside the labour force or
inactive.
Working age: even though the minimum working age specified in the labour law of Rwanda
is 16, the 2012 RPHC collected data on the economic activities of persons aged five and
above. The official retirement age is 60, but there is no upper limit to the working age in the
Rwandan context. Employment indicators are computed for the resident population aged 16
and above, except for the analysis of children in employment.
Employed population: refers to persons who worked at least one hour in the seven-day
period before the Census night, or who were temporarily absent from a job, or who were
engaged in productive activities during the reference period, including: farming/rearing
animals/fishing; production; services/selling; and domestic work at someone else‟s house.
Unemployed population: refers to persons who, during the seven-day period before the
Census night, were without work but available for work. This constitutes the „relaxed‟
definition of unemployment, as the condition of seeking work during the reference period is
not taken into consideration.
Fist job seeker: refers to unemployed person who has never worked before.
New job seeker: refers to unemployed person who lost his/her previous job
Economically active population/labour force: refers to the sum of the employed and
unemployed populations.
Inactive population: refers to persons who during the seven-day period before the Census
night were without work and not available for work. These include persons looking after the
house/family, students, people who have retired and persons who consider themselves too
old to work.
Labour force participation rate (LFPR): defined as the ratio of the active population to the
sum of the active and inactive population, expressed in percentage terms. Persons whose
economic activity status has not been stated are excluded from the calculation of the LFPR.
Unemployment rate: defined as the ratio of unemployed to the labour force, expressed in
percentage terms. Status in employment: the status in employment was classified during
the Fourth Rwandan General Population and Housing Census, into the following categories:
employees are persons working in paid (wage/salary, in-kind) employment job; employers
are persons on own account or with one or a few partners in a self-employed job who
92
engage one or more employees on a continuous basis; self-employed are persons on own
account or with one or a few partners in a self-employed job not engaging any employee on
a continuous basis; contributing family workers are persons working without pay in any activity
operated by a household member; members of producers’ cooperatives are persons working in
a cooperative producing goods and services, in a self-employed job, not engaging any
employee on a continuous basis. Other: All other persons not falling into any of the above
categories
Main industry and main occupation: the classifications of the main branch of economic
activity are based on the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), version 4 and
the classifications of the main occupation are based on the International Standard
Classification of Occupations (ISCO), version 4.
Economic dependency ratio: is measured as the ratio between economically dependent

persons (sum of unemployed, inactive, and children aged five and under) and employed
persons, multiplied by 100. An economic dependency ratio of 100 would imply that one
employed person has to support one economically dependent person.
Crude activity rate: The number of active population expressed as a percentage of the total
population.
Refined activity rate: The number of active population aged 16 years and above expressed
as the percentage of the total population.
C.6 Socio-cultural characteristics

Religion: the following nine response options were offered to measure religious affiliation in
Rwanda: Catholic, Protestant, Adventist, Jehovah‟s Witness, other Christian religion, Muslim,
traditionalist/animist, other religion and no religious affiliation
Nationality: nationality means the state of being legally a citizen of a particular country or
the legal right of belonging to a particular nation whether by birth or naturalisation. Types of
nationality are identified as single and dual nationality, which refers to the state of being a
citizen of two countries. Article 7 of the Constitution of Rwanda specifies that persons of
Rwandan origin, along with their descendants, have the right to acquire Rwandan nationality
on demand. The same article provides allowance for dual nationality.
93
Annex D Supplementary tables
unemployment rate by age-group, area of residence and sex (16 years and above)
5-year age- Labour force participation Employment to Employment rate Unemployment rate
group (Years) rate population ratio
and Area of Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both
residence Sexes Sexes Sexes Sexes
Rwanda
16-19 35.5 36.2 35.8 34.4 34.8 34.6 96.8 96.2 96.5 3.2 3.8 3.5
20-24 67.6 67.0 67.3 65.0 63.1 64.0 96.2 94.1 95.1 3.8 5.9 4.9
25-29 87.6 82.4 84.9 84.7 77.9 81.2 96.7 94.6 95.6 3.3 5.4 4.4
30-34 92.4 85.6 88.9 90.2 82.1 86.0 97.6 95.9 96.7 2.4 4.1 3.3
35-39 92.9 86.6 89.5 90.9 83.7 86.9 97.8 96.6 97.1 2.2 3.4 2.9
40-44 92.5 86.9 89.4 90.4 84.2 87.0 97.7 96.9 97.3 2.3 3.1 2.7
45-49 91.8 86.4 88.8 89.8 83.9 86.5 97.8 97.1 97.4 2.2 2.9 2.6
50-54 90.3 84.4 87.0 88.4 82.2 84.9 97.8 97.3 97.6 2.2 2.7 2.4
55-59 87.5 81.1 83.8 85.6 79.1 81.9 97.9 97.5 97.7 2.1 2.5 2.3
60-64 80.5 73.6 76.5 78.8 71.8 74.8 97.9 97.6 97.7 2.1 2.4 2.3
65-69 71.3 62.0 65.6 69.8 60.5 64.1 98.0 97.6 97.7 2.0 2.4 2.3
70-74 55.1 45.6 49.1 54.0 44.5 48.0 98.0 97.6 97.8 2.0 2.4 2.2
75-79 41.7 33.2 36.4 40.9 32.3 35.6 97.9 97.4 97.6 2.1 2.6 2.4
80-84 28.6 21.8 24.5 27.9 21.1 23.8 97.6 97.2 97.4 2.4 2.8 2.6
85+ 16.8 12.8 14.3 16.1 12.3 13.8 95.8 96.1 96.0 4.2 3.9 4.0
Total 75.6 71.7 73.6 73.5 68.8 71.0 97.2 96.0 96.6 2.8 4.0 3.4
Urban
16-19 31.8 35.3 33.7 30.1 33.1 31.7 94.5 93.7 94.1 5.5 6.3 5.9
20-24 64.2 53.9 59.1 59.5 45.4 52.5 92.6 84.3 88.8 7.4 15.7 11.2
25-29 84.6 69.7 77.7 79.5 59.3 70.2 94.0 85.1 90.3 6.0 14.9 9.7
30-34 91.9 75.7 84.5 88.2 67.4 78.8 96.1 89.1 93.2 3.9 10.9 6.8
35-39 93.1 77.5 85.7 89.8 70.6 80.7 96.4 91.1 94.1 3.6 8.9 5.9
40-44 92.8 77.9 85.8 89.3 71.5 81.0 96.2 91.8 94.3 3.8 8.2 5.7
45-49 91.4 76.2 84.1 87.6 70.4 79.4 95.9 92.4 94.4 4.1 7.6 5.6
50-54 89.3 70.0 79.6 85.4 65.4 75.4 95.6 93.4 94.6 4.4 6.6 5.4
55-59 82.1 62.3 71.6 78.4 58.7 68.0 95.5 94.2 94.9 4.5 5.8 5.1
60-64 69.4 51.0 59.2 66.4 48.6 56.6 95.8 95.2 95.5 4.2 4.8 4.5
65-69 55.8 36.1 43.8 53.4 34.7 42.0 95.8 96.0 95.9 4.2 4.0 4.1
70-74 39.8 23.8 29.5 38.2 22.8 28.2 96.0 95.4 95.7 4.0 4.6 4.3
75-79 26.0 17.3 20.4 25.0 16.5 19.5 96.3 95.3 95.7 3.7 4.7 4.3
80-84 18.9 10.6 13.3 18.2 9.8 12.6 96.3 92.4 94.2 3.7 7.6 5.8
85+ 14.8 7.4 9.8 13.8 6.8 9.0 93.2 91.0 92.0 6.8 9.0 8.0
Total 75.2 60.9 68.1 71.3 54.1 62.9 94.9 88.9 92.3 5.1 11.1 7.7
Rural
16-19 36.2 36.4 36.3 35.2 35.2 35.2 97.2 96.8 97.0 2.8 3.2 3.0
20-24 68.5 70.5 69.5 66.5 67.7 67.1 97.1 96.1 96.6 2.9 3.9 3.4
25-29 88.6 85.6 87.0 86.3 82.6 84.4 97.5 96.6 97.0 2.5 3.4 3.0
30-34 92.6 87.8 90.0 90.8 85.3 87.8 98.1 97.2 97.6 1.9 2.8 2.4
35-39 92.9 88.4 90.4 91.2 86.2 88.4 98.2 97.5 97.8 1.8 2.5 2.2
40-44 92.4 88.4 90.1 90.6 86.3 88.2 98.1 97.6 97.8 1.9 2.4 2.2
45-49 91.9 87.8 89.5 90.2 85.7 87.6 98.1 97.7 97.9 1.9 2.3 2.1
50-54 90.5 86.0 87.9 88.8 84.0 86.1 98.2 97.7 97.9 1.8 2.3 2.1
55-59 88.1 83.0 85.2 86.5 81.2 83.4 98.2 97.8 97.9 1.8 2.2 2.1
60-64 81.7 75.8 78.3 80.2 74.1 76.7 98.1 97.7 97.9 1.9 2.3 2.1
65-69 72.9 64.8 67.9 71.6 63.3 66.4 98.1 97.7 97.9 1.9 2.3 2.1
70-74 56.5 47.8 51.0 55.5 46.7 50.0 98.1 97.7 97.9 1.9 2.3 2.1
75-79 43.2 34.9 38.1 42.4 34.0 37.2 98.0 97.6 97.8 2.0 2.4 2.2
80-84 29.4 23.0 25.6 28.7 22.4 24.9 97.6 97.4 97.5 2.4 2.6 2.5
85+ 17.0 13.5 14.9 16.3 13.0 14.3 96.0 96.5 96.3 4.0 3.5 3.7
Total 75.8 73.9 74.7 74.1 71.7 72.8 97.8 97.1 97.4 2.2 2.9 2.6
94
unemployment rate by level of education, area of residence and sex (16 years and
above)
Area of Labour force Employment to Employment rate Unemployment rate

residence and participation rate population ratio
Level of Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both
education Sexes Sexes Sexes Sexes
Rwanda
Never
attended 82.7 75.4 78.0 81.1 73.4 76.2 98.0 97.4 97.6 2.0 2.6 2.4
Preschool 72.9 70.0 71.4 70.6 66.9 68.6 96.8 95.6 96.2 3.2 4.4 3.8
Primary 82.8 79.4 81.0 81.1 76.8 78.9 97.9 96.7 97.3 2.1 3.3 2.7
Post-
primary 92.3 83.5 88.0 90.3 80.5 85.5 97.8 96.4 97.1 2.2 3.6 2.9
Secondary
(Lower) 37.7 31.0 34.3 36.3 28.5 32.3 96.0 92.1 94.2 4.0 7.9 5.8
Secondary
(Upper) 56.8 50.9 54.0 51.1 42.1 46.8 90.0 82.8 86.7 10.0 17.2 13.3
University 65.8 60.6 63.7 60.5 52.3 57.2 92.0 86.3 89.8 8.0 13.7 10.2
Not stated 66.0 60.4 63.0 63.3 56.9 59.9 96.0 94.2 95.0 4.0 5.8 5.0
Total 75.6 71.7 73.6 73.5 68.8 71.0 97.2 96.0 96.6 2.8 4.0 3.4
Urban
Never
attended 80.1 59.7 67.4 77.6 56.3 64.4 96.9 94.3 95.5 3.1 5.7 4.5
Preschool 71.3 59.6 65.3 68.2 53.8 60.8 95.6 90.3 93.1 4.4 9.7 6.9
Primary 85.5 69.4 77.7 82.7 63.5 73.5 96.8 91.6 94.6 3.2 8.4 5.4
Post-
primary 92.3 72.9 83.0 88.9 66.9 78.3 96.3 91.8 94.4 3.7 8.2 5.6
Secondary
(Lower) 54.0 40.4 47.3 51.2 34.8 43.1 94.8 86.1 91.1 5.2 13.9 8.9
Secondary
(Upper) 65.2 54.8 60.2 58.7 43.2 51.3 90.0 78.9 85.1 10.0 21.1 14.9
University 72.3 64.2 68.9 66.1 54.6 61.2 91.5 85.0 88.9 8.5 15.0 11.1
Not stated 69.7 55.5 62.7 66.1 49.9 58.2 94.9 89.9 92.7 5.1 10.1 7.3
Total 75.2 60.9 68.1 71.3 54.1 62.9 94.9 88.9 92.3 5.1 11.1 7.7
Rural
Never
attended 83.0 76.7 79.0 81.4 74.8 77.2 98.1 97.5 97.8 1.9 2.5 2.2
Preschool 73.2 72.3 72.7 71.1 69.8 70.4 97.1 96.6 96.8 2.9 3.4 3.2
Primary 82.3 80.9 81.6 80.8 78.8 79.7 98.2 97.4 97.8 1.8 2.6 2.2
Post-
primary 92.3 86.3 89.4 90.6 84.1 87.4 98.2 97.4 97.8 1.8 2.6 2.2
Secondary
(Lower) 31.2 27.4 29.3 30.3 26.2 28.2 96.9 95.4 96.2 3.1 4.6 3.8
Secondary
(Upper) 49.9 47.5 48.7 44.9 41.1 43.1 90.0 86.6 88.4 10.0 13.4 11.6
University 51.6 49.3 50.8 48.2 45.1 47.1 93.4 91.4 92.8 6.6 8.6 7.2
Not stated 64.7 61.7 63.1 62.4 58.8 60.4 96.3 95.2 95.7 3.7 4.8 4.3
Total 75.8 73.9 74.7 74.1 71.7 72.8 97.8 97.1 97.4 2.2 2.9 2.6
95
unemployment rate by age-group, sex and area of residence
5-year age- Labour force participation Employment to Employment rate Unemployment rate
group (Years) rate population ratio
and Area of Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both
residence Sexes Sexes Sexes Sexes
Rwanda
16-19 35.5 36.2 35.8 34.4 34.8 34.6 96.8 96.2 96.5 3.2 3.8 3.5
20-24 67.6 67.0 67.3 65.0 63.1 64.0 96.2 94.1 95.1 3.8 5.9 4.9
25-29 87.6 82.4 84.9 84.7 77.9 81.2 96.7 94.6 95.6 3.3 5.4 4.4
30-34 92.4 85.6 88.9 90.2 82.1 86.0 97.6 95.9 96.7 2.4 4.1 3.3
35-39 92.9 86.6 89.5 90.9 83.7 86.9 97.8 96.6 97.1 2.2 3.4 2.9
40-44 92.5 86.9 89.4 90.4 84.2 87.0 97.7 96.9 97.3 2.3 3.1 2.7
45-49 91.8 86.4 88.8 89.8 83.9 86.5 97.8 97.1 97.4 2.2 2.9 2.6
50-54 90.3 84.4 87.0 88.4 82.2 84.9 97.8 97.3 97.6 2.2 2.7 2.4
55-59 87.5 81.1 83.8 85.6 79.1 81.9 97.9 97.5 97.7 2.1 2.5 2.3
60-64 80.5 73.6 76.5 78.8 71.8 74.8 97.9 97.6 97.7 2.1 2.4 2.3
65-69 71.3 62.0 65.6 69.8 60.5 64.1 98.0 97.6 97.7 2.0 2.4 2.3
70-74 55.1 45.6 49.1 54.0 44.5 48.0 98.0 97.6 97.8 2.0 2.4 2.2
75-79 41.7 33.2 36.4 40.9 32.3 35.6 97.9 97.4 97.6 2.1 2.6 2.4
80-84 28.6 21.8 24.5 27.9 21.1 23.8 97.6 97.2 97.4 2.4 2.8 2.6
85+ 16.8 12.8 14.3 16.1 12.3 13.8 95.8 96.1 96.0 4.2 3.9 4.0
Total 75.6 71.7 73.6 73.5 68.8 71.0 97.2 96.0 96.6 2.8 4.0 3.4
Urban
16-19 31.8 35.3 33.7 30.1 33.1 31.7 94.5 93.7 94.1 5.5 6.3 5.9
20-24 64.2 53.9 59.1 59.5 45.4 52.5 92.6 84.3 88.8 7.4 15.7 11.2
25-29 84.6 69.7 77.7 79.5 59.3 70.2 94.0 85.1 90.3 6.0 14.9 9.7
30-34 91.9 75.7 84.5 88.2 67.4 78.8 96.1 89.1 93.2 3.9 10.9 6.8
35-39 93.1 77.5 85.7 89.8 70.6 80.7 96.4 91.1 94.1 3.6 8.9 5.9
40-44 92.8 77.9 85.8 89.3 71.5 81.0 96.2 91.8 94.3 3.8 8.2 5.7
45-49 91.4 76.2 84.1 87.6 70.4 79.4 95.9 92.4 94.4 4.1 7.6 5.6
50-54 89.3 70.0 79.6 85.4 65.4 75.4 95.6 93.4 94.6 4.4 6.6 5.4
55-59 82.1 62.3 71.6 78.4 58.7 68.0 95.5 94.2 94.9 4.5 5.8 5.1
60-64 69.4 51.0 59.2 66.4 48.6 56.6 95.8 95.2 95.5 4.2 4.8 4.5
65-69 55.8 36.1 43.8 53.4 34.7 42.0 95.8 96.0 95.9 4.2 4.0 4.1
70-74 39.8 23.8 29.5 38.2 22.8 28.2 96.0 95.4 95.7 4.0 4.6 4.3
75-79 26.0 17.3 20.4 25.0 16.5 19.5 96.3 95.3 95.7 3.7 4.7 4.3
80-84 18.9 10.6 13.3 18.2 9.8 12.6 96.3 92.4 94.2 3.7 7.6 5.8
85+ 14.8 7.4 9.8 13.8 6.8 9.0 93.2 91.0 92.0 6.8 9.0 8.0
Total 75.2 60.9 68.1 71.3 54.1 62.9 94.9 88.9 92.3 5.1 11.1 7.7
Rural
16-19 36.2 36.4 36.3 35.2 35.2 35.2 97.2 96.8 97.0 2.8 3.2 3.0
20-24 68.5 70.5 69.5 66.5 67.7 67.1 97.1 96.1 96.6 2.9 3.9 3.4
25-29 88.6 85.6 87.0 86.3 82.6 84.4 97.5 96.6 97.0 2.5 3.4 3.0
30-34 92.6 87.8 90.0 90.8 85.3 87.8 98.1 97.2 97.6 1.9 2.8 2.4
35-39 92.9 88.4 90.4 91.2 86.2 88.4 98.2 97.5 97.8 1.8 2.5 2.2
40-44 92.4 88.4 90.1 90.6 86.3 88.2 98.1 97.6 97.8 1.9 2.4 2.2
45-49 91.9 87.8 89.5 90.2 85.7 87.6 98.1 97.7 97.9 1.9 2.3 2.1
50-54 90.5 86.0 87.9 88.8 84.0 86.1 98.2 97.7 97.9 1.8 2.3 2.1
55-59 88.1 83.0 85.2 86.5 81.2 83.4 98.2 97.8 97.9 1.8 2.2 2.1
60-64 81.7 75.8 78.3 80.2 74.1 76.7 98.1 97.7 97.9 1.9 2.3 2.1
65-69 72.9 64.8 67.9 71.6 63.3 66.4 98.1 97.7 97.9 1.9 2.3 2.1
70-74 56.5 47.8 51.0 55.5 46.7 50.0 98.1 97.7 97.9 1.9 2.3 2.1
75-79 43.2 34.9 38.1 42.4 34.0 37.2 98.0 97.6 97.8 2.0 2.4 2.2
80-84 29.4 23.0 25.6 28.7 22.4 24.9 97.6 97.4 97.5 2.4 2.6 2.5
85+ 17.0 13.5 14.9 16.3 13.0 14.3 96.0 96.5 96.3 4.0 3.5 3.7
Total 75.8 73.9 74.7 74.1 71.7 72.8 97.8 97.1 97.4 2.2 2.9 2.6
96
years and above (urban)
5-year age-group Count Percentage
(Years) Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
16-19 21,301 26,954 48,255 5.6 9.7 7.4
20-24 64,980 49,393 114,373 17.1 17.8 17.4
25-29 87,204 55,875 143,079 23.0 20.2 21.8
30-34 74,867 47,380 122,247 19.8 17.1 18.6
35-39 44,939 31,871 76,810 11.9 11.5 11.7
40-44 31,936 22,469 54,405 8.4 8.1 8.3
45-49 20,949 15,484 36,433 5.5 5.6 5.6
50-54 15,586 12,025 27,611 4.1 4.3 4.2
55-59 8,541 7,224 15,765 2.3 2.6 2.4
60-64 4,803 4,344 9,147 1.3 1.6 1.4
65-69 2,011 2,057 4,068 0.5 0.7 0.6
70-74 1,068 1,173 2,241 0.3 0.4 0.3
75-79 491 589 1,080 0.1 0.2 0.2
80-84 236 255 491 0.1 0.1 0.1
85+ 151 161 312 0.0 0.1 0.0
Total 379,063 277,254 656,317 100.0 100.0 100.0
years and above (rural)
5-year age-group Count Percentage
(Years) Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
16-19 125,688 127,241 252,929 7.8 6.8 7.2
20-24 251,224 281,797 533,021 15.5 15.0 15.2
25-29 290,426 309,301 599,727 17.9 16.5 17.2
30-34 250,195 273,372 523,567 15.5 14.6 15.0
35-39 160,232 198,173 358,405 9.9 10.6 10.3
40-44 133,095 165,332 298,427 8.2 8.8 8.5
45-49 111,030 138,739 249,769 6.9 7.4 7.1
50-54 110,682 139,927 250,609 6.8 7.5 7.2
55-59 77,315 98,330 175,645 4.8 5.2 5.0
60-64 51,955 66,772 118,727 3.2 3.6 3.4
65-69 24,675 35,436 60,111 1.5 1.9 1.7
70-74 17,053 23,931 40,984 1.1 1.3 1.2
75-79 8,727 11,192 19,919 0.5 0.6 0.6
80-84 4,669 5,377 10,046 0.3 0.3 0.3
85+ 1,983 2,496 4,479 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 1,618,949 1,877,416 3,496,365 100.0 100.0 100.0
97
unemployment rate by nationality, area of residence and sex (16 years and above)
Area of Labour force Employment to Employment rate Unemployment rate
residence and participation rate population ratio
Nationality Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both
Sexes Sexes Sexes Sexes
Rwanda
Rwanda only 75.6 71.8 73.6 73.5 68.9 71.0 97.2 96.0 96.6 2.8 4.0 3.4
Rwanda and
other 72.1 62.0 67.2 68.2 56.5 62.4 94.5 91.1 93.0 5.5 8.9 7.0
Burundi 90.9 77.8 86.6 89.6 74.2 84.5 98.6 95.4 97.6 1.4 4.6 2.4
Tanzania 77.8 60.6 71.5 75.7 52.3 67.1 97.3 86.4 93.9 2.7 13.6 6.1
Kenya 94.9 78.2 89.5 93.3 67.8 85.1 98.3 86.7 95.0 1.7 13.3 5.0
Uganda 91.7 75.9 86.3 89.6 70.2 83.0 97.8 92.5 96.2 2.2 7.5 3.8
DRC 78.1 52.4 67.1 74.6 42.2 60.7 95.5 80.5 90.5 4.5 19.5 9.5
Other
African
Country 87.7 58.0 77.5 85.1 50.0 73.1 97.1 86.2 94.3 2.9 13.8 5.7
Europe 86.1 80.4 83.8 84.7 77.7 81.9 98.4 96.6 97.7 1.6 3.4 2.3
America 92.3 86.9 89.4 88.2 84.5 86.2 95.6 97.2 96.4 4.4 2.8 3.6
Asia 93.7 62.9 83.1 92.5 56.2 80.0 98.7 89.4 96.3 1.3 10.6 3.7
Oceania 60.0 71.4 64.7 60.0 71.4 64.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Not stated 58.1 66.4 62.6 57.4 64.5 61.2 98.8 97.1 97.8 1.2 2.9 2.2
Total 75.6 71.7 73.6 73.5 68.8 71.0 97.2 96.0 96.6 2.8 4.0 3.4
Urban
Rwanda only 75.0 60.9 68.0 71.1 54.1 62.7 94.9 88.9 92.2 5.1 11.1 7.8
Rwanda and
other 74.8 58.6 67.6 69.7 49.9 60.9 93.2 85.1 90.1 6.8 14.9 9.9
Burundi 89.6 65.1 83.0 87.8 56.0 79.3 98.0 86.1 95.5 2.0 13.9 4.5
Tanzania 88.5 61.2 79.9 86.6 49.6 74.9 97.8 81.1 93.8 2.2 18.9 6.2
Kenya 94.9 78.0 89.4 93.2 67.4 84.8 98.2 86.4 94.8 1.8 13.6 5.2
Uganda 93.8 78.7 89.1 91.6 71.9 85.4 97.6 91.3 95.9 2.4 8.7 4.1
DRC 78.1 49.9 66.4 74.2 38.6 59.5 95.1 77.3 89.6 4.9 22.7 10.4
Other
African
Country 87.6 56.5 77.6 84.9 46.9 72.7 96.9 83.1 93.7 3.1 16.9 6.3
Europe 86.4 81.6 84.4 85.2 78.7 82.6 98.6 96.5 97.8 1.4 3.5 2.2
America 91.9 84.7 88.3 87.9 82.3 85.0 95.6 97.1 96.3 4.4 2.9 3.7
Asia 94.7 60.5 83.8 93.3 52.2 80.2 98.5 86.3 95.7 1.5 13.7 4.3
Oceania 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Not stated 58.6 63.9 61.5 57.5 61.6 59.8 98.1 96.5 97.2 1.9 3.5 2.8
Total 75.2 60.9 68.1 71.3 54.1 62.9 94.9 88.9 92.3 5.1 11.1 7.7
Rural
Rwanda only 75.8 73.9 74.7 74.1 71.8 72.8 97.8 97.1 97.4 2.2 2.9 2.6
Rwanda and
other 69.4 64.4 66.8 66.7 61.2 63.8 96.0 95.1 95.5 4.0 4.9 4.5
Burundi 91.4 80.7 87.6 90.3 78.5 86.1 98.8 97.2 98.3 1.2 2.8 1.7
Tanzania 52.7 59.8 56.0 50.0 55.7 52.6 94.9 93.1 94.0 5.1 6.9 6.0
Kenya 96.6 87.5 94.6 96.6 87.5 94.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Uganda 80.2 68.0 74.6 79.0 65.5 72.8 98.5 96.4 97.6 1.5 3.6 2.4
DRC 78.1 62.7 70.2 76.8 57.1 66.8 98.4 91.1 95.1 1.6 8.9 4.9
Other
African
Country 88.1 64.2 76.8 86.4 62.3 75.0 98.1 97.1 97.7 1.9 2.9 2.3
Europe 80.0 57.1 70.6 75.0 57.1 67.6 93.8 100.0 95.8 6.3 0.0 4.2
America 95.5 95.8 95.7 90.9 93.8 92.9 95.2 97.8 97.0 4.8 2.2 3.0
Asia 87.7 70.5 79.6 87.7 68.9 78.8 100.0 97.7 99.0 0.0 2.3 1.0
Oceania 0.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Not stated 57.8 67.5 63.1 57.3 65.8 61.9 99.1 97.4 98.1 0.9 2.6 1.9
Total 75.8 73.9 74.7 74.1 71.7 72.8 97.8 97.1 97.4 2.2 2.9 2.6
98
above by level of education by sex and area of residence
Area of residence Count Percentage
and Level of Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
education
Rwanda
Never attended 407,740 650,227 1,057,967 20.4 30.2 25.5
Preschool 4,865 5,206 10,071 0.2 0.2 0.2
Primary 1,276,640 1,266,934 2,543,574 63.9 58.8 61.3
Post-primary 32,477 27,972 60,449 1.6 1.3 1.5
Lower secondary 100,504 80,365 180,869 5.0 3.7 4.4
Upper secondary 96,194 72,255 168,449 4.8 3.4 4.1
University 66,177 37,995 104,172 3.3 1.8 2.5
Not stated 13,415 13,716 27,131 0.7 0.6 0.7
Total 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban
Never attended 32,032 38,344 70,376 8.5 13.8 10.7
Preschool 904 754 1,658 0.2 0.3 0.3
Primary 195,275 139,766 335,041 51.5 50.4 51.0
Post-primary 7,021 4,903 11,924 1.9 1.8 1.8
Lower secondary 40,624 26,613 67,237 10.7 9.6 10.2
Upper secondary 49,931 34,167 84,098 13.2 12.3 12.8
University 49,659 30,098 79,757 13.1 10.9 12.2
Not stated 3,617 2,609 6,226 1.0 0.9 0.9
Total 379,063 277,254 656,317 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rural
Never attended 375,708 611,883 987,591 23.2 32.6 28.2
Preschool 3,961 4,452 8,413 0.2 0.2 0.2
Primary 1,081,365 1,127,168 2,208,533 66.8 60.0 63.2
Post-primary 25,456 23,069 48,525 1.6 1.2 1.4
Lower secondary 59,880 53,752 113,632 3.7 2.9 3.3
Upper secondary 46,263 38,088 84,351 2.9 2.0 2.4
University 16,518 7,897 24,415 1.0 0.4 0.7
Not stated 9,798 11,107 20,905 0.6 0.6 0.6
Total 1,618,949 1,877,416 3,496,365 100.0 100.0 100.0
99
above by language(s) of literacy by sex and area of residence
Language(s) of literacy Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
Rwanda
None 547,379 814,066 1,361,445 27.4 37.8 32.8
Kinyarwanda 1,126,661 1,117,851 2,244,512 56.4 51.9 54.0
French 2,121 1,903 4,024 0.1 0.1 0.1
Kinya & French 81,643 69,179 150,822 4.1 3.2 3.6
English 1,444 1,186 2,630 0.1 0.1 0.1
Kinya &English 38,714 31,282 69,996 1.9 1.5 1.7
French &English 1,227 928 2,155 0.1 0.0 0.1
Kinya, French
&English 81,205 64,959 146,164 4.1 3.0 3.5
Other 2,563 1,524 4,087 0.1 0.1 0.1
Kinya &Other 27,244 9,816 37,060 1.4 0.5 0.9
French & Other 2,005 1,081 3,086 0.1 0.1 0.1
Kinya, French &Other 16,477 7,452 23,929 0.8 0.3 0.6
English & Other 4,983 2,789 7,772 0.2 0.1 0.2
Kinya, English &Other 11,180 3,772 14,952 0.6 0.2 0.4
French,English
&Other 1,024 370 1,394 0.1 0.0 0.0
Kinya, French,
English & Other 43,046 14,661 57,707 2.2 0.7 1.4
Not stated 9,096 11,851 20,947 0.5 0.6 0.5
Total 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban
None 41,832 47,850 89,682 11.0 17.3 13.7
Kinyarwanda 186,037 138,480 324,517 49.1 49.9 49.4
French 560 384 944 0.1 0.1 0.1
Kinya & French 22,651 19,857 42,508 6.0 7.2 6.5
English 903 613 1,516 0.2 0.2 0.2
Kinya &English 14,320 9,330 23,650 3.8 3.4 3.6
French &English 540 312 852 0.1 0.1 0.1
Kinya, French
&English 37,743 29,736 67,479 10.0 10.7 10.3
Other 1,019 652 1,671 0.3 0.2 0.3
Kinya&Other 14,461 5,997 20,458 3.8 2.2 3.1
French &Other 1,299 534 1,833 0.3 0.2 0.3
English &Other 2,917 1,043 3,960 0.8 0.4 0.6
Kinya, English &Other 8,604 3,053 11,657 2.3 1.1 1.8
French,English&Other 874 314 1,188 0.2 0.1 0.2
Kinya, French,
English &Other 31,426 11,186 42,612 8.3 4.0 6.5
Not stated 2,642 2,440 5,082 0.7 0.9 0.8
Total 379,063 277,254 656,317 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rural
None 505,547 766,216 1,271,763 31.2 40.8 36.4
Kinyarwanda 940,624 979,371 1,919,995 58.1 52.2 54.9
French 1,561 1,519 3,080 0.1 0.1 0.1
Kinya& French 58,992 49,322 108,314 3.6 2.6 3.1
English 541 573 1,114 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kinya&English 24,394 21,952 46,346 1.5 1.2 1.3
French &English 687 616 1,303 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kinya, French
&English 43,462 35,223 78,685 2.7 1.9 2.3
Other 1,544 872 2,416 0.1 0.0 0.1
Kinya&Other 12,783 3,819 16,602 0.8 0.2 0.5
French &Other 706 547 1,253 0.0 0.0 0.0
100
English &Other 2,066 1,746 3,812 0.1 0.1 0.1
Kinya, English &Other 2,576 719 3,295 0.2 0.0 0.1
French,English&Other 150 56 206 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kinya, French,
English &Other 11,620 3,475 15,095 0.7 0.2 0.4
Not stated 6,454 9,411 15,865 0.4 0.5 0.5
Total 1,618,949 1,877,416 3,496,365 100.0 100.0 100.0
above by main occupation by sex and Area of residence
Area of residence and Main occupation Percentage
Count
Sexes Sexes
Rwanda
Managers 10,589 5,442 16,031 0.5 0.3 0.4
Professionals 59,647 46,023 105,670 3.0 2.1 2.5
workers 1,248,004 1,772,323 3,020,327 62.5 82.3 72.7
Total: Rwanda 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban
Managers 7,419 3,985 11,404 2.0 1.4 1.7
Professionals 30,099 22,919 53,018 7.9 8.3 8.1
workers 53,231 83,055 136,286 14.0 30.0 20.8
Plant and machine operators, and assemblers 37,042 879 37,921 9.8 0.3 5.8
Total: Urban 379,063 277,254 656,317 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rural
Managers 3,170 1,457 4,627 0.2 0.1 0.1
Professionals 29,548 23,104 52,652 1.8 1.2 1.5
workers 1,194,773 1,689,268 2,884,041 73.8 90.0 82.5
Total: Rural 1,618,949 1,877,416 3,496,365 100.0 100.0 100.0
101
Table 47: Distribution of employed population aged 16 years and above (count) by occupation,
status in employment, status in employment and area of residence
Contributing family
Status not Stated

Self employed in
Self employed in
non-agriculture
Area of residence and
Total
cooperative
producers’
agriculture
Member of
Main occupation
Employee
Employer
worker
Other
Rwanda
Managers 13,231 723 36 961 52 53 32 943 16,031
Professionals 92,142 848 166 5,980 276 516 404 5,338 105,670
Technicians and
25,424 487 246 5,465 124 244 240 2,041 34,271
Clerical support workers 12,758 144 19 1,027 41 166 42 1,051 15,248
Service and sales
153,658 2,147 843 166,472 18,141 1,391 491 19,544 362,687
workers
forestry and fishery 117,816 7,095 2,479,487 5,947 348,898 5,739 2,642 52,703 3,020,327
workers
117,097 3,529 789 103,036 3,815 2,029 576 10,761 241,632
workers
Plant and machine
operators, and 42,214 858 99 22,977 468 960 120 3,071 70,767
assemblers
Elementary occupations 145,208 1,500 13,034 27,065 10,939 2,014 901 6,966 207,627
19,790 478 6,119 4,367 1,582 226 113 45,747 78,422
stated
Total: Rwanda 739,338 17,809 2,500,838 343,297 384,336 13,338 5,561 148,165 4,152,682
Male
Managers 8,730 558 25 611 26 38 22 579 10,589
Professionals 50,940 604 84 4,316 131 296 300 2,976 59,647
Technicians and
14,659 384 112 4,582 78 190 164 1,262 21,431
Clerical support workers 5,921 95 12 588 22 96 24 469 7,227
Service and sales
94,026 1,392 416 88,455 7,181 999 281 10,243 202,993
workers
workers
109,130 3,245 628 74,752 2,170 1,252 523 8,811 200,511
workers
Plant and machine
operators, and 40,898 830 73 22,437 430 908 113 2,961 68,650
assemblers
Elementary occupations 93,025 1,068 7,332 22,648 5,763 1,618 543 4,921 136,918
16,147 336 2,681 2,816 624 147 70 19,221 42,042
stated
Total: Male 491,200 11,714 1,069,796 224,081 117,127 8,685 3,194 72,215 1,998,012
Female
Managers 4,501 165 11 350 26 15 10 364 5,442
Professionals 41,202 244 82 1,664 145 220 104 2,362 46,023
Technicians and
10,765 103 134 883 46 54 76 779 12,840
Clerical support workers 6,837 49 7 439 19 70 18 582 8,021
Service and sales
59,632 755 427 78,017 10,960 392 210 9,301 159,694
workers
workers
102
Contributing family
Status not Stated

Self employed in
Self employed in
non-agriculture
Area of residence and
Total
cooperative
producers’
agriculture
Member of
Main occupation
Employee
Employer
worker
Other
7,967 284 161 28,284 1,645 777 53 1,950 41,121
workers
Plant and machine
operators, and 1,316 28 26 540 38 52 7 110 2,117
assemblers
Elementary occupations 52,183 432 5,702 4,417 5,176 396 358 2,045 70,709
3,643 142 3,438 1,551 958 79 43 26,526 36,380
stated
Total: Female 248,138 6,095 1,431,042 119,216 267,209 4,653 2,367 75,950 2,154,670
Table 48: Distribution of employed population aged 16 years and above (count and %) by
occupation, institutional sector and sex
Sex and Main Non
occupation Public Private Government Not stated Total
organization
Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %
Rwanda
Managers 10,042 6.2 4,739 0.1 1,084 4.9 166 0.2 16,031 0.4
Professionals 70,201 43.1 28,929 0.7 5,627 25.5 913 1.1 105,670 2.5
Technicians and
16,588 10.2 15,199 0.4 2,099 9.5 385 0.5 34,271 0.8
Clerical support workers 5,269 3.2 8,975 0.2 820 3.7 184 0.2 15,248 0.4
Service and sales
17,791 10.9 336,431 8.7 2,405 10.9 6,060 7.2 362,687 8.7
workers
forestry and fishery 11,517 7.1 2,976,263 76.6 5,912 26.8 26,635 31.6 3,020,327 72.7
workers
4,524 2.8 233,070 6.0 1,360 6.2 2,678 3.2 241,632 5.8
workers
Plant and machine
operators, and 2,716 1.7 66,579 1.7 654 3.0 818 1.0 70,767 1.7
assemblers
Elementary occupations 10,754 6.6 193,134 5.0 1,585 7.2 2,154 2.6 207,627 5.0
13,532 8.3 20,142 0.5 507 2.3 44,241 52.5 78,422 1.9
stated
Total: Rwanda 162,934 100.0 3,883,461 100.0 22,053 100.0 84,234 100.0 4,152,682 100.0
Male
Managers 6,619 6.7 3,210 0.2 665 4.9 95 0.3 10,589 0.5
Professionals 37,845 38.1 17,396 0.9 3,903 28.7 503 1.4 59,647 3.0
Technicians and
8,416 8.5 11,251 0.6 1,502 11.1 262 0.7 21,431 1.1
Service and sales
14,386 14.5 183,992 10.0 1,618 11.9 2,997 8.1 202,993 10.2
workers
workers
3,935 4.0 193,385 10.5 1,092 8.0 2,099 5.7 200,511 10.0
workers
Plant and machine
operators, and 2,585 2.6 64,647 3.5 636 4.7 782 2.1 68,650 3.4
assemblers
103
Sex and Main Non
occupation Public Private Government Not stated Total
organization
Elementary occupations 5,915 5.9 128,567 7.0 978 7.2 1,458 4.0 136,918 6.9
12,125 12.2 11,395 0.6 338 2.5 18,184 49.4 42,042 2.1
stated
Total: Male 99,452 100.0 1,848,133 100.0 13,583 100.0 36,844 100.0 1,998,012 100.0
Female
Managers 3,423 5.4 1,529 0.1 419 4.9 71 0.1 5,442 0.3
Professionals 32,356 51.0 11,533 0.6 1,724 20.4 410 0.9 46,023 2.1
Technicians and
8,172 12.9 3,948 0.2 597 7.0 123 0.3 12,840 0.6
Service and sales
3,405 5.4 152,439 7.5 787 9.3 3,063 6.5 159,694 7.4
workers
workers
589 0.9 39,685 1.9 268 3.2 579 1.2 41,121 1.9
workers
Plant and machine
operators, and 131 0.2 1,932 0.1 18 0.2 36 0.1 2,117 0.1
assemblers
Elementary occupations 4,839 7.6 64,567 3.2 607 7.2 696 1.5 70,709 3.3
1,407 2.2 8,747 0.4 169 2.0 26,057 55.0 36,380 1.7
stated
Total: Female 63,482 100.0 2,035,328 100.0 8,470 100.0 47,390 100.0 2,154,670 100.0
above by main Industry by sex and area of residence
Area of residence and Industry Count Percentage
Both Both
Sexes Sexes
Rwanda
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 1,309,495 1,818,681 3,128,176 65.5 84.4 75.3
Manufacturing 72,947 37,592 110,539 3.7 1.7 2.7
Electricity, gas, steam and air
5,020 613 5,633 0.3 0.0 0.1
conditioning supply
Water supply; sewerage, waste
management and remediation 2,541 463 3,004 0.1 0.0 0.1
activities
Construction 131,155 11,631 142,786 6.6 0.5 3.4
Wholesale and retail trade; repair
118,734 87,217 205,951 5.9 4.0 5.0
of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Accommodation and food service
21,115 13,139 34,254 1.1 0.6 0.8
activities
Professional, scientific and
9,018 4,011 13,029 0.5 0.2 0.3
technical activities
Administrative and support service
19,649 5,227 24,876 1.0 0.2 0.6
activities
Public administration and defence 30,336 9,239 39,575 1.5 0.4 1.0
Education 39,844 31,695 71,539 2.0 1.5 1.7
Human health and social work
13,484 15,929 29,413 0.7 0.7 0.7
activities
104
Both Both
Sexes Sexes
Arts, entertainment and recreation 3,220 2,032 5,252 0.2 0.1 0.1
Activities of households as
48,483 58,757 107,240 2.4 2.7 2.6
employers; producing for own use
Activities of extraterritorial
2,995 2,061 5,056 0.1 0.1 0.1
organizations/bodies
Industry not stated 33,487 36,144 69,631 1.7 1.7 1.7
Total: Rwanda 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 61,353 88,742 150,095 16.2 32.0 22.9
Mining and quarrying 1,408 257 1,665 0.4 0.1 0.3
Manufacturing 22,358 14,096 36,454 5.9 5.1 5.6
3,473 480 3,953 0.9 0.2 0.6
conditioning supply
activities
Construction 48,865 5,183 54,048 12.9 1.9 8.2
61,366 54,987 116,353 16.2 19.8 17.7
10,128 8,026 18,154 2.7 2.9 2.8
activities
6,421 2,887 9,308 1.7 1.0 1.4
11,628 3,226 14,854 3.1 1.2 2.3
activities
Education 14,028 11,787 25,815 3.7 4.3 3.9
7,100 9,598 16,698 1.9 3.5 2.5
activities
Arts, entertainment and recreation 2,294 925 3,219 0.6 0.3 0.5
27,990 41,386 69,376 7.4 14.9 10.6
2,557 1,806 4,363 0.7 0.7 0.7
Total: Urban 379,063 277,254 656,317 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rural
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 1,248,142 1,729,939 2,978,081 77.1 92.1 85.2
Manufacturing 50,589 23,496 74,085 3.1 1.3 2.1
1,547 133 1,680 0.1 0.0 0.0
conditioning supply
activities
Construction 82,290 6,448 88,738 5.1 0.3 2.5
57,368 32,230 89,598 3.5 1.7 2.6
10,987 5,113 16,100 0.7 0.3 0.5
activities
Information and communication 625 130 755 0.0 0.0 0.0
105
Both Both
Sexes Sexes
2,597 1,124 3,721 0.2 0.1 0.1
8,021 2,001 10,022 0.5 0.1 0.3
activities
Education 25,816 19,908 45,724 1.6 1.1 1.3
6,384 6,331 12,715 0.4 0.3 0.4
activities
Arts, entertainment and recreation 926 1,107 2,033 0.1 0.1 0.1
20,493 17,371 37,864 1.3 0.9 1.1
438 255 693 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total: Rural 1,618,949 1,877,416 3,496,365 100.0 100.0 100.0
106
Table 50: Distribution of employed population aged 16 years and above by economic activity,
level of education and sex
Industry Never Pre- Post Lower Upper
Primary University
attended primary primary secondary secondary
Rwanda
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 954,203 7,559 1,994,248 38,028 85,313 27,471 3,355
Mining and quarrying 3,613 31 12,548 226 731 636 287
Manufacturing 16,140 239 68,894 4,142 12,205 5,841 2,087
103 6 1,170 136 740 2,336 1,084
conditioning supply
management and remediation 185 5 1,306 143 424 577 338
activities
Construction 15,919 385 93,657 6,865 12,551 9,424 2,755
Wholesale and retail trade;
repair of motor vehicles and 19,615 521 124,903 4,020 22,252 25,185 7,746
motorcycles
Transportation and storage 7,559 211 54,400 1,524 10,215 6,962 1,594
Accommodation and food
3,063 71 18,213 680 4,414 5,763 1,750
service activities
Information and communication 86 0 1,125 38 429 1,312 2,678
Financial and insurance activities 104 10 1,475 111 617 2,893 7,546
Real estate activities 10 0 67 3 10 31 27
398 18 2,514 138 815 3,071 5,945
Administrative and support
2,409 67 13,119 630 2,915 4,207 1,308
service activities
Public administration and
693 35 8,126 625 3,691 10,248 15,814
defence
Education 824 39 4,411 465 1,820 37,511 25,847
610 24 4,028 667 1,703 9,365 12,724
activities
Arts, entertainment and
697 14 1,920 97 589 1,148 737
recreation
Other service activities 3,015 84 19,240 736 4,752 4,881 3,543
employers; producing for own 13,678 483 79,588 322 9,542 2,348 296
use
49 1 373 62 232 978 3,304
Industry not stated 14,994 268 38,249 791 4,909 6,261 3,407
Total: Rwanda 1,057,967 10,071 2,543,574 60,449 180,869 168,449 104,172
Male
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 340,378 3,264 887,890 15,895 38,226 14,286 2,147
Mining and quarrying 3,307 29 11,752 214 649 525 231
Manufacturing 11,050 155 46,305 2,598 6,578 4,123 1,521
91 5 1,078 133 704 2,129 824
conditioning supply
management and remediation 143 4 1,102 134 377 498 261
activities
Construction 13,904 357 86,303 6,689 11,695 8,688 2,379
motorcycles
Transportation and storage 7,051 208 53,297 1,500 10,027 6,493 1,158
2,042 51 12,497 353 2,126 2,873 1,006
service activities
Information and communication 67 0 947 30 329 872 1,954
Financial and insurance activities 82 5 1,174 80 411 1,445 4,280
107
Industry Never Pre- Post Lower Upper
Primary University
attended primary primary secondary secondary
223 14 1,918 111 628 2,083 3,947
1,631 53 10,699 483 2,376 3,272 956
service activities
557 30 7,382 565 3,209 7,534 10,801
defence
Education 629 23 3,244 240 979 17,182 17,192
334 13 2,664 247 764 3,244 6,083
activities
260 8 1,058 50 410 908 489
recreation
Other service activities 2,422 59 15,330 528 2,937 3,263 2,530
employers; producing for own 7,121 177 35,912 115 3,822 811 106
use
37 0 262 37 157 520 1,943
Total: Male 407,740 4,865 1,276,640 32,477 100,504 96,194 66,177
Female
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 613,825 4,295 1,106,358 22,133 47,087 13,185 1,208
Mining and quarrying 306 2 796 12 82 111 56
Manufacturing 5,090 84 22,589 1,544 5,627 1,718 566
12 1 92 3 36 207 260
conditioning supply
management and remediation 42 1 204 9 47 79 77
activities
Construction 2,015 28 7,354 176 856 736 376
motorcycles
Transportation and storage 508 3 1,103 24 188 469 436
1,021 20 5,716 327 2,288 2,890 744
service activities
Information and communication 19 0 178 8 100 440 724
Financial and insurance activities 22 5 301 31 206 1,448 3,266
175 4 596 27 187 988 1,998
778 14 2,420 147 539 935 352
service activities
136 5 744 60 482 2,714 5,013
defence
Education 195 16 1,167 225 841 20,329 8,655
276 11 1,364 420 939 6,121 6,641
activities
437 6 862 47 179 240 248
recreation
Other service activities 593 25 3,910 208 1,815 1,618 1,013
employers; producing for own 6,557 306 43,676 207 5,720 1,537 190
use
12 1 111 25 75 458 1,361
Total: Female 650,227 5,206 1,266,934 27,972 80,365 72,255 37,995
108
Table 51: Distribution of employed population aged 16 years and above (count) by economic
activity, status in employment and sex
Self Self
Contributing Member of
employed employed Not
Sex and Industry Employee Employer family producers’ Other Total
in out of Stated
worker cooperative
agriculture agriculture
Rwanda
Agriculture, forestry
200,887 7,595 2,500,838 0 354,537 6,217 3,246 54,856 3,128,176
and fishing
Mining and
13,325 287 0 3,231 141 685 35 467 18,171
quarrying
Manufacturing 43,455 1,158 0 57,170 2,353 1,598 180 4,625 110,539
Electricity, gas,
steam and air 4,074 63 0 1,125 19 21 8 323 5,633
conditioning supply
Water supply;
sewerage, waste
management and 2,234 61 0 475 21 29 8 176 3,004
remediation
activities
Construction 96,581 2,650 0 34,914 1,402 265 429 6,545 142,786
Wholesale and retail
trade; repair of
41,637 1,275 0 147,933 3,828 828 233 10,217 205,951
motor vehicles and
motorcycles
Transportation and
40,501 789 0 35,559 704 1,355 190 4,099 83,197
storage
Accommodation and
food service 16,881 408 0 14,660 542 165 39 1,559 34,254
activities
Information and
4,012 90 0 1,148 27 17 22 409 5,725
communication
Financial and
10,487 156 0 1,020 38 286 38 865 12,890
insurance activities
Real estate activities 54 3 0 78 2 2 1 9 149
Professional,
scientific and 7,274 170 0 4,484 73 132 16 880 13,029
Administrative and
support service 20,294 338 0 1,794 162 417 54 1,817 24,876
activities
Public
administration and 35,796 315 0 706 164 68 48 2,478 39,575
defence
Education 66,306 499 0 1,562 186 114 40 2,832 71,539
Human health and
25,604 215 0 1,648 97 111 80 1,658 29,413
social work activities
Arts, entertainment
2,162 60 0 2,415 83 199 23 310 5,252
and recreation
Other service
15,998 488 0 16,944 368 326 463 2,009 36,596
activities
Activities of
households as
employers; 76,739 380 0 6,147 17,382 45 164 6,383 107,240
producing for own
use
Activities of
extraterritorial 4,264 138 0 198 15 30 24 387 5,056
Industry not stated 10,773 671 0 10,086 2,192 428 220 45,261 69,631
Total: Rwanda 739,338 17,809 2,500,838 343,297 384,336 13,338 5,561 148,165 4,152,682
Male
105,016 3,592 1,069,796 0 104,017 3,411 1,478 22,185 1,309,495
and fishing
Mining and
12,397 269 0 2,934 113 642 34 412 16,801
quarrying
Manufacturing 34,971 931 0 32,086 984 983 138 2,854 72,947
Electricity, gas,
steam and air 3,556 59 0 1,075 18 19 7 286 5,020
conditioning supply
109
Self Self
in out of Stated
worker cooperative
Water supply;
sewerage, waste
management and 1,872 52 0 432 15 23 4 143 2,541
remediation
activities
Construction 88,409 2,494 0 32,548 1,123 232 405 5,944 131,155
trade; repair of
30,706 858 0 79,577 1,398 559 146 5,490 118,734
motor vehicles and
motorcycles
Transportation and
38,787 755 0 34,854 648 1,307 174 3,919 80,444
storage
Accommodation and
food service 10,868 265 0 8,720 231 116 21 894 21,115
activities
Information and
2,893 76 0 922 16 17 16 300 4,240
communication
Financial and
5,961 110 0 781 26 198 25 459 7,560
Professional,
scientific and 4,641 128 0 3,538 40 63 11 597 9,018
Administrative and
support service 16,111 274 0 1,328 119 307 42 1,468 19,649
activities
Public
administration and 27,444 256 0 583 119 52 34 1,848 30,336
defence
Education 36,822 346 0 971 84 75 20 1,526 39,844
Human health and
11,505 137 0 1,010 43 62 34 693 13,484
Arts, entertainment
1,553 42 0 1,295 17 87 20 206 3,220
and recreation
Other service
11,636 360 0 13,167 218 192 371 1,382 27,326
activities
Activities of
households as
employers; 36,316 196 0 2,356 6,831 29 71 2,684 48,483
producing for own
use
Activities of
Total: Male 491,200 11,714 1,069,796 224,081 117,127 8,685 3,194 72,215 1,998,012
Female
95,871 4,003 1,431,042 0 250,520 2,806 1,768 32,671 1,818,681
and fishing
Mining and
928 18 0 297 28 43 1 55 1,370
quarrying
Manufacturing 8,484 227 0 25,084 1,369 615 42 1,771 37,592
Electricity, gas,
steam and air 518 4 0 50 1 2 1 37 613
conditioning supply
Water supply;
sewerage, waste
management and 362 9 0 43 6 6 4 33 463
remediation
activities
Construction 8,172 156 0 2,366 279 33 24 601 11,631
trade; repair of
10,931 417 0 68,356 2,430 269 87 4,727 87,217
motor vehicles and
motorcycles
Transportation and
1,714 34 0 705 56 48 16 180 2,753
storage
110
Self Self
in out of Stated
worker cooperative
Accommodation and
food service 6,013 143 0 5,940 311 49 18 665 13,139
activities
Information and
1,119 14 0 226 11 0 6 109 1,485
communication
Financial and
4,526 46 0 239 12 88 13 406 5,330
Professional,
scientific and 2,633 42 0 946 33 69 5 283 4,011
Administrative and
support service 4,183 64 0 466 43 110 12 349 5,227
activities
Public
administration and 8,352 59 0 123 45 16 14 630 9,239
defence
Education 29,484 153 0 591 102 39 20 1,306 31,695
Human health and
14,099 78 0 638 54 49 46 965 15,929
Arts, entertainment
609 18 0 1,120 66 112 3 104 2,032
and recreation
Other service
4,362 128 0 3,777 150 134 92 627 9,270
activities
Activities of
households as
employers; 40,423 184 0 3,791 10,551 16 93 3,699 58,757
producing for own
use
Activities of
Total: Female 248,138 6,095 1,431,042 119,216 267,209 4,653 2,367 75,950 2,154,670
111
above (national)
Sex and Count Percentage
5-year Available/ Available/
New job First job New job First job
age Not Total Not Total
seeker seeker seeker seeker
group seeking seeking
Both
Sexes
16-19 2,730 2,871 5,264 10,865 6.7 5.9 8.9 7.3
20-24 5,850 13,938 13,541 33,329 14.4 28.8 23.0 22.5
25-29 7,366 13,338 13,138 33,842 18.1 27.6 22.3 22.9
30-34 6,194 6,904 8,601 21,699 15.2 14.3 14.6 14.7
35-39 4,229 3,523 5,069 12,821 10.4 7.3 8.6 8.7
40-44 3,425 2,623 3,819 9,867 8.4 5.4 6.5 6.7
45-49 2,893 1,783 2,891 7,567 7.1 3.7 4.9 5.1
50-54 2,739 1,468 2,724 6,931 6.7 3.0 4.6 4.7
55-59 1,983 874 1,686 4,543 4.9 1.8 2.9 3.1
60-64 1,362 523 1,068 2,953 3.3 1.1 1.8 2.0
65-69 755 227 505 1,487 1.9 0.5 0.9 1.0
70-74 530 147 304 981 1.3 0.3 0.5 0.7
75-79 304 80 122 506 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.3
80-84 175 45 65 285 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2
85+ 128 26 46 200 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 40,663 48,370 58,843 147,876 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Male
16-19 1,232 1,333 2,275 4,840 7.2 6.6 11.4 8.5
20-24 2,340 5,662 4,613 12,615 13.7 28.1 23.2 22.1
25-29 3,131 5,618 4,272 13,021 18.4 27.9 21.4 22.8
30-34 2,655 2,736 2,565 7,956 15.6 13.6 12.9 13.9
35-39 1,746 1,377 1,533 4,656 10.2 6.8 7.7 8.2
40-44 1,475 1,085 1,275 3,835 8.6 5.4 6.4 6.7
45-49 1,208 794 1,017 3,019 7.1 3.9 5.1 5.3
50-54 1,143 669 968 2,780 6.7 3.3 4.9 4.9
55-59 810 390 644 1,844 4.7 1.9 3.2 3.2
60-64 556 238 401 1,195 3.3 1.2 2.0 2.1
65-69 289 92 174 555 1.7 0.5 0.9 1.0
70-74 207 62 100 369 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.6
75-79 123 34 40 197 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.3
80-84 76 20 26 122 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2
85+ 66 10 17 93 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2
Total 17,057 20,120 19,920 57,097 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Female
16-19 1,498 1,538 2,989 6,025 6.3 5.4 7.7 6.6
20-24 3,510 8,276 8,928 20,714 14.9 29.3 22.9 22.8
25-29 4,235 7,720 8,866 20,821 17.9 27.3 22.8 22.9
30-34 3,539 4,168 6,036 13,743 15.0 14.8 15.5 15.1
35-39 2,483 2,146 3,536 8,165 10.5 7.6 9.1 9.0
40-44 1,950 1,538 2,544 6,032 8.3 5.4 6.5 6.6
45-49 1,685 989 1,874 4,548 7.1 3.5 4.8 5.0
50-54 1,596 799 1,756 4,151 6.8 2.8 4.5 4.6
55-59 1,173 484 1,042 2,699 5.0 1.7 2.7 3.0
60-64 806 285 667 1,758 3.4 1.0 1.7 1.9
65-69 466 135 331 932 2.0 0.5 0.9 1.0
70-74 323 85 204 612 1.4 0.3 0.5 0.7
75-79 181 46 82 309 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.3
80-84 99 25 39 163 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2
85+ 62 16 29 107 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 23,606 28,250 38,923 90,779 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
112
above (urban)
Sex and 5-
year age- Count Percentage
group
Total Total
Both Sexes
16-19 403 1,149 1,484 3,036 4.9 4.7 6.6 5.5
20-24 1,330 7,066 5,993 14,389 16.3 28.9 26.7 26.1
25-29 1,796 7,447 6,104 15,347 22.0 30.5 27.2 27.9
30-34 1,437 3,903 3,530 8,870 17.6 16.0 15.7 16.1
35-39 959 1,941 1,900 4,800 11.8 7.9 8.5 8.7
40-44 711 1,257 1,291 3,259 8.7 5.1 5.7 5.9
45-49 536 774 861 2,171 6.6 3.2 3.8 3.9
50-54 423 501 639 1,563 5.2 2.0 2.8 2.8
55-59 248 238 359 845 3.0 1.0 1.6 1.5
60-64 143 118 172 433 1.8 0.5 0.8 0.8
65-69 76 30 68 174 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.3
70-74 51 14 36 101 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.2
75-79 25 7 16 48 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1
80-84 18 3 9 30 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1
85+ 5 5 17 27 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
Total 8,161 24,453 22,479 55,093 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Male
16-19 176 484 569 1,229 5.2 4.9 8.0 6.0
20-24 481 2,741 1,947 5,169 14.2 27.8 27.4 25.4
25-29 726 2,985 1,864 5,575 21.4 30.3 26.2 27.4
30-34 595 1,516 967 3,078 17.6 15.4 13.6 15.1
35-39 403 742 530 1,675 11.9 7.5 7.5 8.2
40-44 318 526 403 1,247 9.4 5.3 5.7 6.1
45-49 232 358 304 894 6.8 3.6 4.3 4.4
50-54 210 269 230 709 6.2 2.7 3.2 3.5
55-59 109 136 158 403 3.2 1.4 2.2 2.0
60-64 62 69 82 213 1.8 0.7 1.2 1.0
65-69 36 22 31 89 1.1 0.2 0.4 0.4
70-74 23 9 13 45 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.2
75-79 12 4 3 19 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1
80-84 3 1 5 9 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
85+ 4 2 5 11 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Total 3,390 9,864 7,111 20,365 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Female
16-19 227 665 915 1,807 4.8 4.6 6.0 5.2
20-24 849 4,325 4,046 9,220 17.8 29.6 26.3 26.5
25-29 1,070 4,462 4,240 9,772 22.4 30.6 27.6 28.1
30-34 842 2,387 2,563 5,792 17.6 16.4 16.7 16.7
35-39 556 1,199 1,370 3,125 11.7 8.2 8.9 9.0
40-44 393 731 888 2,012 8.2 5.0 5.8 5.8
45-49 304 416 557 1,277 6.4 2.9 3.6 3.7
50-54 213 232 409 854 4.5 1.6 2.7 2.5
55-59 139 102 201 442 2.9 0.7 1.3 1.3
60-64 81 49 90 220 1.7 0.3 0.6 0.6
65-69 40 8 37 85 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.2
70-74 28 5 23 56 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2
75-79 13 3 13 29 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1
80-84 15 2 4 21 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1
85+ 1 3 12 16 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Total 4,771 14,589 15,368 34,728 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
113
above (rural)
Sex and 5-year
Count Percentage
age-group
Total Total
Both Sexes
16-19 2,327 1,722 3,780 7,829 7.2 7.2 10.4 8.4
20-24 4,520 6,872 7,548 18,940 13.9 28.7 20.8 20.4
25-29 5,570 5,891 7,034 18,495 17.1 24.6 19.3 19.9
30-34 4,757 3,001 5,071 12,829 14.6 12.5 13.9 13.8
35-39 3,270 1,582 3,169 8,021 10.1 6.6 8.7 8.6
40-44 2,714 1,366 2,528 6,608 8.4 5.7 7.0 7.1
45-49 2,357 1,009 2,030 5,396 7.3 4.2 5.6 5.8
50-54 2,316 967 2,085 5,368 7.1 4.0 5.7 5.8
55-59 1,735 636 1,327 3,698 5.3 2.7 3.6 4.0
60-64 1,219 405 896 2,520 3.8 1.7 2.5 2.7
65-69 679 197 437 1,313 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.4
70-74 479 133 268 880 1.5 0.6 0.7 0.9
75-79 279 73 106 458 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.5
80-84 157 42 56 255 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3
85+ 123 21 29 173 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2
Total 32,502 23,917 36,364 92,783 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Male
16-19 1,056 849 1,706 3,611 7.7 8.3 13.3 9.8
20-24 1,859 2,921 2,666 7,446 13.6 28.5 20.8 20.3
25-29 2,405 2,633 2,408 7,446 17.6 25.7 18.8 20.3
30-34 2,060 1,220 1,598 4,878 15.1 11.9 12.5 13.3
35-39 1,343 635 1,003 2,981 9.8 6.2 7.8 8.1
40-44 1,157 559 872 2,588 8.5 5.5 6.8 7.0
45-49 976 436 713 2,125 7.1 4.3 5.6 5.8
50-54 933 400 738 2,071 6.8 3.9 5.8 5.6
55-59 701 254 486 1,441 5.1 2.5 3.8 3.9
60-64 494 169 319 982 3.6 1.6 2.5 2.7
65-69 253 70 143 466 1.9 0.7 1.1 1.3
70-74 184 53 87 324 1.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
75-79 111 30 37 178 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.5
80-84 73 19 21 113 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3
85+ 62 8 12 82 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2
Total 13,667 10,256 12,809 36,732 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Female
16-19 1,271 873 2,074 4,218 6.7 6.4 8.8 7.5
20-24 2,661 3,951 4,882 11,494 14.1 28.9 20.7 20.5
25-29 3,165 3,258 4,626 11,049 16.8 23.8 19.6 19.7
30-34 2,697 1,781 3,473 7,951 14.3 13.0 14.7 14.2
35-39 1,927 947 2,166 5,040 10.2 6.9 9.2 9.0
40-44 1,557 807 1,656 4,020 8.3 5.9 7.0 7.2
45-49 1,381 573 1,317 3,271 7.3 4.2 5.6 5.8
50-54 1,383 567 1,347 3,297 7.3 4.2 5.7 5.9
55-59 1,034 382 841 2,257 5.5 2.8 3.6 4.0
60-64 725 236 577 1,538 3.8 1.7 2.4 2.7
65-69 426 127 294 847 2.3 0.9 1.2 1.5
70-74 295 80 181 556 1.6 0.6 0.8 1.0
75-79 168 43 69 280 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.5
80-84 84 23 35 142 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3
85+ 61 13 17 91 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2
Total 18,835 13,661 23,555 56,051 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
114
Table 55: Distribution (count and %) of the unemployed population aged 16 years and above by
level of education and area of residence
Level of education New job First job Available/Not Total New job First job Available/Not Total
Rwanda
Never attended 10,542 5,265 10,126 25,933 25.9 10.9 17.2 17.5
Preschool 175 104 119 398 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3
Primary 22,131 18,026 29,557 69,714 54.4 37.3 50.2 47.1
Post-primary 616 471 705 1,792 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.2
Lower secondary 2,608 3,845 4,598 11,051 6.4 7.9 7.8 7.5
Upper secondary 2,822 14,061 8,866 25,749 6.9 29.1 15.1 17.4
University 1,282 6,170 4,372 11,824 3.2 12.8 7.4 8.0
Not stated 487 428 500 1,415 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.0
Total 40,663 48,370 58,843 147,876 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban
Never attended 845 1,041 1,443 3,329 10.4 4.3 6.4 6.0
Preschool 35 49 39 123 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
Primary 3,460 7,530 8,304 19,294 42.4 30.8 36.9 35.0
Post-primary 165 269 274 708 2 1.1 1.2 1.3
Lower secondary 992 2,703 2,840 6,535 12.2 11.1 12.6 11.9
Upper secondary 1,594 7,479 5,623 14,696 19.5 30.6 25 26.7
University 982 5,167 3,772 9,921 12 21.1 16.8 18.0
Not stated 88 215 184 487 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.9
Total 8,161 24,453 22,479 55,093 100 100 100 100.0
Rural
Never attended 9,697 4,224 8,683 22,604 29.8 17.7 23.9 24.4
Preschool 140 55 80 275 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3
Primary 18,671 10,496 21,253 50,420 57.4 43.9 58.4 54.3
Post-primary 451 202 431 1,084 1.4 0.8 1.2 1.2
Lower secondary 1,616 1,142 1,758 4,516 5 4.8 4.8 4.9
Upper secondary 1,228 6,582 3,243 11,053 3.8 27.5 8.9 11.9
University 300 1,003 600 1,903 0.9 4.2 1.6 2.1
Not stated 399 213 316 928 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0
Total 32,502 23,917 36,364 92,783 100 100 100 100.0
115
Table 56: Distribution (count and %) of the unemployed population aged 16 years and above by
highest degree obtained by sex and area of residence
Highest degree Count Percentage
obtained New First Available/ Total New First Available/N Tota
job job Not job job ot seeking l
seeker seeker seeking seeker seeker
Rwanda
None 36,565 28,759 46,482 111,806 89.9 59.5 79.0 75.6
CE/FM 305 288 384 977 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7
EMA/ENTA 21 22 27 70 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
A3/D4/D5 112 133 125 370 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3
A2/D6/D7 2,489 14,150 8,649 25,288 6.1 29.3 14.7 17.1
Bacc/Diploma 229 1,074 961 2,264 0.6 2.2 1.6 1.5
University degree 740 3893 2156 6789 1.8 8.0 3.7 4.6
Not stated 202 51 59 312 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2
Total 100.
40,663 48,370 58,843 147,876 100.0 100.0 100.0 0
Urban
None 5,750 12,395 13,925 32,070 70.5 50.7 61.9 58.2
CE/FM 101 197 188 486 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.9
EMA/ENTA 4 15 17 36 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
A3/D4/D5 75 100 90 265 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.5
A2/D6/D7 1,443 7,593 5,552 14,588 17.7 31.1 24.7 26.5
Bacc/Diploma 154 852 813 1,819 1.9 3.5 3.6 3.3
Univesty
618 3,289 1,880 5,787 7.6 13.5 8.4 10.5
graduates
Not stated 16 12 14 42 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1
100.
Total 8,161 24,453 22,479 55,093 100.0 100.0 100.0
0
Rural
None 30,815 16,364 32,557 79,736 94.8 68.4 89.5 85.9
CE/FM 204 91 196 491 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5
EMA/ENTA 17 7 10 34 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
A3/D4/D5 37 33 35 105 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
A2/D6/D7 1,046 6,557 3,097 10,700 3.2 27.4 8.5 11.5
Bacc/Diploma 75 222 148 445 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.5
Univesty
122 604 276 1,002 0.4 2.5 0.8 1.1
graduates
Not stated 186 39 45 270 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.3
100.
Total 32,502 23,917 36,364 92,783 100.0 100.0 100.0
0
116
Table 57: Composition of the inactive population aged 16 years and above (%)bysex and
province
Inactivity status and sex Province
Rwanda Kigali City South West North East
Male
Looking after family/home 15.1 15.2 21.7 10.2 11.6 14.5
Retired 1.0 2.0 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.7
Old age 8.3 3.6 8.5 9.8 10.5 7.9
Student 60.8 61.3 55.6 63.9 63.6 61.8
Other 14.8 17.9 13.5 15.2 13.3 15.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Count 661,579 86,378 173,403 153,912 93,815 154,071
Female
Looking after family/home 31.8 44.2 35.6 25.1 23.0 30.7
Retired 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.8
Old age 11.8 5.2 12.4 14.0 15.3 11.2
Student 43.3 37.5 40.5 46.1 49.8 44.1
Other 12.3 12.0 10.8 14.0 11.3 13.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Count 884,129 136,952 235,724 200,500 117,242 193,711
Both Sexes
Looking after family/home 24.6 33 29.7 18.6 17.9 23.5
Retired 0.9 1.5 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8
Old age 10.3 4.6 10.7 12.1 13.1 9.7
Student 50.8 46.7 46.9 53.8 55.9 52.0
Other 13.4 14.3 12.0 14.5 12.2 14.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Count 1,545,708 223,330 409,127 354,412 211,057 347,782
above (national)
5-year age- Count Percentage

group Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
(Years)
16-19 276,038 282,772 558,810 41.7 32.0 36.2
20-24 157,902 173,145 331,047 23.9 19.6 21.4
25-29 55,378 82,631 138,009 8.4 9.3 8.9
30-34 27,413 56,225 83,638 4.1 6.4 5.4
35-39 15,978 36,739 52,717 2.4 4.2 3.4
40-44 13,725 29,166 42,891 2.1 3.3 2.8
45-49 12,041 25,060 37,101 1.8 2.8 2.4
50-54 13,794 28,809 42,603 2.1 3.3 2.8
55-59 12,541 25,213 37,754 1.9 2.9 2.4
60-64 14,039 26,150 40,189 2.1 3.0 2.6
65-69 10,988 23,508 34,496 1.7 2.7 2.2
70-74 15,044 30,720 45,764 2.3 3.5 3.0
75-79 13,143 24,368 37,511 2.0 2.8 2.4
80-84 12,533 20,841 33,374 1.9 2.4 2.2
85+ 11,022 18,782 29,804 1.7 2.1 1.9
Total 661,579 884,129 1,545,708 100.0 100.0 100.0
117
above (urban)
(Years)
16-19 48,282 52,726 101,008 36.6 26.3 30.4
20-24 39,038 50,158 89,196 29.6 25.0 26.8
25-29 16,866 28,528 45,394 12.8 14.2 13.6
30-34 6,897 17,107 24,004 5.2 8.5 7.2
35-39 3,428 10,177 13,605 2.6 5.1 4.1
40-44 2,584 6,942 9,526 2.0 3.5 2.9
45-49 2,059 5,243 7,302 1.6 2.6 2.2
50-54 1,951 5,516 7,467 1.5 2.7 2.2
55-59 1,944 4,643 6,587 1.5 2.3 2.0
60-64 2,212 4,379 6,591 1.7 2.2 2.0
65-69 1,663 3,786 5,449 1.3 1.9 1.6
70-74 1,680 3,926 5,606 1.3 2.0 1.7
75-79 1,454 2,952 4,406 1.1 1.5 1.3
80-84 1,051 2,338 3,389 0.8 1.2 1.0
85+ 929 2,202 3,131 0.7 1.1 0.9
Total 132,038 200,623 332,661 100.0 100.0 100.0
above (rural)
(Years)
16-19 227,756 230,046 457,802 43 33.7 37.7
20-24 118,864 122,987 241,851 22.4 18 19.9
25-29 38,512 54,103 92,615 7.3 7.9 7.6
30-34 20,516 39,118 59,634 3.9 5.7 4.9
35-39 12,550 26,562 39,112 2.4 3.9 3.2
40-44 11,141 22,224 33,365 2.1 3.3 2.8
45-49 9,982 19,817 29,799 1.9 2.9 2.5
50-54 11,843 23,293 35,136 2.2 3.4 2.9
55-59 10,597 20,570 31,167 2 3 2.6
60-64 11,827 21,771 33,598 2.2 3.2 2.8
65-69 9,325 19,722 29,047 1.8 2.9 2.4
70-74 13,364 26,794 40,158 2.5 3.9 3.3
75-79 11,689 21,416 33,105 2.2 3.1 2.7
80-84 11,482 18,503 29,985 2.2 2.7 2.5
85+ 10,093 16,580 26,673 1.9 2.4 2.2
Total 529,541 683,506 1,213,047 100 100 100
118
Table: Distribution of the resident population aged 16-64 years by economic activity status, sex
and province
Status and Province
Rwanda
Male 2,591,558 364,424 616,470 569,000 414,958 626,706
Female 2,926,569 329,289 730,234 684,198 482,274 700,574
Total 5,518,127 693,713 1,346,704 1,253,198 897,232 1,327,280
Active
Male 1,992,709 282,133 460,508 431,008 332,525 486,535
Female 2,160,659 201,453 529,106 513,339 385,246 531,515
Total 4,153,368 483,586 989,614 944,347 717,771 1,018,050
Inactive
Male 598,849 82,291 155,962 137,992 82,433 140,171
Female 765,910 127,836 201,128 170,859 97,028 169,059
Total 1,364,759 210,127 357,090 308,851 179,461 309,230
Table: LFPR, employment to population ratio and unemployment rate by province, area of
residence and sex
Province and area Labour force participation rate Employment to pop ratio Unemployment rate Active
of residence population
aged 16-
64
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Rwanda
Urban 75.9 62.4 69.3 72.1 55.4 63.9 5.1 11.2 7.8 702,838
Rural 77.1 76.1 76.6 75.4 73.9 74.6 2.2 2.9 2.6 3,450,530
Total 76.9 73.8 75.3 74.7 70.8 72.7 2.8 4.1 3.5 4,153,368
Kigali City
Urban 78.0 60.8 70.0 73.0 50.7 62.6 6.5 16.6 10.5 382,146
Rural 74.9 62.5 68.6 72.1 58.0 64.9 3.7 7.2 5.4 101,440
Total 77.4 61.2 69.7 72.8 52.4 63.1 5.9 14.4 9.5 483,586
Southern Province
Urban 75.5 67.0 71.2 72.9 62.5 67.6 3.5 6.7 5.0 87,869
Rural 74.6 73.0 73.7 72.6 70.4 71.4 2.7 3.5 3.1 901,745
Total 74.7 72.5 73.5 72.6 69.7 71.1 2.8 3.8 3.3 989,614
Western Province
Urban 68.7 57.7 63.1 65.9 53.6 59.6 4.1 7.1 5.5 100,346
Rural 76.9 77.4 77.1 75.2 75.3 75.3 2.2 2.7 2.5 844,001
Total 75.7 75.0 75.4 73.9 72.7 73.3 2.4 3.1 2.8 944,347
Northern Province
Urban 75.6 70.4 72.9 73.9 67.9 70.8 2.2 3.6 3.0 59,954
Rural 80.6 80.8 80.7 79.3 79.3 79.3 1.7 1.9 1.8 657,817
Total 80.1 79.9 80.0 78.8 78.3 78.5 1.7 2.0 1.9 717,771
Eastern Province
Urban 75.6 65.4 70.5 73.6 62.1 67.9 2.6 5.0 3.7 72,523
Rural 77.8 76.7 77.2 76.2 74.5 75.3 2.0 2.9 2.5 945,527
Total 77.6 75.9 76.7 76.0 73.6 74.7 2.1 3.0 2.6 1,018,050
119
Table : Working-age population, economic activity status, LFPR, employment to population ratio and unemployment rate by KLIM age group and sex
Labour force Employment to pop
Age
Total population Active Inactive participation rate ratio Unemployment rate
group
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
15+ 2,829,945 3,248,296 6,078,241 2,070,219 2,261,952 4,332,171 759,726 986,344 1,746,070 73.2 69.6 71.3 71.1 66.8 68.8 2.8 4.0 3.4
15-64 2,704,815 3,045,287 5,750,102 2,007,819 2,177,162 4,184,981 696,996 868,125 1,565,121 74.2 71.5 72.8 72.1 68.6 70.2 2.8 4.1 3.5
25-54 1,504,737 1,726,038 3,230,775 1,366,408 1,467,408 2,833,816 138,329 258,630 396,959 90.8 85.0 87.7 88.5 81.7 84.8 2.6 3.9 3.3
15-24 1,027,845 1,086,759 2,114,604 495,758 528,627 1,024,385 532,087 558,132 1,090,219 48.2 48.6 48.4 46.5 46.1 46.3 3.6 5.2 4.4
25-34 806,460 859,348 1,665,808 723,669 720,492 1,444,161 82,791 138,856 221,647 89.7 83.8 86.7 87.1 79.8 83.4 2.9 4.8 3.8
35-54 698,277 866,690 1,564,967 642,739 746,916 1,389,655 55,538 119,774 175,312 92.0 86.2 88.8 90.0 83.5 86.4 2.2 3.1 2.7
55-64 172,233 232,490 404,723 145,653 181,127 326,780 26,580 51,363 77,943 84.6 77.9 80.7 82.8 76.0 78.9 2.1 2.5 2.3
65+ 125,130 203,009 328,139 62,400 84,790 147,190 62,730 118,219 180,949 49.9 41.8 44.9 48.8 40.7 43.8 2.1 2.5 2.4
120
Annex E Sector-level tables
Table 61: Count of the resident population aged 16 years and above by economic activity status, sex
and sector of residence
Employed Unemployed Inactive

Sector of Total
residence Both Both Both count
sexes sexes sexes
Rwanda 1,998,012 2,154,670 4,152,682 57,097 90,779 147,876 661,579 884,129 1,545,708 5,846,266
Nyarugenge
Gitega 7,343 4,564 11,907 527 792 1,319 2,484 3,440 5,924 19,150
Kanyinya 3,824 2,217 6,041 107 170 277 2,367 4,005 6,372 12,690
Kigali 6,615 3,939 10,554 398 692 1,090 2,323 3,997 6,320 17,964
Kimisagara 12,316 7,252 19,568 647 1,089 1,736 3,089 5,232 8,321 29,625
Mageregere 4,677 4,635 9,312 254 391 645 1,234 1,816 3,050 13,007
Muhima 7,956 4,239 12,195 662 881 1,543 2,101 3,125 5,226 18,964
Nyakabanda 6,159 3,869 10,028 405 759 1,164 2,172 3,263 5,435 16,627
Nyamirambo 8,927 6,145 15,072 721 1,257 1,978 3,464 5,378 8,842 25,892
Nyarugenge 5,306 2,894 8,200 516 623 1,139 2,355 2,932 5,287 14,626
Rwezamenyo 4,229 2,776 7,005 384 559 943 1,651 2,313 3,964 11,912
Gasabo
Bumbogo 8,428 6,654 15,082 183 420 603 1,681 3,234 4,915 20,600
Gatsata 10,275 5,589 15,864 411 977 1,388 2,481 4,466 6,947 24,199
Gikomero 3,601 3,885 7,486 40 58 98 681 821 1,502 9,086
Gisozi 11,835 6,017 17,852 840 1,567 2,407 3,095 5,628 8,723 28,982
Jabana 6,296 4,423 10,719 269 459 728 3,203 5,194 8,397 19,844
Jali 4,886 4,570 9,456 232 385 617 1,880 2,990 4,870 14,943
Kacyiru 9,461 5,901 15,362 596 961 1,557 3,188 4,512 7,700 24,619
Kimihurura 5,600 2,985 8,585 515 850 1,365 1,620 2,336 3,956 13,906
Kimironko 14,213 9,645 23,858 1,035 1,711 2,746 4,583 6,202 10,785 37,389
Kinyinya 14,791 7,193 21,984 918 2,009 2,927 3,309 7,318 10,627 35,538
Ndera 8,812 5,586 14,398 480 769 1,249 3,191 5,602 8,793 24,440
Nduba 5,069 4,565 9,634 223 339 562 1,644 2,694 4,338 14,534
Remera 11,963 6,655 18,618 708 1,377 2,085 3,310 5,044 8,354 29,057
Rusororo 7,584 5,803 13,387 383 648 1,031 2,571 3,928 6,499 20,917
Rutunga 3,770 4,419 8,189 27 56 83 768 881 1,649 9,921
Kicukiro
Gahanga 5,146 3,083 8,229 373 611 984 2,503 4,194 6,697 15,910
121
Sector of Total
sexes sexes sexes
Gatenga 11,116 6,318 17,434 851 1,376 2,227 3,953 6,698 10,651 30,312
Gikondo 4,141 2,612 6,753 454 681 1,135 1,505 2,063 3,568 11,456
Kagarama 3,455 2,281 5,736 205 438 643 1,148 1,608 2,756 9,135
Kanombe 10,674 7,324 17,998 826 1,502 2,328 3,433 5,476 8,909 29,235
Kicukiro 4,267 2,751 7,018 276 462 738 1,489 2,090 3,579 11,335
Kigarama 9,882 6,101 15,983 851 1,350 2,201 3,884 5,794 9,678 27,862
Masaka 8,639 6,344 14,983 392 750 1,142 2,575 4,748 7,323 23,448
Niboye 6,836 4,747 11,583 493 726 1,219 2,299 3,330 5,629 18,431
Nyarugunga 9,650 6,777 16,427 716 1,421 2,137 3,144 4,600 7,744 26,308
Nyanza
Busasamana 8,815 8,868 17,683 241 411 652 2,835 3,757 6,592 24,927
Busoro 5,090 5,119 10,209 197 300 497 3,378 4,546 7,924 18,630
Cyabakamyi 3,792 4,706 8,498 88 80 168 1,735 2,252 3,987 12,653
Kibilizi 6,107 7,443 13,550 121 271 392 1,730 1,847 3,577 17,519
Kigoma 5,910 6,052 11,962 192 257 449 2,758 4,142 6,900 19,311
Mukingo 8,364 9,841 18,205 154 296 450 2,577 3,384 5,961 24,616
Muyira 6,499 7,522 14,021 175 361 536 1,847 2,763 4,610 19,167
Ntyazo 5,555 6,682 12,237 55 91 146 980 1,036 2,016 14,399
Nyagisozi 4,524 5,016 9,540 81 115 196 2,033 2,657 4,690 14,426
Rwabicuma 3,394 3,855 7,249 167 275 442 1,010 1,499 2,509 10,200
Gisagara
Gikonko 3,217 3,326 6,543 267 305 572 2,150 3,368 5,518 12,633
Gishubi 4,497 5,787 10,284 78 126 204 1,038 1,334 2,372 12,860
Kansi 2,474 3,198 5,672 85 156 241 1,734 2,661 4,395 10,308
Kibirizi 4,090 5,206 9,296 162 224 386 2,120 3,175 5,295 14,977
Kigembe 3,533 4,326 7,859 75 108 183 1,366 1,899 3,265 11,307
Mamba 6,383 7,641 14,024 138 219 357 1,840 2,199 4,039 18,420
Muganza 5,117 6,514 11,631 68 145 213 1,649 2,164 3,813 15,657
Mugombwa 4,215 5,609 9,824 48 110 158 1,222 1,482 2,704 12,686
Mukindo 5,112 6,188 11,300 202 313 515 1,303 1,617 2,920 14,735
Musha 4,674 5,515 10,189 167 311 478 1,157 1,622 2,779 13,446
Ndora 4,298 5,600 9,898 64 119 183 1,206 1,677 2,883 12,964
Nyanza 3,609 4,579 8,188 85 99 184 879 995 1,874 10,246
Save 5,456 6,729 12,185 110 175 285 1,797 2,421 4,218 16,688
Nyaruguru
Busanze 3,875 4,378 8,253 109 98 207 2,488 3,184 5,672 14,132
122
Sector of Total
sexes sexes sexes
Cyahinda 3,782 4,688 8,470 52 76 128 1,237 1,403 2,640 11,238
Kibeho 3,381 4,027 7,408 94 143 237 1,779 2,278 4,057 11,702
Kivu 3,092 3,889 6,981 72 108 180 1,072 1,048 2,120 9,281
Mata 2,258 2,593 4,851 84 126 210 1,082 1,484 2,566 7,627
Muganza 2,997 3,687 6,684 158 273 431 1,347 1,596 2,943 10,058
Munini 2,416 2,879 5,295 47 63 110 1,242 1,685 2,927 8,332
Ngera 2,589 3,196 5,785 42 58 100 2,908 3,929 6,837 12,722
Ngoma 4,282 4,758 9,040 105 225 330 1,267 1,781 3,048 12,418
Nyabimata 2,728 3,755 6,483 21 35 56 1,127 1,116 2,243 8,782
Nyagisozi 1,826 1,556 3,382 158 176 334 2,542 3,683 6,225 9,941
Ruheru 5,543 7,343 12,886 101 91 192 2,313 2,165 4,478 17,556
Ruramba 2,630 2,664 5,294 72 81 153 1,575 2,394 3,969 9,416
Rusenge 4,113 4,890 9,003 152 347 499 1,587 2,134 3,721 13,223
Huye
Gishamvu 1,960 2,558 4,518 55 29 84 1,230 1,640 2,870 7,472
Huye 3,272 3,277 6,549 86 174 260 2,445 3,779 6,224 13,033
Karama 2,873 3,942 6,815 80 135 215 992 1,130 2,122 9,152
Kigoma 4,855 5,858 10,713 45 69 114 1,453 1,888 3,341 14,168
Kinazi 2,456 2,103 4,559 192 214 406 3,555 5,655 9,210 14,175
Maraba 4,889 5,748 10,637 40 49 89 1,483 1,872 3,355 14,081
Mbazi 6,259 7,730 13,989 187 240 427 1,726 2,344 4,070 18,486
Mukura 3,748 4,791 8,539 101 157 258 1,099 1,514 2,613 11,410
Ngoma 4,553 3,736 8,289 192 270 462 1,531 2,214 3,745 12,496
Ruhashya 4,402 5,334 9,736 118 219 337 1,364 1,631 2,995 13,068
Rusatira 4,605 5,475 10,080 210 389 599 1,628 2,202 3,830 14,509
Rwaniro 3,417 4,252 7,669 297 412 709 1,549 2,055 3,604 11,982
Simbi 3,639 4,101 7,740 116 209 325 1,976 2,843 4,819 12,884
Tumba 6,626 5,652 12,278 301 498 799 2,551 4,026 6,577 19,654
Nyamagabe
Buruhukiro 3,571 3,738 7,309 279 436 715 1,868 2,697 4,565 12,589
Cyanika 4,070 4,428 8,498 76 106 182 1,847 2,952 4,799 13,479
Gasaka 4,625 4,738 9,363 184 257 441 2,181 3,321 5,502 15,306
Gatare 2,148 2,356 4,504 152 212 364 1,627 2,218 3,845 8,713
Kaduha 2,578 3,078 5,656 94 134 228 2,397 3,170 5,567 11,451
Kamegeri 1,287 1,306 2,593 296 354 650 1,786 2,618 4,404 7,647
Kibirizi 2,556 2,436 4,992 332 367 699 2,473 3,640 6,113 11,804
Kibumbwe 2,222 2,998 5,220 43 76 119 700 836 1,536 6,875
Kitabi 2,149 1,643 3,792 197 172 369 3,814 5,685 9,499 13,660
123
Sector of Total
sexes sexes sexes
Mbazi 2,265 2,674 4,939 30 49 79 765 958 1,723 6,741
Mugano 3,536 4,409 7,945 20 29 49 1,035 1,017 2,052 10,046
Musange 3,283 4,132 7,415 102 169 271 1,303 1,429 2,732 10,418
Musebeya 3,368 4,115 7,483 70 100 170 1,214 1,621 2,835 10,488
Mushubi 2,243 2,839 5,082 49 86 135 831 1,231 2,062 7,279
Nkomane 2,553 3,024 5,577 180 354 534 1,413 1,785 3,198 9,309
Tare 3,106 3,342 6,448 137 242 379 2,212 3,294 5,506 12,333
Uwinkingi 3,747 4,388 8,135 204 267 471 1,814 2,401 4,215 12,821
Ruhango
Bweramana 5,853 6,639 12,492 94 138 232 1,903 2,349 4,252 16,976
Byimana 7,122 8,259 15,381 140 245 385 1,924 2,349 4,273 20,039
Kabagali 4,399 5,646 10,045 70 144 214 1,449 1,634 3,083 13,342
Kinazi 8,350 9,119 17,469 219 247 466 2,386 3,363 5,749 23,684
Kinihira 4,538 5,375 9,913 154 267 421 1,680 2,277 3,957 14,291
Mbuye 7,896 9,194 17,090 251 394 645 2,276 2,944 5,220 22,955
Mwendo 5,526 6,015 11,541 74 155 229 1,527 2,045 3,572 15,342
Ntongwe 5,062 5,936 10,998 303 453 756 2,403 3,399 5,802 17,556
Ruhango 12,758 13,258 26,016 596 943 1,539 4,246 6,020 10,266 37,821
Muhanga
Cyeza 6,178 7,544 13,722 42 76 118 1,627 2,239 3,866 17,706
Kabacuzi 5,517 6,483 12,000 58 77 135 1,173 1,692 2,865 15,000
Kibangu 4,049 5,074 9,123 28 38 66 972 1,101 2,073 11,262
Kiyumba 4,979 5,962 10,941 51 79 130 1,031 1,321 2,352 13,423
Muhanga 5,354 6,651 12,005 54 91 145 1,037 1,281 2,318 14,468
Mushishiro 3,982 5,045 9,027 37 66 103 1,027 1,343 2,370 11,500
Nyabinoni 3,447 4,408 7,855 17 44 61 616 727 1,343 9,259
Nyamabuye 9,799 9,093 18,892 454 845 1,299 2,752 4,243 6,995 27,186
Nyarusange 5,321 6,567 11,888 47 118 165 1,114 1,515 2,629 14,682
Rongi 6,024 7,436 13,460 53 61 114 1,046 1,110 2,156 15,730
Rugendabari 3,385 4,196 7,581 67 87 154 935 1,111 2,046 9,781
Shyogwe 7,787 7,930 15,717 156 348 504 2,552 4,147 6,699 22,920
Kamonyi
Gacurabwenge 5,093 5,446 10,539 198 386 584 2,041 3,059 5,100 16,223
Karama 3,890 4,746 8,636 24 46 70 941 1,151 2,092 10,798
Kayenzi 5,123 5,685 10,808 43 64 107 1,236 1,608 2,844 13,759
124
Sector of Total
sexes sexes sexes
Kayumbu 2,858 3,059 5,917 75 74 149 1,250 1,862 3,112 9,178
Mugina 7,912 9,002 16,914 105 237 342 1,844 2,327 4,171 21,427
Musambira 6,291 7,134 13,425 182 370 552 2,428 3,375 5,803 19,780
Ngamba 3,011 3,341 6,352 64 67 131 867 1,179 2,046 8,529
Nyamiyaga 7,656 9,163 16,819 184 349 533 1,766 2,313 4,079 21,431
Nyarubaka 4,698 5,157 9,855 83 149 232 1,686 2,568 4,254 14,341
Rugarika 7,372 8,129 15,501 96 214 310 1,768 2,445 4,213 20,024
Rukoma 7,445 8,527 15,972 92 120 212 1,929 2,475 4,404 20,588
Runda 7,748 7,027 14,775 180 386 566 2,199 3,109 5,308 20,649
Karongi
Bwishyura 6,470 6,821 13,291 131 222 353 1,831 2,572 4,403 18,047
Gashari 3,681 4,737 8,418 52 83 135 1,265 1,500 2,765 11,318
Gishyita 3,732 4,424 8,156 59 96 155 1,235 1,456 2,691 11,002
Gitesi 4,640 5,648 10,288 56 108 164 1,406 1,691 3,097 13,549
Mubuga 3,361 4,344 7,705 37 61 98 1,035 1,080 2,115 9,918
Murambi 4,027 4,973 9,000 76 107 183 1,328 1,806 3,134 12,317
Murundi 4,820 6,194 11,014 108 164 272 1,550 1,903 3,453 14,739
Mutuntu 4,062 5,257 9,319 68 87 155 1,586 1,882 3,468 12,942
Rubengera 6,110 7,588 13,698 130 188 318 1,953 2,313 4,266 18,282
Rugabano 5,953 7,454 13,407 67 125 192 1,858 2,370 4,228 17,827
Ruganda 3,121 3,999 7,120 56 68 124 1,258 1,367 2,625 9,869
Rwankuba 4,140 5,294 9,434 39 57 96 1,145 1,312 2,457 11,987
Twumba 4,072 4,852 8,924 115 262 377 1,888 2,769 4,657 13,958
Rutsiro
Boneza 4,161 5,012 9,173 37 62 99 1,250 1,249 2,499 11,771
Gihango 4,254 5,213 9,467 60 120 180 1,228 1,603 2,831 12,478
Kigeyo 4,777 5,789 10,566 59 76 135 1,352 1,463 2,815 13,516
Kivumu 5,943 7,281 13,224 106 167 273 1,967 2,064 4,031 17,528
Manihira 2,746 3,335 6,081 82 149 231 943 1,196 2,139 8,451
Mukura 5,456 7,039 12,495 323 414 737 1,931 2,518 4,449 17,681
Murunda 3,628 4,526 8,154 70 122 192 656 780 1,436 9,782
Musasa 4,767 5,727 10,494 23 45 68 1,028 1,097 2,125 12,687
Mushonyi 4,786 5,981 10,767 59 74 133 1,099 1,183 2,282 13,182
Mushubati 4,604 5,449 10,053 106 204 310 1,511 1,998 3,509 13,872
Nyabirasi 5,064 6,454 11,518 86 130 216 1,540 1,878 3,418 15,152
Ruhango 4,990 6,518 11,508 228 310 538 1,462 1,718 3,180 15,226
Rusebeya 3,691 4,603 8,294 117 171 288 1,169 1,577 2,746 11,328
125
Sector of Total
sexes sexes sexes
Rubavu
Bugeshi 5,070 6,498 11,568 95 124 219 1,720 1,748 3,468 15,255
Busasamana 5,411 6,455 11,866 91 167 258 1,430 2,298 3,728 15,852
Cyanzarwe 4,948 5,719 10,667 236 410 646 1,398 2,127 3,525 14,838
Gisenyi 9,566 6,405 15,971 833 1,154 1,987 6,483 8,884 15,367 33,325
Kanama 5,198 6,147 11,345 76 196 272 1,391 1,911 3,302 14,919
Kanzenze 2,794 2,649 5,443 102 157 259 1,628 2,957 4,585 10,287
Mudende 3,852 4,479 8,331 137 165 302 2,043 2,812 4,855 13,488
Nyakiriba 3,914 3,868 7,782 150 251 401 2,064 3,150 5,214 13,397
Nyamyumba 6,635 7,264 13,899 180 260 440 2,514 3,034 5,548 19,887
Nyundo 4,776 4,729 9,505 378 571 949 2,233 3,598 5,831 16,285
Rubavu 6,522 5,051 11,573 388 589 977 3,340 5,886 9,226 21,776
Rugerero 6,758 6,110 12,868 190 287 477 3,500 5,454 8,954 22,299
Nyabihu
Bigogwe 3,963 4,289 8,252 175 187 362 3,510 4,791 8,301 16,915
Jenda 6,139 7,519 13,658 62 70 132 2,006 2,382 4,388 18,178
Jomba 3,840 5,049 8,889 50 53 103 1,044 1,355 2,399 11,391
Kabatwa 3,446 4,323 7,769 34 50 84 1,057 1,023 2,080 9,933
Karago 3,733 3,978 7,711 139 220 359 2,212 3,581 5,793 13,863
Kintobo 2,344 2,256 4,600 67 139 206 1,306 2,372 3,678 8,484
Mukamira 3,814 4,104 7,918 211 329 540 2,930 4,377 7,307 15,765
Muringa 3,573 4,048 7,621 120 196 316 1,423 2,361 3,784 11,721
Rambura 3,859 2,991 6,850 171 218 389 2,739 5,252 7,991 15,230
Rugera 4,494 5,703 10,197 70 94 164 1,172 1,332 2,504 12,865
Rurembo 4,315 5,349 9,664 75 133 208 1,169 1,451 2,620 12,492
Shyira 3,093 3,169 6,262 232 327 559 1,497 2,394 3,891 10,712
Ngororero
Bwira 3,323 4,426 7,749 48 54 102 947 1,098 2,045 9,896
Gatumba 4,637 5,688 10,325 68 131 199 1,199 1,641 2,840 13,364
Hindiro 4,777 5,857 10,634 78 139 217 1,121 1,500 2,621 13,472
Kabaya 6,414 7,806 14,220 205 433 638 1,695 2,185 3,880 18,738
Kageyo 4,402 5,497 9,899 112 191 303 878 1,284 2,162 12,364
Kavumu 5,264 6,974 12,238 93 139 232 1,177 1,385 2,562 15,032
Matyazo 5,153 6,756 11,909 39 40 79 1,011 1,193 2,204 14,192
Muhanda 4,465 5,630 10,095 152 186 338 1,511 2,325 3,836 14,269
Muhororo 4,276 5,417 9,693 29 77 106 816 947 1,763 11,562
Ndaro 4,325 5,759 10,084 41 57 98 1,042 1,245 2,287 12,469
126
Sector of Total
sexes sexes sexes
Ngororero 6,273 7,419 13,692 96 196 292 1,989 3,051 5,040 19,024
Nyange 4,207 5,729 9,936 44 57 101 1,095 1,228 2,323 12,360
Sovu 4,764 6,321 11,085 42 78 120 1,109 1,297 2,406 13,611
Rusizi
Bugarama 5,613 6,271 11,884 104 125 229 1,621 1,946 3,567 15,680
Butare 3,527 4,521 8,048 86 99 185 1,352 1,356 2,708 10,941
Bweyeye 2,334 2,888 5,222 31 39 70 861 846 1,707 6,999
Gashonga 4,606 5,807 10,413 45 92 137 1,385 1,501 2,886 13,436
Giheke 3,305 4,613 7,918 62 86 148 1,441 1,827 3,268 11,334
Gihundwe 5,091 5,547 10,638 139 192 331 1,997 2,473 4,470 15,439
Gikundamvura 3,198 3,861 7,059 60 101 161 1,113 1,210 2,323 9,543
Gitambi 4,364 5,095 9,459 63 80 143 1,509 1,806 3,315 12,917
Kamembe 4,961 3,910 8,871 164 360 524 2,066 2,626 4,692 14,087
Muganza 4,871 5,222 10,093 149 240 389 1,670 2,005 3,675 14,157
Mururu 4,433 5,342 9,775 86 119 205 1,582 2,054 3,636 13,616
Nkanka 3,083 4,346 7,429 91 104 195 1,221 1,534 2,755 10,379
Nkombo 2,325 2,715 5,040 208 216 424 1,375 1,599 2,974 8,438
Nkungu 4,174 5,212 9,386 35 47 82 1,061 1,188 2,249 11,717
Nyakabuye 5,615 6,773 12,388 157 144 301 1,774 2,045 3,819 16,508
Nyakarenzo 2,969 3,760 6,729 60 75 135 1,027 1,201 2,228 9,092
Nzahaha 5,170 6,332 11,502 56 71 127 1,889 1,908 3,797 15,426
Rwimbogo 3,624 4,306 7,930 46 68 114 1,227 1,273 2,500 10,544
Nyamasheke
Bushekeri 4,730 5,710 10,440 48 105 153 1,320 1,563 2,883 13,476
Bushenge 3,831 5,448 9,279 63 98 161 1,298 1,537 2,835 12,275
Cyato 4,336 5,633 9,969 65 140 205 1,328 1,776 3,104 13,278
Gihombo 4,162 5,380 9,542 87 112 199 1,848 2,003 3,851 13,592
Kagano 5,921 7,129 13,050 212 281 493 2,199 2,953 5,152 18,695
Kanjongo 5,864 6,897 12,761 192 305 497 2,307 2,780 5,087 18,345
Karambi 5,383 6,825 12,208 58 93 151 1,487 1,660 3,147 15,506
Karengera 5,705 6,782 12,487 106 342 448 1,751 2,185 3,936 16,871
Kirimbi 3,897 4,787 8,684 51 74 125 1,495 1,905 3,400 12,209
Macuba 5,146 6,499 11,645 83 158 241 1,796 2,101 3,897 15,783
Mahembe 3,096 3,935 7,031 38 59 97 1,046 1,214 2,260 9,388
Nyabitekeri 4,880 6,736 11,616 122 154 276 2,203 2,332 4,535 16,427
Rangiro 2,553 3,596 6,149 39 48 87 836 1,033 1,869 8,105
127
Sector of Total
sexes sexes sexes
Ruharambuga 4,679 6,048 10,727 121 135 256 1,411 1,694 3,105 14,088
Shangi 4,445 6,085 10,530 104 111 215 1,543 2,112 3,655 14,400
Rulindo
Base 3,182 4,031 7,213 50 61 111 1,099 1,472 2,571 9,895
Burega 2,672 3,256 5,928 24 28 52 691 783 1,474 7,454
Bushoki 4,099 4,704 8,803 44 50 94 1,067 1,647 2,714 11,611
Buyoga 4,522 5,615 10,137 42 51 93 1,084 1,258 2,342 12,572
Cyinzuzi 2,870 3,534 6,404 32 51 83 631 841 1,472 7,959
Cyungo 2,744 3,195 5,939 28 35 63 676 971 1,647 7,649
Kinihira 3,177 3,822 6,999 44 39 83 731 928 1,659 8,741
Kisaro 4,088 5,057 9,145 46 69 115 908 1,077 1,985 11,245
Masoro 4,371 4,528 8,899 86 86 172 1,272 1,830 3,102 12,173
Mbogo 3,403 3,991 7,394 35 81 116 845 1,180 2,025 9,535
Murambi 2,806 2,165 4,971 127 189 316 1,796 3,315 5,111 10,398
Ngoma 2,350 2,902 5,252 33 55 88 460 538 998 6,338
Ntarabana 3,957 4,325 8,282 89 190 279 770 1,033 1,803 10,364
Rukozo 3,203 3,763 6,966 55 73 128 699 863 1,562 8,656
Rusiga 2,302 2,707 5,009 15 16 31 532 799 1,331 6,371
Shyorongi 4,063 4,222 8,285 141 235 376 2,237 3,055 5,292 13,953
Tumba 4,184 5,023 9,207 41 45 86 956 1,143 2,099 11,392
Gakenke
Busengo 3,901 4,593 8,494 141 224 365 1,082 1,404 2,486 11,345
Coko 3,840 4,408 8,248 22 29 51 693 825 1,518 9,817
Cyabingo 2,805 2,964 5,769 158 146 304 1,572 2,421 3,993 10,066
Gakenke 4,441 5,054 9,495 142 188 330 1,408 1,873 3,281 13,106
Gashenyi 3,953 4,828 8,781 49 91 140 1,181 1,501 2,682 11,603
Janja 2,993 3,757 6,750 35 24 59 848 1,024 1,872 8,681
Kamubuga 3,895 5,080 8,975 13 18 31 1,013 998 2,011 11,017
Karambo 2,683 3,544 6,227 17 11 28 411 471 882 7,137
Kivuruga 3,766 4,610 8,376 28 30 58 831 974 1,805 10,239
Mataba 3,044 3,845 6,889 19 42 61 608 568 1,176 8,126
Minazi 3,031 3,601 6,632 20 29 49 580 723 1,303 7,984
Mugunga 3,910 4,700 8,610 29 30 59 893 1,059 1,952 10,621
Muhondo 4,872 5,559 10,431 21 37 58 775 1,030 1,805 12,294
Muyongwe 3,514 4,030 7,544 65 88 153 545 780 1,325 9,022
Muzo 3,919 4,915 8,834 79 103 182 1,276 1,479 2,755 11,771
Nemba 3,425 4,031 7,456 20 55 75 680 824 1,504 9,035
Ruli 4,727 5,021 9,748 38 30 68 816 974 1,790 11,606
128
Sector of Total
sexes sexes sexes
Rusasa 3,770 4,650 8,420 16 30 46 762 860 1,622 10,088
Rushashi 4,072 4,868 8,940 27 39 66 767 861 1,628 10,634
Musanze
Busogo 3,856 4,540 8,396 65 108 173 1,351 1,694 3,045 11,614
Cyuve 7,500 8,442 15,942 137 248 385 2,238 3,192 5,430 21,757
Gacaca 4,948 5,688 10,636 56 55 111 1,056 1,413 2,469 13,216
Gashaki 3,021 3,407 6,428 12 9 21 580 736 1,316 7,765
Gataraga 3,998 4,988 8,986 84 132 216 1,331 1,597 2,928 12,130
Kimonyi 2,987 3,928 6,915 58 71 129 847 888 1,735 8,779
Kinigi 4,888 6,303 11,191 252 311 563 1,508 1,617 3,125 14,879
Muhoza 10,325 9,208 19,533 254 431 685 4,087 6,152 10,239 30,457
Muko 3,884 4,457 8,341 42 93 135 1,070 1,490 2,560 11,036
Musanze 6,169 7,568 13,737 78 161 239 1,791 2,217 4,008 17,984
Nkotsi 2,641 3,394 6,035 72 112 184 669 899 1,568 7,787
Nyange 5,547 6,973 12,520 74 114 188 1,219 1,403 2,622 15,330
Remera 4,277 4,753 9,030 36 51 87 1,063 1,255 2,318 11,435
Rwaza 4,263 4,572 8,835 103 200 303 1,268 1,892 3,160 12,298
Shingiro 3,854 4,905 8,759 102 136 238 1,160 1,342 2,502 11,499
Burera
Bungwe 2,871 3,434 6,305 61 56 117 890 861 1,751 8,173
Butaro 5,619 6,810 12,429 212 250 462 1,868 1,875 3,743 16,634
Cyanika 7,571 8,375 15,946 124 162 286 1,642 1,943 3,585 19,817
Cyeru 2,369 2,667 5,036 69 136 205 791 1,017 1,808 7,049
Gahunga 5,023 5,733 10,756 80 118 198 1,142 1,408 2,550 13,504
Gatebe 3,182 3,933 7,115 58 77 135 767 757 1,524 8,774
Gitovu 1,741 2,136 3,877 26 20 46 863 873 1,736 5,659
Kagogo 3,927 4,353 8,280 37 54 91 895 1,042 1,937 10,308
Kinoni 3,455 4,005 7,460 30 37 67 1,089 1,209 2,298 9,825
Kinyababa 3,348 4,021 7,369 44 56 100 1,708 1,876 3,584 11,053
Kivuye 2,619 3,112 5,731 81 89 170 1,102 1,230 2,332 8,233
Nemba 3,484 4,467 7,951 39 48 87 864 1,006 1,870 9,908
Rugarama 4,597 4,941 9,538 71 83 154 1,445 1,738 3,183 12,875
Rugengabari 3,682 4,412 8,094 37 62 99 881 1,022 1,903 10,096
Ruhunde 3,244 4,288 7,532 58 48 106 753 695 1,448 9,086
Rusarabuye 3,409 4,101 7,510 50 45 95 983 998 1,981 9,586
Rwerere 3,404 4,411 7,815 39 31 70 1,081 1,105 2,186 10,071
129
Sector of Total
sexes sexes sexes
Gicumbi
Bukure 3,432 3,624 7,056 63 133 196 983 1,201 2,184 9,436
Bwisige 3,056 3,482 6,538 23 23 46 871 991 1,862 8,446
Byumba 7,169 7,826 14,995 190 268 458 2,283 3,212 5,495 20,948
Cyumba 3,023 3,584 6,607 37 47 84 728 763 1,491 8,182
Giti 3,021 3,475 6,496 14 19 33 628 719 1,347 7,876
Kageyo 3,124 3,441 6,565 112 117 229 1,419 1,913 3,332 10,126
Kaniga 3,012 3,505 6,517 18 27 45 952 1,119 2,071 8,633
Manyagiro 3,818 4,638 8,456 48 70 118 937 1,016 1,953 10,527
Miyove 3,081 3,776 6,857 58 99 157 845 1,174 2,019 9,033
Mukarange 3,251 3,859 7,110 24 25 49 1,001 1,005 2,006 9,165
Muko 3,653 4,298 7,951 27 42 69 764 947 1,711 9,731
Mutete 4,440 5,351 9,791 61 93 154 1,350 1,733 3,083 13,028
Nyamiyaga 3,700 4,507 8,207 20 24 44 724 873 1,597 9,848
Nyankenke 3,760 4,693 8,453 111 121 232 1,073 1,416 2,489 11,174
Rubaya 1,942 2,223 4,165 67 101 168 718 752 1,470 5,803
Rukomo 5,019 5,821 10,840 42 40 82 1,342 1,566 2,908 13,830
Rushaki 2,589 2,845 5,434 33 57 90 681 836 1,517 7,041
Rutare 4,948 5,512 10,460 43 109 152 1,028 1,551 2,579 13,191
Ruvune 3,678 4,215 7,893 478 562 1,040 825 913 1,738 10,671
Rwamiko 2,715 3,085 5,800 13 19 32 618 702 1,320 7,152
Shangasha 3,284 3,679 6,963 30 35 65 848 1,016 1,864 8,892
Rwamagana
Fumbwe 4,314 4,570 8,884 85 122 207 1,214 1,659 2,873 11,964
Gahengeri 4,637 4,757 9,394 117 211 328 1,423 1,908 3,331 13,053
Gishali 4,767 5,584 10,351 48 114 162 1,097 1,227 2,324 12,837
Karenge 5,089 5,394 10,483 81 131 212 1,140 1,372 2,512 13,207
Kigabiro 7,012 5,816 12,828 196 350 546 2,332 3,867 6,199 19,573
Muhazi 4,320 4,131 8,451 248 426 674 1,957 3,184 5,141 14,266
Munyaga 2,969 3,658 6,627 54 88 142 1,042 1,415 2,457 9,226
Munyiginya 3,061 3,676 6,737 82 100 182 966 1,280 2,246 9,165
Musha 3,849 3,599 7,448 124 126 250 1,476 2,445 3,921 11,619
Muyumbu 5,040 4,622 9,662 135 253 388 1,575 2,298 3,873 13,923
Mwulire 4,217 4,776 8,993 126 203 329 1,224 1,533 2,757 12,079
Nyakaliro 4,477 4,689 9,166 73 164 237 946 1,119 2,065 11,468
Nzige 3,192 3,588 6,780 46 59 105 792 1,139 1,931 8,816
Rubona 5,032 5,910 10,942 54 101 155 1,159 1,398 2,557 13,654
Nyagatare
130
Sector of Total
sexes sexes sexes
Gatunda 5,549 6,386 11,935 85 119 204 1,542 1,686 3,228 15,367
Karama 5,104 6,157 11,261 61 90 151 1,625 1,719 3,344 14,756
Karangazi 10,495 9,240 19,735 150 172 322 3,924 5,799 9,723 29,780
Katabagemu 6,112 6,577 12,689 197 247 444 2,081 2,477 4,558 17,691
Kiyombe 3,300 3,940 7,240 36 48 84 1,122 1,216 2,338 9,662
Matimba 4,343 3,877 8,220 80 119 199 1,954 2,474 4,428 12,847
Mimuri 5,738 6,420 12,158 74 152 226 1,188 1,422 2,610 14,994
Mukama 4,449 5,305 9,754 48 26 74 1,087 1,010 2,097 11,925
Musheri 5,480 5,620 11,100 173 441 614 2,124 2,362 4,486 16,200
Nyagatare 10,823 10,013 20,836 193 296 489 3,080 3,967 7,047 28,372
Rukomo 7,241 8,109 15,350 80 123 203 1,474 1,505 2,979 18,532
Rwempasha 3,764 3,021 6,785 65 77 142 1,828 2,467 4,295 11,222
Rwimiyaga 10,806 10,417 21,223 291 400 691 3,457 3,968 7,425 29,339
Tabagwe 5,593 6,079 11,672 79 75 154 2,647 3,189 5,836 17,662
Gatsibo
Gasange 3,514 4,001 7,515 46 67 113 781 858 1,639 9,267
Gatsibo 5,202 5,906 11,108 70 130 200 1,393 1,630 3,023 14,331
Gitoki 6,343 7,526 13,869 63 72 135 1,670 1,868 3,538 17,542
Kabarore 9,518 10,384 19,902 125 160 285 2,696 3,081 5,777 25,964
Kageyo 4,372 5,115 9,487 158 210 368 890 897 1,787 11,642
Kiramuruzi 5,204 5,144 10,348 91 112 203 2,791 4,303 7,094 17,645
Kiziguro 5,577 6,085 11,662 66 107 173 2,064 2,855 4,919 16,754
Muhura 6,016 6,840 12,856 67 64 131 1,241 1,490 2,731 15,718
Murambi 5,788 6,997 12,785 36 96 132 1,311 1,555 2,866 15,783
Ngarama 6,208 7,353 13,561 32 49 81 1,291 1,355 2,646 16,288
Nyagihanga 4,549 5,051 9,600 72 91 163 1,716 2,040 3,756 13,519
Remera 4,916 5,884 10,800 63 130 193 1,412 1,589 3,001 13,994
Rugarama 6,931 7,765 14,696 80 102 182 2,356 2,975 5,331 20,209
Rwimbogo 7,020 7,624 14,644 91 77 168 1,951 2,133 4,084 18,896
Kayonza
Gahini 6,053 6,639 12,692 134 128 262 2,097 2,459 4,556 17,510
Kabare 6,625 7,810 14,435 79 230 309 1,802 1,795 3,597 18,341
Kabarondo 6,468 7,110 13,578 68 90 158 1,446 1,825 3,271 17,007
Mukarange 7,418 6,022 13,440 251 350 601 3,811 6,231 10,042 24,083
Murama 3,757 4,164 7,921 115 165 280 1,128 1,457 2,585 10,786
Murundi 7,017 7,485 14,502 113 185 298 1,940 2,013 3,953 18,753
Mwiri 4,312 4,688 9,000 68 110 178 1,295 1,380 2,675 11,853
131
Sector of Total
sexes sexes sexes
Ndego 3,896 4,209 8,105 99 186 285 788 812 1,600 9,990
Nyamirama 5,545 6,420 11,965 74 84 158 1,810 2,375 4,185 16,308
Rukara 5,607 6,427 12,034 81 160 241 2,053 2,597 4,650 16,925
Ruramira 3,240 4,114 7,354 48 53 101 879 978 1,857 9,312
Rwinkwavu 5,321 5,569 10,890 205 313 518 1,777 2,140 3,917 15,325
Kirehe
Gahara 7,600 8,852 16,452 74 143 217 1,955 2,465 4,420 21,089
Gatore 4,745 5,315 10,060 232 323 555 1,745 2,300 4,045 14,660
Kigarama 6,049 7,147 13,196 115 175 290 1,525 1,692 3,217 16,703
Kigina 5,416 5,641 11,057 47 91 138 1,691 1,981 3,672 14,867
Kirehe 4,614 5,346 9,960 99 130 229 1,531 1,648 3,179 13,368
Mahama 4,655 5,264 9,919 116 171 287 1,142 1,219 2,361 12,567
Mpanga 5,298 5,869 11,167 287 452 739 2,273 2,635 4,908 16,814
Musaza 4,994 5,710 10,704 114 165 279 1,448 1,531 2,979 13,962
Mushikiri 5,424 6,103 11,527 141 212 353 1,721 1,951 3,672 15,552
Nasho 4,622 5,167 9,789 183 233 416 1,898 2,196 4,094 14,299
Nyamugari 5,615 5,602 11,217 374 588 962 3,300 4,265 7,565 19,744
Nyarubuye 3,743 4,131 7,874 79 123 202 1,178 1,458 2,636 10,712
Ngoma
Gashanda 3,457 4,218 7,675 21 34 55 651 700 1,351 9,081
Jarama 4,670 5,906 10,576 47 85 132 993 865 1,858 12,566
Karembo 3,141 3,736 6,877 10 32 42 618 713 1,331 8,250
Kazo 5,690 6,477 12,167 40 86 126 1,352 1,727 3,079 15,372
Kibungo 5,673 5,557 11,230 101 136 237 1,693 2,384 4,077 15,544
Mugesera 5,264 6,602 11,866 39 59 98 972 1,005 1,977 13,941
Murama 4,667 5,632 10,299 42 42 84 1,160 1,304 2,464 12,847
Mutenderi 4,316 4,925 9,241 39 90 129 1,038 1,250 2,288 11,658
Remera 5,590 6,243 11,833 41 74 115 1,369 1,772 3,141 15,089
Rukira 4,970 5,520 10,490 53 78 131 1,706 2,224 3,930 14,551
Rukumberi 5,634 6,792 12,426 49 91 140 1,286 1,491 2,777 15,343
Rurenge 5,774 7,035 12,809 44 58 102 1,177 1,343 2,520 15,431
Sake 4,746 6,021 10,767 15 29 44 884 969 1,853 12,664
Zaza 4,495 5,552 10,047 58 110 168 1,097 1,416 2,513 12,728
Bugesera
Gashora 3,480 3,394 6,874 173 374 547 1,913 2,477 4,390 11,811
Juru 4,828 5,095 9,923 65 125 190 1,241 1,570 2,811 12,924
Kamabuye 3,257 3,646 6,903 165 213 378 1,875 2,310 4,185 11,466
132
Sector of Total
sexes sexes sexes
Mareba 4,302 5,075 9,377 144 235 379 1,092 1,440 2,532 12,288
Mayange 4,766 3,989 8,755 431 600 1,031 2,434 3,781 6,215 16,001
Musenyi 5,367 5,781 11,148 288 570 858 1,705 2,290 3,995 16,001
Mwogo 3,516 3,352 6,868 47 73 120 1,143 1,691 2,834 9,822
Ngeruka 4,674 4,867 9,541 238 351 589 2,557 3,485 6,042 16,172
Ntarama 3,861 3,510 7,371 110 140 250 1,075 1,513 2,588 10,209
Nyamata 7,129 5,531 12,660 290 505 795 2,963 4,140 7,103 20,558
Nyarugenge 3,707 4,487 8,194 106 182 288 1,146 1,304 2,450 10,932
Rilima 4,576 4,498 9,074 166 372 538 1,915 2,811 4,726 14,338
Ruhuha 4,326 4,794 9,120 120 195 315 1,411 1,746 3,157 12,592
Rweru 4,849 5,259 10,108 213 392 605 1,780 2,264 4,044 14,757
Shyara 2,803 3,320 6,123 30 50 80 553 589 1,142 7,345

Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census. Notes: (1) „Not stated‟ column refers to persons from institutional households
which were not administered the questions on economic activity.
133
PERSONS AND INSTITUTIONS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO
THE FOURTH RWANDA POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS, 2012
National Census Commission
Chairperson:
Claver GATETE Minister of Finance and Economic Planning
John RWANGOMBWA Former Minister of Finance and Economic Planning
Vice Chairperson:
James MUSONI Minister of Local Government
Secretary:
Yusuf MURANGWA Director General of NISR
Dr. Diane KARUSISI Former Acting Director General of NISR
Members of the National Census Commission
Venantia TUGIREYEZU Minister in the Office of the President

Stella Ford MUGABO Minister of Cabinet Affairs
James KABAREBE Minister of Defense
Sheikh Mussa HARERIMANA Minister of Internal Security
Louise MUSHIKIWABO Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation
Dr. Vincent BIRUTA Minister of Education
Dr. Mathias HAREBAMUNGU Minister of State in charge of Primary and Secondary Education
Dr. Agnes BINAGWAHO Minister of Health
Odda GASINZIGWA Minister in Prime Minister‟s Office in charge of Gender and Family Promotion
Jean Philbert NSENGIMANA Minister of Youth and ICT
Prof. Silas LWAKABAMBA Minister of Infrastructure
Albert NSENGIYUMVA Former Minister of Infrastructure
Anastase MUREKEZI Minister of Public Service and Labour
Stanislas KAMANZI Minister of Natural Resources
Willy RUKUNDO Former Acting Director General of ORINFOR
Arthur ASIIMWE Director General of RBA
Hannington NAMARA CEO of the Private Sector Federation
Robert BAYIGAMBA Former CEO of the Private Sector Federation
134
National Technical Committee
Chairperson:
Leonard MINEGA RUGWABIZA Former Director of National Development Planning and Research in MINECOFIN
Vice Chairperson:
Egide RUGAMBA Director General of Planning in MINALOC
Secretary:
Prosper NKAKA MUTIJIMA Census Coordinator of the RPHC4
Members of the National Technical Committee
Dr. Agnes NTIBANYURWA Assistant Representative of UNFPA in charge of Population and Development
Esther MUTAMBA Director General of Rwanda Housing Authority
Anna MUGABO Director General of Labour and Employment
Dr. Erasme RWANAMIZA Director General of Education
Innocent MUSABYIMANA Director of Planning in MINIRENA
Jeanne d‟Arc UMULISA Director of Planning and M&E in MIGEPROF
Parfait UWARIRAYE Director of Planning in MINISANTE
Redempter BATETE MUKUNZI Director of Youth Employment and Program Coordination
Antonio MUTORO Former Executive Director of IPAR-Rwanda
135
Branches of the National Census Commission
Members of the Branches of the NCC at Province Level (Governors of Provinces)
Kigali City:
Fidele NDAYISABA, Mayor
Sothern Province:
Alphonse MUNYENTWARI, Governor
Western Province:
Celestin KABAHIZI, Former Governor
Caritas MUKANDASIRA, Governor
Northern Province:
Aime BOSENIBAMWE, Governor
Eastern Province:
Odette UWAMARIYA, Governor
136
Members of the Branches of the NCC at District Level (Mayors of Districts)
Solange MUKASONGA Nyarugenge District Gedeon RUBONEKA Ngororero District

Willy NDIZEYE Gasabo District Oscar NZEYIMANA Rusizi District
Paul Jules NDAMAGE Kicukiro District Jean Baptiste HABYARIMANA Nyamasheke District
Abdallah MURENZI Nyanza District Justus KANGWAGYE Rulindo District
Leandres KAREKAZI Gisagara District Deogratias NZAMWITA Gakenke District
Francois HABITEGEKO Nyaruguru District Winifrida MPEBYEMUNGU Musanze District
Eugene MUZUKA KAYIRANGA Huye District Samuel SEMBAGARE Burera District
Philbert MUGISHA Nyamagabe District Alexandre MVUYEKURE Gicumbi District
Francois Xavier MBABAZI Ruhango District Nehemie UWIMANA Rwamagana District
Yvonne MTAKWASUKU Muhanga District Fred SABITI ATUHE Nyagatare District
Jacques RUTSINGA Kamonyi District Ambrose RUBONEZA Gatsibo District
Bernard KAYUMBA Karongi District John MUGABO Kayonza District
Gaspard BYUKUSENGE Rutsiro District Protais MURAYIRE Kirehe District
Sheikh Hassan BAHAME Rubavu District Aphrodice NAMBAJE Ngoma District
Abdoulatif TWAHIRWA Nyabihu District Louis RWAGAJU Bugesera District
137
National Directors
Yusuf MURANGWA, Director General of NISR
Dr. Diane KARUSISI, Former Acting Director General of NISR
Census Technical Director

Willy MPABUKA GASAFARI
Census National Coordinator

Prosper NKAKA MUTIJIMA
Census Field Operations
Census National Coordinators
Prosper NKAKA MUTIJIMA National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda

Major-General Jacques MUSEMAKWELI Rwanda Defence Force
Eric KAYIRANGA Rwanda National Police
Alex MUGISHA Rwanda Correctional Services
Census Province Coordinators
Juvenal MUNYARUGERERO Kigali City

Baudouin RUTERANA Southern Province
Willy MPABUKA GASAFARI Western Province
Francois SEKAMONDO Northern Province
Astrid SEGAHWEGE Eastern Province
138
Census District Coordinators
Jean Nepo. RWABUKUMBA Nyarugenge District Patrick NSHIMIYIMANA Rusizi District

Franck Mine Gasabo District Jean BIZIMANA Nyamasheke District
Jean Paul RUSHAKU Kicukiro District Issa MUSABEMUNGU Rulindo District
Francois ABALIKUMWE Nyanza District Clement BIZIMUNGU Gakenke District
Evelyne KANYONGA Gisagara District Beatrice UWAYEZU Musanze District
Etienne KWIZERA Nyaruguru District Esther MAHUKU Burera District
Juvenal NTAMBARA Huye District Vital HABINSHUTI Gicumbi District
Albert KARERA Nyamagabe District Ephrem RUKUNDO Rwamagana District
Annonciata MUKABAGIRE Ruhango District Dominique M. KANOBANA Nyagatare District
Francois KABAYIZA Muhanga District Nicolas MWIZERWA Nyagatare District
Andre KAJABIKA Kamonyi District David MASENGEHO Gatsibo District
Jean Baptiste SERUGENDO Karongi District Venuste NKURUNZIZA Kayonza District
Jean Marc MUKUNDABANTU Rutsiro District Basile NJAMAHORO Kirehe District
Jean MUGABO Rubavu District Dominique MICOMYIZA Ngoma District
Immaculee MUKANGENDO Nyabihu District Eugene UWIRAGIYE Ngoma District
Olivier MBANGUTSE Ngororero District Florence UWIMBABAZI Bugesera District
Wellars MUDASHIMA Rusizi District
Zone and Sector Controllers and Enumerators
Zone Controllers:
127 (mostly Districts Education Officers and Headmasters of some Secondary Schools)
Sector Controllers:
451 (mostly Sector Education Officers)
Enumerators:
24,005 (mostly Primary School Teachers)
139
Cartography and Data Processing
Programmer: Cartography:
Augustin TWAGIRUMUKIZA, Director of ICT Florent BIGIRIMANA
Assistant Programmers: Olivier MBANGUTSE
Didier UYIZEYE Clement BIZIMUNGU
Donath NKUNDIMANA Albert KARERA
Massoud HARERIMANA James RWAGASANA
Coders: Archiving:
Number = 308 Eric RUSA
Data Entry Clerks: Pierre Claver KABANDANA
Number = 308
Administration and Finance
Odette MBABAZI Deputy Director General in charge of Corporate Services in NISR

Didier GAKUBA Former Director of Finance in NISR
Liberal SEBULIKOKO Former Coordinator of Basket Fund
Jean Pierre UWINEZA Former Acting Director of Finance in NISR
Andre GASHUGI Director of Administration in NISR
Silas MUNYEMANA Director of Finance in NISR
Jerome UWIBAMBE Accountant in NISR
Alicia INGABIRE Accountant in NISR
Jocelyne UWAMAHORO HR Manager of Permanent Staff in NISR
Esperance UWIMANA Former HR Manager of Temporary Staff in NISR
Nina RURANGIRWA HR Manager of Temporary Staff in NISR
Maureen TWAHIRWA Former Public Relations Officer
Yolande KABEGA Former Public Relations Officer
Antoinette HABINSHUTI Planning Officer
Theodore RUGANZU Former Planning Officer
Jean Paul NDISANZE Planning Officer
Hassan YAHYA Coordinator of Basket Fund
Eric BUGINGO Procurement Officer
Alphonse SHUMBUSHO Procurement Officer
Gerald YEMUKAMA Procurement Officer
Nadine BABYEYI Administrative Assistant
Elias DUSENGE Messenger
Sita KAZIMBAYA Messenger
140
Census Data Analysis
National Data Analysts
Jean RUGARAMA Population Size and Spatial Distribution

Dieudonne MUHOZA Marital Status and Nuptiality
Beatrice UWAYEZU Fertility
Willy MPABUKA GASAFARI Mortality
Dr. Bosco BINENWA Socio-Cultural Characteristics of the Population
Pierre Claver RUTAYISIRE Migration and Spatial Mobility
Prof. Emmanuel TWARABAMENYE Characteristics of Housing and Households
James BYIRINGIRO Labour Force
Charles RURANGA Measurement and Mapping of Non-Monetary Poverty
Annonciata MUKABAGIRE Education
Dominique M.KANOBANA Gender
Apolline MUKANYONGA Socio-Economic Status of Persons with Disability
Jules RUBYUTSA Socio-Economic Status of Children
Venant HABARUGIRA Socio-Economic Status of Youth
Michel NDAKIZE Socio-Economic Status of Elderly
Prosper NKAKA MUTIJIMA Population Projections
International Technical Support
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR): Oxford Policy Management (OPM):
Dr. Mohamed ABULATA Mary STRODE Ludovico CARRARO

Felix SCHMIEDING Juste NITIEMA
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): Cora MEZGER Jean Michel Prof. James BROWN
Dr, Bolaji TAIWO, Chief Technical Adviser DURR Wine LANGERAAR
Dr. Mady BIAYE, Regional Technical Adviser Gilberto RIBEIRO Stephi SPRINGHAM
Jean Marc HIE, International Data Processing Expert Philippe N. GAFISHI Sophia KAMARUDEEN
Dr. Macoumba THIAM, International Census Analyst Prof. Sabu PADMADAS Paul JASPER
Dr. Ben MWASI, International GIS Expert Johnson FIFI
141
NISR MANAGEMENT TEAM
Yusuf MURANGWA, Director General
Odette MBABAZI, Deputy Director General/CS
Andre GASHUGI, Director of Administration
Jean Pierre UWINEZA, Director of Finance
Willy GASAFARI, Director of Census
Juvenal MUNYARUGERERO, Census Field Expert
Prosper MUTIJIMA, Census Coordinator
Augustin TWAGIRUMUKIZA, Director of ICT
Sebastien MANZI, Director of Economic Statistics
Dominique HABIMANA, Director of Statistical Methods, Research and Publications
Antoinette HABINSHUTI, Planning Officer
Jean Paul NDISANZE, Planning Officer
142

Labour Force Participation in Rwanda

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Labour Force Participation in Rwanda

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THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS OF RWANDA

Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012

List of tables vii

The Rwandan labour market is predominated by agriculture (73%).A higher percentage of

1.1 Context and justification

The 2002 Census collected a number of demographic and socio-economic characteristics

Besides the endorsement of recommendations from major international conferences held

1.2 Legal and institutional frameworks

1.3 Census phases

2.1.1 National economic context

Figure 1: Evolution of Rwanda’s GDP per capita, 1994–2012

Source: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda.

Another sign of Rwanda‟s economic transformation is that development of the non-

2.1.2 National employment policy, strategies and legal framework context

The evaluation of the EDPRS1showed the achievements, opportunities and challenges,

The Rwanda Labour Law, No. 13 of 27/05/2009, stipulates that:

2.2 Background of Rwanda’s labour force

2.2.1 Active population

According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), an unemployed person is someone

2.2.2 Inactive population

In the framework of measuring economic activity, the inactive population or population

2.4.1 The RPHC4 questionnaire

People‟s economic activity is among the most important topics of investigation in a

Box 1: Key formulas used to calculate economic activity indicators

Labour force participation rate =

Employment to population ratio =

Economic dependency ratio = 100 X

Refined activity rate

TOTAL POPULATION: 10,515,973

POPULATION LIVING IN INSTITUTIONAL HH: POPULATION LIVING IN

POPULATION AGED16+: 5,846,266 POPULATION BELOW 16:4,531,755

WORKED IN 7DAYS NOT WORKED

TEMPORARILY DID NOT HAVE

AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE

EMPLOYED: UNEMPLOYED: INACTIVE:

LABOUR FORCE: 4,300,558

The RHPC4 conducted in August 2012 enumerated 10,515,973 resident persons, of

3.1 Size and composition of the active and inactive populations

Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census.

Figure 2: Distribution of working-age population (16 +) by activity status

Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census.

Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census.

Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census.

3.2 Evolution of working-age population and active population

3.3 Refined activity rate

Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census.

Figure 4: Evolution of the refined activity rate, 1978–2012

3.4 Economic dependency ratio

Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census.

Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census.

3.5 Labour force participation rate, employment to population

3.5.1 Labour force participation by age group and sex

Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census.

3.5.2 Labour force participation by area of residence and sex

3.5.3 Labour force participation and marital status

3.5.4 Labour force participation and level of education

The analysis of unemployment by the highest level of education as presented in Table 9

Figure 9: Unemployment rate by the highest level of education and sex

Source: Fourth Rwanda Population and Housing Census.

3.5.5 Labour force participation and highest degree obtained