‫‪ mi Qd.f‬اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻌﻨـﻲ ﺣﺮﻓﻴـﺎً "‪" "like its form‬ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺷـﻜﻠﻪ"‪ .

‬وﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻳﻠـﻲ ﻣﺜـﺎل ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪wnwt Hwt-nTr mi Qd.s "the entire priesthood of the‬‬

‫‪temple".‬‬
‫"ﻛﻬﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺪ ﻛﻠﻬﻢ"‪.‬‬

‫‪" "according to its length" r #w.f‬وﻓﻘﺎً ﻻﻣﺘﺪادﻩ"‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬

‫‪hrw r #w.f "the entire day".‬‬

‫"اﻟﻴﻮم ﻛﻠﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪t# xnyt r #w.s "the entire navy".‬‬

‫"اﻷﺳﻄﻮل ﻛﻠﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫وﺑﺪون اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ )‪:(suffix-pronoun‬‬

‫‪nn r #w n rnpwt "all these years".‬‬

‫"ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣــﻦ ﺣﻴــﺚ دﻻﻟﺘﻴﻬﻤــﺎ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴــﺔ‬ ‫]اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ُ :[١٠١‬ﻳﻌﺒــﺮ ﻋــﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘــﻴﻦ "‪" "each‬ﻛــﻞ"‪" "every" ،‬ﻛــﻞ"‬

‫‪" "number" Tnw‬ﻋــﺪد"‪ ،‬اﻟــﺬي ﻛﺘــﺐ ﻓﻴﻤــﺎ ﺑﻌــﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﺳــﻢ )‪(noun‬‬

‫‪ ،tnw‬ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎً ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة "‪ "indirect genitive‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪r Tnw rnpt "every year", lit. "at every year".‬‬

‫"ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪tnw dw#w "every morning".‬‬
‫"ﻛﻞ ﺻﺒﺎح"‪.‬‬

‫"‪"someone‬‬ ‫‪"man" s‬ﺷ ــﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻻﺳ ــﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴ ــﺮ ﻋ ــﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘ ــﻴﻦ‬ ‫]اﻟﻔﻘ ــﺮة ‪ :[١٠٢‬ﻛﻠﻤ ــﺔ‬

‫"ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ"‪" "anyone" ،‬أي ﺷـﺨﺺ"؛ وﺗـﺼﺤﺐ أﻳـﻀﺎً ﺑﺈﺣـﺪى ﻛﻠﻤـﺎت اﻟﻨﻔـﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴـﺮ ﻋـﻦ ﻣﻌﻨـﻰ "‪"none‬‬

‫"ﻻ أﺣﺪ"‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪ir X#.k s "if thou (you) examine someone".‬‬

‫"إذا ﻓﺤﺼﺖ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫‪nn wn ib n s "no one has a heart", lit. "not is a heart to‬‬

‫‪a man".‬‬
‫"ﻻ أﺣﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻗﻠﺐ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬ﻻ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻟﺮﺟﻞ"‪.‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ :[١٠٣‬اﻟﻌﺒــﺎرة اﻷﻛﺜــﺮ ﺷــﻴﻮﻋﺎً ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴــﺮ ﻋــﻦ )‪" (everyone‬ﻛــﻞ ﺷــﺨﺺ"‪" "everybody" ،‬ﻛــﻞ‬

‫‪" "every man" s nb‬ﻛـﻞ رﺟـﻞ"‪ ،‬وﻟﻜـﻦ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻌﺒـﺎرات اﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮﻓـﺔ أﻳـﻀﺎً ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴـﺮ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺷـﺨﺺ" ﻫـﻲ‬

‫‪ bw nb‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺮﻓﻴـﺎً "‪" "every place‬ﻛـﻞ ﻣﻜـﺎن"‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬

‫‪ Hr nb‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً "‪" " every face‬ﻛﻞ وﺟﻪ"‪.‬‬ ‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬

‫‪wo‬‬ ‫ُﻳﻌﺒﺮ أﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﻦ "‪" "each one‬ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ"‪" "each" ،‬ﻛﻞ" ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪s nb‬؛ وﻟﻜﻦ‬

‫‪" "every one" nb‬ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ" ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﺪر‪.‬‬

‫‪Xt nbt‬‬ ‫ُﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ "‪" "everything‬ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‪" "anything" ،‬أي ﺷﻲء" ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬

‫‪ Xt‬ﺑﻤﻔﺮدﻫـ ـ ــﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺒـ ـ ــﺮ ﻋـ ـ ــﻦ‬ ‫‪" "all‬ﻛـ ـ ــﻞ اﻷﺷـ ـ ــﻴﺎء"؛ وﺗـ ـ ــﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘـ ـ ــﻲ ﺗﻌﻨـ ـ ــﻰ ﺣﺮﻓﻴـ ـ ــﺎً "‪things‬‬

‫"‪" "something‬ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ"‪" "anything" ،‬أي ﺷﻲء"‪) ،‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ (٢) ٩٢‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪم( ‪.‬‬

‫النفي‬
‫)‪(Negation‬‬

‫)‪ ،(negative words‬وﻟﻜـﻞ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫]اﻟﻔﻘـﺮة ‪ :[١٠٤‬اﻟﻠﻐـﺔ اﻟﻤـﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤـﺔ ﻏﻨﻴـﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤـﺎت اﻟﻨﻔـﻲ‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻹﻋﺮاﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻮف ﻧﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ .n‬وﻟــﻢ ﺗﻤﻴــﺰ اﻟﻠﻐــﺔ ﻓ ــﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻬــﺎ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤــﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤ ــﺎ‪ ،‬وﻛﺜﻴــﺮاً ﻣ ــﺎ‬ ‫‪،nn‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﻈﻬــﺮ ﻋﻠ ــﻰ ﺷــﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻫﻤــﺎ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻷﺳﺮة اﻟﺤﺎدﻳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮة‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ‬

‫ﺗـﺴﺘﺒﺪل ﻓـﻲ ﻧـﺼﻮص‬ ‫‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺸﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪو‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺮاءة ‪ .nn‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ـﺪا؛ وﻛﺎﻧــﺖ‬
‫‪ ،in‬وﻣــﻦ ﺛــﻢ ﻓﻼﺑــﺪ وأن ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻴﻬﻤــﺎ اﻟــﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺘــﺎ ﻣﺘــﺸﺎﺑﻬﺘﺎن ﺟـ ً‬ ‫)‪(particle‬‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠــﺔ ﺑــﺎﻷداة‬

‫ﻣـﻦ ﻃـﺮق ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘـﻪ‬ ‫‪ n‬ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬ ‫‪ ،‬وﺣـﺮف اﻟﺠـﺮ )‪(preposition‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ أﻳـﻀﺎً ﻓـﻲ ﺑﻌـﺾ اﻷﺣﻴـﺎن‬

‫‪ ،nn‬وﻇﻬـﺮ ﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫‪ bn‬ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠـﺔ اﻟﻤﺘـﺄﺧﺮة ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻠﻐـﺔ ﺑـﺪﻻً ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ) أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘـﺮة ‪ .(١٦٤‬وﻛﺘﺒـﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻷﺳﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ‪.‬‬

‫داﺋﻤ ــﺎً ﺧﺒ ــﺮاً‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ n‬ﻏﻴ ــﺮ واﺿ ــﺢ إﻟ ــﻰ ﺣ ــﺪ ﻣ ــﺎ؛ ورﺑﻤ ــﺎ ﻛﺎﻧ ــﺖ‬ ‫‪ nn‬و‬ ‫واﻟﻔ ــﺎرق ﺑ ــﻴﻦ‬

‫"… )‪" "it is not (the case that‬إﻧﻬـﺎ‬ ‫)‪" "not is …" (predicate‬ﻻ ﻳﻜـﻮن"‪،‬‬

‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺮﺑـﺎً ﻓـﻲ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬـﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗـﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ وﺗـﺼﻔﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻓـﻰ اﻟﻨـﺼﻮص‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ )ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن( …"‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن‬

‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺮ إﺗﻘﺎن‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻛﻼ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﺮﺿـﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠـﻂ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤـﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑﺨﺎﺻـﺔ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻣﻨﺘـﺼﻒ اﻷﺳـﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨـﺔ ﻋـﺸﺮة‪) .‬‬

‫أﻧﻈﺮ أﻳﻀﺎً اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ٢٣٥‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ(‪.‬‬

 ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺨﻄﻮﻃﺎت ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻤﻮﺗﻰ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح إﻟﻰ أﺳﺒﺎب ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺑـ‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[١٠٥‬ﻧﻔﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻘﺼﺼﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪(Negation of the narrative verb):‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻲ )‪ (negative word‬اﻟﻔﻌﻞ )‪ ،(verb‬وﺗﺨﺼﺺ )‪ (specialize‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪ n sDm.f‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ )‪ (past meaning‬ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠـﺐ اﻷﺣـﻮال‪ ،‬وﺗﻘـﺪم ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ذاﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ‪ sDm.n.f‬اﻟﻘﺼﺼﻴﺔ )‪ .(narrative‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪n ir.(i) Xt n Srr nb, ir.n.(i) Xt n‬‬

‫‪H#ty-o "I did not do things for any small man, I did things for the‬‬
‫‪prince".‬‬
‫"ﻟﻢ أﻓﻌﻞ ﺷﻴﺌﺎً ﻷي رﺟﻞ وﺿﻴﻊ‪ ،‬وﻓﻌﻠﺖ أﺷﻴﺎء ﻟﻸﻣﻴﺮ"‪.‬‬

‫…‬ ‫‪ii.n.i … n Xpr nhw m mSo.i "I‬‬

‫‪returned … there had not occurred loss in my army".‬‬
‫"ﻋﺪت … ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻫﻨﺎك ﺧﺴﺎرة ﻓﻲ ﺟﻴﺸﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮف ﻧﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ٤٥٥‬أن ‪ n sDm.f‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً إﻟﻰ أﺣـﺪاث ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺿـﺮ أو ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜـﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻗﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(future meaning‬؛ أﻧﻈــﺮ‬ ‫‪ nn sDm.f‬ﻟﻬــﺎ ﻣﻌﻨــﻰ ﻣــﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬

‫أﻳﻀﺎً اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ٤٥٧‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪nn wTs.f dSrt "he shall not (or never) wear the‬‬
‫‪red crown".‬‬
‫"ﻫﻮ ﺳﻮف ﻟﻦ ﻳﺮﺗﺪي اﻟﺘﺎج اﻷﺣﻤﺮ"‪ ،‬أو "ﻫﻮ ﺳﻮف ﻟﻦ ﻳﺮﺗﺪي أﺑﺪاً اﻟﺘﺎج اﻷﺣﻤﺮ"‪.‬‬

‫)‪ .(present meaning‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ n sDm.n.f‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬

‫ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫]‪[the mouth is silent‬‬ ‫‪n mdw.n.f "and does not speak".‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻢ ﺻﺎﻣﺖ[ "وﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﺪث"‪.‬‬

‫‪onw pw, n rdi.n.f s#.f‬‬ ‫‪"he is one who comes‬‬

‫‪again, he does not turn [lit. give] his back".‬‬
‫"إﻧﻪ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻳﺮ )ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ( ﻇﻬﺮﻩ"‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺜﻼث اﻟﻤـﺬﻛﻮرة آﻧﻔـﺎً ﺻـﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺑﺪرﺟـﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴـﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺳـﺐ أﻏـﺮاض اﻟـﺪارس اﻟﻤﺒﺘـﺪئ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﻬـﺎ ﺳـﻮف ﺗﺘﻄﻠـﺐ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻴﺘﻀﺢ أن اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻮا ﻫﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ زاوﻳـﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣـﺎً ﻻ ﺗـﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬

‫ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ زﻣﺎﻧﻪ أو ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮارق اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺘﺤﺎﺷﻰ إﻋﻄﺎء اﻧﻄﺒﺎع ﺧﺎﻃﺊ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺴﻮف ﻧﻨـﺎﻗﺶ‬

‫ﺻـﻴﻐﺔ ‪ n sDm.n.f‬ﺑﻌﻤـﻖ أﻛﺜــﺮ إﻟـﻰ ﺣــﺪ ﻣـﺎ )أﻧﻈــﺮ أﻳـﻀﺎً اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ .(٤١٨‬ﻟﻘـﺪ رأﻳﻨــﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒــﻞ أن ‪ ،sDm.n.f‬ﻋﻠــﻰ‬

‫اﻟـﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ أﺳﺎﺳـﺎً ﻟﻠـﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈن دراﺳـﺔ أﺻـﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ أﻧﻬـﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺒـﺮ ﻋﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺠـﺮد ﺷــﺊ‬

‫ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ أو ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺘﻪ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺈن ‪ n sDm.n.f‬ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ‪"it does not happen that‬‬

‫"‪" he hears‬ﻟـﻢ ﻳﺤـﺪث أن ﻳـﺴﻤﻊ ﻫـﻮ"‪ ،‬وﻣـﻦ اﻟﻤﺘـﺼﻮر وﺟـﻮد ﻣـﺪة زﻣﻨﻴـﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ اﺳـﺘﻐﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﺳـﻤﺎﻋﻪ‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن‬
‫ﻧﺤﺪد وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ‪ n sDm.n.f‬ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻜﺮ وﻗﻮع ﺣﺪث ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮن ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺘـﺪة ﺑﻌـﺾ اﻟـﺸﻲء‪ .‬وﻣـﻦ ﺛـﻢ ﻓﺈﻧﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤـﺎت )‪ ،(generalizations‬واﻷﻣﺜـﺎل )‪ ،(proverbs‬وﻣـﺎ ﻳﻌﺒـﺮ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﻌـﺎدة ﻣـﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴــﺮات )‪ ،(statements of custom‬وﻫــﻰ ﻣــﺎ ﺗــﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻬــﺎ اﻟﻠﻐــﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳــﺔ داﺋﻤــﺎً اﻟــﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤــﻀﺎرع‬

‫)‪ .(present tense‬وﻟﻜﻦ ‪ n sDm.n.f‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﻳﻀﺎً ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺳﻴﺎق اﻟﻜﻼم دال ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫)‪ (past‬أو اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ )‪ .(future‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫]‪[he found the canal stopped up‬‬

‫‪n sQd.n dpt Hr.f "and no boat sailed upon it".‬‬
‫"]وﺟﺪ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ﻣﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ[ وﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﺤﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺎرب"‪.‬‬

‫‪[Such and Such things must be done to prevent a snake from coming‬‬
‫]‪out of its hole,‬‬ ‫‪n pr.n.f "and it will not (or never) come‬‬
‫‪out".‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺬا وﻛﺬا ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺜﻌﺒﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻣﻦ ﺟﺤﺮﻩ‪ [،‬وﺳﻮف ﻟﻦ ﻳﺨﺮج )أو ﺳﻮف ﻟﻦ ﻳﺨﺮج أﺑﺪاً("‪.‬‬
‫]ﻳﺠﺐ أن ُ َ‬

‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً أن ﻧﻔﺴﺮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪم اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ‪ n sDm.f‬وﺻﻴﻐﺔ ‪ nn sDm.f‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أﻳﻀﺎً أن ﻧﺠﺰم ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬وﺑﺮﻏﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻨﺎك ﺷـﻴﺌﺎن واﺿـﺤﺎن‪ :‬أوﻻ ً‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ‪ n sDm.n.f‬ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜـﻮن ﺳـﻴﺎق اﻟﻜـﻼم ﻋﺒـﺎرة ﻋـﻦ ﺗﻌﻤـﻴﻢ )‪ ،(generalization‬وذﻟـﻚ ﻓـﻲ إﻃـﺎر‬

‫وﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻗﻄﻊ اﻃﺮاد ‪ n sDm.n.f‬ﺑﻤﺜﺎل ﺳﻠﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ؛ ً‬

‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﻳﺪرك اﻟﺪارس ﺑﻮﺿﻮح أن اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻎ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ أﻣﺮان ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻼن‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬

‫أن ﻳﺨﻠـﻂ أﺣـﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﺑـﺎﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜـﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓـﻼ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﻧُـﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻧـﻪ ﻃﺎﻟﻤـﺎ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻤـﺔ ‪"he sDm.n.f‬‬
‫"‪" had heard‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳـﻤﻊ"‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈن ‪ n sDm.n.f‬ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﺘـﺮﺟﻢ "‪" "he had not heard‬ﻟـﻢ ﻳـﺴﻤﻊ"‬

‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎً إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻲ‪ .‬وﻓﻰ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺒﺪو أن ‪ n sDm.n.f‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ أﺑﺪاً ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪.‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ " :[١٠٦‬أﺑﺪاً ‪-‬ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎً" )‪:(Never‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻴﻎ اﻟﻨﻔﻲ اﻟـﺜﻼث اﻟﻤـﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻔﻘـﺮة اﻟـﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤـﺔ "‪" "never‬أﺑـﺪاً‪-‬ﻣﻄﻠﻘـﺎً" ﺑـﺪﻻً‬

‫ﻣﻦ "‪" "not‬ﻟﻢ‪-‬ﻻ‪-‬ﻟﻦ" إذا ﻣﺎ اﻗﺘﻀﻰ ﺳﻴﺎق اﻟﻜﻼم ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﺸﻬﺪﻧﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺷﺊ ﻣﺎ ﻟـﻢ ﻳﺤـﺪث أﺑـﺪاً ﻓـﻴﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ‪ n sp‬ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋـﺔ ﺑـﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫‪ .sDm.f‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪n sp iry.i Xt nbt Dwi r rmT nb‬‬

‫‪"never did I do anything evil against any people".‬‬
‫"ﻟﻢ أﻓﻌﻞ أﺑﺪاً أي ﺷﻲء ﺷﺮﻳﺮ ﺿﺪ أي إﻧﺴﺎن"‬

‫‪n sp ir.t(w) mitt Dr p#t t# "never had the like been‬‬

‫‪done since the primal age of the earth".‬‬
‫"ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺚ أﺑﺪاً ﻣﺜﻴﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻷول ﻟﻸرض"‪.‬‬

‫أﻧﻈـ ــﺮ أﻳـ ــﻀﺎً اﻟﻔﻘـ ــﺮة ‪ ٤٥٦‬ﻓﻴﻤـ ــﺎ ﺑﻌـ ــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴـ ــﺚ ﺑﻴﻨـ ــﺖ أﺳـ ــﺒﺎب اﻻﻋﺘﻘـ ــﺎد ﻓـ ــﻲ ﻛـ ــﻮن ‪ sp‬ﻫﻨـ ــﺎ ﻓﻌـ ــﻞ ﻳﻌﻨـ ــﻰ‬

‫‪"it did not occur that I‬‬ ‫"‪""occur‬ﻳﺤـﺪث‪-‬ﻳﻘـﻊ"‪ ،‬وﻟﻬـﺬا ﻓـﺈن ‪ n sp iry.i‬ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻌﻨـﻰ ﺣﺮﻓﻴـﺎً‬

‫"‪" should do‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪث أﻧﻨﻲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن أﻓﻌﻞ"‪.‬‬

 ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﻮد‬

‫)‪(Existential sentences‬‬
‫‪" "exist" wnn‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ" )رﺑﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ "‪"move‬‬ ‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ُ :[١٠٧‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻌﻞ‬

‫"ﻳﺘﺤﺮك"‪" "run" ،‬ﻳﻌﺪو"( ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﻮد )‪ ،(existence‬ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎن وﺟﻮداً ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎً أو ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺘﻐﻴ ـ ــﺮ ﺻ ـ ــﻴﻐﺔ ‪ sDm.f‬ﻣ ـ ــﻦ ﻫ ـ ــﺬا اﻟﻔﻌ ـ ــﻞ وﻓﻘ ـ ــﺎً ﻟﻠ ـ ــﺰﻣﻦ وﻣ ـ ــﺎ ﻳﻤﻜ ـ ــﻦ ﺗ ـ ــﺼﻮرﻩ ﻣ ـ ــﻦ دواﻣ ـ ــﻪ‪ .‬واﻟ ـ ــﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻷﻃ ـ ــﻮل‬

‫‪ wnn.f‬ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ )‪ ،(future‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗـﺸﻴﺮ إﻟـﻰ أي وﺿـﻊ زﻣﻨـﻲ ُ ِـ‬
‫أﻛﺪ ﻓﻴـﻪ‬

‫‪ ،wn.f‬ﻓﻼ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪاً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪوام‪ ،‬وﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﺪوام )‪(duration‬؛ أﻣﺎ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻷﻗﺼﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ إﻟﻰ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ إﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ )‪ (past‬إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪wnn pt, wnn.T Xr.i "so long as heaven shall exist,‬‬

‫]‪thou shalt (you shall) exist with me", lit. sky shall exist, thou [fem.‬‬
‫‪shalt (you shall) exist".‬‬
‫ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺳﺘﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻮف ﺗﺒﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻲ" ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﺳﺘﺒﻘﻰ‪ ،‬أﻧﺖ ﺳﺘﺒﻘﻴﻦ"‪.‬‬

‫‪HD.n.i, wn hrw "I set out early, [when] it was day",‬‬

‫‪lit. "[when] day was".‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﻜﺮا‪] ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ[ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻬﺎراً"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪]" :‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ[ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﻬﺎر"‪.‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫"ارﺗﺤﻠﺖ‬

‫وﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ‪ wnn.f‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ )‪.(main clauses‬‬
‫‪) iw wn‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ‪ wn‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ‪ ،sDm.f‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ (٤٦٢‬ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ‪"there‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة‬

‫"‪" is‬ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك"‪" "there was" ،‬ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك"‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪iw wn nDs, Edi rn.f "there was a‬‬

‫‪commoner, whose name was Djedi".‬‬
‫"ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك أﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن اﺳﻤﻪ ﺟﺪي"‪.‬‬

‫‪" "not" nn‬ﻟـﻢ‪-‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪" "lo" isT‬ﻋﺠﺒـﺎً‪-‬أﻧﻈـﺮ"‪،‬‬ ‫وﺣﻴﺚ ﺗَُـﺘﺠﻨﺐ ‪ iw‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻠﻤـﺎت ﻣﺜـﻞ‬

‫‪" "who" nty‬اﻟﺬي" )راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘـﺮة ‪ ،((٢)٤٤‬ﻓـﺈن ‪ wn‬ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺑﻤﻔﺮدﻫـﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﻨـﻰ ‪.iw wn‬‬ ‫ﻻ‪-‬ﻟﻦ"‪،‬‬

‫وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪ist wn Hmt.f "and he had a wife", lit. "lo, there was a‬‬
‫‪wife of him".‬‬
‫"وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻪ زوﺟﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬أﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك زوﺟﺘﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪nty wn wr n wrw.f "whose great ones have one‬‬

‫‪greater", lit. "who there existed a great one for his great ones".‬‬
‫"اﻟﺬي ﻟﻌﻈﻤﺎﺋﻪ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﻟﻌﻈﻤﺎﺋﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻮﺟﻮد )‪ (existence‬اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻧﺎدراً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ؛ ﻓﻌﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﻓـﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬

‫إﺿــﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ،(genitive‬أو ﺷــﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠــﺔ ﻇﺮﻓﻴــﺔ )‪ ،(adverbial phrase‬أو ﺻــﻔﺔ )‪ ،(adjective‬ﻛﻤــﺎ ﻫــﻮ‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﺰﻋـﺔ ﻓـﻲ أن‬

‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﺒﺮاً )‪ (predicate‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎً ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣـﻦ أن ﺗﻜـﻮن ﻓﻜـﺮة اﻟﻮﺟـﻮد‬

‫ﺧﺒــﺮاً ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠــﺔ‪ ،‬وﺣﻴﻨﺌــﺬ ﻳﺘــﻀﺎءل ﻓﻌــﻞ ‪ wnn‬ﻟﻴــﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺠــﺮد ﻓﻌــﻞ راﺑــﻂ )‪) (copula‬راﺟــﻊ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ .(٢٨‬وﻣــﻦ ﺛــﻢ‬

‫ﻓﺴﻨﺠﺪ أن اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﻮد أﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ )أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ‪(١١٥-١١٤‬‬
‫‪ ،‬واﻟﺠﻤــﻞ ذات اﻟﺨﺒــﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓــﻲ )‪) (adverbial predicate‬أﻧﻈــﺮ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮات ‪ ،(١٢٠ ،١١٨‬واﻟﺠﻤــﻞ ذات‬

‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ )‪) (adjectival predicate‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪.(١٤٢‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﺮت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ iw‬اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ‪ iw wn‬إﻟﻰ ‪ wnn‬وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤـﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻔﻘـﺮات ‪ ،١٥٠ ،(٢) ١١٨‬أﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫‪ iw‬ﻣـﻦ ‪ iw wn‬ﺑﻌـﺪ ‪ n wnt‬أﻧﻈـﺮ ‪"there does not‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘـﺮة ‪ ١٥٠‬اﻟﻤـﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﺑﻌـﺪ‪ .‬وﺑﺨـﺼﻮص ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺣـﺬﻓﺖ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫"‪" exist‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎك" )اﻟﻔﻘـﺮة ‪ ،(١٠٨‬أﻧﻈـﺮ اﻟﻔﻘـﺮة ‪ .٣٩٤‬وﻛـﺬﻟﻚ أﻳـﻀﺎً ‪" "if there be" ir wn‬ﻟـﻮ أن ﻫﻨـﺎك"‪ ،‬ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ﺑـﺪﻻً‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ir iw wn‬اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮض وﺟﻮدﻫﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎً‪.‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[١٠٨‬ﻋﺪم اﻟﻮﺟﻮد أو اﻟﻐﻴﺎب‪:‬‬

‫‪(Non-existence or absence):‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻮﺟﻮد )‪ (non-existence‬أو اﻟﻐﻴﺎب )‪ (absence‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪" "there exists not" nn wn‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﻫﻨـﺎك"‪"there existed ،‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام‬

‫"‪" not‬ﻟــﻢ ﻳﻮﺟــﺪ ﻫﻨــﺎك"‪ .‬وﺣﻴــﺚ أن ‪ wn‬ﻫﻨــﺎ ﺗﻤﺜــﻞ ‪ iw wn‬ﻣــﻊ ﻃﻤــﺲ ‪) iw‬أﻧﻈــﺮ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ ((٢)١٠٧‬ﻓــﺈن ﻫــﺬﻩ‬

‫اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ﺗﺨﺮج ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺄن ‪ nn + sDm‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ داﺋﻤﺎً إﻟﻰ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ )راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘـﺮة ‪ .(٢)١٠٥‬وﻓﻴﻤـﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪nn wn pHwy.fy "there is no end to it", lit. "there does‬‬

‫‪not exist its end".‬‬
‫"ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ " :‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫‪nn wn m#r n h#w.i "there was‬‬

‫‪none wretched in [lit. of] my time".‬‬
‫"ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﺎﺋﺲ ﻓﻲ ]ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﻦ[ زﻣﻨﻲ"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪[people say]:‬‬ ‫‪nn wn "there is nothing", lit. there does not‬‬
‫‪exist".‬‬
‫"]ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻨﺎس[‪ :‬ﻻ ﺷﻲء ﻫﻨﺎ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ n wnt‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨــﻰ ﻣﻤﺎﺛــﻞ؛ وﻳﺤﺘﻤــﻞ أن ﺗﻜــﻮن ‪ wnt‬ﺻــﻴﻐﺔ ‪ sDmt.f‬ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬وﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨــﺎدر أن ﺗﻈﻬــﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬أﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪٤٠٢‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪n wnt Ss#w.sn "there is no remedy for‬‬

‫‪them".‬‬
‫"ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﻼج ﻟﻬﻢ"‪.‬‬

‫‪" "[there is] not" nn‬ﻟﻴﺲ ]ﻫﻨﺎك[" ﺑﻤﻔﺮدﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ‪"there does‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮاً ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬

‫"‪" [did] not exist‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎك ]ﻟﻢ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎك[‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪nn m#otyw "there are no righteous".‬‬

‫"ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺻﺎﻟﺤﻮن"‪.‬‬

‫‪nn is-ib dns sXr-xt "there is none light-‬‬

‫‪hearted who is heavy [i.e. slow to move] as regards his appetites [lit. the‬‬
‫‪counsel of the body].‬‬
‫"ﻻ أﺣﺪ ٍ‬
‫ﺧﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻤﻮم ﺛﻘﻴﻞ ]أي‪ :‬ﺑﻄﻲء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ[ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻬﻴﺘﻪ ]ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﺸﻮرة اﻟﺠﺴﺪ["‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤـ ـ ــﺎ ﻓـ ـ ــﻲ اﻟﺠﻤـ ـ ــﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺒـ ـ ــﺮة ﻋـ ـ ــﻦ اﻟﻮﺟـ ـ ــﻮد )‪ ،(existence‬ﻓﻜـ ـ ــﺬﻟﻚ ﺗـ ـ ــﻀﺎف أﻳـ ـ ــﻀﺎً ﺑﻌـ ـ ــﺾ اﻟﻤﺤـ ـ ــﺪدات‬

‫)‪ (qualifications‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮة ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻮﺟﻮد )‪ (non-existence‬ﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪة‪ ،‬وﻫﻰ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ إﻟـﻰ أن‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ؛ أﻧﻈﺮ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ‪.٣٩٤ ،(٤)١٤٤ ،١٢٠ ،١١٤‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬
‫إذا ﺑﺪأت ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ إﻧﻜﺎر اﻟﻮﺟﻮد‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﺪأ ب ‪ ، nn wn‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤـﻞ أن ﺗﺤـﺬف ‪ wn‬ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ؛ وﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ ‪" "nor" nn‬وﻻ"‪.‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[١٠٩‬ﺑﺪون )‪:(Without‬‬

‫رأﻳﻨــﺎ ﻣــﻦ ﻗﺒــﻞ )اﻟﻔﻘ ـﺮﺗﻴﻦ ‪ (٣٠ ،٢٩‬أﻧــﻪ ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ اﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻤــﻞ ﻣﺘﻌــﺪدة اﻷﻧــﻮاع‪ ،‬ﺑــﺪون اﻻﺳــﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺤــﺮف ﻋﻄــﻒ‬

‫)‪ ،(conjunction‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮادﻓﺎت اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ )‪ (adverb clauses‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳـﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪" "there is not" nn‬ﻟـﻴﺲ ﻫﻨـﺎك" ﺑﻤﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻛﺜﻴـﺮاً ﻣـﺎ ﺗـﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺠﻤـﻞ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻜـﻮن ﺧﺒﺮﻫـﺎ‬

‫وﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮا ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ‪" "without" nn‬ﺑﺪون"‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫)‪di.sn n.k nHH nn Drw.f, Dt nn Hnty.s "may they give to thee (you‬‬
‫‪everlasting without an [lit. there is not its] end, and eternity without a‬‬
‫‪[lit. there is not its] term".‬‬
‫"ﻟﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻄﻮﻧﻚ أزﻻً ﺑﺪون ]ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ[ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺑﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺪون ]ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﺪﻫﺎ[ ﺣﺪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪) n wnt‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ (١٠٨‬ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬وإن ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫‪ ،nn wn‬و‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬

‫أﻗﻞ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎً‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪How rd, nn wn mnt.f‬‬ ‫‪"a healthy body‬‬

‫‪without malady", lit. "its malady does not exist".‬‬
‫"ﺟﺴﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻰ ﺑﺪون ﻣﺮض"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮﺿﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪w#H Xt, n wnt #bw "making offerings‬‬

‫‪unceasingly", lit. "offering things, there was not cessation".‬‬
 ‫"ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺮاﺑﻴﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻘﻄﻌﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬أﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﻘﺮاﺑﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻧﻘﻄﺎع"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ nn‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر )‪ (infinitive‬ﻛﻤﺒﺘﺪأ )‪ (subject‬ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻳﻮﺟـﺪ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻤﺎﺛـﻞ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤــﺔ اﻟﻨﻔــﻲ اﻷﺧــﻒ‪) n‬اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ .(٣٠٧‬وﺑﺎﻟﻨــﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ‪ nn+noun+suffix pronoun‬ﻛﺠﻤﻠــﺔ ﺻــﻠﺔ ‪(relative‬‬
‫)‪ ،clause‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪.(١)١٩٦‬‬