‫"ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻧﺖ إﻟﻬﺎً"‪.

‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ أن ﺗــﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ iw‬ﻓــﻰ أى ﻣــﻦ ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﺤــﺎﻻت اﻷﺧﻴــﺮة‪ .‬وﻫﻜــﺬا ﻳﻘــﺪم ﻓﻌــﻞ ‪ wnn‬أﺟ ـﺰاء ﻣﺘﻌــﺪدة‬

‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ”‪" “to be‬ﻳﻜﻮن" ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻈﻬﺮ ‪ iw‬ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪(main‬‬

‫)‪ clauses‬ﻓﻘــﻂ‪ ،‬وﻟﻬــﺎ ﻣﺠــﺎل ﻣﺤــﺪود ﺟــﺪاً ﻓــﻰ اﻻﺳــﺘﺨﺪام‪ .‬وﺗﻼﺣــﻆ ﻧﻔــﺲ اﻟﻈــﺎﻫﺮة ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳــﺪ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻠﻐــﺎت‬

‫اﻷﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧـﺔ ﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ”‪" “to be‬ﻳﻜـﻮن" ﻣـﻦ ﺟـﺬور ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ؛ وﻣـﻦ ﺛـﻢ ﻧﺠـﺪ ﻓـﻰ‬

‫‪“be”,‬‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺔ ”‪“are‬‬

‫”‪ ،“were‬وﻓــﻰ اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴــﺔ ”‪ .“bin”, “wäre”, “ist‬وﺳــﻮف ﺗﺘــﺎح ﻟﻨــﺎ ﻓــﺮص ﻋﺪﻳــﺪة ﻟﻺﺷــﺎرة إﻟــﻰ ﻫــﺬﻩ‬

‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ أن ﺗﻘــﺪم ‪ wnn‬ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴــﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳــﺔ أﻳــﺔ أﺟــﺰاء ﻣﻔﻘــﻮد ﻣــﻦ ‪ ،iw‬وذﻟــﻚ ﻋﻨــﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺒــﻊ ﺑﺨﺒــﺮ ﻇﺮﻓــﻰ ‪(adverbial‬‬
‫)‪ .predicate‬وﻣــﻦ ﻏﻴــﺮ اﻟﻤﻤﻜــﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎً أن ﻧــﺸﺮح ﻛــﻞ اﻟﺤــﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟــﺮﻏﻢ ﻣــﻦ أن ﻣــﺎ ﺳــﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴــﻪ "اﻟــﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴــﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺎذﺑﺔ" ”‪) “pseudo-verbal construction‬أﻧﻈـﺮ اﻟـﺪرس اﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺚ واﻟﻌـﺸﺮﻳﻦ( ﻳﺰودﻧـﺎ ﺑﺄﻣﺜﻠـﺔ ﻟـﺒﻌﺾ ﻫـﺬﻩ اﻟﺤـﺎﻻت )ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫‪ ،wn.‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪.(٤٧٠‬‬‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪in.f‬‬
‫‪wn.in.‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[١١٩‬اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪(Particles used in the sentences with adverbial predicate):‬‬

‫ذﻛﺮﻧــﺎ ﺑﻌــﻀﺎً ﻣــﻦ ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻷدوات ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌــﻞ ﻓــﻰ )‪ ،(٢‬ﺣﻴــﺚ رأﻳﻨــﺎ أﻧﻬــﺎ ﺗُﺘﺒــﻊ ﺑﺎﻟــﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘــﺔ ‪(dependent‬‬

‫)‪ pronouns‬ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ )‪ (subject‬اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺿـﻤﻴﺮاً )‪ .(pronoun‬ﻋـﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻـﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠـﺔ‪ ،‬أﻧﻈـﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ‪ ٢٣٠‬وﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪) mk‬ﻋﻦ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻬﺠﺎء اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ،(٢٣٤‬وﻫﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻳﺒﺪو أن اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻷول‬ ‫‪-١‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ ﻓﻌــﻞ أﻣــﺮ )‪ ،(imperative‬ﻫــﻮ ”‪" “behold‬أﻧﻈــﺮ‪ -‬ﻻﺣــﻆ"‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻨــﺼﺮ اﻟﺜــﺎﻧﻰ ﺿــﻤﻴﺮ اﻟــﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺜــﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‪ .‬وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺿﻤﻴﺮ آﺧﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ُﺗﺨﺎﻃﺐ اﻣﺮأة أو ﻋﺪة أﺷﺨﺎص‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪“behold thou (you)” mk‬اﻧﺘﺒﻪ اﻧﺖ"‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‪ ،‬أو ﻋﺎم )‪.(general‬‬

‫‪ “behold thou (you)” ،mt‬اﻧﺘﺒﻬـﻲ اﻧــﺖ"‪ ،‬ﻣﻔــﺮد‬ ‫‪ ،mT‬اﻟﺘــﻲ ﻛﺘﺒــﺖ ﻓﻴﻤــﺎ ﺑﻌــﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‪.‬‬

‫‪ “behold ye” mtn‬اﻧﺘﺒﻬﻮا اﻧﺘﻢ"‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،mTn‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺘﺒﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬

‫ﻳﺒﺪو أن ﻫـﺬﻩ اﻷداة ﺗـﺼﻒ ﻣﻌﻨـﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻰ ﺗـﺼﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﻛﺤﺎﺿـﺮ ﻣﺎﺛـﻞ أﻣـﺎم اﻷذﻫـﺎن؛ وﻣـﻦ اﻟﻤـﺄﻟﻮف ﻛﺜﻴـﺮاً أن‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎر إﻟﻴﻪ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع )‪ .(present‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪mtn Spswt Hr Sdw “behold, noble ladies are‬‬

‫‪(now) on rafts, i.e. have been deprived of their luxurious boats”.‬‬
‫"أﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﺒﻴﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻮف )اﻵن(‪ ،‬أي أﻧﻬﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺮﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮارب اﻟﻤﺰودة ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﺮف"‪.‬‬

‫‪mk wi r-‬‬
‫‪r-gs.k “behold I am in thy (your) company, lit.‬‬
‫‪at thy (your) side”.‬‬
‫"أﻧﻈﺮ أﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﺒﺘﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺒﻚ"‪.‬‬

‫‪mk tw m minw “behold thou art (you are) a‬‬

‫‪herdsman”.‬‬ ‫"أﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬أﻧﺖ اﻵن راﻋﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫‪) (m‬راﺟــﻊ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ (٣٨‬وﻫــﻰ ﻻ ﻏﻨــﻰ ﻋﻨﻬــﺎ ﻫﻨــﺎ وﻓــﻲ ﻛــﻞ اﻟﺤــﺎﻻت‬
‫ﻻﺣــﻆ إم اﻟﺨﺒﺮﻳــﺔ )‪m of predication‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ،sT‬وﻫــﻮ‬ ‫‪ ،ist‬وﻓــﻲ اﻟﻨــﺼﻮص ﻻاﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑــﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳــﻠﻮب اﻟﻘــﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫‪ ،‬اﻟﺘــﻰ ﻛﺘﺒــﺖ ﻓﻴﻤــﺎ ﺑﻌــﺪ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬

‫‪is‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐـﺔ اﻟﻌـﺼﺮ اﻟﻘـﺪﻳﻢ‪ ،‬وﻳـﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻮﺿـﻮ ﺑـﺎﻷداة اﻟﻤﺤـﺸﻮرة )‪(enclitic particle‬‬

‫”‪" “lo‬أﻧﻈــﺮ – ﻋﺠﺒــﺎً"‪" “indeed” ،‬ﺣﻘــﺎً" )أﻧﻈــﺮ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ .(٢٤٧‬وﻫــﻲ ﺗــﺼﻒ ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ أو ﺣﻘﻴﻘــﺔ ﻣﻼزﻣــﺔ‪،‬‬

‫وﻛﺜﻴﺮاً ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﺼﺪرﻫﺎ ﻛﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ )‪ (clause of time‬أو ﻛﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ )‪.(clause of circumstance‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪I spent many years under king Antef,‬‬

‫"أﻣﻀﻴﺖ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ إﻧﺘﻒ"‪،‬‬

‫‪isT t$ pn xr st-‬‬
‫‪st-Hr.f “(while) this land was under his‬‬

‫‪charge …..‬‬ ‫‪sT wi m b#k.f “I being his servant”.‬‬

‫")ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ( ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻷرض ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺘﻪ ‪ .....‬ﻛﻨﺖ أﻧﺎ ﺧﺎدﻣﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪Year 30,‬‬ ‫‪isT Hm.f Hr X#st RTnw “lo, His Majesty‬‬

‫‪was in the land of Retjnu”.‬‬
‫")اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن( أﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﺟﻼﻟﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ أرض رﺛﻨﻮ"‪.‬‬

‫‪) rf‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ،(٢٥٢‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫إذا ﺗُﺒﻌﺖ ‪ isT‬ﺑﺎﻷداة اﻟﻤﺤﺸﻮرة )‪(enclitic particle‬‬

‫اﻻﺳﺘﻄﺮاد ﻓﻰ اﻟﺮواﻳﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫـﺎ ﺣﻴﻨﺌـﺬ ﻛﺜﻴـﺮاً اﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻧـﺴﻴﺔ ‪" or‬واﻟﺤـﺎل أن – واﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﻫـﺬﻩ"‪ ،‬وﻗـﺪ ﻳﻔـﻀﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ”‪" “now‬اﻵن‪ -‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن"‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪istT rf pr EHwty-‬‬
‫‪EHwty-nXt pn Hr sm#-‬‬
‫‪sm#-t# “now‬‬
‫‪the house of this DjeHutnakht was on the river-bank”.‬‬
‫"ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻨﺰل ﺟﺤﻮﺗﻲ ﻧﺨﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻬﺮ"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪ isT,‬وﻟﻬﻤــﺎ ﻧﻔــﺲ‬
‫‪) sk‬أﻧﻈــﺮ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ ،(٢٣٠‬وﻫﻤــﺎ ﺷــﻜﻼن ﻗــﺪﻳﻤﺎن ﻟﻜــﻞ ﻣــﻦ ‪isT, sT‬‬ ‫‪،isk‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪isk Hmt.s m inpw “when Her Majesty was a‬‬

‫‪child”.‬‬ ‫"ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻼﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻃﻔﻠﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫‪.(m‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ إم اﻟﺨﺒﺮﻳﺔ )‪m of predication‬‬

‫‪sk wi m Smsw.f “when I was in his following”.‬‬

‫"ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺿﻤﻦ أﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ‪ isT‬ورﺑﻤﺎ أﺷﺘﻘﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻌـﺪ اﻷﺳـﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﻋـﺸﺮة‪ ،‬وﻗـﺪ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ‬

‫ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻣـﻊ اﻟـﻀﻤﻴﺮ ‪" “he” sw‬ﻫـﻮ" ﻓﻘـﻂ‪ ،‬أﻣـﺎ ﻓـﻰ اﻟﻌـﺼﻮر اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻓﻜـﺎن ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜـﻦ أن ُﺗﺘﺒـﻊ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ‪" “I” wi‬أﻧﺎ" أﻳﻀﺎً‪ ،‬أو أن ﺗُﺘﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ )‪ ،(noun‬وإن ﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا ﻧﺎدراً‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪I was his companion‬‬ ‫‪ti sw Hr pri “when he was upon‬‬

‫‪the battle-field”.‬‬
‫")ﻛﻨﺖ رﻓﻴﻘﻪ( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺪان اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫‪I knew thy (your) qualities‬‬ ‫‪ti wi m sSy “when I was in‬‬
‫‪the nest”.‬‬
‫")ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻚ( ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺶ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ ،‬وﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟـﻰ ﻣـﺎ ﺳـﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻌـﺪ ذﻟـﻚ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﻴـﺚ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴـﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬

‫وﻳﻤﻜـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻦ أن ﺗﺘـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺮﺟﻢ ”‪" “and‬و"‪" “further” ،‬ﻋـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻼوة ﻋﻠـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻰ ذﻟـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻚ – أﻳـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻀﺎً"‪ ،‬أو ﺣﺘـ ـ ـ ـ ــﻰ أﺣﻴﺎﻧـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺎً‬

‫‪(adverbial‬‬ ‫”‪" “accordingly‬وﻓﻘ ـ ــﺎً ﻟ ـ ــﺬﻟﻚ"‪" “so” ،‬ﻫﻜ ـ ــﺬا"‪ .‬اﻷﻣﺜﻠ ـ ــﺔ ﻣ ـ ــﻊ اﻟﺨﺒ ـ ــﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓ ـ ــﻰ‬

‫)‪ predicate‬ﻧــﺎدرة‪ ،‬وﻟــﻢ ﻳﻌﺜــﺮ ﻋﻠــﻰ أﻣﺜﻠــﺔ ﻟﻬــﺎ ﻣــﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﺘــﺪأ اﻟــﻀﻤﻴﺮى )‪ .(pronominal subject‬وﻣــﻦ‬

‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪Xr r-‬‬
‫‪r-5 r-‬‬
‫‪r-15 m w#H Hr.f “so 1/5 + 1/15 is‬‬
‫‪what-is-to-be added to it”.‬‬
‫"ﻫﻜﺬا ‪ ١٥/١ + ٥/١‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ إﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ إﻟﻴﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ nHmn‬اﻟﺘــﻰ ﺗﻌﻨــﻰ ”‪" “assuredly‬ﻳﻘﻴﻨــﺎً – ﻣــﻦ ﻏﻴــﺮ رﻳــﺐ"‪ ،‬أو ﻣــﺎ إﻟــﻰ‬ ‫‪ -٦‬اﻷداة اﻟﻨــﺎدرة‬

‫ذﻟﻚ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫"ﻳﻘﻴﻨﺎً أﻧﺎ ‪nHmn wi mi k# “assuredly I am like a bull”.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺜﻮر"‪.‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ،H#‬اﻟﺘﻰ ﻛﺘﺒﺖ أﻳﻀﺎً‬ ‫‪-٧‬‬

‫‪H# n.i Ssp nb mnX “would I had (lit. that‬‬

‫‪there were to me) any efficacious idol”.‬‬
‫"ﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻲ )ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬أن ﻛﺎن ﻟﻲ( أي ﻣﻌﺒﻮد ﻓﻌﺎل"‪.‬‬

‫)‪ ،# (enclitic particle‬وﺗﻌﺒـﺮ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫‪ ،Hwy-‬ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺔ ﻣـﻊ اﻷداة اﻟﻤﺤـﺸﻮرة‬

‫‪Hwy-#‬‬ ‫‪-٨‬‬

‫اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ أﻳﻀﺎً‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

 ‫‪Hw#-‬‬
‫‪Hw#-# wi im “would that I were there”.‬‬ ‫"ﻟﻴﺘﻨﻲ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك"‪.‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[١٢٠‬ﻧﻔﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪(Negation of the sentence with adverbial predicate):‬‬

‫‪ nn‬ﻗﺒـﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺘـﺪأ )‪ (subject‬اﻟـﺬى ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﻳﻜـﻮن إﻣـﺎ اﺳـﻤﺎً )‪ (noun‬أو ﺿـﻤﻴﺮاً ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺎً‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬

‫)‪) (dependent pronoun‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ .([٢] ٤٤‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪nn mwt.k Hno.k “thy (your) mother is not with thee‬‬

‫‪you)”.‬‬ ‫"أﻣﻚ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﻚ"‪.‬‬

‫‪nn wi m-‬‬
‫‪m-Hr-‬‬
‫‪Hr-ib.s “I was not in the midst of them”.‬‬
‫"ﻟﻢ أﻛﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻗــﺪ ﺗﻌــﺎدل ﺟﻤــﻞ ﻫــﺬا اﻟﻄــﺮاز أﺣﻴﺎﻧــﺎً اﻟﺠﻤﻠ ـﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴــﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌــﺔ )‪ (clause of time‬أو اﻟﺠﻤﻠــﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴــﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ )‪ (clause of circumstance‬ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪win.sn tp-‬‬
‫‪tp-t# nn tw im.f “they decline‬‬
‫‪(existence) on earth (§158, 2), thou not being in it”.‬‬
‫"ﻫﻢ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﻮن ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ وﺟﻮدﻫﻢ( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض )أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ،([٢] ١٥٨‬أﻧﺖ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻳـﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻃـﺮاز اﻟﺠﻤــﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺒــﺮة ﻋــﻦ ﻋـﺪم اﻟﻮﺟــﻮد )‪) (non-existence‬راﺟــﻊ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ (١٠٨‬ﻋﻨــﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜــﻮن‬

‫اﻷﻣــﺮ ﻣﺮﻓــﻮض ﺑﺮﻣﺘــﻪ؛ وﺣﻴﻨﺌــﺬ ﻳﻜــﻮن اﻟﻤﺒﺘــﺪأ )‪ (subject‬اﺳــﻢ ﻧﻜــﺮة‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜــﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴــﺮ ﻋــﻦ اﻟﻨﻔــﻰ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ‪nn‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﻔﺮدﻫﺎ‪ ،‬أو ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ ،nn wn‬أو ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ أﻧﺪر ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ .n wnt‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪nn wX# m-‬‬

‫‪m-Hr-‬‬
‫‪Hr-ib.sn “there was none‬‬
‫‪ignorant in their midst”.‬‬
‫"ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺟﺎﻫﻞ"‪.‬‬

‫"ﻟﻢ ‪nn wn Hnt m xt.f “there was no greed in his body”.‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺟﺸﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﺪﻩ"‪.‬‬

‫‪n wnt iw-‬‬

‫‪iw-ms im “there is no misstatement‬‬
‫‪therein”.‬‬ ‫"ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻛﺬب ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ"‪.‬‬

‫‪" “not indeed” n is‬ﻟــﻴﺲ ﺣﻘــﺎً"؛ وﻓﻴﻤــﺎ ﻳﺨــﺺ ‪ is‬أﻧﻈــﺮ أﻧﻈــﺮ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة‬ ‫ﻧـﺎدراً ﺟــﺪاً ﻣــﺎ ﺗــﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬

‫‪ ٢٤٧‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪n is obo im “there is indeed no boasting therein”.‬‬

‫"ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺣﻘﺎً"‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻰ ﻧﺎدرة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ iw‬و ‪ . wnn‬وﻋﻠﻰ أﻳﺔ ﺣﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺴﺘﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
 ‫"أﻧـﺖ ‪n iw.k m pt “thou art (you are) not in heaven”.‬‬

‫ﻟﺴﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء"‪.‬‬

‫‪n wnn s#.f Hr nst.f ‘his son shall not remain‬‬

‫‪(lit. be) upon his seat”.‬‬
‫"ﻟﻦ ﻳﻈﻞ )ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻳﻜﻮن( اﺑﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻌﺠﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪nn sDm.‬؛ وﻟﻬـﺬا ﻳﻌـﺪ اﻟﻤﺜـﺎل اﻷﺧﻴـﺮ اﺳـﺘﺜﻨﺎء‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة ‪ُ ،(٢) ١٠٥‬ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔـﻰ اﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ‪sDm.f‬‬

‫‪،sDm.‬‬
‫ﺻـﻴﻐﺔ ‪sDm.f‬‬ ‫‪sDm.‬؛ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﻬﻨﺎك ﻗﺪر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻛـﻮن‬
‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ‪sDm.f‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺪة إن ُﻋﺪت‬

‫أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ٤١٣‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[١٢١‬ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪(Position of the adverbial predicate):‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿـﻌﻪ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌــﻰ ﺑﻌـﺪ اﻟﻤﺒﺘــﺪأ )‪) (subject‬راﺟـﻊ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪(٢٩‬؛ وﻋﻠـﻰ أﻳــﺔ ﺣـﺎل‪ ،‬ﻗــﺪ ﻳﺘﻘـﺪم ﻋﻠﻴــﻪ اﻟﻤﻔﻌـﻮل ﻷﺟﻠــﻪ‬

‫اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮي )‪ (pronominal dative‬أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً )راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪.(٦٦‬‬

‫ﻗــﺪ ﻳﻘﺤــﻢ أﺣﻴﺎﻧــﺎً ﺧﺒــﺮ ﻇﺮﻓــﻰ )‪ (adverbial predicate‬ﻗــﺼﻴﺮ ﺑــﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘــﺪأ )‪ (subject‬وﺑﻌــﺾ‬

‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻪ أو اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻔﻪ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪rmw im Hno #pdw “fish and birds were‬‬

‫‪therein, lit. fishes were there together with birds”.‬‬
‫"ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺳﻤﻚ وﻃﻴﻮر‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺳﻤﻚ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪H#ty.k n.k n imy-‬‬
‫‪imy-H#t “thou shalt (you shall) have‬‬
‫‪thy (your) former heart, lit. thy (your) heart is to thee (you) of being-‬‬
‫‪in-front”.‬‬
‫"ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻗﻠﺒﻚ ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻗﻠﺒﻚ ﻟﻚ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ r‬ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[١٢٢‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ‬

‫‪(Use of the preposition‬‬ ‫‪r to indicate a future condition):‬‬

‫‪m of‬‬
‫‪(m‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄ ــﺎﺑﻖ ﻣ ــﺎ ﻧﻄﻠ ــﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـ ـﺎ ‪ r‬اﻟﻤ ــﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (rr of futurity‬إﻟ ــﻰ ﺣ ــﺪ ﺑﻌﻴ ــﺪ ﻣ ــﻊ إم اﻟﺨﺒﺮﻳ ــﺔ‬

‫)‪ .predication‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪iw.f r smr “he shall be (lit. is towards) a Companion”.‬‬

‫"ﻫﻮ ﺳﻮف ﻳﻜﻮن )ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ وﺷﻚ أن ﻳﻜﻮن( رﻓﻴﻘﺎً"‪.‬‬

‫‪" mT sw r wnmw “behold, it is for food”.‬أﻧﻈـﺮي‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺔ‪ :‬راﺟـﻊ اﻟﻔﻘـﺮة ‪٨٤‬ﻋـﻦ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ‪ r‬ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺑﻌـﺪ أﻓﻌـﺎل اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴـﻒ واﻟﻌﻤـﻞ؛ أﻣـﺎ‬ ‫إﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻄﻌـﺎم"‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪.٣٣٢‬‬
‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[١٢٣‬ﺣﺬف اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪(Omission of the subject before adverbial predicate):‬‬

‫ﻧﺠﺪ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺬف اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ‪:‬‬

‫‪iw mi sXr nTr “it was like the counsel of god”.‬‬ ‫"إﻧﻬـﺎ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬

‫ﻧﺼﻴﺤﺔ اﻹﻟﻪ"‪.‬‬
 nn m iw-
iw-ms Xft-
Xft-Hr.Tn “(this) is not falsehood
before you”.
."‫")ﻫﺬا( ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺬب أﻣﺎﻣﻚ‬

nn wn Hr-
Hr-Xw.f “there was none beside him”.
."‫"ﻻ أﺣﺪ ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺒﻪ‬

n Dd.i H# n.i r Xt nbt “I did not say ‘Would

that I had (lit. would that to me) about anything”.
."‫ ﻟﻴﺖ ﻟﻲ( ﺑﺸﺄن أي ﺷﻲء‬:ً‫"ﻟﻢ أﻗﻮل "ﻟﻴﺘﻨﻲ أﻗﺘﻨﻴﺖ" )ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎ‬

.‫ اﻟﺘﺤﻴﺎت وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬،‫( ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﻨﻴﺎت‬subject) ‫ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺬف اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ‬١٥٣ ‫أﻧﻈﺮ أﻳﻀﺎً اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬

:tw.i ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮى‬:[١٢٤ ‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬

(The pronominal compound tw.i:

tw.i
‫( ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜـﻮن‬pronominal subject) ‫ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أوﻟﻰ آﺛﺎر اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮى‬

‫ وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﻎ اﻟﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬.‫( ﻓﻰ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻷﺳﺮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮة‬adverbial predicate) ً‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺎ‬

:‫(ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‬Late Egyptian) ‫اﻟﺘﻰ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬

Sing. 1st pers. c. tw.i I.

Sing. 2nd pers. m. tw.k thou (you).

Sing. 2nd pers. f. tw.t thou (you).

Sing. 3nd pers. m. swt he, it.

Sing. 3nd pers. f. sy (later ) she, it.

Plur. 1st pers. c. tw.n we.

 ‫‪Plur. 2nd pers. c.‬‬ ‫‪tw.tn you.‬‬

‫‪Plur. 3rd pers. c.‬‬ ‫‪st they.‬‬

‫‪Impersonal‬‬ ‫‪twtw one.‬‬

‫وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪sw xr t# n o#mw, tw.n xr Kmt “he‬‬

‫‪is in possession of (lit. under) the land of Asiatics, we are in possession‬‬
‫‪of Egypt”.‬‬
‫"ﻳﻤﻠﻚ )ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺖ( ﻫﻮ أرض اﻷﺳﻴﻮﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وﻧﻤﻠﻚ ﻧﺤﻦ أرض ﻣﺼﺮ"‪.‬‬

‫‪sy m Hr.f mi t# pt “it seemed to him like heaven, lit.‬‬

‫‪it (the temple) was in his face like the sky”.‬‬
‫"ﺑﺪت ﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﺮدوس‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻛﺎن ﻫﻮ )اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺪ( ﻓﻲ وﺟﻬﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎء"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ أن ﻧﺨﻤــﻦ ﺑــﺄن ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟــﺼﻴﻎ اﻟــﻀﻤﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳــﺪة ﻗــﺪ اﺷــﺘﻘﺖ ﻣــﻦ ‪" “that I” ntt wi‬أﻧــﻲ"‪ ،‬اﻟــﺦ‪ .‬أﻧﻈــﺮ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة‬
‫‪ tw.‬ﻳـﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫‪ .٢٢٣‬وﻋﻠـﻰ أﻳـﺔ ﺣـﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈن ﺗﺘﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ‪ sy ،sw‬و ‪) st‬رﺑﻤـﺎ أﺷـﺘﻘﺖ ﻣـﻦ ‪ t.st ،t.sy ، t.sw‬ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻴﻌﺎب ‪ t‬ﻣـﻊ ‪ (s‬ﻣـﻊ ‪tw.i‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰﻫــﺎ ﻋــﻦ اﻟــﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘــﺔ )‪ (dependent pronouns‬اﻟﻤــﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ .٤٣‬أﻧﻈــﺮ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ ٣٣٠‬ﻋــﻦ اﺳــﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬
‫أﺧﺮى ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮي‪.‬‬