ADDITION OF ANGULAR MOMENTA: CLEBSCH-GORDAN CORFFICIENTS | Consider a system composed of two parts (1 and 2) with commuting angular monentum operators qi and ia. Ne can destribe the angular momentum states in terms of two sets of commuting operators: 7s) Raa das with eigenvectors 15,4. = 15,m, Dlign, "uncoupled basis" (25,+1) (2i9¢1) watt) ® Hyams) eneourres Pasak iia or @ Qtek y | where J = J) tap with the eigenvectors qt” 15,5.9") “coupled basis" Here the nunber of eigenvectors for each jj, 5, is given by 15,t31 iy, 2b (set) = J @s+1) if 5, > 5p 3154-39 a) 54432 = IG] aja Chat 4495.) yt5Q*D) > Gy-5y-D Gy-5y) + @iQ*D) yt)? = Gyr5g)? + Gytig) + Gri) + GI.) gies HE aaey 2 i #57 + 4g? # 2y3q Sy t Byig 7 Jy + 2, + (HQ*D = 24, 2igH) + Gig) gto” | a 2 F (591025941) or soho, je e.g. - orbital + spin pa Sage w * arktE Use (1) fot Paschen-Back oe for weak limit or use either scheme to set up a matrix for general case.ADDITION OF ANGULAR MOMENTA - 2 These two representations must be physically equivalent. Each is complete so they are related by unitary transformation’. Thus, the coupled basis func~ tions (2) can be expanded in terms of the uncoupled ones (1) according to 1™D13,32"1%) 15,5.) = 2 Ci,i.mm,li 2 yin 2m (a) The expansion coefficients are called Clebsch-Gordan, Vector-Coupling or Vector Addition or Wigner coefficients. Now 15,3,m,m,) are eigenvectors of fie i: a? so jy, 3, are ae summed over, Also, 13 jgmm, )are eigenvectors of J, (although not of & ), as FeLdydomm) = Oy, + Ip.IIyJomM) = (em) 15,12%1%) (thus, J is only a single sum [ with mom-m). mm x Thus the only non-zero terms in the sum are those for which m, + m, = Mj i.e. C-G coefficients have factor 6, ,, y- Finally, the J values/must’lie in the range mena! ljy-ig] € 3 € [5,239] So C-G coefficients vanish mless this "triangle inequality” holds. Likewise, we can expand uncoupled vectors (1) in terms of coupled ones (2) via Isylamad= KO rsariml sey") steak eat (b) Same coefficient since the transformation is unitary and C-G coefficients are real numbers. Vector Model Interpretations (a) See Fig. 2. ‘The state |JM) is represented by the two vectors 21 jz precessing in phase about their resultant, J, which in turn precesses about the Z-axis, This is shown in Fig. 2(a). The precession of Ji and J about J gives rise to a spread in their projections on the Z-axis, ‘m and ma, although their sumM, which is the projection of J, remains constant. ‘Thus the square of the C-G coefficient, [(j1j2mm2|j1J2JM)]? is the probability that a measurenent of the |JM) state gives the particular values m and m for Jj, and Jp,ADDITION OF ANGULAR MOMENTA - 3 (b) An alternative description is iMustrated in Fig. 2(b). In the state [sajamimz), the vectors J, and Jz precess independently about the 2 axis with. projections m and m hus the square of the C-G coefficient [(j1Jzmme [i121]? also gives the probability that the resultant of Ji and jz has sone particular value J. Fig. 2. Vector model for the addition of two angular momenta J) and J, to, form the resultant J: (a) in the v5, representation J, and J, precess about J; (b) inthe ¥, | ¥, . representation J, and J, ' 447) “ig ‘1 i independently precess about the Z axis. 7CALCULATION OF C-G COEFFICIENTS VIA LADDER OPERATORS As we have seen, the problem of adding angular momenta is that of de- termining the transformation coefficients (C-G coefficients) in the relation connecting the two sets of normalized eigenvectors, 15,599) = LG sammy i153 ym, ) ‘i 4 : abbreviate |JM) abbreviate |m,m,) with m= M-m, and [j,-i.] are eepen fs of Sp weth sipprvedes of hb, 0, mh , Aespetiieh. Hower, S* is aly block Lirgorel. Tha fruns (oe) #108> Art cisely of $*, both wth Cefertnde 2kY fut 1B*) L1ABY cre oT Sipendans of S*, Fic Poe (RAY f) ni f)o# Tar 8] v eo 6. 2 ae £7 _ # [ipad+ Lod] Sage te ( “ )(?) 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