SPIROCHETES -slonder,flexuows, holically coiled, unicellular bacteria -3 to 250 um in lenath « inactive biochemically, identification is usually based on morphological, antigenic properties, as well as pathogenecity ~ dark field microscopy reveals spiral structure and motility -Giemsa and Wright stains are best in demonstration of spirochetes in light ancl BIR — Mapoaiola f fornd mnuncity flxtin + pabstin A. Genus Borrelia arthropod -borne parasites of human bloods & other mammals & birds @ ~ maintained and transmitted primarily by ticks. ~~ anaerobe B.theileri - cause relapsing fevers of humans B.anserina — agent of fowl spirochetosi B.buradorferi - causes lyme in humans and dogs ~ caused Epizootic Abortion in Cale in Western US 1, Borellia theiteri - amid pathogen mainly in cattle ‘Sym: Spirocheta theilert Treponema theilert ~ large, loosely, twisted spiral = 20-30 um in length = organism is easily demonstrated in the blood during febrile state of the infection, disappears later « /Moility is due to 15-20 periplasmic flagella. =" Symptoms resemble those of Anaplasmosis but less severe: ‘weight loss, weakness and anemia = Astifcial culture ~ not yet reported = “Associated with febrile attacks of minor clinical significanee in sheep, horse & cattle, Human Relapsing Fever: ‘Transmitted via: a). ani. reservoir- tick ( Omithodoros Sp.) b). infbcted persons body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) Borrelia spp. in the hemolymph of lice tequashed by fingers Borrelia are released onto skin during, scratches & bite 2.Borrelia anserina — infects fowl = cause of goose septicemia,or fowl Spirochetosis, borreliosis in geese, chickens, ducks & turkeys Cultural & Biochemical Features: - not confirmed in vitro = grows well in chick embryos Morphology & Staining Reaction: -8— 20 Mm long and 0.3 Mdm wide Sto 8 coils Epizootiology and Pathogenesis: ‘Transmitting agents; a). Angasid ticks ).Chicken mits- Dermanyssus gallinae ¢), Mosquitoes that have fed w/ infected bird.- Onset of the disease is marked with fever, depression and anorexia. - Affected birds are cyanotic and develop greenish diarrhea - Lesions: splenomegaly, liver enlargement, serofibrinous exudates in pericardial sac and widespread hemorrhages - Pegions areresistant ‘Immnnity - develops after survival of acute phase of the disease. This immunity persists for 6 months - hens vaccinated for 8 weeks transfer immunity to eggs and protect the chicks for 2 weeks. Diagnosi Direct Smear — from blood in acute phase using giemsa stain - dark field microscopy - FAl- detects antigen = Microbiological culture - in the yolk sac of 5-6 days embryo ~ specimens: blood, spleen and liver suspension - Borrelia appear in 2-3 days Prevention and Control - control of ectoparasite is essential 3.Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato 3 genospecies: ‘a. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto- predominant pathogen in North America b. B.garinii c. B. afzelii Causes; a). lyme disease ~ common during tick season ’b). Epizootic abortion in cattle in Western US Epizootology & Pathogens ‘Transmitting agents: 1). Ixodid ticks (Ixodes ricinus) ~ midaut of ticks to fecal droplets 2). Blood sucking arthropods Reservoirs: a). white footed mice b). white- tailed deer In Dogs: Doberman — pinscher — prone to polyarthritis Tick exposure —> sudden onset of lameness ( 1 or more joints) ~ swollen, painful and migratory InHlorse: encephalitis, arthritis, panuveitis InCow: myocarditis, arthritis, nephritis & pneumonitis Diagnosis: 1, FA 2. Immunoperoxidase - labeled monoclonal ab in biopsy specimen 3. Culture of citrated blood or synovial fluid in Kelley’s medium = jxyyy-ryi/ay yp 4 field microscopy may 0 “4. B. cortaceae” agent of epizootic bovine abortion> NY The SPIROCHETES (Leptospira, Borrelia and Serpulina) - slender, flexuous, helically coiled, unicellular bacteria =3 to 250 um in length inactive biochemically, identification is usually based on morphological, antigenic properties, as well 25, pathogenecity ~ dark field mieroscopy reveals spiral structure and motility Giemsa and Wright stains are best in demonstration of spirochetes in light microscopy Genus Borrelia Highly adopted arthropod bome parasites ofthe blood of humans other mammalian species, and birds Maintsined and transmitted primal by teks anaerobe ‘The Bareia spp. that cause disease in domestic srimal are: 9. anserin~agentof ow spirochetosis PrBvroye’ Frio, butier-causes Lyme disease in humans and dogs; Cause of Epzootc Abortion in Cate in Western US Borda thier. causes relapsing fever of humans Transmission occu: © Through feeding ck (Omithodorae sop) 0 Persons infected with body lice (Pedicus humanus corporis) Borrelia theileri synonyms: Spirocheta thee! Treponema thelr First observed by Thller (1908) inthe blood nS. ican cattle and as in Australia Large oocely twisted spiral, 20-30um in eneth «organi is easy demonstrated inthe blood during fel state of the Infection dsppears ater + Actively motile by 15-20 periplasmic fagela + Anifcal cultures of this organism has not been reported 1 Diseases forty benign; resembles anplasmosis but are less severe: weight loss, weakness and anemia {Associated with febrile attacks of minor cial sigiancein sheep, horse and cate aman sessing 9 2 ‘Transmitted via: “a. bnimal-reservoir tick (Ornithodorus spp.) b infected persons with body lice Pedieulus manus corprs) = Borrelia spp. the hemolymph of ce which are squsshed by fingers ~Borrelia are released onto skin during scratches & bite + The ticks, Morgaropus decolorotus and Rhipicephalus evertsi, transmit the disease + Boophitus annulatus can be an efficient vector of B.theileri 2. Borrelia anserina ‘Synonyms: Borrelia galinarum ‘Spirochaeta anserine 4 Spirochaeta anserine Splronema gallinarum ‘© First described by Sakharoff (1981) in Russia asthe cause of “goose septicemia” or Fowl Spirochetosis ‘= Cause of borrelloss in geese, chickens, ducks, turkeys throughout the world 1+ Source of ereat economic loss n poultry in other regions.Morphol ‘* 8-10um long and 0 3um wide; 5-8 coils © Stains well with Giemsa stain Cultural and biochemical features ‘© Invitro, has not not been confrimed © Grows wellin chick embryo and maintained by passage in dey old chicks ‘© Also maintained in blood and plasma with 15% glyceral 4/5 weeks and at-70°C for 8 weeks ‘Antigens © Contains muramie ald and ornithine In their cell walls ‘© Srain variations are found to affect the efficacy of the protective immune response '© Soluble borrelia antigen is present in infected chickens 4-10 days after infection-not recognized antigen Eplzootiology and Pathogenesis 2/0 © transmitted by: “Aras tks 2 Chicken mite (ermanysusgaine) 3. Mosquitoes that have fed on infected bids and infected droppings In argasid tes, the spa form ofthe 8. arserina disappear 3-4 months but thetcks remain infected The gato rina isthe mast infective form capable of transmission detected by FAT ats ae mre ictal Toca semiaon erin ceria ii goons are more resistant Onset ofthe disease is marked wit fever, depression and anorexia ‘fected birds are cyanotic and develop greenish i Aultn ‘Dead bres exhib following lesion: + Splenomegaly ver enlargement, serofibrinou exetes inthe pericardial sac and widespread hemorcheges ‘Avian borreliosis, Immunity "Develops ater survival of acute phase ofthe disease. This immunity persists for 6 months ‘2 Hens vaccinated for 8 weeks transfer immunity to eggs and protect the chicks for 2 weeks Diagnosis rect Smear - from blood in acute phase using Glemsa stain = Darke microscopy = PAT- detects antigen ‘© Microbiological culture ~in the yolk sac of 5-6 days embryo Specimens: blood, spleen, and iver suspension = Borrelia appear in 2-3 days Prevention and Control © Control of ectoparasite i essential ‘Treatment + Sense to pein, teaevfes, tos ertromycn,spectnamyeln 3. Borrellia burgdorferi sensu lato 3 genospeces: ‘8. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu strict predominant pathogen in Nor eae Pathogen in North America, © Bofellhard ticks (Ixodes dammini) Cause of Lyme disease in humans and animals and Epizootic Abortion in Cattle in Western US Antigens ~ _ 2 abundant cellular proteins with MW of 31,000 and 34,000 — occur on outer membrane of organism Epizootiology and Pathogenesis ‘Transmitting Agents: Ltkodid ticks (brodes ricinus) ~ midgut of ticks to fecal droplets 2.Blood-sucking arthropods Reservoirs: jf) a). white footed mice b). white-tailed deer Indogs: Doberman-Afinscher— prone to Polyarthritis Tick exposure > weer ‘more joints) which is swollen, painful and lgratory InHorse: _ encephalitis, atthritis and panuveitis, Incow: myocarditis, arthritis, nephritis & pneumonitis Diagnosis 1. FA 2. Immunoperoxidase — labeled monoclonal antibody in biopsy specimen 3. Culture of citrated blood or synovial fluid in Kelly’s medium - not rewarding 4. Dark-field microscopy — PMIN leukocytes can be seen from specimen coming from synovial fluid Inmunity ‘Antibodies measured by indirect immunofluorescence Dogs with arthritis have no antibodies of IgM isotype Protective antibodies stimulated in hamsters by subcutaneous immunization with whole cells