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1.1
1.2
A liability is something a company owes, usually a sum of money. Liabilities are settled over
time through the transfer of economic benefits including money, goods, or services. Recorded on
the right side of the balance sheet, liabilities include loans, accounts payable, mortgages,
deferred revenues, bonds, warranties, and accrued expenses.
In general, a liability is an obligation between one party and another not yet completed or paid
for. In the world of accounting, a financial liability is also an obligation but is more defined by
previous business transactions, events, sales, exchange of assets or services, or anything that
would provide economic benefit at a later date. Liabilities are usually considered short term that
is expected to be concluded in 12 months or less or long term referring to those taking 12 months
or greater.
The first criteria needed to show liability in the financial statements is that the liability is
required to "embody a present duty or responsibility ... that entails settlement". In legal terms this
would be an obligation to pay a specific party or parties. By strict definition, accrual in advance
may not meet this definition. When considering the financial substance of the transaction and its
effect on current financial position, the liability created under the accrue in advance method may
be a far more accurate measurement. Accrue in advance allows for true matching of expenses
and liabilities to the periods in which they occurred.
The second criteria needed to show liability in the financial statements requires "the duty or
responsibility obligates a particular entity, leaving it little or no discretion to avoid the future
sacrifice". From a practical standpoint, major overhaul costs cannot be avoided, and in some
cases they are strictly regulated. Weather accrue-in-advance meets this portion of the definition
would depend on the intent of the applying party. While the third criteria needed to show liability
in the financial statements is that it requires “the transaction or other event obligating the entity
has already happened".
In conclusion, aside from the definition of liability issue, we believe that the accrue in advance
method of accounting for major maintenance activities is a financially sound method of
accounting. When considering an entities financial position and results of operations, this method
provides the most accurate matching of costs to the period in method of accounting. When
considering an entities financial position and results of operations, this method provides the most
accurate matching of costs to the period in which they were incurred, in which they were
incurred.
1.3 Going Concern Assumption. Its significance is that it provides an accurate picture of overall
cash flow for the business. Many business transactions occur over a period of several months and
therefore several accounting periods. Going Concern accounting reflects that income and
expenses generated in one month can carry over into the next month or even longer.
1.4 Relevance and faithful representation. Two qualities that enhance the two fundamental
characteristics are timeless and understandability.
2.1 R249,000.
2.2
QUESTION 3
3.1
R R
Revenue (service fees) 858 800
Cost of Sales
SOFP 124,082
Material 12800
SOFP -4200
QUESTION 4
4.1
Dr Cr
COST OF SALES
Opening inventory (152 100 + 17330) 152 100
Add: Purchases (201200 + 334 180) 201200
1622500
Add: Carriage inwards 45,500
Less: returns outwards 61,120
1515880
Less: closing inventory (145660+21900) 14 5660
Gross profit 1370, 220
= 1195000 – 521630/1195000
=56.35%
= 599170/1195000X100
=50.14%
4.2 Vardy is fears are not true, the performance of a business is not affected by Tax because
gross profits are not consumed by value added tax.
QUESTION 5
Dr Cr
31st May, 2020 b/d 73460 Cash receipts from debtor 3160
Credit sales 39000 Discount allowed 3460
Interest charged 520 Sales returns 3280
30th April, 2020 Balance 39,380 Credit losses 1400
c/d
Sell off 3430
th
30 April, 2020 Balance 137, 630
c/d