The Calculation of the Temperature Rise and Load Capability of Cable Systems J.H. NEHER (MENBER AEE N 1932 D. M. Simmons! published a series of articles entitled, “Calculation of the Electrical Problems of Underground Cables.” Over the intervening 25 years this work has achieved the status of a handbook on the subject. During this period, however, there have been numer- ous developments in the cable art, and muuch theoretical and experimental work hhas been done with a view to obtaining more accurate methods of evaluating the Parameters involved. The advent of the Pipe-type cable system has emphasized the desirability of a more rational method of calculating the performance of cables in duct in order that a realistic comparison may be made between the two systems, In this paper the authors have en- deavored to extend the work of Simmons by presenting under one cover the basic principles involved, together with more recently developed procedures for han- ling such problems as the effect of the Joading cycle and the temperature rise of cables in various types of duct struc- tures. Included as well are expressions required in the evaluation of the basic Parameters for certain specialized allied Procedures. It is thought that a work of this type will be useful not only as a guide to engineers entering the field and as a reference to the more experienced, but Particularly as a basis for setting up com- putation methods for the’ preparation of industry load capability and a-e/d-c ratio compilations. The calculation of the temperature rise of cable systems under essentially steady- state conditions, which includes the effect of operation under a repetitive load cycle, ‘a5 opposed to transient temperature rises due to the sudden application of large amounts of load, is a relatively simple Procedure and involves only the applica- tion of the thermal equivalents of Ohm's ‘and Kirchofi's Laws to a relatively simple thermal circuit. Because this circuit usually has a number of parallel paths with heat flows entering at several points, however, care must be exercised in the difiering methods are used by various en- gineers. The method employed in this Paper has been selected after careful con- 752 M. H. McGRATH ‘MEMBER AIEE sideration as being the most consistent and most readily handled over the full scope of the problem, All Losses will be developed on the basis of watts per conductor foot. ‘The heat flows and temperature rises due to dielec- triclossand tocurrent-produced losses will be treated separately, and, in the latter case, all heat flows will be expressed in termsof the current produced lossoriginat- ing in one foot of conductor by means of multiplying factors which take into ac- count the added losses in the sheath and conduit, In general, all thermal resistances will be developed on the basis of the per con- ductor heat flow through them. In the case of underground eable systems, it is convenient to utilize an effective thermal resistance for the earth portion of the thermal circuit which includes the effect of the loading eycle and the mutual heat- ing effect of the other cable of the system, All cables in the system will be considered to cary the same load eurrents and to be operating under the same load cycle. ‘The system of nomenclature employed is in accordance with that adopted by the Insulated Conductor Committee as stand- ard,and differs appreciably from that used inmany of the references. This system Tepresents an attempt to wtilize in so far 2s possible the various symbols appearing in the American Standards Association Standards for Electrical Quantities, Me- chanics, Heat and Thermo-Dynamics, and Hydraulics, when these symbols ca be used without ambiguity. Certain symbols which have long been used by cable engineers have been retained, even though they are in direct conflict with the above-mentioned standards, Nomenclature (AF) attainment factor, per unit (pu) Ar=cross-section area of @ shielding tape or skid wire, square inches ermal diffusivity, square inches per hour CIconductor area, circular inches dedistance, inches diz ete. = from center of eable no. 1 to center of cable no. 2 ete. Gq! etc.=from center of cable no. 1 to image of cable no. 2 ete. point of interference i’ ete.=from image of cable no. 1 to a point of interference ameter, inches Dominside of annular conductor De=outside of conductor outside of insulation Dy=outside of sheath Demw=mean diameter of sheath Dymoutside of jacket Di'=effective (circumscribing circle) of several cables in contact Dy=inside of duct wall, pipe or conduit De=diameter at start of the earth portion of the thermal cireuit Deefictitious diameter at which the effect of loss factor commences Extine to neutral voltage, kilovolts (kv) emcotffcient of surface emissivity «= specific inductive capacitance of insula- tion Jefrequency, cycles per second F, Figs products of ratios of distances Fiz) =derived Bessel function of x (Table MI and Fig. 1) cometric factor G,applying to insulation resistance (Fig. 2 of reference 1) Gr=applying to dielectric loss (Fig. 2 of reference 1) Go=applying to a duct bank (Fig. 2) Imconductor current, kiloamperes Ay=skin effect correction factor for annular ‘and segmental conductors bymrelative transverse conductivity factor for ealeulating conductor proximity effect Imlay of a shielding tape or skid wire, inches Le depth of reference cable below earth's surface, inches I=depth to center of a duct bank (or (i) toad factor, per unit backfill), inches (LF) loss factor, per unit nnumber of conductors per cable n’=number of conductors within a stated diameter Nenumber of cables or cable groups in a system perimeter of a duct bank or backfill, inches ower factor of the insulation ratio of the sum of the losses in the conductors and sheaths to the losses in the conductors Gemratio of the sum of the losses in the conductors, sheath and conduit to the losses in the conductors Reelectrical resistance, ohms Raemd-e resistance of conductor Reemtotal acc resistance per conductor dee resistance of sheath or of the parallel paths in a shield-skid wire assembly ‘Re thermal resistance (per conductor losses) ‘thermal ohm-feet Rewof insulation yal jacket ‘Eyam between cable surface and surrounding enclosure ee aver 57-600, recommended by the AIBE Tnsslated ondvetors Committe and approved by the ALES J. H. Nenex te with the Pillaelpbia.Esctrie Company, Puladeiphi, Pa. and ht. MeGaare fs “with the ‘General "Cabie" Corporation, ‘Perta Amboy, B. Ocroner 1957MY N Fox ano Fees) chs i | ze: | : & 5 g | Coe : 470 le 8 off : ~ Rack Fig. 1 (above). Fig. 2 (Hight). Gy for & duct bank Re=of duct wall or asphalt mastic covering Ree=total between sheath and diameter Dz including Ry, Rig and Re Ry= between conduit and ambient Rifmefiective between diameter Dy and ambient earth including the effects of loss factor and mutual heating by other cables Re'effective between conductor ‘ambient for conductor loss Ra'=effective transient thermal resistance ‘of cable system ‘Raa! meffective between conductor and am- bbient for dielectric loss Reamof the interference effect Ryembetween a steam pipe and ambient earth peelectrical resistivity, circular mil ohms per foot Jethermal resistivity, degrees centigrade centimeters per watt sedistance in a 3.conductor cable between the effective current center of the conductor and the axis of the cable, inches ‘spacing between adjacent cables, inches 4, T=thickness (as indicated), inches ‘Tatemperature, degrees centigrade Tesof ambient air or earth and S-a Tr=mean temperature of medium AT =temperature rise, degrees centigrade ‘Te=of conductor due to current produced losses ATa=of conductor due to dielectric loss ‘Tiaimof a cable due to extraneous heat inferred temperature of zero resistance, degrees centigrade (C) (used in correcting Rye and Ry to tempera- tures other than 20 C) Veewind velocity, miles per hour Welosses developed in a cable, watts per ‘conductor foot OcroperR 1957 Fx) and F(xp’) as functions of Rax/k We=portion developed in the conductor Wreportion developed in the sheath or shield ortion developed in the pipe or con- duit Wa=portion developed inthe dielectric Xq=mtual reactance, conductor to sheath oF shield, microhmas per foot Yethe increment of a-c/d-c ratio, pu Yendue to loses origiating in the con- ductor, having components Yer duc tovakin effect and Yep due 0 prox: imity effect Yondue to losses originating in the sheath ‘or shield having components Yue die to circulating current effect and Yur due to eddy current effect Ypeedue'to losses originating ia the pipe or conduit Ya=due to losses originating in the armor Wom General Considerations of the ‘Thermal Circuit ‘Tue CALCULATION oF TEMPERATURE Rise ‘The temperature rise of the conductor of acable above ambient temperature may be considered as being composed of a temperature rise due to its own losses, which may be divided into a rise due to current produced (FR) losses (hereinafter referred to merely as loses) in the conduc- tor, sheath and conduit AT, and the rise produced by its dielectric loss ATs Neher, McGrath—Temperature and Load Capability of Cable Systems se ss 7 2 rani L/P Thus Tp— Tam OTet+ATe degrees centigrade a Each of these component temperature rises may be considered as the result of a rate of heat flow expressed in watts per foot through a thermal resistance ex- pressed in thermal ohm feet (degrees centi- grade feet per watt); in other words, the radial rise in degrees centigrade for a heat flow of one watt uniformly distributed ‘over a conductor length of one foot. ‘Since the losses occur at several posi- tions in the cable system, the eat flow in the thermal circuit will increase in steps. It is convenient to express all heat flows in terms of the los per foot of conductor, and ‘thus BTe= We Ret aukies tacks) degrees centigrade (2) in which We represents the losses in one conductor and A; is the thermal resistance of the insulation, qr is the ratio of the sum of the losses in the conductors and sheath to the losses in the conductors, Rasis the total thermal resistance between sheath and conduit, g, is the ratio of the sum of the losses in conductors, sheath and conduit, to the conductor losses, and Re 758is the thermal resistance between the conduit and ambient, In practice, the load carried by a cable is rarely constant and varies according to 4 daily load cycle having a load factor (). Hence, the losses in the cable will vary according to the corresponding daily loss cycle having aloss factor (LF). ‘From an examination of a large number of load eycles and their corresponding load ‘and loss factors, the following general rela- tionship between load factor and loss factor has been found to exist.* (LF)=0.3 (If) 40.7 (If) per unit @ In order to determine the maximum temperature rise attained by a buried cable system under a repeated daily load cycle, the losses and resultant heat flows are calculated on the basis of the maxi- mum load (usually taken as the average current for that hour of the daily load cycle during which the average current is the highest, ie. the daily maximum one- hour average load) on which the loss factor is based and the heat flow in the last part of the earth portion of the thermal cireuit is reduced by the factor (LF). If this reduction is considered to start at a point in the earth corresponding to the diameter Dz} equation 2 becomes ATe= Well guitee+ a4 Res +(LF)Reza)] degrees centigrade (4) In effect this means that the tempera- ture rise from conductor to Dz is made to depend on the heat loss corresponding to ‘the maximum load whereas the tempera ture rise from diameter D; to ambient is ‘made to depend on the average loss over a 24chour period. Studies indicate that the procedure of assuming a fictitious eriteal Giameter Dz at which an abrupt change ‘occurs in loss factor from 100% to actual will give results which very closely approximate those obtained by rigorous transient analysis, For cables or duct in air where the thermal storage capacity of the system is relatively small, the maxi- mum temperature rise is based upon the heat flow corresponding to maximmtim load without reduction of any part of the thermal circuit. When a number of cables are installed close together in the earth or in a duct bank, each cable will have a heating effect upon all of the others, In calculating the temperature rise of any one cable, it is convenient to handle the heating effects of the other cables ofthe system by suitably modifying the last term of equation 4, This is permissible since it is assumed ‘that all the cables are carrying equal cur- rents, and are operating on the same load eyele. Thus for an N-cable system Tod AT em We Ret glee} el Res H(LP)X (ea) +(W—1)Rpal) (8) a WaRetakret oR) degrees centigrade (5A) where the term in parentheses is indicated by the effective thermal resistance R,’, ‘The temperature rise due to dielectric loss is a relatively small part of the total temperature rise of cable systems op- erating at the lower voltages, but at higher voltages it constitutes an appre- clable part and must be considered. Al- though the dielectric tosses are dis- tributed throughout the insulation, it may be shown that for single conductor cable and multiconductor shielded cable with round conductors the correct temperature rise is obtained by considering for tran- sient and steady state that all of the dielectric loss Wz occurs at the middle of the thermal resistance between conduc- tor and sheath or alternately for steady- state conditions alone that the tempera- ture rise between conductor and sheath for @ given loss in the dielectric is half as much as if that loss were in the conductor. In the case of multiconductor belted cables, however, the conductors are taken as the source of the dielectric loss. The resulting temperature rise due to dielectric loss ATs may be expressed ATa=Weltga! degrees centigrade (6) in which the effective thermal resistance Rec! is based upon Ry, Rye, and Re(at unity loss factor) according to the particular case. The temperature rise at points in the cable system other than at the con- ductor may be determined readily from the foregoing relationships, ‘Tue Cavcutarion oF Loap Capapnary In many cases the permissible m: mum temperature of the conductor is fixed and the magnitude of the conductor current (load capability) required to produce this temperature is desired. Equation 5(A) may be written in the form Tem TRed(1+ Yolen! degrees centigrade (7) in which the quantity Ree (1+Y.) which will be evaluated later represents the effective electrical resistance of the con- ductor in microhms per foot, and which when multiplied by J? (J in kiloamperes) will equal the loss WV; in watts per condue- tor foot actually generated in the conduc- tor; and Re.’ is the effective thermal resistance of the thermal circuit, Feca! Ret q.Rre+gelte! thermal obm-feet @) From equation 1 it follows that [Fe=CeFaTe) RAF TOR Mloamperes (9) Neher, McGrath—Temperature and Load Capability of Cable Systems Table I. Electrical Resistivity of Verious Ma Material ne — Seppe 100% TCS)... 10.972... 204.5 ‘Aluminues (81% TAGS). 37-002, 11! 2ae't Commercial Bronze (48.69)..) 25.8 0. 804 TACs) (90 Corto 2a) ‘ease (27.3% TAC). 88.0 .....912 (G0 Gu-20'20). Lend (7.84% TACS).» 192.3 ....298 ‘Toternational Annealed Copper Standard Calculation of Losses and ‘Associated Parameters Catcutation of D-C Resisrances ‘The resistance of the conductor may be determined from the following expressions which include a lay factor of 2%; see Table I. LO2pe 4e= HEP microbms per foot a Raat per foot at 20 C (20) 223 tor 100% IACS copper conductor at 75 (10A) 212 cr for 61% IACS aluminum at 75 C (10B) where CI represents the conductor size in circular inches and where p. represents the electrical resistivity in circular mil ‘ohms per foot. To determine the value of resistance at temperature T multiply the resistance at 20 C by (r+T)/(r+20) where r is the inferred temperature of zero resistance. ‘The resistance of the sheath is given by the expressions R ‘microhms per foot at 20 (11) Dnt 37.9 Ran F for lead at 50.6 (ara) for 61% aluminum at 50 C (1B) Where Dem is the mean diameter of the sheath and 1 is its thickness, both in inches (az) ‘The resistance of intercalated shields or skid wires may be determined from the microhms per foot at 20 (13) Re (per path) =: where Az is the cross-section area of the Ocroser 1957tape or skid wire and / is its lay. The over-all resistance of the shield and skid wire assembly, particularly for noninter- calated shields, should be determined by electrical measurement when possible. ‘Cancutation oP Losses Tt is convenient to develop expressions for the loses in the conductor, sheath and pipe or conduit in terms of the components of the a-c/d-c ratio of the cable system which may be expressed as followst Rao Rec=1+ VAY Ys as) ‘The a-c/dcc ratio at conductor is 1+ Ye ‘and at sheath or shield is 14 Yet Ys and at pipe or conduit is 14 Yet Yet Y¥p ‘The corresponding losses physically gen- erated in the conductor, sheath, and pipe Wee PR 1+ Ye) watts per conductor foot cas) Wan F*ReeYs watts per conductor foot (16) Wy=T*Ree¥ watts per conductor foot (17) ‘This permits a ready determination of the losses if the segregated a-c/d-c ratios are known, and conversely, the a-c/d-c ratio is readily obtained after the values of Yc, ¥, and ¥, have been calculated. It follows from the definitions of 9, and ge that as) We - 14+¥e Ce ‘The factor Y; is the sum of two compo- nents, Yr due to skin effect and Yep due proximity effect. We=DRed1+ Yer Yor) rats per conductor foot (20) ‘The skin effect may be determined from the skin effect function F(x) Yas Fle) 680 smosrtq) Be Ree Vala (1) at 60 eycles (22) in which the factor ks depends upon the conductor construction. For solid or conventional conductors appropriate values of k, wil be found in Table II. The function F(x) may be obtained from Table Table Il. Recommended Values of ke and kp Conductor Construction ing on Strands Treatment a ee Concentric round None. 1.0 10 ‘Goncentie round, Nese 10 Lo ‘Goncentrie Fouad Yee 10 0:80 Compact round. ‘Yen. 10 oe Sompaet sesmental None 0.435) 0:8 Sompset sormental None, 2 0, Compact sesmental Yes 0.495) oar Compact sectors Nose Ye 1. (Gee aote) 2, Proximity effect on annular conductors may be approximated by using the value for « concentric ound conductor of the same crosrrectional area aad spacing. ‘The increased diameter of the annul {ype and the removal of metal from the ceuter decreases the skin effect but fors gives axial spacog, tends forest in an faerease ia proxiaity. 4. The value listed above for compact segmental refer to four segment constructions, The “uncoated {ented values may als be takes as applicable to fout seyment compact segmental with Rollow core (ep prosimately O75 inch cleat). Far “uncoated-trented” ax segment hollow core compact segmental Tiated EEeC data Indicates ky andy values of 0.30 and 0.39 respectively, Table Ill. Skin Effect in 95 in Solid Round Conductor and in Conventi Stand Conductors 100 F(x), Skin Effect % Beeeneasese SSuReneeees ees: 38: BSSEEEREBEERSEE omonnsnwnnoccccooce BEESBESRRER ESBS: 2 eeE: B2ebese: Pena etry Bas ‘aaa, 108.21 TIT or from the curves of Fig. 1 in terms of the ratio Re,/E at 60 cycles. For annual conductors he BexBe( Bets ""DetDa\ DADs in which De and Ds represent the outer (23) Ocroser 1957 and inner diameters of the annular con- ductor. In comparison with the rigorous Bessel function solution for the skin effect in an isolated tubular conductor, it has ‘been found that the 60-cycle skin effect of Neher, McGrath—Temperature and Load Capability of Cable Systems annular conductor when computed by equation 23 will not be in error by more than 0,01 in absolute magnitude for copper or aluminum IPCEA (Insulated Power Cable Engineers Association) filled 755Table IV. Mutual Reactance at 60 Cycles, Conductor to S ath (oF Shield) core conductors up through 5.0 CT and for hollow core concentrically stranded copper or aluminum oil-filled cable conductors up through 4.0 CT. For values of x» below 3.5, @ range which appear to cover most cases of prac- tical interest at power frequencies, the conductor proximity effect for cables in equilateral triangular formation in the same or in separate ducts may be cal- culated from the following equation based on an approximate expression given by Amold® (equation 7) for a system of three homogeneous, straight, parallel, solid conductors of circular cross section arranged in equilateral formation and carrying balanced 3-phase current remote from all other conductors or conducting material. The empirical transverse con- ductance factor 2, is introduced to make the expression applicable to stranded conductors. Experimental results sug- est the values of shown in Table I. De\* Yop= Feag)( 22 Ren( Bx Lis De\* Rapa ton(2)'] (24) 6.80 #9 = Tyagi, 3 OO eves (2s) ‘When the second term in the brackets is small with respect to the first term as it usually is, equation 24 may be written 0.295(De/S)" Fey) +027 =1(2) ran cn Yep mre where the function Flx,') is shown in Fig. 1. The average proximity effect for con- éuctors in cradle configuration in the same ductor in separate ducts ina forma- tion approximating a regular polygon may Table V. Specific Inductive Cepacitance of Insulations ‘Material . Rolyetbylentsseccecccseeegse 2-8 Baper insulation (eld typ). 3-7 GPCEA valued Paper insulation (ther types) 13 344.2 ‘Rubber aad rebber ike cos 5 CIPCEA value) pounds. Varnished GPCEA value) 756 also be estimated from*equation 24 and 24(A). In such cases, S should be taken as the axial spacing between adjacent conductors ‘The factor Y, is the sum of two factors, Yee due to circulating current effect and Ys due to eddy current effects, Wa PRed Vac Foe) watts per conductor foot (26) Because of the large sheath losses which result from short-circuited sheath opera- tion with appreciable separation between ‘metallic sheathed single conductor cables, this mode of operation is usually restricted to triplex cable or three single-conductor cables contained in the same duct. The circulating current effect in three metallic sheathed single-conductor cables arranged in equilateral configuration is given by (27) When (R./Xn)* is large with respect to unity as usually isthe case of shielded non- leaded cables, equation 27 reduces to Xm approximately, (27a) 882f log 25/Dim microhms per foot (28) 952.9 10g 25/Dim rmicrohms per foot at 60 cycles (28A) where 5 is the axial spacing of adjacent cables, For a cradled configiration Xm may be approximated from 225+/—73 5 Dm GS) ricrohms pr foot at 60 eyes. (29) 52.9 log 2.3 S/Dim approximately (204) Xm 52.9 log ‘Table IV provides a convenient means for determining Xm for cables in equilateral configuration. The eddy-current effect for single- conductor cables in equilateral configura- tion with open-circuited sheaths is yay (2)E4(¢5)] om when (5.2 R,/f)* is large in respect to 1/5 Neher, McGrath—Temperature and Load Capability of Cable Systems (25/Dmm) as in the case of lead sheaths. onsen a8) +H(28) | approximately at 60 cycles (30A) When the sheaths are short-circuited, the sheath eddy loss will be reduced and may be approximated by multiplying equations 30 oF 30(A) by the ratio RA RE$X In computing average eddy current for cradled configuration, § should be taken equal to the axial spacing and not to the geometric-mean spacing. Equations 30 and 30(A) may be used to compute the eddy-current effect for single-conductor cables installed in separate ducts. Strictly speaking, these equations apply only to three cables in equilateral con- figuration but can be used to estimate losses in large cable groups when latter are s0 oriented as to approximate a regular polygon. ‘The eddy-current effect for a 3-conduc- tor cable is given by Arnold,* Yun BR (25/D om)? *Rad (@): ey f BBR) 16228)" GF) When (5.2R,/f)? is large with respect to unity, 2 396_( 25) RaRec \Den, approximately at 60 cycles (314) se11557+0.60Xthe V gauge depth for compact sectors =1.1857+0.58 De for round conductors (32) (1) and T'is the insulation thickness, includ- ing thickness of shielding tapes, if any. While equation 31(A) will suffice for lead sheath cables, equation 31 should be used for aluminum sheaths, On 3-conductor shielded paper lead cable it is customary to employ a 3- of 5+ mil copper tape or bronze tape inter- calated with a paper tape for shielding and binder purposes. The lineal d-c resist- ance of a copper tape 5 mils by 0.75 inch is about 2,200 microhms per foot of tape at 20 C. The dic resistance per foot Of cable will be equal to the lineal resist- ance of the tape multiplied by the lay correction factor as given by the expres- sion under the square-root sign in equation 13, In practice the lay correction factor may vary from 4 to 12 or more resulting in shielding and binder assembly resist Ocroner 1957soca of epoinay 10009 or mee ‘microhms per foot of cable. Even on ‘the assumption that the assembly resist- So ETE caf ona So Mice mde teas ath Se cing cents SoU unt te ering centg eo cacurt es as ton 19% on sizes of practical interest. For this ce rary tose ae losses in the shielding and binder tapes satu it paper eed Se ear sonata ber power: cables where lapped metallic ve teeny eae be effects may be present and may materially ie eect sig bly and hence increase the losses to a Mee hey wef wna se Tact deri te ip oot a oe tec SS eo snag cont See er ives cere weet Eee) may be used to obtain a rough estimate Bt in cde tren slate ot amas pte se ear of ere nes ee mae wimg oc with s=(Dy—D,)/2 and for close tri- re ate ate se of ee with s=0.578 D,. The mean diameter of the pipe and its resistance per foot should Pict Dante For magnetic pipes or conduit the 1 Pea my oor Y= Rae (8-conductor cable) (33) cine) (0 oss ATSD, OBASHONTEPS (singleconductor, ¥p Ree cradted) (35) ‘These expressions apply to steel pipet ‘and should be multiplied by 0.8 for iron conduit? ‘The expressions given for Ye and Ys above should be multiplied by 1.7 to find the corresponding in-pipe effects for mag- netic pipe or conduit for both triangular and cradled configurations. Carcurarton oF Drevectaic Loss ‘The dielectric loss We for 3-conductor shielded and single-conductor cable is given by the expression 0.00276 B%, cos $ “Jog @T+D2\/De ‘conductor foot at 60 cycles (36) We: watts per Octoner 1957 and for 3-conductor belted cable byt Gi Coto fot at 00 eyeles We watts per a7 where E is the phase to neutral voltage in kilovolts, « is the specific inductive ‘capacitance of the insulation (Table V) T {sits thickness and cos ¢ sits power factor. ‘The geometric factor G; may be found from Fig. 2 of reference 1. For compact sector conductors the di- ‘lectric loss may be taken equal to that for fa concentric round conductor having the same cross-sectional area and insulation thickness. Calculation of Thermal Resistance ‘Tuesmat, RESISTANCE OF THE INSULATION For a single conductor cable, Rp=0.0125; log D,/D, thermal ohm-feet (38) here jy is the thermal resistivity of the insulation (Table VI) and Dy is its diameter. In multiconductor cables there is a multipath heat flow between the conductor and sheath, The following ex- pression! represents an equivalent value which, when multiplied by the heat flow from one conductor, will produce the actual temperature elevation of the conductor above the sheath. Rice0,005225,G, thermal ohm-feet (39) Values of the geometric factor G; for 3- conductor belted and shielded cables are given in Fig. 2 and Table VIII respec- tively of reference 1. On large size sec- tor conductors with relatively thin in- sulation walls (ce. ratios of insulation thickness to conductor diameter of the order of 0.2 or less); values of Gy for 3- conductor shielded cable as determined bby back caleulation, on the basis of am assumed insulation resistivity, from lab- oratory heat-run temperature-rise data, ave not always confirmed theoretical values, and, in some cases, have yielded G, values which approach those for a nonshielded, nonbelted construction. Table VI. Thermal Resistivity of Various Materials —— Mat 5.€ Cay Watt nnn Paper innultion solid type)...700 CIRCEA value) PePSisted camoecssce.cs--.. 600 CPCEA value) Paper futation (tier £7905) 500-55) PebeeP tad eebber ibe. os 800 (KPCEA value) se protec 30 Polyethylene 450, ‘Frnosite duck L200. Somatic 100 ‘Tuepatat, Resistance oF Jackets, Duct Watts, aNp Somastic Coatinos ‘The equivalent thermal resistance of relatively thin cylindrical sections such as jackets and fiber duct walls may be determined from the expression eooross'( Zo) thermal otmtee (40) with appropriate subscripts applied to R, sand D in which D represents the ‘outside diameter of the section and ¢ its thickness. 1/is the number of conductors contained with the section contributing to the heat flow through it. ‘Tueemat RESISTANCE BETWEEN CABLE SURFACE AND SURROUNDING PIPE, Conpur, on Duct Watt ‘Theoretical expressions for the thermal resistance between a cable surface and a surrounding enclosure are given in refer~ fence 10. As indicated in Appendix 1, these have been simplified to the general form na fue TR CTRID thermal ohm-feet ay) in which A, B, and C are constants, Dy’ represents the equivalent diameter of the cable or group of cables and n’ the number of conductors contained within Dy’. Tm is the mean temperature of the interven- ing medium, The constants 4, B, and C Table VII. Constants for Use in Equations 41 and 41(A)—* In Bber duct fa trenate duct ia ie Oiled pie cable. Dy'=1.00% diameter of eae for one cable Tesxcdineeter of cable for Ewo cables 211s xdiameter of eable for three cables 2: b0x¢dinmeter of eable for four cables Neher, McGrath—Temperature and Load Capability of Cable Systems 78T