Toán Ứng Dụng Giáo Trình

CHAPTER 1
Linear equations
© 2020 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 1.3: Graphs of Linear Equations
• A graph consists of an x-axis (horizontal axis)

and y-axis (vertical axis), and a particular point
on the graph is identified by its co-ordinates, (x,
y);
• The first co-ordinate is the horizontal position of
the point; the second co-ordinate is the vertical
position.
The main features and Plotting of Points
North-East (NE)
South-East (SE)
South-West (SW)
North-West (NW)
Linear Equations
• Definition of an equation: an equation is any

expression containing an “equals” sign.
• The general equation of a straight line takes the
form
a multiple of x + a multiple of y = a number
• ax + ey = b for some given numbers a and b
• The numbers a and e are referred to as the
coefficients.
• Ex: −2x + y = 1
• The coefficients are -2 and 1
Intercept and Slope
• Using the equation: y = 2x – 3 or y=ax + b

• a=2 and b= -3
• When x =0 => y = - 3
• The line passes (0,-3) so the y intercept is -3, in other words, the
constant term, b, represents the intercept on the y axis
• The a, the coefficient of x, determines the slope of a line
Example
Two new models of a smartphone are launched on
1 January 2018. Predictions of sales are given by:
• Model 1: S1 = 4 + 0.5n
• Model 2: S2 = 8 + 0.1n
where Si (in tens of thousands) denotes the monthly
sales of model i after n months.
a) State the values of the slope and intercept of each
line and give an interpretation.
b) Illustrate the sales of both models during the first
year by drawing graphs on the same axes.
c) Use the graph to find the month when sales of
Model 1 overtake those of Model 2.
Example
Three companies can supply a university with some
mathematical software. Each company has a different
pricing structure:
• Company 1 provides a site license which costs $130 000
and can be used by anyone at the university;
• Company 2 charges $1000 per user;
• Company 3 charges a fixed amount of $40 000 for the
first 60 users and $500 for each additional user.
(a) Draw a graph of each cost function on the same set of
axes.
(b) What advice can you give the university about which
company to use?
Exercises
• 2,7,9/52
• 10,11,5/53
• 6/54
Section 1.5:Supply and Demand Analysis
• A function, f, is a rule which assigns to each incoming
number, x, a uniquely defined outgoing number, y.
y = 2x + 3 or f(x) = 2x + 3
• The incoming variables => independent variable
• The outgoing variables => dependent variable
Identify the independent and dependent variable
• Annual Income of an individual and total Annual Expenditure by the individual.
• Weekly income of an individual and number of hours worked per week by the
individual.
• Annual Income of an individual and number of years of education of the individual.
• Number of students attending UK Universities and average tuition fees
Demand
• Look at the Handcrafting ”silver” rings:

• if you set a price of £1 per ring, you sell eight rings;
• if you set a price of £2, you sell seven;
• if you set a price of £3, you sell six;
• if you set a price of £4, you sell five;
• …. if you set a price of £9, you do not sell any!
• Let P be the price and Q be the number that you sell
• We have: D: Q=9−P
• This equation is known as the demand equation for your
silver rings. It shows how many will be sold (Q) when the
price is P.
Demand functions
• The quantity demanded, Q, of a good depends

on the market price, P. We might express this as
Q = f (P) or P = g(Q)
• f and g, are said to be inverse functions
• Written in the form P = g(Q), P= aQ + b
• a, b are parameters
• The process of identifying the key features of the real
world and making appropriate simplifications and
assumptions is known as modelling.
• a<0: decreasing functions
• a>0: increasing functions
Endogenous and Exogenous
• In practice, Q depends on other factors as well. These
include
• the incomes of consumers, Y,
• the price of substitutable goods, PS,
• the price of complementary goods, PC,
• advertising expenditure, A,
• and consumers’ tastes, T.
• Q = f (P, Y, PS, PC, A, T)
• Q and P endogenous variables (allowed to vary and
are determined within the model)
• The remaining variables are called exogenous( constant
and are determined outside the model)
Supply
• What price will you choose to set? Well, actually, you
don’t choose the price; you let the market choose it for
you. In order to find what price will emerge, we need to
consider the supply equation as well.
• If you are offered only £1 per ring, you are not willing to spend
time producing them, so you do not produce any.
• If you are offered £2, you are willing to produce only one.
• If you are offered £3, you are willing to produce two; and so on.
• If you are offered £10, you produce nine.
• Supply function: Q = −1+ P
• P = aQ + b
Equilibrium
• The corresponding
price, P0, and quantity,
Q0, are called the
equilibrium price and
quantity.
• At this point the market
is in equilibrium
because the quantity
supplied exactly
matches the quantity
demanded
Example
• A potter makes and sells ceramic bowls. It is observed that
when the price is $32, only 9 bowls are sold in a week; but
when the price decreases to $10, weekly sales rise to 20.
Assuming that demand can be modelled by a linear
function. Set up the demand function
• The demand and supply functions of a good are given by
P=−2QD +50 P = 1/2QS + 25
where P, QD and QS denote the price, quantity demanded and
quantity supplied, respectively.
(a) Determine the equilibrium price and quantity.
(b) Determine the effect on the market equilibrium if the
government decides to impose a fixed tax of $5 on each good.
Exercises
• 3,4,5,6,7,8,9/81,82
• 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8/83
Section 1.7: National Income Determination
• Firms use resources such as land, capital, labor and raw

materials to produce goods and services.
• These resources are known as factors of production and
are taken to belong to households.
• National income represents the flow of income from firms
to households given as payment for these factors.
• Income can be used for the consumption of goods
produced by firms, or it can be put into savings.
• Consumption, C, and savings, S, are therefore functions of
income, Y: that is,
C = f(Y) S = g(Y)
Consumption Function
• Consumption function: C = aY + b
• The intercept b is the level of consumption when there is no
income =>autonomous consumption
• The slope, a, is the change in C brought about by a 1-unit
increase in Y and is known as the =>marginal propensity to
consume (MPC)
• 0<a<1
• But: Y=C+S => S= (1-a)Y – b
• The slope of the savings function is called the marginal
propensity to save (MPS) and is given by 1 − a: that is,
• MPS = 1 − a = 1 − MPC
• -b: autonomous savings
The Model of National Economy
• From the upper
diagram:
C+I = Y
• From the lower
diagram:
Y= C+S
• If the economy is
in equilibrium, the
flow of income
and expenditure
balance so that
Government Expenditure & Taxation
• The national income: Y = C + I +G

• With the tax (T), Yd = Y – T => disposable income
• In practice, the tax will:
• either be autonomous (T = T * for some lump sum T *)
• or be a proportion of national income (T = tY for some
proportion t), or a combination of both (T = tY + T*).
• Example:
Given that
• G = 20 I = 35
• C=0.9Yd +70 T = 0.2Y + 25
• Calculate the equilibrium level of national income.
Investment
• Previously, the investment, I, was taken to be

constant.
• It is more realistic to assume that planned
investment depends on the rate of interest, r.
• As the interest rate rises, so investment falls and
we have a relationship
I = cr + d where c < 0 and d > 0.
• Deriving Y and I equation from:
C = 0.8Y + 100
I = −20r + 1000
Investment (Cont.)
• IS schedule: 0.2Y + 20r = 1100

• LM schedule: MS* =k1Y+k2r+k3
• MS : Money supply, fixed (Controlled by central bank)
• MS=MS*
• MD: Money demand
• Transaction demand, precautionary demand: L1=k1Y
• Speculative demand: L2= k2r + k3
• k1 and k3 are positive constant, k2 is negative constant
MD =L1 +L2 = k1 Y + k2 r + k3
• If the money market is in equilibrium, then
M=M S D
Exercises
• 1,2,3,4,5,6,7/106
• 4,5/107
Chapter 2: Non-linear Equations
• Section 2.1 : Quadratic functions

• The simplest non-linear function is known as a
quadratic function and takes the form
f(x)=ax2 +bx + c for some parameters a, b and c.
Source: Peter R. Dickson, Marketing Management, 1st ed., © 1994 Cengage Learning; see also William M. Pride and O. C. Ferrell, Marketing 18th ed. (Mason, OH: Cengage
Learning, 2016).
Solve the quadratic equations
• For equation: ax2 +bx +c =0

• The number b2 − 4ac is called the discriminant
Revenue, Cost and Profit
• The profit function is denoted by the Greek letter

π (pi, pronounced ‘pie’) and is defined to be the
difference between total revenue, TR, and total
cost, TC: that is, π = TR − TC
• The total revenue received from the sale of Q
goods at price P is given by TR = PQ
Example
• Given the demand function : P = 100 − 2Q
express TR as a function of Q and hence sketch its
graph.
(a) For what values of Q is TR zero?
(b) What is the maximum value of TR?
• TR = (100 − 2Q)Q = 100Q − 2Q2
a) The total revenue is zero when Q = 0 and Q =50.
b) By symmetry, the parabola reaches its maximum
halfway between 0 and 50: that is, at Q = 25. The
corresponding total revenue is given by
TR = 100(25) − 2(25)2 = 1250
Example (cont.)
Total Cost, Variable Cost and Fixed Cost
• Total cost function, TC, which relates the production

costs to the level of output, Q.
• Fixed costs, FC, include the cost of land, equipment,
rent and possibly skilled labor
• Variable costs, on the other hand, vary with output
and include the cost of raw materials, components,
energy and unskilled labor.
• TVC = (VC)Q
• TC = FC + (VC)Q
• The average cost, AC = FC/Q + VC/Q
• © 2020 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Graph
Example
• Given the demand function QD = 75 – (1/4)P
• Find the total revenue function written in terms of Q [TR = P(Q)]
• Calculate the point at which total revenue is equal to zero
• Calculate the point at which total revenue is maximized.
• A manufacturer faces two types of costs in its production process,
fixed costs which are equal to £1000 and variable costs which are
equal to £2 for each tire produced.
• State the total cost function for this firm
• Calculate average costs
• Calculate total costs if 700 tires are produced.

• Using the total revenue function calculated from question 1 and the
total cost function calculated in question 2.
• Derive the profit function for the firm
• What is the value of profits when production equals 125 units?
Exercises
• 7,9,10/137
• 9,10,11,12/139
Chapter 4: Differentiation
PART 1: LIMIT
Consider a manufacturer of a single product whose profit
P(x) is a function of the number of units x that the firm makes
and sells.
It is important to know the level of production x at which P(x)
becomes negative. If P(x) becomes negative at x = a, then
the producer starts losing money.
• It may also be important to know how the profit P(x)
behaves when x is near the crucial value a.
• This information could help the producer to develop a plan
for avoiding losses.
Examples
Definition of a Limit
• One important aspect of calculus is the analysis of
how the value of a function changes when input
changes.
• How does the function change as the input gets closer
and closer to some number a?
• If the corresponding output gets closer and closer to a
number L as the input approaches a, that number L is
called a limit.
• L is the limit of f(x) as x approaches the value a:
f(x) à L as xà a or lim = 𝐿
!→#
Formulas
F(x)à∞
$%&'()&(
• If f(x) à ∞ as x à∞ then lim =0
!→# *(!)
Average Rates of Change
• Business Production. What was the number of
suits produced at Raggs, Ltd., from 9 A.M. to 11
A.M.?
– At 9 A.M. : 20 suits had been produced.
– At 11 A.M.: 64 suits had been produced.
– In the hour from 9 A.M. to 10 A.M., the number of
suits produced was
64 suits - 20 suits, or 44 suits.
• What was the average number of suits produced
per hour from 9 A.M. to 11 A.M.?
The slope of the secant line is interpreted as the average rate of
change of f from x1 to x2.
Difference Quotients as Average
Rates of Change
43
Example
An advertising agency for Pizza chain
identifies the relationship between the daily
sale (N) and Tvads (x):
N(x)= 100 + 100 x– x2
a) What is the average rate of change about
the number of pizza sold and ads from 20
ads to 30 ads?
b) From 20 to 20+h ads?
c) What happens if h moves to 0?
Tangent Lines
• A line that touches a circle at exactly one
point is called a tangent line.
Differentiation Using Limits
Derivatives
48
49
50
Summary
Rules of differentiation
• Rule 1: The constant rule: differentiate the

function and multiply by the constant
• Rule 2: The sum rule
• Rule 3: The difference rule
Second Derivatives
Marginal Functions
4.3.1 Revenue and Cost

• If P = 100 – 2Q
• TR= P x Q = (100-2Q) x Q= 100Q - 2Q2
• We can find the effect on TR of a change in the
value of Q from some existing level.
-(./)
MR=
-0
MR(cont)
• For example, the marginal revenue function

corresponding to TR = 100Q − 2Q2 is given by
-(./)
=100-4Q
-0
• If the current demand is 15, say, then
• MR = 100 − 4(15) = 40
Example
1. If the demand function is P = 60 − Q find an expression for
TR in terms of Q.
(1) Differentiate TR with respect to Q to find a general
expression for MR in terms of Q. Hence write down the exact
value of MR at Q = 50.
(2) Calculate the value of TR when
(a) Q = 50
(b) Q = 51
2. If the total revenue function of a good is given by 1000Q − 4Q2
write down an expression for the marginal revenue function. If
the current demand is 30, find the approximate change in the
value of TR due to a
(a) 3-unit increase in Q;
(b) 2-unit decrease in Q.
Marginal Cost (MC)
-(.1)
• MC= -0
=> marginal cost is the derivative of total cost with
respect to output
MC(Example)
1. If the average cost function of a good is
23
AC =2Q + 6 +
0
find an expression for MC. If the current output is 15,
estimate the effect on TC of a 3-unit decrease in Q.
2. Find the marginal cost given the average cost
function
244
AC = 0
+2
Deduce that a 1-unit increase in Q will always result in a 2-unit
increase in TC. Irrespective of the current level of output
Example
The manufacturing of smartphone has the Qd
functiion: Q=10,000 - 1,000P or P=10 –Q/1000
The TC: C(Q) = 7000 + 2Q
a) Find the MC and explain
b) Find the TR in term of Q
c) Find MR at Q=2,000 ; 5,000; and 7,000
d) Find the profit
e) Find the MP at Q=1,000; 4,000; and 6,000
Marginal Functions
4.3.2 Production
Marginal product of labor MPL by:
-0
MPL= -5
Ex: Q = 300L1/2 − 4L where L denotes the actual size of the
workforce
$% '()
MPL= $& = &
−4
• When L = 1=> MPL =
• When L = 9=> MPL =
• When L = 100=> MPL =
• When L = 2500=> MPL =
Marginal Functions
4.3.3 Consumption and Savings
Ex:
• If the consumption function is C=0.01Y2 +0.2Y+50
calculate MPC and MPS when Y = 30.
• If the savings function is given by S=0.02Y2 −Y+100 calculate
the values of MPS and MPC when Y = 40. Give a brief
interpretation of these results.
CHAPTER 6: Integration
• Integration as the reverse of differentiation
Integration
P
The Power Rule of Integration
Examples
The Power Rule of Integration
The Constant Rule
Examples
• Ex 1:
• Ex 2:
The Sum and Difference
• Formula:
• Ex: 1.
2.
Chapter: Matrices
Matrices
Two Special Matrices:Null Matrix
Two Special Matrices:Unit Matrix
Unit Matrix
• In general, when a matrix is multiplied by the

corresponding identity matrix, you get the same
matrix.
Square, Row, Column
Notation Matrix
Examples
Tranposition
Addition and Subtraction
Addition and Subtraction
Multiplying by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Notation
• Matrix multiplication is only possible if the number
of elements in the rows of the first matrix is the
same as the number of elements in the
columns of the second matrix.
• The resulting matrix will then have the same
number of rows as the first matrix and the same
number of columns as the second matrix
Anm x Bpq =Cnq and m=p
Example
Examples
Example
Example
Example
Det and Cramer’s Rule
The Determinant of A Matrix
• Definition: a determinant is a square array of

numbers or symbols
Evaluate 2x2 determinant
The Det of Matrices Greater than 2x 2
• In order to find the determinant of a matrix when n >
2 (3×3 or a 4×4 etc) we first need to find the matrix
of minors and then the matrix of cofactors
Matrix of Minors
Cofactors
• The cofactor of a given element is the minor of that
element multiplied by either +1 or –1 according to its
position in the matrix
Determinant
• The determinant ∆ is the sum of the products of

each element in any row with its cofactors.
Determinant
Determinant
The Inverse Matrix
• Let A be a matrix of dimension n×n.

• A matrix B of dimension n×n is called the inverse
of A if AB = BA = In, where In is the identity
matrix.
• The inverse of matrix A, if it exists, is denoted by
A-1.
A-1A = AA-1 = In
The Inverse of 2 X 2 Matrix
Example
Inverse of A Matrix Greater than 2 x 2
Example
Use of Inverse to Solve Set of Equations
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Cramer’s Rule
• Cramer’s rule is used to find the solution to

simultaneous equations
Cramer’s Rule
Example
Example
THE END
• Find the maximum profit and the number of
units, x, that must be produced and sold in order
to yield the maximum profit. Assume that R(x)
and C(x) are the revenue and cost, in dollars,
when x units are produced:
• R(x)=x2 +110x+60,
• C(x) = 1.1x2 + 10x + 80.
• A company will sell N units of a product after
spending $x thousand in advertising, as given by
N = 60x – x2 5 < x < 30
• Approximately what increase in sales will result
by increasing the advertising budget from
$10,000 to $11,000?
• From $20,000 to $21,000?
• A company manufactures fuel tanks for cars.
The total weekly cost (in dollars) of producing x
tanks is given by
C(x) = 10,000 + 90x - 0.05x2
(A) Find the marginal cost function.
(B) Find the marginal cost at a production level of
500 tanks per week.
(C) Interpret the results of part.
(D) Find the exact cost of producing the 501st
item.
• A company manufactures automatic
transmissions for cars. The total weekly cost (in
dollars) of producing x transmissions is given by
C(x) = 50,000 + 600x - 0.75x2
(A) Find the marginal cost function.
(B) Find the marginal cost at a production level of
200 transmissions per week.
(C) Interpret the results of part (B).
(D) Find the exact cost of producing the 201st
transmission.
• The price p (in dollars) and the demand x for a brand
of running shoes are related by the equation
x = 4,000 - 40p
(A) Express the price p in terms of the demand x, and
find the domain of this function.
(B) Find the revenue R(x) from the sale of x pairs of
running shoes. What is the domain of R?
(C) Find the marginal revenue at a production level of
1,600 pairs and interpret the results.
(D) Find the marginal revenue at a production level of
2,500 pairs, and interpret the results.
• A firm in a fully competitive market has a total cost function as
follows TC = Q2 + 30Q + 3600
Requirement:
a. Assuming the market price is 170, at what output level is the
highest profit margin? What is the profit margin and the total profit
achieved?
b. Assuming the market price is 170, what is the level of output that
maximizes profit? What is the profit margin and total profit achieved?
Comment on output level max margin and max profit margin.
c. At the above price range, in what output range does the firm
produce without any loss?
Determine the break-even price and closing price of the business?
d. If the market price drops to 110, lower than the break-even price,
should firms continue to produce? If produced, to what output should
it be produced? How is profit or loss?

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CHAPTER 1

• A graph consists of an x-axis (horizontal axis)

• Definition of an equation: an equation is any

• Using the equation: y = 2x – 3 or y=ax + b

• Look at the Handcrafting ”silver” rings:

• The quantity demanded, Q, of a good depends

• Firms use resources such as land, capital, labor and raw

• The national income: Y = C + I +G

• Previously, the investment, I, was taken to be

• IS schedule: 0.2Y + 20r = 1100

• Section 2.1 : Quadratic functions

• For equation: ax2 +bx +c =0

• The profit function is denoted by the Greek letter

• Total cost function, TC, which relates the production

• Calculate total costs if 700 tires are produced.

• Rule 1: The constant rule: differentiate the

4.3.1 Revenue and Cost

• For example, the marginal revenue function

• In general, when a matrix is multiplied by the

Anm x Bpq =Cnq and m=p

• Definition: a determinant is a square array of

• The determinant ∆ is the sum of the products of

• Let A be a matrix of dimension n×n.

• Cramer’s rule is used to find the solution to

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