Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Blackbook 2020 Final
Blackbook 2020 Final
Incoming Editors
Erin Kelly
Tony Gu
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Twelfth Edition (2019). First Printing.
Copyright © 2007-2019. Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary. All Rights Reserved.
This material is for educational purposes only. It is not to be used to make medical decisions.
Medical decisions should be made only with the guidance of a licensed medical professional.
While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy of the content within, the accuracy is not
guaranteed.
ii
The Black Book Project may be contacted at: Design
Undergraduate Medical Education Michael Cheshire
Faculty of Medicine
University of Calgary Illustrations
Health Sciences Centre Gray’s Anatomy (Public Domain)
3330 Hospital Drive N.W. Vecteezy.com
Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4H1
blackbk@ucalgary.ca
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A Message from the Editors
Welcome to the Twelftth Edition of Blackbook! This ongoing project is the result of the hard work
and dedication of medical students and faculty at the University of Calgary, Cumming School
of Medicine. We are proud that healthcare practitioners and trainees across North America find
Blackbook to be a useful tool.
Blackbook continues to evolve and improve during each edition. In this newest print we have
added and modified several schemes, including a new page for interpretation of pulmonary
function tests, among numerous smaller edits and spelling corrections. We’re working on an open
access, online version of Blackbook that will link to and integrate our other project, Calgary Cards
(cards.ucalgary.ca). Cards is another study aid that employs student-authored patient scenarios
in MCQ format. If students are struggling in a particular area (e.g., acid- base questions), cards is a
great way to get some extra practice. Cards is free and in constant development - check it out!
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Thank you and happy learning!
Rebecca Phillips, Ainna Preet Randhawa & Vaneet Randhawa
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Introduction to Schemes
The material presented in this book is intended to assist learners in organizing their knowledge
into information packets, which are more effective for the resolution of the patient problems they
will encounter. There are three major factors that influence learning and the retrieval of medical
knowledge from memory: meaning, encoding specificity (the context and sequence for learning),
and practice on the task of remembering. Of the three, the strongest influence is the degree of
meaning that can be imposed on information. To achieve success, experts organize and “chunk”
information into meaningful configurations, thereby reducing the memory load.
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The domain of medicine can be broken down to 121 (+/- 5) clinical presentations, which represent
a common or important way in which a patient, group of patients, community or population
presents to a physician, and expects the physician to recommend a method for managing the
situation. For a given clinical presentation, the number of possible diagnoses may be sufficiently
large that it is not possible to consider them all at once, or even remember all the possibilities.
By classifying diagnoses into schemes, for each clinical presentation, the myriad of possible
diagnoses become more manageable ‘groups’ of diagnoses. This thus becomes a very powerful
tool for both organization of knowledge memory (its primary role at the undergraduate medical
education stage), as well as subsequent medical problem solving.
There is no single right way to approach any given clinical presentation. Each of the schemes
provided represents one approach that proved useful and meaningful to one experienced,
expert author. A modified, personalized scheme may be better than someone else’s scheme, and
certainly better than having no scheme at all. It is important to keep in mind, before creating a
scheme, the five fundamentals of scheme creation that were used to develop this book.
If a scheme is to be useful, the answers to the next five questions should be positive:
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1. Is it simple and easy to remember? (Does it reduce memory load by “chunking” information
into categories and subcategories?)
2. Does it provide an organizational structure that is easy to alter?
3. Does the organizing principle of the scheme enhance the meaning of the information?
4. Does the organizing principle of the scheme mirror encoding specificity (both context and
process specificity)?
5. Does the scheme aid in problem solving? (E.g. does it differentiate between large categories
initially, and subsequently progressively smaller ones until a single diagnosis is reached?)
By adhering to these principles, the schemes presented in this book, or any modifications to them
done by the reader, will enhance knowledge storage and long term retrieval from memory, while
making the medical problem-solving task a more accurate and enjoyable endeavour.
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Table of Contents
xii
Dysphagia������������������������������������������������������������������������������85 Renal 99
Elevated Liver Enzymes���������������������������������������������86 Acute Kidney Injury������������������������������������������������������ 101
Hepatomegaly�������������������������������������������������������������������87 Chronic Kidney Disease��������������������������������������������102
Jaundice���������������������������������������������������������������������������������88 Dysuria�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������103
Liver Mass������������������������������������������������������������������������������89 Generalized Edema������������������������������������������������������104
Mouth Disorders (Adult & Elderly) ���������������������90 Hematuria����������������������������������������������������������������������������105
Nausea & Vomiting Gastrointestinal Disease Hyperkalemia Intercellular Shift������������������������ 106
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������91
Hyperkalemia Reduced Excretion��������������������107
Nausea & Vomiting Other Systemic Disease
Hypokalemia�������������������������������������������������������������������� 108
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 92
Hypernatremia���������������������������������������������������������������� 109
Stool Incontinence����������������������������������������������������������93
Hyponatremia������������������������������������������������������������������� 110
Upper Gastronintestinal Bleed (Hematemesis
Hypertension���������������������������������������������������������������������� 111
/ Melena)�������������������������������������������������������������������������94
Increased Urinary Frequency��������������������������������112
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed����������������������������������95
Nephrolithiasis������������������������������������������������������������������113
Weight Gain��������������������������������������������������������������������������96
Polyuria�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������114
Weight Loss������������������������������������������������������������������������� 97
Proteinuria����������������������������������������������������������������������������115
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Renal Mass Solid������������������������������������������������������������ 116 Adrenal Mass Malignant�������������������������������������������133
Renal Mass Cystic�����������������������������������������������������������117 Amenorrhea�����������������������������������������������������������������������134
Scrotal Mass����������������������������������������������������������������������� 118 Breast Discharge������������������������������������������������������������135
Suspected Acid-Base Disturbance������������������ 119 Gynecomastia Increased Estrogen &
Metabolic Acidosis Elevated Anion Gap������120 Increased HCG����������������������������������������������������������136
Metabolic Acidosis Normal Anion Gap�����������121 Gynecomastia Increased LH & Decreased
Metabolic Alkalosis ����������������������������������������������������� 122 Testosterone���������������������������������������������������������������137
Urinary Incontinence���������������������������������������������������123 Hirsutism������������������������������������������������������������������������������138
Urinary Tract Obstruction�����������������������������������������124 Hirsutism & Virilization Androgen Excess����139
Hirsutism & Virilization Hypertrichosis�����������140
Endocrinology 125 Hypercalcemia Low PTH����������������������������������������� 141
Abnormal Lipid Profile Combined & Hypercalcemia Normal / High PTH����������������142
Decreased HDL��������������������������������������������������������129 Hypocalcemia High Phosphate��������������������������143
Abnormal Lipid Profile Increased LDL & Hypocalcemia Low Phosphate���������������������������144
Increased Triglycerides���������������������������������������130 Hypocalcemia High / Low PTH��������������������������145
Abnormal Serum TSH�������������������������������������������������131 Hyperglycemia����������������������������������������������������������������146
Adrenal Mass Benign��������������������������������������������������132 Hypoglycemia������������������������������������������������������������������147
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Hyperphosphatemia����������������������������������������������������148 Back Pain������������������������������������������������������������������������������167
Hypophosphatemia�����������������������������������������������������149 Cognitive Impairment������������������������������������������������ 168
Hyperthyroidism�������������������������������������������������������������150 Dysarthria���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 169
Hypothyroidism����������������������������������������������������������������151 Falls in the Elderly���������������������������������������������������������170
Hyperuricemia�����������������������������������������������������������������152 Gait Disturbance��������������������������������������������������������������171
Male Sexual Dysfunction�����������������������������������������153 Headache Primary�������������������������������������������������������� 172
Sellar / Pituitary Mass������������������������������������������������154 Headache Secondary, without Red Flag
Sellar / Pituitary Mass Size�������������������������������������155 Symptoms��������������������������������������������������������������������� 173
Short Stature����������������������������������������������������������������������156 Hemiplegia������������������������������������������������������������������������� 174
Tall Stature��������������������������������������������������������������������������157 Mechanisms of Pain����������������������������������������������������� 175
Weight Gain / Obesity�����������������������������������������������158 Movement Disorder Hyperkinetic���������������������176
Movement Disorder Tremor����������������������������������� 177
Neurologic 159 Movement Disorder Bradykinetic����������������������178
Altered Level of Consciousness Approach163 Peripheral Weakness��������������������������������������������������179
Altered Level of Consciousness GCS ≤ 7�����164 Peripheral Weakness Sensory Changes����� 180
Aphasia Fluent�����������������������������������������������������������������165 Spell / Seizure Epileptic Seizure����������������������� 181
Aphasia Non-Fluent���������������������������������������������������� 166 Spell / Seizure Secondary Organic�����������������182
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Spell / Seizure Other��������������������������������������������������183 Amenorrhea Secondary������������������������������������������ 199
Stroke Intracerebral Hemorrhage���������������������184 Antenatal Care����������������������������������������������������������������200
Stroke Ischemia���������������������������������������������������������������185 Bleeding in Pregnancy < 20 Weeks�����������������201
Stroke Subarachnoid Hemorrhage����������������� 186 Bleeding in Pregnancy 2nd & 3rd Trimester
Syncope��������������������������������������������������������������������������������187 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 202
Dizziness������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 188 Breast Disorder��������������������������������������������������������������� 203
Vertigo����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 189 Growth Discrepancy Small for Gestational
Age / Intrauterine Growth Restriction����204
Obstetrical & Gynecological 191 Growth Discrepancy Large for Gestational
Intrapartum Abnormal Fetal HR Tracing Age������������������������������������������������������������������������������������205
Variability & Decelerations�������������������������������193 Infertility (Female)���������������������������������������������������������206
Intrapartum Abnormal Fetal HR Tracing Infertility (Male)��������������������������������������������������������������� 207
Baseline��������������������������������������������������������������������������194 Intrapartum Factors that May Affect Fetal
Abnormal Genital Bleeding������������������������������������195 Oxygenation���������������������������������������������������������������208
Acute Pelvic Pain���������������������������������������������������������� 196 Pelvic Mass������������������������������������������������������������������������209
Chronic Pelvic Pain�������������������������������������������������������197 Ovarian Mass���������������������������������������������������������������������210
Amenorrhea Primary�������������������������������������������������� 198 Pelvic Organ Prolapse�������������������������������������������������211
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Post-Partum Fever�������������������������������������������������������� 212 Hair Loss (Alopecia) Localized���������������������������� 228
Post-Partum Hemorrhage�������������������������������������� 213 Morphology of Skin Lesions Primary Skin
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss�������������������������������������214 Lesions��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 229
Vaginal Discharge����������������������������������������������������������215 Morphology of Skin Lesions Secondary Skin
Lesions��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 230
Dermatologic 217 Mucous Membrane Disorder Oral Cavity���� 231
Burns��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 221 Nail Disorders Primary Dermatologic Disease
Dermatoses in Pregnancy Physiologic �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������232
Changes�������������������������������������������������������������������������222 Nail Disorders Systemic Disease�����������������������233
Dematoses in Pregnancy Specific Skin Nail Disorders Systemic Disease - Clubbing
Conditions���������������������������������������������������������������������223 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 234
Disorders of Pigmentations Pruritus No Primary Skin Lesion������������������������ 235
Hyperpigmentation�����������������������������������������������224 Pruritus Primary Skin Lesion��������������������������������� 236
Disorders of Pigmentations Skin Rash Eczematous�����������������������������������������������237
Hypopigmentation�������������������������������������������������225 Skin Rash Papulosquamous��������������������������������� 238
Genital Lesion������������������������������������������������������������������ 226 Skin Rash Pustular�������������������������������������������������������� 239
Hair Loss (Alopecia) Diffuse�����������������������������������227 Skin Rash Reactive�������������������������������������������������������240
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Skin Rash Vesiculobullous��������������������������������������241 Vascular Joint Pain��������������������������������������������������������257
Skin Ulcer by Etiology������������������������������������������������242 Pathologic Fractures�������������������������������������������������� 258
Skin Ulcer by Location Genitals������������������������� 243 Soft Tissue�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 259
Skin Ulcer by Location Head & Neck������������� 244 Fracture Healing������������������������������������������������������������260
Skin Ulcer by Location Lower Legs / Feet245 Osteoporosis BMD Testing�������������������������������������261
Skin Ulcer by Location Oral Ulcers������������������ 246 Tumour���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 262
Skin Ulcer by Location Trunk / Sacral Region Mytomes Segmental Innervation of Muscles
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������247 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 263
Vascular Lesions������������������������������������������������������������ 248 Guide to Spinal Cord Injury������������������������������������ 264
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Pediatric 305 Noisy Breathing: Pediatric Stridor…….........……………............................……334
Developmental Delay�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 311 Pediatric Cough: Acute…………........……………..........................................……..……335
School Difficulties�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������312 Pediatric Cough: Chronic……………………………......................................…….........336
Small for Gestational Age�����������������������������������������������������������������������������313 Respiratory Distress in the Newborn: Tachypnea.......................337
Large for Gestational Age�����������������������������������������������������������������������������314 Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy……...........................................338
Congenital Anomalies�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������315 Enuresis…………………………………….................……………......................................................339
Headache.................................................................................................................316 Apparent Life Threatening Event…………….....................................…….…..340
Failure to Thrive Adequte Calorie Consumption�������������������������317 Pediatric Fractures………………………......……………..................................................….341
Failure to Thrive Inadequte Calorie Consumption���������������������318 Salter Harris Classification………………………................................…….................342
Hypotonic Infant (Floppy Newborn)�����������������������������������������������������319 Sudden Paroxysmal Event………........………...............................……................343
Acute Abdominal Pain������������������������������������������������������������������������������������320 Non-Epileptic Paroxysmal Event………...............................…….................344
Chronic Abdominal Pain……..…………….......................……………...........................321 Pediatric Epilepsies….……..………………............................................…….................345
Pediatric Vomiting………………………….................................…………….......................,,322 Pediatric Seizures………………….................……................................……................…346
Neonatal Jaundice: Approach to Indirect Febrile Seizures………………….................……................................……................….....347
Hyperbilirubinemia…………………….…….................…………….............................323 Pediatric Mood and Anxiety Disorders…....….............................……....348
Neonatal Jaundice: Approach to Indirect Abdominal Mass…………………………………………................…................................……....349
Hyperbilirubinemia…………………………..................…………….............................324 Shock…………………………………………...…………………..........……….............................……...………….350
Pediatric Diarrhea………….……….……………..........................………...……........................325 Hypoglycemia…………………………...................…………….............................……...………….351
Constipation: Pediatric…………………………......................……………..........................326 Altered Level of Consciousness………........................................……......…..352
Mouth disorder: Pediatric…………………........................…………….........................327 Bleeding/Bruising………………………………………….....................……........................…...353
Depressed/Lethargic Newborn………............………………….......................,,.328 Thrombocytopenia……………………….............………………….............................……...….354
Cyanosis in the Newborn........................................……………..........................329 Long PT (INR), Long PTT…………………….............................……...…........…………….355
Limp.......................................................................................……………...........................330 Long PT (INR), Normal PTT………………………….....….............................……..…….356
Respiratory Distress in the Newborn..…........…………….........................…331 Normal PT (INR), Long PTT…………….............................……....……………....……….357
Pediatric Dyspnea………………………………............................…………….........................332 Dehydration……………………………………………...……………….............................……...…...………358
Noisy Breathing: Pediatric wheezing…..........…………….........................…333 Hyponatremia………………………………...……………….………………….......................................359
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Hypernatremia…………………………………...……………....……………......................................360 Edema ………………………………........…………………...………………….....................................….…..386
Global Developmental Delay/Intellectual Disability...............361 Dysuria ……………………………...………………….......………………................................................…387
Fever (Age <1 Month)……………………………............……….....................................……362 Increased Urinary Frequency…….....................................................….………388
Fever (Age 1-3 Months)……………………………….........……......................................…363 Scrotal Mass. ………………………………………........................................................…….……..389
Fever (Age >3 Months)…………………………..........……………......................................364 Lymphadenopathy ………………………................................................…………………….390
Failure to Thrive………………………………..................……….....................................……….365 Otalgia (Earache) …………………………...............…....................................…………….…..391
Short Stature………………………………….....................………....................................….……..366 Sore Throat/Sore Mouth……………………………....................................….....…….…392
Murmur in the Newborn (<48 Hours)…........…......................................367
Murmur in the Newborn Beyond Neonatal Period..................368
Preterm Infant Complications (<34 Weeks)....................................369 General Presentations������������� 393
Preterm Infant Complications (34-36 Weeks)...............................370 Fatigue���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������395
Anemia by Mechanism……………………………..........….....................................………371 Acute Fever���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������396
Anemia by MCV……………………………………….....................................................….……..372 Fever of Unknown Origin / Chronic Fever����������������� 397
Microcytic Anemia………………………….............……....................................……….………373 Hypothermia�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������398
Paediatric Infectious Skin Rash………...............….....................................…374 Sore Throat / Rhinorrhea��������������������������������������������������������399
Skin Lesion (Primary Skin)………………………………....….....................................….375
Skin Lesion (Secondary Skin)…………………….……....................................………376
Rash (Eczematous)………………………………………..................................................…….377 Historical Executive Student Editors�� 401
Rash (Papulosquamous)…………………………...........................................….…………378
Rash (Vesiculobullous)……………………………............................................….…………379
Rash (Pustular)………………………………………........................................................…………380
Scheme Creators���������������������������������� 402
Rash (Reactive)……………………………...................…....................................…….…………..381
Proteinuria……………………………......………………….…………....................................….……………382
Hematuria…………………………………...…………………...……….....................................……………..383
Acute Renal Failure……………………………….................................................…………….384
Abbreviations ������������������������������������ 403
Chronic Kidney Disease …………………………………...........................................……385
xxi
Cardiovascular
Abnormal Rhythm (1)����������������������������������������������������������3
Abnormal Rhythm (2)���������������������������������������������������������4
Chest Discomfort Cardiovascular�����������������������������5
Chest Discomfort Pulmonary / Medistinal������ 6
Chest Discomfort Other���������������������������������������������������7
Hypertension��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
Hypertension in Pregnancy������������������������������������������ 9
Left-Sided Heart Failure�����������������������������������������������10
Isolated Right-Sided Heart Failure�������������������������11
Pulse Abnormalities��������������������������������������������������������� 12
Cardiovascular
Shock������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 13
Syncope������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 14
Systolic Murmur Benign & Stenotic��������������������� 15
Systolic Murmur Valvular & Other�������������������������16
Diastolic Murmur���������������������������������������������������������������� 17
1
Historical Editors Student Editors
Katie Lin Azy Golian
Payam Pournazari Harsimranjit Singh
Marc Chretien Shaye Lafferty
Tyrone Harrison
Hamza Jalal Faculty Editor
Geoff Lampard Dr. Sarah Weeks
Luke Rannelli
Connal Robertson-More
Jeff Shrum
Cardiovascular
Sarah Surette
Lian Szabo
Kathy Truong
Vishal Varshney
2
Abnormal Rhythm (1)
ABNORMAL RHYTHM 1
Types
of
Arrhythmia
Bradyarrhythmia
Tachyarrhythmia
Abnormal
Beats
(<60
bpm) (>100
bpm)
• Sinus
Bradycardia • Premature
atrial
contraction
• Sick
Sinus
Syndrome • Premature
ventricular
contraction
• SA
Block
• AV
Block
(1st/2nd /3rd degree)
• Junctional
Escape
Rhythm
• Ventricular
Escape
Rhythm
Regular
Rhythm
SVT Irregular
Rhythm
SVT Regular
Rhythm Irregular
Rhythm
(constant
R-‐R
Interval) (variable
R-‐R
interval) (constant
R-‐R
Interval) (variable
R-‐R
interval)
• Sinus
Tachycardia • AFib • Monomorphic
VT • Polymorphic
VT
(including
• Monofocal
Ectopic
Atrial
• AFlutter
with
Variable
AV
• Regular
rhythm
SVT
with
Tosades
de
Pointes
if
in
a
Tachycardia Conduction
conduction
aberrancy setting
of
long
QT)
• Aflutter • Multifocal
Atrial
• Irregular
rhythm
SVT
with
• AVNRT
Tachycardia conduction
aberrancy
3 • AVRT
(ie.
WPW)
Abnormal Rhythm (2)
ABNORMAL RHYTHM 2
Causes
of
Arrhythmia
Cardiac Non-‐Cardiac
Electrical
Conduction
Structural
Abnormalities
• Valve
disease • Ectopic
foci
• Cardiomyopathy • Accessory
pathway
• Scar
tissue
(previous
MI)
Cardiovascular
High
Output
State Metabolic Drugs Psychiatric
• Anemia • Hypoglycemia • Alcohol • Panic
Attack
• Fever/infection • Thyrotoxicosis • Caffeine • Generalized
Anxiety
• Pregnancy • Pheochromocytoma • Sympathomimetics Disorder
•Anticholinergics
•Cocaine 4
Chest Discomfort
CHEST DISCOMFORT: Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular Pulmonary/Mediastinal
Cardiovascular Pulmonary/Mediastinal Other
Chest Discomfort
Chest
Discomfort
Cardiovascular
Vascular Chest
Wall/Pleura
Parenchymal
• Pneumothorax* • Pneumonia with pleurisy*
• Pleural Effusion • Tuberculosis*
• Pulmonary
Embolism*
• Pleuritis/Serositis • Pneumothorax* • Pneumonia
with
pleurisy*
• Neoplasm*
(chest
pain
often
not
• Pleural
Effusion • Tuberculosis*
• Sarcoidosis
present) • Pleuritis/Serositis • Neoplasm*
• Pulmonary
Hypertension • Sarcoidosis
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular
Pulmonary/Mediastinal Pulmonary/Mediastinal
Other
Gastrointestinal Musculoskeletal
Gastrointestinal Musculoskeletal Neurologic/Psychiatric
Cardiovascular
HYPERTENSION
HYPERTENSION
HYPERTENSION
Hypertension
Hypertension
Hypertension
Primary
Primary
Primary
(Essential)
(Essential)
(Essential)
(95%) (95%)
(95%) Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
(5%)
(5%)(5%) Mislabelled
Mislabelled
Mislabelled
Onset
abge
etween
2a0
5ge
20
5a0.
nd
50. age
Onset
o<r
a
ge
5<0
o
r
2years.
0
>
o5r
0
>y
ears.
50
years. Repeatedly
normal
blood
Onset
Onset
between
between
20
aage
nd
0. and
Onset
Onset
<
2a0
ge
>2
0
Repeatedly
Repeatedly
normal
normal
blood
bplood
ressure
wphen
ressure
pressure
when
when
Positive
family
history. No
family
history.
Hypertensive
urgency.
taken
aork
t
home,
woork
or
wau
hen
using
Positive
Positive
family
fhamily
istory. history. No
family
No
fhamily
istory.
history.
Hypertensive
Hypertensive
urgency.
urgency.
taken
taken
at
home,
at
hw
ome,
owr
ork
when
r
w
using
hen
n
sing
an
an
No
No
features
of
features
No
features
of
shecondary
secondary
of
secondary
ypertension. hypertension.
hypertension. Resistant
hResistant
Resistant
ypertension. hypertension. hypertension. ambulatory
monitor.
ambulatory
ambulatory
monitor. monitor.
• Long-‐ • Long-‐
• Long-‐
standing standing
standing • White-‐c•oat
• White-‐White-‐
H coat
coat
ypertensionHypertension
Hypertension
• Uncontrolled
• Uncontrolled
• Uncontrolled • HMasked
• Masked
• Masked
ypertension Hypertension
Hypertension
• Drug
•
• Drug
Drug
Withdrawal W
Withdrawalithdrawal
• Corticosteroids
• Corticosteroids
• Corticosteroids • Renal
p•arenchymal
Renal
• Renal
parenchymal
parenchymal
• Aortic
c•oarctation
Aortic
• Aortic
coarctation
coarctation • Glucocorticoid
• Glucocorticoid
• Glucocorticoid
excess
excess
excess
(Cushing
(Cushing
(Cushing
• Oral
Contraceptive
disease
disease
disease
•Obstructive
•Obstructive
•Obstructive
Sleep
Sleep
Sleep
• Oral
• COral
ontraceptive
Pills PillsPills
Contraceptive
•CKD Apnea syndrome
syndrome
syndrome
or
doisease)
or
disease) r
disease)
• Cocaine •CKD•CKD ApneaApnea •Catecholamine
excess
Cardiovascular
• Cocaine
• Cocaine •Catecholamine
•Catecholamine
excess
excess
• Black
•
• Black
Black
licorice l icorice
licorice •AKI •AKI•AKI (pheochromocytoma)
(pheochromocytoma)
(pheochromocytoma)
• Medications •Glomerulonephritis
•Glomerulonephritis
•Glomerulonephritis •Mineralocorticoid
excess
• Medications
• Medications • Renovascular
disease
•Mineralocorticoid
•Mineralocorticoid
excess
excess
• Renovascular
• Renovascular
disease
disease
(primary
(primary
(primary
aldosteronism)
aldosteronism)
aldosteronism)
(unilateral
(unilateral
(unilateral
nd
abnd
and
bailateral
bilateral
ilateral
•Hyperthyroidism
(mainly
renal
a rtery
s tenosis) •Hyperthyroidism
•Hyperthyroidism
(mainly
(mainly
renal
renal
artery
artery
stenosis)stenosis) systolic
hsystolic
systolic
ypertension)hypertension)
hypertension)
Definition
oDefinition
Definition
f
hypertension: of
hypertension:
of
hypertension: Hypertensive
Hypertensive
Hypertensive
Urgency:
BU
P
rgency:
Urgency:
BP
uB
usually
>P
usually
sually
180/110mmHg
>180/110mmHg
>180/110mmHg
or
or
or
•Hypothyroidism
•Hypothyroidism
•Hypothyroidism
(mainly
(mainly
(mainly
Systolic
BP
Systolic
Systolic
P
≥
B1P
≥
1B40mmHg
≥
1o40mmHg
40mmHg
r
Diastolic
oB
r
P
Diastolic
or
Diastolic
≥
9B0mmHgP
≥
B9P
0mmHg≥
90mmHg asymptomatic
asymptomatic
asymptomatic
Diastolic
Diastolic
Diastolic
BP
BP
>130mmHg
>130mmHg
BP
>130mmHg
with
wtoarget
with
target
ith
target
rgan
organ
organ
diastolic
diastolic
diastolic
hypertension) hypertension)
hypertension)
Isolated
Isolated
Isolated
systolic
systolic
s ystolic
hypertension
h ypertension
hypertension
in
in
the
ien
lderly:
t he
the
elderly:
e lderly:
≥
160mmHg ≥
1 60mmHg
≥
160mmHgdamage
damage
usually
damage
u sually
present
usually
p resent
but
not
present
b ut
acutely
but
n ot
a
changing
not
acutely
cutely
changing c hanging •Hyperparathyroidism
•Hyperparathyroidism
•Hyperparathyroidism
Diabetes
mDiabetes
Diabetes
ellitus
≥
m
mellitus
ellitus
130/80mmHg ≥
130/80mmHg
≥
130/80mmHg Hypertensive
Hypertensive
Emergency:
Hypertensive
Emergency:
BP
uB
BP
usually
Emergency:
>P
usually
220/140mmHg
sually
>220/140mmHg
>220/140mmHg
•Pregnancy
(Gestational
Note:
Note:
Note:
In
children,
In
the
children,
In
children,
the
dtefinition
definition
he
odf
efinition
hypertension
of
hypertension
of
hypertension
is
is
is
with
ewith
with
volving
evolving
target
evolving
target
toarget
rgan
organ
odrgan
amage damage damage •Pregnancy
•Pregnancy
(Gestational
(Gestational
different
(either
systolic
or
diastolic
BP
>95%ile),
but
the
hypertension) hypertension)
hypertension)
different
different
approach
(either
(either
iapproach
approach
systolic
systolic
or
diastolic
is
stame.
s
the
iss
ame.
the
or
diastolic
he
same.
BP
>95%ile),
but
the
BP
>95%ile),
but
the
8
Hypertension in Pregnancy
HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY
HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY Clinical
Pearl:
BP
should
always
be
Hypertension
in
PregnancyClinical
Pearl:
Bmeasured
in
a
sitting
position
for
a
HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY
Hypertension
in
Pregnancy
P
should
aplways
pregnant
atient.be
DBP
≥
90mmHg,
based
on
two
measurements measured
in
a
sitting
position
for
a
pregnant
patient.
DBP
≥
90mmHg,
based
on
two
measurements Clinical
Pearl:
BP
should
always
be
Hypertension
in
Pregnancy measured
in
a
sitting
position
for
a
pregnant
patient.
DBP
≥
90mmHg,
based
on
two
measurements
Hypertension
• Primary • Pre-‐existing
Hypertension
with
• Gestational
Hypertension
with
Chronic
• Secondary Pre-‐Eclampsia Maternal Pre-‐Eclampsia Fetal
• Primary
• Secondary
Hypertension
Maternal
•Persistent
or
•Pulmonary
Edema
Fetal
• Primary new/unusual
headache
*Adverse
•Persistent
or
• Visual
disturbances • Suspected
placental
•Oligohydramnios
• Secondary •Pulmonary
Maternal
Edema
abruption Fetal
•Intrauterine
growth
restriction
new/unusual
h• eadache
*Adverse Conditions:
Persistent
• Suspected
placental
•Oligohydramnios
• Visual
disturbances • Elevated
serum
•Absent/reversed
end-‐diastolic
flow
in
the
(SOGC,
2008) abdominal/RUQ
r
pain
•Persistent
oabruption •Intrauterine
growth
restriction
creatinine/AST/ALT/LDH umbilical
artery
Conditions: • Persistent
• Severe
nausea
new/unusual
o r
• Elevated
headache serum
•Pulmonary
• Platelet
Edema
•Absent/reversed
<100x109/L end-‐diastolic
•Intrauterine
flow
fetal
deathin
the
(SOGC,
2008) abdominal/RUQ
*Adverse pain
vomiting • Suspected
placental
•Oligohydramnios
• Visual
disturbances
creatinine/AST/ALT/LDH
• Serum
albumin
umbilical
<20g/L artery •Intrauterine
growth
restriction
• Severe
nausea
or
pain/dyspnea
• Chest
abruption
Conditions:
vomiting
• Persistent
• Platelet
<100x109/L
• Elevated
s
•Intrauterine
fetal
death
erum
•Absent/reversed
end-‐diastolic
flow
in
the
9 •(SOGC,
• Severe
Chest
p2ain/dyspnea
008)
hypertension
• Serum
abdominal/RUQ
• Severe
nausea
or
albumin
<20g/L
pain
creatinine/AST/ALT/LDH umbilical
artery
• Severe
hypertension • Platelet
<100x109/L •Intrauterine
fetal
death
vomiting
• Serum
albumin
<20g/L
Left-Sided Heart Failure
• Uncontrolled
Severe
Impaired
Contractility Increased
Afterload • Transient
Myocardial
Ischemia
Impaired
Diastolic
Filling
Hypertension
• Left
Ventricular
Hypertrophy
Cardiovascular
• Aortic
Stenosis
(Severe)
• Uncontrolled
Severe
• Restrictive
Cardiomyopathy
• Transient
Myocardial
Ischemia
Hypertension
• Pericardial
Constriction• Left
Ventricular
Hypertrophy
• Aortic
Stenosis
(Severe) • Restrictive
Cardiomyopathy
Coronary
Artery
Chronic
Volume
Dilated
• Pericardial
Constriction
Disease Overload Cardiomyopathies
Coronary
Artery
Chronic
Volume
Dilated
• Myocardial
Infarction • Mitral
Regurgitation • Infiltrative
• Transient
Myocardial
•Disease
Aortic
Regurgitation Overload
• Infectious Cardiomyopathies
Ischemia • Myocardial
Infarction •R
• Mitral
Toxic
(alcohol,
egurgitation • Infiltrative
• Transient
Myocardial
cocaine)
Ischemia
• Aortic
Regurgitation
• Genetic
• Infectious
• Toxic
(alcohol,
9 10
cocaine)
Isolated Right-Sided Heart Failure
ISOLATED RIGHT-SIDED HEART FAILURE
URE Note:
all
left-‐sided
heart
failure
can
also
lead
Isolated
Right-‐Sided
Heart
to
right-‐sided
heart
failure
Note:
all
left-‐sided
heart
failure
can
also
lead
Failure (the
most
common
cause
of
right
heart
art
to
right-‐sided
heart
failure failure
is
left
heart
failure)
(the
most
common
cause
of
right
heart
failure
is
left
heart
failure)
Cardiac Pulmonary
Pulmonary
• Right
Ventricle
• Pulmonary
Stenosis
• Constrictive
Pericarditis • Chronic
Obstructive
• Pulmonary
Embolism
Parenchyma
Infarction Vasculature
• Tricuspid
Regurgitation • Pericardial
Tamponade
Pulmonary
Disease
• Primary
Pulmonary
• Restrictive
• Diffuse
Lung
Disease Arterial
Hypertension
Cardiomyopathy• Pulmonary
Embolism
• Chronic
Obstructive
• Acute
Respiratory
• Pulmonary
Veno-‐
Pulmonary
Disease
• Primary
Pulmonary
Distress
Syndrome Occlusive
Disease
• Diffuse
Lung
Disease Arterial
Hypertension • Chronic
Lung
• Acute
Respiratory
• Pulmonary
Veno-‐ Infection
11
Distress
Syndrome Occlusive
Disease
• Bronchiectasis
• Chronic
Lung
Pulse Abnormalities
PULSE ABNORMALITIES
Pulse Abnormalities
Cardiovascular
Aortic
Stenosis Water
Hammer
Pulse
Rapid
upstroke
followed
by
rapid
collapse
• Anacrotic
• Pulsus
parvus
(small
amplitude) • Aortic
regurgitation
• Pulsus
tardus
(delayed/slow
• High
output
states
(ie.
upstroke) Anemia,
hypoglycemia,
thyrotoxicosis,
)
12
Shock
SHOCK
Shock
13
Syncope
SYNCOPE
Rule
out
Syncope Seizure
Cardiovascular
Contractility Afterload Preload Tachyarrhythmia Bradyarrhythmia
Systolic Murmur
Benign/Flow/
Stenosis Incompetent
Valve Other
Hyperdynamic
• Pregnancy
• Fever
• Anemia
Pulmonary
Aortic
Stenosis*
Stenosis*
• Uni-‐/Bicuspid
S1 S2 • Degenerative
(Tricuspid)
•Aortic
Stenosis/ • Rheumatic
Heart
15 Pulmonary
Stenosis
Disease
Systolic Murmur
Valvular & Other
SYSTOLIC MURMUR: Valvular & Other
Systolic Murmur
Benign/Flow/
Stenotic Incompetent
Valve Other
Hyperdynamic
• Ventricular
Septal
Defect
Cardiovascular
• Dilated
cardiomyopathy • Endocarditis • Infarct cardiomyopathy
• Endocarditis
• Endocarditis • Rheumatic
Fever • Rupture • MI • Rheumatic
Fever
• Hypertrophic
• Trauma • Pulmonary
• Ebstein’s
Anomaly
Cardiomyopathy Hypertension • Carcinoid
• Rheumatic
Fever
• Marfan’s
Disease
S1 S2 S1 OS S2
•Mitral
Regurgitation/ *
Mitral
Valve
Prolapse
(OS
– 16
Tricuspid
Regurgitation
opening
snap) 15
Diastolic Murmur
DIASTOLIC MURMUR
Diastolic Murmur
Murmur)
• Atrial
Myxoma
Prolapse
S1 S2 S1 S2 OS S1
•Aortic
Regurgitation/ *
Mitral
Stenosis/Tricuspid
Stenosis
Pulmonary
Regurgitation
17 (OS
– opening
snap)
Respiratory
Pulmonary Function Tests Interpretation�������21 Lung Nodule����������������������������������������������������������������������� 35
Acid-Base Disorder Pulmonary���������������������������� 22 Mediastinal Mass��������������������������������������������������������������36
Chest Discomfort Cardiovascular������������������������ 23 Pleural Effusion������������������������������������������������������������������ 37
Chest Discomfort Pulmonary��������������������������������� 24 Pulmonary Hypertension�������������������������������������������38
Chest Discomfort Other���������������������������������������������� 25
Chest Trauma Complications����������������������������������26
Cough Chronic������������������������������������������������������������������� 27
Cough, Dyspnea & Fever�������������������������������������������28
Dyspnea Acute������������������������������������������������������������������ 29
Dyspnea Chronic Cardiac������������������������������������������30
Dyspnea Chronic Pulmonary / Other����������������31
Respiratory
19
Historical Editors Student Editors
Calvin Loewen Amanda Comeau
Yan Yu Shaye Lafferty
Marc Chretien
Vanessa Millar Faculty Editor
Geoff Lampard Dr. Naushad Hirani
Shaina Lee Dr. Daniel Miller
Reena Pabari
Katrina Rodrigues
Eric Sy
Lian Szabo
Respiratory
Ying Wang
20
Pulmonary Function Tests
Interpretation
Respiratory
21
Acid-Base Disorder
Pulmonary
ACID-BASE DISORDER
Acid-‐Base
Disorder
Elevated High
Anion
Normal
Anion
Gap Chronic Acute Chronic Acute
Anion Gap Gap
See “Metabolic• Methanol See “Metabolic • Diarrhea Hypovennlaaon • COPD Hypovennlaaon • Asthma* Hypervennlaaon • Pregnancy Hypervennlaaon• Hypoxia
• Uremia Acidosis Normal
Acidosis Elevated • RTA present for • Interstitial
Disease
present for • Neuromuscular
present for • Psychogenic present for • Salicylates
Anion Gap” on • DKA Anion Gap” on • Interstitial
N ephritis
hours to days minutes to hours• Obstruction
hours to days • Sepsis
minutes to hours
page 120 • Paraldehydepage 121 • Pulmonary
• Isoniazid Embolism*
Respiratory
• Lactic
Acid
• Ethylene
Glycol *
Denotes
acutely
life-‐threatening
causes
• Salicylates Appropriate
Compensation: Ratio
(CO2:HCO3-‐)
Metabolic
Acidosis 12:10
Metabolic
Acidosis
– Mixed
Metabolic
Disorder: Metabolic
Alkalosis 7:10
Anion
Gap
Normal Normal
AG
Acidosis
Alone Acute
Respiratory
Acidosis 10:1
ΔAnion
Gap
=
ΔHCO3-‐ High
AG
Acidosis
Alone Chronic
Respiratory
Acidosis 10:3
ΔAnion
Gap
<
ΔHCO3-‐ Mixed
AG
Acidosis
+
Normal
AG Acute
Respiratory
Alkalosis 10:2
ΔAnion
Gap
>
ΔHCO3-‐ Mixed
High
AG
Acidosis
+
Metabolic
Alkalosis Chronic
Respiratory
Alkalosis 10:4
22
Chest Discomfort
Cardiovascular
Pulmonary
Respiratory
Aorrc Disseccon*
Pulmonary
Respiratory
• Pleural Effusion • Malignancy
• Malignant Mesothelioma • Sarcoidosis
• Acute Chest Syndrome
25
EST TRAUMA
Chest Trauma Complications
Chest Trauma
Respiratory
* Potentially acutely life-threatening 26
Cough
Chronic
COUGH: Chronic
Cough
• COPD
• Chronic
Infection
(Eg.
Fungal,
Tuberculosis)
Obstructive
Disease
• Neoplasm
Normal
Spirometry
(FEV1/FVC
<75%) • CHF
• Interstitial
Disease
• Asthma • Foreign
Body
• COPD
Upper Airway
Cough
• Acute
Bronchitis
• AECOPD
Respiratory
• Wegener’s
Granulomatosis • Fungal
(e.g.
Pneumocystic
jirovecii)
• Viral
29
Dyspnea Chronic
Cardiac
Respiratory
* Potentially acutely life-threatening 30
Dyspnea Chronic
Pulmonary / Other
Respiratory
31
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Respiratory
Obesity Hypovennlaaon
Syndrome
32
Hemoptysis
Hematemesis
Epistaxis
Bronchiis Pulmonary Vasculiis
Respiratory
Pulmonary Vasculiis
Pulmonary
Arterial
Hypertension
Obesity Hypovennlaaon
Syndrome
Respiratory
Neuromascular Weakness
Pleural Abnormaliies
Obesity Hypovennlaaon Chest Wall Abnormaliies
Syndrome
**
Neuromascular Weakness
Pleural Abnormaliies Severe Pneumonia
Chest Wall Abnormaliies Atelectasis
34
Lung Nodule
Respiratory
Mediastinal Mass
Respiratory
36
Pleural Effusion
Thoracic
Thoracic Ultrasound should be used to
perform
perform Diagnossc Thoracentesis
Use Light’s
Use Light’s Criteria
Criteria
Increased Hydrostaac
Hydrostaac Decreased
DecreasedOncooc
Oncooc
Pressure Pressure
Pressure
Congessve Heart Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis
Failure Nephrooc
NephroocSyndrome
Syndrome
Renal Failure with
with
Hypervolemia
(Early) Pulmonary
Respiratory
Pulmonary
Embolus
SerumLDH
Serum LDHUpper
Upper Limit
Limit of
of Normal
Normal
37 * Potentially acutely life-threatening
Pulmonary Hypertension
Associated with:
- Conneccve Tissue Disease Sleep-Disordered Breathing
- Portal Hypertension
- Congenital Heart Disease
- HIV
Miscellaneous
Hematologic Disorders
Metabolic Disorders
Respiratory
38
Hematologic
Overall Approach to Anemia������������������������������������41 Prolonged PTT, Normal PT (INR) No Bleeding
Approach to Anemia Mean Corpuscular Tendency��������������������������������������������������������������������������51
Volume������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 42 Approach to Splenomegaly������������������������������������� 52
Anemia with Elevated MCV�������������������������������������� 43 Fever in the Immunocompromised Host������� 53
Anemia with Normal MCV����������������������������������������� 44 Lymphadenopathy Diffuse��������������������������������������� 54
Anemia with Low MCV������������������������������������������������� 45 Lymphadenopathy Localized��������������������������������� 55
Approach to Bleeding / Bruising Platelets & Neutrophilia��������������������������������������������������������������������������56
Vascular System��������������������������������������������������������46 Neutropenia Decreased Neutrophils Only��� 57
Approach to Bleeding / Bruising Coagulation Neutropenia Bicytopenia / Pancytopenia����58
Proteins����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 Polycythemia����������������������������������������������������������������������59
Approach to Prolonged PT (INR), Prolonged Suspected Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)������60
Hematologic
Hematologic
Nancy Nixon
Nahbeel Premji
Connal Robertson-More
40
Overall Approach to Anemia
Hematologic
41
Approach to Anemia
Mean Corpuscular Volume
Hematologic
42
Anemia with Elevated MCV
Hematologic
43
Anemia with Normal MCV
Hematologic
44
Anemia with Low MCV
Hematologic
45
Approach to Bleeding / Bruising
Platelets & Vascular System
Hematologic
46
Approach to Bleeding / Bruising
APPROACH
TO
BLEEDING/BRUISING:
Coagulation
Proteins
Coagulation Proteins
Bleeding/Bruising
Congenital Acquired
47
Approach to Prolonged PT (INR), Prolonged PTT
Hematologic
48
Prolonged PT (INR), Normal PTT
PROLONGED
PT
(INR),
NORMAL
PTT
Child/Adult Newborn
• Antibiotics
and
Poor
Nutrition • Hemorrhagic
Disease
of
the
• Fat
Malabsorption Newborn
49
Prolonged PTT, Normal PT (INR)
Bleeding Tendency
Hematologic
50
Prolonged PTT, Normal PT (INR)
No Bleeding Tendency
Hematologic
51
Approach to Splenomegaly
Hematologic
52
Fever in the Immunocompromised Host
Hematologic
53
Lymphadenopathy
Diffuse
LYMPHADENOPATHY:
Diffuse
Diffuse Lymphadenopathy
Reactive Neoplastic
Monoclonal
Reed-‐
Systemic
Infectious Other Leukemia Lymphocytes
Sternberg
Cells
Inflammatory
on
Biopsy on
Biopsy
Hematologic
• Rheumatoid
•Tuberculosis • Young
age
Arthritis • Hepatitis
• Pseudotumor History
of
Asymptomatic,
Bleeding,
Infection,
Age
>
50
Fatigue
• Acute
Lymphoblastic
• Chronic
Lymphocytic
Leukemia
Leukemia
(CBC
with
(Pancytopenia,
WBC
Lymphocytes)
differential
includes
Blasts) 54
Lymphadenopathy
Localized
Hematologic
55
Neutrophilia
Hematologic
56
Neutropenia
Decreased Neutrophils Only
Hematologic
57
Neutropenia
Bicytopenia / Pancytopenia
NEUTROPENIA:
Bicytopenia/Pancytopenia
Neutropenia
Bicytopenia/Pancytopenia
Isolated
Neutrophil
Decrease (Neutrophils
and
Other
Cell
Lines
Decreased)
• Splenomegaly
Hematologic
Marrow
Infiltration Stem
cell
damage
or
suppression Nutritional
deficiency
59
Suspected Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Hematologic
60
Suspected Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
Alternative
diagnosis
less
likely
than
PE
(3.0) Low
Clinical
High
Clinical
Compression
U/S
Suspicion Suspicion
Heart
rate
>100bpm
(1.5)
STOP
Wells
P.S,
et
al.
(2000).
Derivation
of
a
simple
clinical
model
to
categorize
patients
probability
of
pulmonary
embolism:
increasing
the
models
utility
with
the
SimpliRED
D-‐dimer.
Thromb
Haemost
2003;
83:
416-‐20.
Writing
Group
for
the
Christopher
Study
Investigators.
(2006).
Effectiveness
of
managing
suspected
pulmonary
embolism
using
an
algorithm
combining
clinical
probability,
D-‐Dimer
testing,
and
computer
tomography.
61 JAMA;295:
172-‐179.
Thrombocytopenia
Hematologic
62
Thrombocytosis
THROMBOCYTOSIS
Thrombocytosis
Non
malignant
Infectious Inflammatory Tissue
Damage hematologic
Other
Hematologic
conditions
• Acute
or
Chronic • IBD • Post-‐op
surgery • Rebound
effect
• Post-‐splenectomy
or
• Rheumatic
• Trauma following
hyposplenic
states
disorders • Burns treatment
of
ITP • Non-‐hematologic
• Celiac
disease • Rebound
effect
malignancy
following
ETOH
• Iron
deficiency
induced
anemia
thrombocytopenia
63
Hemolysis
Hemolysis
Hemolysis
Extravascular Intravascular
Spleen
and
RES-‐ Hemolysis
within
mediated
hemolysis circulation
Hematologic
immune-‐complex
• Atriovenous
• Warm
AIHA hemolytic
anemia malformations
• Cold
AIHA • Acute
HTR
• Alloimmune
delayed
HTR Abnormal
Hgb &
Membrane
RBC
Enzyme
• Drug-‐induced
Hgb Defects Defects Defects
AIHA • G6PD
deficiency
• Thalassemia • Hereditary
• Sickle
cell spherocytosis • PK
deficiency
• Unstable
Hgb • Hereditary
elliptocytosis 64
Gastrointestinal
Abdominal Distention���������������������������������������������������69 Chronic Diarrhea Steatorrhea & Large Bowel
Abdominal Distention Ascites��������������������������������70 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81
Abdominal Distention Other Causes������������������71 Constipation (Adult) Altered Bowel Function
Abdominal Mass��������������������������������������������������������������� 72 & Idiopathic��������������������������������������������������������������������82
Abdominal Pain (Adult) Acute - Diffuse����������� 73 Constipation (Adult) Secondary Causes���������83
Abdominal Pain (Adult) Acute - Localized�����74 Constipation (Pediatric) ����������������������������������������������84
Abdominal Pain (Adult) Chronic - Constant� 75 Dysphagia������������������������������������������������������������������������������85
Abdominal Pain (Adult) Chronic - Crampy / Elevated Liver Enzymes���������������������������������������������86
Fleeting�����������������������������������������������������������������������������76 Hepatomegaly�������������������������������������������������������������������87
Abdominal Pain (Adult) Chronic - Post- Jaundice���������������������������������������������������������������������������������88
Gastrointestinal
65
Nausea & Vomiting Other Systemic
Disease�������������������������������������������������������������������92
Stool Incontinence�����������������������������������������������93
Upper Gastronintestinal Bleed
(Hematemesis / Melena)�������������������������94
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed�����������������������95
Weight Gain���������������������������������������������������������������96
Weight Loss�������������������������������������������������������������� 97
Gastrointestinal
66
Historical Editors Shabaz Syed
Dr. Chris Andrews Ying Wang
Khaled Ahmed
Jennifer Amyotte Student Editors
Stacy Cormack Scott Assen
Beata Komierowski Jonathan Seto
James Lee Jacob Charette
Shaina Lee
Matt Linton Faculty Editor
Michael Prystajecky Dr. Sylvain Coderre
Gastrointestinal
67
68
Gastrointestinal
Abdominal Distention
Gastrointestinal
69
Abdominal Distention
Ascites
ABDOMINAL
DISTENTION:
Ascites
Abdominal Distention
Gastrointestinal
Portal
Hypertension Cardiac Peritoneal Other
Causes
Clinical
pearl:
“rule
of
97”:
SAAG
97%
accurate.
If
high
SAAG,
97%
of
time
it
is
cirrhosis/portal
hypertension.
If
low
SAAG,
97%
time
carcinomatosis
(and
cytology
97%
sensitive)
*Serum
Ascites
Albumin
Gradient
(SAAG)
=
[Serum
albumin]
– [Peritoneal
fluid
albumin] 70
Abdominal Distention
ABDOMINAL
Other Causes DISTENTION:
Other
Causes
Abdominal Distention
Abdominal Mass
Gastrointestinal
Feces Pulsatile Pseudoneoplastic
Diffuse Localized
Peritonitic Non-‐Peritonitic
Gastrointestinal
• Pancreatitis • Gastroenteritis
• Bowel
Obstruction • Irritable
Bowel
Syndrome
• Viscus
Perforation • Constipation
• Intraperitoneal
Hemorrhage • Metabolic
Disease
(e.g.
Diabetic
(ruptured
AAA) Ketoacidosis)
• Mesenteric
Ischemia
• Mesenteric
Thrombus
• Sickle
Cell
Anemia
• Musculoskeletal
73 • Trauma
• Peptic
Ulcer
Disease
Abdominal Pain (Adult)
Acute - Localized
Gastrointestinal
74
Abdominal Pain (Adult)
ABDOMINAL
PAIN
(ADULT):
Chronic
-‐ Constant
Chronic - Constant
Gastrointestinal
• Biliary
Colic/Cholelithiasis • Bloating
(e.g.
Celiac
Disease,
Lactose
• Bowel
Obstruction
(e.g.
Adhesions,
• Choledocholithiasis Intolerance) Crohn’s,
Volvulus,
Neoplasm,
Hernia)
• Sphincter
of
Oddi
Dysfunction • Renal
colic • Irritable
Bowel
Syndrome
• Renal
Colic • Irritable
Bowel
Syndrome
76
Abdominal Pain (Adult)
ABDOMINAL
PAIN
(ADULT):
Chronic
– Post-‐Prandial
Chronic - Post-Prandial
77
Anorectal Pain
ANORECTAL
PAIN
Anorectal Pain
• Proctalgia
Gastrointestinal
Proctitis Other Dermatologic Anorectal
Disease
78
Acute Diarrhea
ACUTE
DIARRHEA
Acute
Diarrhea
Nausea/Vomiting
Diarrhea
Predominant Non-‐Bloody Bloody
Predominant
• Bacillus
cereus • Crohn’s
Ileitis • Ulcerative
Colitis
•Staphylococcus
aureus • Crohn’s
Colitis • Crohn’s
Colitis
Gastrointestinal
Bloody/Pain/Small
Watery/Large
Volume **C.
difficile
is
under
“large
bowel”
but
presents
Volume/Urgency with
non-‐bloody
diarrhea
usually.
(Small
Bowel)
(Large
Bowel)
• Viral • Bacterial
(e.g.
E.
coli,
C.
Ischemic
colitis
is
a
self-‐limiting
illness
in
most
(due
• Bacterial
(e.g.
C.
perfringens,
difficile,
Salmonella,
to
vascular
network
from
SMA,
IMA,
iliacs)
whereas
V.
cholerae,
E.
coli,
Salmonella,
Campylobacter,
Shigella) small
bowel
ischemia
is
an
abdominal
catastrophe
Yersinia) • Parasitic
(e.g.
E.
histolytica) (only
one
supply,
SMA).
• Parasitic
(e.g.
Giardia)
• Drugs
(Antibiotics,
Laxatives,
Antacids)
79 • Toxins
Chronic Diarrhea
Small Bowel
CHRONIC
DIARRHEA:
Small
Bowel
Chronic Diarrhea
Large
Bowel
Steatorrhea Small
Bowel
Small
Volume/Bloody/Painful/
Oily/Foul/Hard
to
Flush Large
Volume/Watery
Tenesmus/Urgency
Gastrointestinal
Mucosal Tumors
Chronic Diarrhea
Large
Bowel
Steatorrhea Small
Bowel
Small
Volume/Bloody/Painful/
Oily/Foul/Hard
to
Flush Large
Volume/Watery
Tenesmus/Urgency
Primary
Secondary
Malabsorption Malabsorption
• Celiac
Disease • Bacterial
Overgrowth
• Mucosal
Disease • Liver
Cholestasis
• Ileal
Crohn’s
Disease • Mesenteric
Ischemia
81 • Short
Bowel/
Resection
Constipation (Adult)
Altered Bowel Function & Idiopathic
CONSTIPATION
(ADULT):
Altered
Bowel
Function
&
Idiopathic
Constipation
Gastrointestinal
• Fibre • Pelvic
Floor
• Calories Medications
(e.g.
Dyssyngergia
• Fluid Opiates,
Anti-‐
• Exercise Hypertensives)
• Psychosocial • Cation
Related
(e.g.
Iron,
Aluminum,
Calcium,
Potassium)
• Anticholinergic
(e.g.
Antispasmodics,
Antidepressants,
Antipsychotics)
82
Constipation (Adult)
Secondary Causes
CONSTIPATION
(ADULT):
Secondary
Causes
Constipation
Neurogenic Non-‐Neurogenic
Gastrointestinal
Constipation
Gastrointestinal
Dietary/Functional Neurologic Dietary/Functional Anatomic Neurologic
• Insufficient
Volume/
• Hirschsprung’s
Disease • Insufficient
Bulk/Fluid • Bowel
Obstruction • Hirschsprung’s
Disease
Bulk • Imperforate
Anus • Withholding • Pseudo-‐obstruction • Spinal
Cord
Lesions
• Anal
Atresia • Painful
(e.g.
Fissures) • Myotonia
Congenita
• Intestinal
Stenosis • Guillain-‐Barré
Syndrome
• Intestinal
Atresia
84
Dysphagia
DYSPHAGIA
Dysphagia
Oropharyngeal
Dysphagia
Esophageal
Dysphagia
Immediate
Difficulty
Delayed
Difficulty
Difficulty
initiating
swallowing?
Food
sticks
seconds
later/
Further
down?
Choking?
Nasal
Regurgitation?
• Multiple
Sclerosis
• Amyotrophic
Lateral
Sclerosis
• Polymyositis
Gastrointestinal
• ••Amyloid
Sarcoid
•Malignancy
••Sarcoid
Infection
Sarcoid
• •HELLP
• HELLP
HELLP • ••Others
Wilson’s
•Cholestatic
Wilson’s disease
•Wilson’s
•• Amyloid
Infection
• •Others
•Others
Others
• Cirrhosis
••Amyloid
Amyloid
• Malignancy (any)
• •Cholestatic
•Others
•Others
Others disease
• •Cholestatic
•Cholestatic
ddisease
Cholestatic
disease
isease • •Infection
• Cirrhosis
•Malignancy
•Congenital (any)
•Malignancy
Malignancy
• •Congenital • •Infection
Cirrhosis
•Infection
Infection
(•Biliary
any) Atresia
•
•Congenital (any)
•Cirrhosis
• •Biliary
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis
((any)Atresia
any)
•Alagille Syndrome
•Congenital
•Congenital
•Congenital•Alagille
•Biliary
Syndrome
•Progressive
Atresia Familial
•Biliary
•Progressive
•Biliary
•Biliary
•Alagille AAtresia
A Familial
tresia
tresia
Syndrome
Intracholestasis
•Alagille
•Alagille
•Alagille Syndrome
Intracholestasis
Syndrome
Syndrome
Dx
ALF
if ETOH
hepatitis
NAFLD •Progressive
Dx
by
biopsyFamilial
ERCP
for
dx
Dx
ALF
if ETOH
hepatitis
NAFLD Dx
•Progressive
y
biopsy Familial
•Progressive
b•Progressive
Intracholestasis FFamilial
amilial
ERCP
for
dx
↑INR
and
hepatic
usually
cholestatic,
10%
population ± MRI/MRCP
Intracholestasis and
therapy
↑INR
Dx
aAnd
LF
hifepatic
usually
ETOH
hcepatitis
holestatic,
10%
NAFLD
population by
Intracholestasis
± MRI/MRCP
Dx
bIntracholestasis
iopsy and
tfherapy
ERCP
or
dx
encephalopathy
Dx
AALF
ififif and
huhepatitis
ETOH
sually
aDx
Dx
encephalopathy
↑INR
nd
A
hLF
LF
epatic
ETOH
ETOH
and
usually
hepatitis
usually epatitis
cholestatic,
10%
pNAFLD
NAFLD
NAFLD
opulation ±Dx
bby
Dx
Dx
MRI/MRCP bbiopsy
by
y
biopsy
iopsy ERCP
ERCP
ERCP
and
for
therapy ddxdxx
ffor
or
↑INR
a nd
hhepatic
ALT
usually
c <cholestatic,
300
↑INR
↑INR
aand
encephalopathy nd
hepatic
epatic
usually
usually
ALT
and
<cholestatic,
holestatic,
usually 300 10%
10%
10%
ppopulation
population
opulation ±±±MRI/MRCP
MRI/MRCP
MRI/MRCP and
therapy
and
and
ttherapy
herapy
86
encephalopathy
encephalopathy
encephalopathy and
and
and
u u sually
u sually
sually
ALT
<
300
ALT
ALT
ALT
<<
<3
3
00
300
00
Hepatomegaly
HEPATOMEGALY
Hepatomegaly
Jaundice
Post-‐Hepatic
Pre-‐Hepatic Hepatic
Usually
has
Duct
Dilatation
on
Unconjugated
Hyperbilirubinemia Conjugated
Hyperbilirubinemia
Ultrasound
• Hepatocellular
• Cholestatic
• Dubin Johnson
Gastrointestinal
Increased
Decreased
Hepatic
Decreased
Biliary
Duct
Intraductal
Production Uptake Conjugation Compression Obstruction
• Hemolysis • Sepsis • Gilbert’s
Syndrome • Malignancy • Gallstones
• Ineffective
• Drugs
(e.g.
Rifampin) • Crigler-‐Najjar
• Metastases • Biliary
Stricture
Erythropoiesis Syndromes
(I
and
II) • Pancreatitis • Cholangiocarcinoma
• Hematoma • Primary
Sclerosing
Cholangitis
88
Liver Mass
LIVER
MASS
Liver Mass
Cystic Solid
• Cystadenocarcinoma
Simple Complex
•Cyst
•Polycystic
Liver
Gastrointestinal
Disease
•Caroli’s
Primary
Secondary
Proliferative Infectious Proliferative Infectious
Malignancy Malignancy
•Cystadenoma •Hydatid
Cyst • Hemangioma • Abscess • Hepatocellular
• Metastases
• Focal
Nodular
Carcinoma (e.g.
Lung,
Colon,
Hyperplasia • Cholangiocarcinoma Breast)
89 • Adenoma
Mouth Disorders (Adult & Elderly)
Ulcerating Non-‐Ulcerating
Gastrointestinal
• Chronic
Liver
Disease
• Ulcerative
Colitis • Cold
Sore • Kawasaki
Disease
• Sjögren’s
Syndrome
• NSAIDs • Anemia (Strawberry
Tongue)
• Acromegaly
• Langerhan’s
Cell
• Other
Gum
Disease
• Amyloidosis
Histiocytosis • Mucocele
• Psoriasis
• Wegener’s
Disease • Allergic
Reaction
• Gingival
Hyperplasia
• Sarcoidosis
• Dry
Mouth
• Drug
Induced
• Sexually
Transmitted
Non-‐Neoplastic Neoplastic
Infection
• Candidiasis
• Leukoplakia
• Lichen
Planus • Squamous
Cell
Carcinoma
• Anemia 90
Nausea & Vomiting
NAUSEA
AND
Gastrointestinal VOMITING:
Gastrointestinal
Disease
Disease
• Acute
Hepatitis
• Acute
Cholecystitis
• Cholelithiasis
• Choledocholithiasis
• Acute
Pancreatitis
Gastrointestinal
• Pregnancy • Chemotherapy
• Sepsis
(e.g.
Pyelonephritis,
• Diabetes/
DKA • Antibiotics
Pneumonia)
• Uremia • Ethanol
• Radiation
Sickness
• Hypercalcemia • Carbon
Monoxide
• Acute
Myocardial
Infarction
• Addison’s
Disease • Heavy
Metal
• Nicotine
Gastrointestinal
• Thyroid
Disease
Vestibular
High
Intracranial
Pressure Psychiatric
(Inner
Ear)
• Hemorrhage • Ear
Infection • Self-‐Induced
(Bulimia)
• Meningitis • Motion
Sickness • Cyclic
Vomiting
• Infarction • Vestibular
Migraine • Psychogenic
• Malignancy • Ménière’s
Disease
• Head
Trauma 92
Stool Incontinence
STOOL
INCONTINENCE
Stool Incontinence
Congenital
Anorectal
Trauma/Surgery Nerve/Sphincter
Damage
Malformation
• Surgery:
Anorectal,
Prostate,
• Vaginal
Delivery
Bowel • Rectal
Prolapse
• Pelvic
Fracture • Severe
Hemorrhoid
• Pelvic
Inflammation
Gastrointestinal
Acute Hematemesis/Melena
Gastrointestinal
Hypersecretion Inflammatory
Drugs (ICU
Setting)
• Zollinger-‐Ellison
Syndrome
Retching?
Esophagitis/
Mallory
Weiss
Tear Tumors
Gastritis
• Benign
• Malignancy 94
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed
LOWER
GASTROINTESTINAL
BLEED
• Colorectal
cancer
• Angiodysplasia
(colon
or
Gastrointestinal
Weight Gain
Gastrointestinal
• Depression • Cushing’s
Disease
• Hypothalamic
Syndrome • Polycystic
Ovarian
Syndrome
• Dementia • Hypothyroidism
• Growth
Hormone
Deficiency • Hypogonadism
96
Weight Loss
WEIGHT
LOSS
Weight Loss
• GI
illness
(upper
and
lower) • Small
Bowel
Disease
(e.g.
Crohn’s
• Increased
Protein/Energy
Requirements
• Psychiatric
(Depression,
eating
disorders)
Disease,
Celiac
Disease) (e.g.
Post-‐Surgical,
Infections,
Trauma,
• Poverty • Pancreatic
Insufficiency Burns)
•Abuse • Cholestatic
Liver
Disease • Cancer
• Dementia • Protein-‐losing
Enteropathy
(e.g.
• Hyperthyroidism
• Anorexia
as
an
Adverse
Drug
Effect Inflammatory
Bowel
Disease) • Chronic
Cardiac/Respiratory
distress
(e.g.
COPD)
Gastrointestinal
97
Renal
Acute Kidney Injury������������������������������������������������������ 101 Proteinuria����������������������������������������������������������������������������115
Chronic Kidney Disease��������������������������������������������102 Renal Mass Solid������������������������������������������������������������ 116
Dysuria�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������103 Renal Mass Cystic�����������������������������������������������������������117
Generalized Edema������������������������������������������������������104 Scrotal Mass����������������������������������������������������������������������� 118
Hematuria����������������������������������������������������������������������������105 Suspected Acid-Base Disturbance������������������ 119
Hyperkalemia Intercellular Shift������������������������ 106 Metabolic Acidosis Elevated Anion Gap������120
Hypertension���������������������������������������������������������������������� 111
Increased Urinary Frequency��������������������������������112
Nephrolithiasis������������������������������������������������������������������113
Renal
Polyuria�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������114
99
Historical Editors Student Editors
Dr. Andrew Wade Colin Roscher (Co-editor)
Dr. Sophia Chou Mark Elliot (Co-editor)
Dave Campbell
Derrick Chan Faculty Editor
Marc Chretien Dr. Kevin McLaughlin
Mollie Ferris
Kody Johnson
Becky Kennedy
Vera Krejcik
Keith Lawson
Vanessa Millar
Eric Sy
Renal
Maria Wu
100
Acute Kidney Injury
coli)
hypotension) (multiple
myeloma) • Drugs • Immune-‐complex
allopurinol,
PPI)
• Toxins
(contrast,
• Urate
crystals • HIV deposition
(IgA,
post-‐ • Infections
(CMV,
strep,
Acute
aminoglycosides,
Tubular
•Tubular
Calcium
Oxalate
Rapidly
strep,
Acute
Interstitial
lupus) Progressive
legionella)
• Malignancy
Necrosis
chemotherapy) (Ethylene
glycol) TTP/HUS • Pauci-‐immune
• Immune
(lupus,
sarcoid,
Obstruction GlomerulonephritisSjögren)
(Wegener's)
Nephritis
(Epithelial
cell
casts)
• Pigments
101
• Ischemia
(severe
• Cast
nephropathy
• Shiga-‐like
toxin
(E.
coli) • Anti-‐GBM
antibodies • Drugs
(NSAIDs,
Abx,
Chronic Kidney Disease
Interstitial
Tubular Vascular Glomerular
(Sterile
pyuria,
WBC
casts,
(Family
history,
ultrasound) (Other
small
vessel
disease) (Proteinuria)
eosinophiluria)
Renal
• Immune
(sarcoid,
Sjögren)
• Multiple
myeloma
• Hyperoxaluria
• Hypercalcemia
• Hyperphosphatemia 102
Dysuria
DYSURIA
Dysuria
Pyuria No
Pyuria
Leukocytes
on
No
Leukocytes
on
Dipstick/Microscopy Dipstick/Microscopy
Bacteriuria
&
No
Bacteriuria
&
No
Hematuria
Hematuria Urethritis Vaginitis Non-‐Pathogenic
Dipstick
positive
for
nitrites
Dipstick
negative
for
(if
infected
with
nitrites.
enterobacteria).
GENERALIZED
EDEMA
Generalized
Edema
Increased
blood
pressure
Overfill
Underfill
(Increased
renal
sodium
(Urine
Na
<
20meq/L)
retention,
Urine
Na
>
40meq/L)
• NSAIDs
• AKI/CKD
• Nephrotic
Syndrome
Signs
of
left
ventricular
failure
Renal
• Myxedema
(Hypothyroid) • Right
heart
failure • Nephrotic
syndrome • Inflammation
• Constrictive
pericarditis • Cirrhosis • Sepsis
• Portal
hypertension • Acute
Respiratory
Distress
• Pregnancy Syndrome
• Allergies
• Burns/Trauma 104
Hematuria
Renal
(Granulomatosis with
polyangiiis/microscopic
105 polyangiiis)
Hyperkalemia
Intercellular Shift
HYPERKALEMIA:
Transcellular
Shift
HYPERKALEMIA:
Transcellular
Shift TTKG
=
(KUrine x
OsmSerum)/(KSerum x
OsmUrine)
Hyperkalemia TTKG
=
(KUrine x
OsmSerum)/(KSerum x
OsmUrine)
Hyperkalemia
Exclude
pseudohyperkalemia
Serum
Potassium
>
5.5
mmol/L Leukocytosis,
thrombocytosis,
Exclude
pseudohyperkalemia
hemolysis
Serum
Potassium
>
5.5
mmol/L Leukocytosis,
thrombocytosis,
hemolysis
Transcellular
Shift
Increased
Intake
Reduced
Excretion Appropriate
renal
excretion
(IV
potassium
with
reduced
excretion)
(GFR,
TTKG,
distal
flow
adequate)
Transcellular
Shift
Increased
Intake
Reduced
Excretion Appropriate
renal
excretion
(IV
potassium
with
reduced
excretion)
(GFR,
TTKG,
distal
flow
adequate)
Renal
Increased
Release
• Non-‐Anion
Gap
Metabolic
Acidosis
Decreased
Entry
• Insulin
Deficiency/Resistance
Increased
Serum
Osmoles,
Increased
• Hyperosmolarity • β2 antagonism Decreased
Na+-‐H+ Exchanger
• Cell
Urate,
Phosphate,
Creatinine
Kinase • α1 agonism Decreased
Na -‐K -‐ATPase
+ +
Lysis
(e.g.
Tumor
Lysis
Syndrome,
rhabdomyolysis) • Digoxin
• Non-‐Anion
Gap
Metabolic
Acidosis • Insulin
Deficiency/Resistance 106
• Hyperosmolarity • β2 antagonism
Hyperkalemia
HYPERKALEMIA:
Reduced
Excretion
Reduced Excretion Hyperkalemia
HYPERKALEMIA:
Reduced
Excretion
Exclude
pseudohyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia
Serum
potassium
>
5.5
mmol/L Leukocytosis,
thrombocytosis,
hemolysis
Exclude
pseudohyperkalemia
Serum
potassium
>
5.5
m
Increased
mol/L
Intake Leukocytosis,
thrombocytosis,
Reduced
Excretion Transcellular
Shift
(IV
potassium
with
reduced
excretion) hemolysis
Increased
Intake
Reduced
Excretion Transcellular
Shift
(IV
potassium
with
reduced
excretion)
HYPOKALEMIA
Hypokalemia
Decreased
intake
Increased
Loss Transcellular
shift
(rare
cause
in
isolation)
• Insulin
• β2 agonists
• alkalemia
Renal
Loss GI
loss • Refeeding
syndrome
Urine
loss
>20mmol/d Urine
loss
<20mmol/d • Rapid
hematopoiesis
• Diarrhea • Hypothermia
• Vomiting • Thyrotoxic
periodic
High
distal
[K] High
distal
flow • NG
suction paralysis/familial
TTKG
>
4 TTKG
<
4 hypokalemic
periodic
• Laxatives
•Polyuria paralysis
Volume
Status
Assessment
Normal
or
EABV
contracted
expanded
EABV
Renal
• Loop
diuretics/
Bartter’s
syndrome
• Thiazide
diuretics/
High
renin Low
renin Low
renin
Gittelman’s
syndrome High
aldosterone High
aldosterone Low
aldosterone
• Magnesium
depletion •Renal
artery
stenosis •Hyperaldosteronism •Licorice
intake
•Liddle’s
syndrome 108
Hypernatremia
HYPERNATREMIA
Hypernatremia
Excess
free
water
loss
HYPONATREMIA
HYPONATREMIA Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia
Artifactual Serum
Sodium
<135
mmol/L
Hypo-‐osmolar
plasma
Posm
<
280
Hypo-‐
mmol/kgosmolar
plasma
Artifactual Serum
Sodium
<135
mmol/L
Posm
<
280
mmol/kg
Normal
Posm High
Posm Impaired
H20
Excretion Intact
H20
Excretion
Normal
Posm
280-‐295mmol/kg >295mmol/kg High
Posm
• Reduced
GFR Impaired
H20
Excretion Intact
H20
Excretion
280-‐295mmol/kg >295mmol/kg
•Hypertriglyceridemia • Hyperglycemia* • Diuretics • Reduced
GFR
• Paraproteinemia • Mannitol • Hyperglycemia*
•Hypertriglyceridemia • Diuretics
• Paraproteinemia • Mannitol
Hyper-‐osmolar
urine Hypo-‐osmolar
urine
Uosm
>
100
Hyper-‐osmolar
mmol/kg urine Hypo-‐
Uosm
<
100
m osmolar
urine
mol/kg
ADH
expression
Uosm
>
100
mmol/kg ADH
suppression
Uosm
<
100
mmol/kg
ADH
expression • Primary
polydipsia ADH
suppression
• Insufficient
o•smole
intake
Primary
polydipsia
• Insufficient
osmole
intake
Syndrome
of
Inappropriate
ADH Reduced
EABV
Syndrome
Euvolemic;
no
physiologic
of
Inappropriate
stimulus
to
ADH ADH Reduced
EABV
Urine
[Na+]
<
20mmol/L
Euvolemic;
no
physiologic
stimulus
to
ADH Urine
[Na+]
<
20mmol/L
• Pain/Post-‐op
• Neurologic
trauma
• Pain/Post-‐op True
hypovolemia With
edema Hormonal
changes
• Drugs • Neurologic
trauma
• Pulmonary
p•athology True
hypovolemia With
edema Hormonal
changes
Drugs • Bleeding • Congestive
heart
failure • Hypothyroidism
Renal
• Malignancy • Pulmonary
pathology • GI
losses • Bleeding • Cirrhosis • Adrenal
• Congestive
heart
failureinsufficiency
• Hypothyroidism
• Malignancy • Renal
losses
• GI
losses • Nephrotic
syndrome• Cirrhosis • Pregnancy • Adrenal
insufficiency
(especially
• Renal
losses
• Reduced
GFR• Nephrotic
syndrome • Pregnancy
thiazide
diuretics)
(especially
AKI/CRF • Reduced
GFR
*serum
sodium
correction
in
hyperglycemia: thiazide
d iuretics) AKI/CRF
[Na+]corrected =
[*serum
Na+]
+
(s0.3
*
(
[glucose]
odium
– 5))
correction
in
hyperglycemia: 110
[Na+]corrected =
[Na+]
+
(0.3
*
(
[glucose]
– 5))
Hypertension
• AKI/CKD • Glomerulonephritis • Licorice • Conn’s
syndrome pheochromocytoma) • Sympathetic
nervous
system
• Aortic
coarctation • Pheochromocytoma
• Hyperthyroidism
• Liddle’s
syndrome
• Nephritic
syndrome • NSAIDs • Steroids
((ie.
Cushing’s,
exogenous
cocaine,
• Unilateral
RAS • Hypercalcemia
• AKI/CKD • Bilateral
RAS
• Licorice steroids) pheochromocytoma) • Pheochromocytoma
• Liddle’s
syndrome• Renin-‐Angiotensin
• Steroids
s(timulation
Cushing’s,
exogenous
• Bilateral
RAS (OCP) steroids)
111 • Alcohol
a•buse/
Renin-‐
•Unilateral
(OCP)
RAS
wAithdrawal
ngiotensin
stimulation
• Vulvovaginitis
• Bladder
compression/Pregnancy
Urinary Tract Infection Urinary Obstruction Small volume bladder Detrusor Hyperactivity
Renal
(See
Dysuria
scheme) • Benign
prostatic
hyperplasia • Overactive
Bladder
• Prostatitis •Diabetes
• Prostate
cancer • MS
• Nephrolithiasis • Irritant
drugs:
Diuretics,
caffeine,
alcohol 112
Nephrolithiasis
NEPHROLITHIASIS
Nephrolithiasis
Radio-‐opaque Radiolucent
Calcium-‐containing Non-‐calcium
90%
of
stones 10%
of
stones
Stones
with
Hypercalciuria Hyperoxaluria Anatomical
problem
decreased
solubility
Renal
• Increased
PTH • Enteric
overproduction • Low
urine
volume • Medullary
sponge
kidney
• High
salt
intake • Low
calcium
intake • Hypocitraturia
• High
protein
intake • Dietary • RTA
type
I
113 • Ethylene
glycol
ingestion • High
protein
intake
Polyuria
POLYURIA
Polyuria
Renal
Uosm
unchanged
or
Uosm
Increased
by
>50%
Proper
kidney
response
increased
by
<50%
Unresponsive
Kidney
• Central
Diabetes
Insipidus
• Nephrogenic
Diabetes
Insipidus
114
Proteinuria
Renal
Granulomatosis with
polyangiiis (GPA)/microscopic
polyangiiis (MPA)
115
RENAL
MASS:
Solid Renal Mass
Solid
Renal Mass
Solid Cystic
Benign
<3
cm
in
size Suspicious
Presence
of
fat
on
CT >3
cm
in
size
Renal
116
Renal Mass
RENAL
Cystic
MASS:
Cystic
Renal Mass
Solid Cystic
Benign Suspicious
Anechoic
on
ultrasound Septated/Loculated
on
ultrasound
Well-‐demarcated
on
ultrasound/CT Irregular
border
on
ultrasound/CT
Non-‐enhancing
with
CT
contrast Enhancing
with
CT
contrast
Polycystic
Simple
Cysts
Multiple
bilateral
cysts Abscess
No
family
history
of
ADPKD
Positive
family
history Carcinoma
Normal
sized
kidneys Fever
and
leukocytosis
No
signs
of
infection
Renal
SCROTAL
MASS
Scrotal
Mass
Painful Painless
Tumor
Renal
Varicocele
Epididymal Spermatic
Cord Hydrocele Solid
=
Tumor
until
Soft/”Bag
of
Worms”
proven
otherwise
• Epididymal
Cyst • Communicating
hydrocele • Communicating/non-‐ • Germ
cell
• Spermatocele • Indirect
hernia communicating Seminoma,
Teratoma,
Mixed
• Traumatic/Reactive • Non-‐germ
cell 118
Leydig,
Sertoli
Suspected Acid-Base Disturbance
ASE DISORDER
Acid-‐Base
Disorder
Need
to
correct
anion
gap
for
albumin:
For
every
drop
of
10
for
albumin
(from
40)
add
2.5
to
the
anion
gap
Elevated
serum
creatinine
Renal
Toxic
alcohol
Salicylate
poisoning Lactic
acidosis Ketosis Other
ingestion
ingestion
• Shock • Diabetic
ketoacidosis • Ethylene/Propylene
• Paraldehyde,
Iron,
• Drugs • Starvation/alcoholic
glycol Isoniazid,
Toluene,
Cyanide
• Inborn
errors ketosis • Methanol 120
Metabolic Acidosis
Normal Anion Gap
METABOLIC
ACIDOSIS:
Normal
Anion
Gap
Metabolic
Acidosis
METABOLIC
ACIDOSIS:
Normal
Anion
Gap
Need
to
correct
anion
gap
for
albumin:
For
every
drop
Metabolic
of
10
for
albumin
(from
40)
add
Acidosis
2.5
to
the
anion
gap
Need
to
correct
anion
gap
for
albumin:
For
every
drop
Elevated
Anion
Gap
(>14) of
10
for
albumin
(from
40)
add
2.5
to
the
anion
gap Normal
Anion
Gap
(≤14)
(Acid
Gain) (Loss
of
Bicarbonate)
METABOLIC
ALKALOSIS
Transient
Renal
High
Renin
Low
Renin Low
Renin
High
Aldosterone High
Aldosterone Low
Aldosterone
• Malignant
Hypertension • Aldosterone-‐secreting
mass • Licorice
• Renovascular
Hypertension • Adrenal
hyperplasia • Liddle’s
Syndrome
• Renin-‐Secreting
Tumor • Glucocorticoid
remediable
aldosteronism • Enzyme
deficiency 122
Urinary Incontinence
URINARY
INCONTINENCE
Urinary
Incontinence
Transient Established
Easily
reversible
cause Not
easily
reversible
cause
• Delirium/confusional
states
• Infection
(UTI)
• Atrophic
urethritis/vaginitis
• Pharmaceuticals
• Psychological/psychiatric
• Excessive
urine
output
• Restricted
mobility
• Stool
impaction
CT KUB
Renal
• Urothelial
cell
• Calcium
oxalate
carcinoma • Calcium
phosphate
• Squamous
cell
• Uric
acid
[radiolucent
on
x-‐ray]
carcinoma • Struvite
• Cysteine 124
Endocrinology
Abnormal Lipid Profile Combined & Hirsutism & Virilization Androgen Excess����139
Decreased HDL��������������������������������������������������������129 Hirsutism & Virilization Hypertrichosis�����������140
Abnormal Lipid Profile Increased LDL & Hypercalcemia Low PTH������������������������������������������141
Increased Triglycerides���������������������������������������130 Hypercalcemia Normal / High PTH����������������142
Abnormal Serum TSH�������������������������������������������������131 Hypocalcemia High Phosphate��������������������������143
Adrenal Mass Benign�������������������������������������������������� 132 Hypocalcemia Low Phosphate���������������������������144
Adrenal Mass Malignant�������������������������������������������133 Hypocalcemia High / Low PTH��������������������������145
Amenorrhea�����������������������������������������������������������������������134 Hyperglycemia����������������������������������������������������������������146
Breast Discharge������������������������������������������������������������135 Hypoglycemia������������������������������������������������������������������147
Gynecomastia Increased Estrogen & Hyperphosphatemia����������������������������������������������������148
Endocrinology
125
Male Sexual Dysfunction��������������������������������153
Sellar / Pituitary Mass���������������������������������������154
Sellar / Pituitary Mass Size����������������������������155
Short Stature������������������������������������������������������������ 156
Tall Stature�����������������������������������������������������������������157
Weight Gain / Obesity������������������������������������� 158
Endocrinology
126
Historical Editors Student Editors
Dr. Andrew Wade Parul Khanna (Co-editor)
Dr. Sophia Chou Patricia Wong (Co-editor)
Dave Campbell Soreya Dhanji
Derrick Chan
Marc Chretien Faculty Editor
Mollie Ferris Dr. Kevin McLaughlin
Kody Johnson
Becky Kennedy
Vera Krejcik
Endocrinology
Keith Lawson
Vanessa Millar
Eric Sy
Maria Wu
127
128
Endocrinology
Abnormal Lipid Profile
Combined & Decreased HDL
Endocrinology
129
Abnormal Lipid Profile
Increased LDL & Increased Triglycerides
Endocrinology
130
Abnormal Serum TSH
*
**
Endocrinology
No
Signs
of
Signs
of
Hormone
Excess
Hormone
Excess
Endocrinology
•ACTH
Suppression
Test) Palpitations,
Anxiety)
Independent
•Macronodular
Hyperplasia Rule
of
10’s
For
High
DHEAS Normal
DHEAS Pheochromocytoma: Normal
DHEAS Other
10%
are
Malignant
•Androgen
•Other
Source
10%
are
Bilateral
•Non-‐functioning
•Cyst
Releasing
(e.g.
Polycystic
10%
are
Extra-‐Adrenal Adenoma •Pseudocyst
Adenoma Ovarian
10%
are
Familial •Lipoma •Hematoma
Syndrome,
10%
are
not
Associated
•Myelolipoma •Infection
Congenital
•Ganglioneuroma (TB,
Fungal)
with
Hypertension
Adrenal
Hyperplasia) Amyloidosis
132
Adrenal Mass
ADRENAL MASS: Malignant
Malignant
ADRENAL MASS: Malignant
Malignant
Malignant
Adrenal
Adrenal
Mass
Mass
Suggestive
of
Malignancy:
Inhomogenous
Density,
Delay
in
CT
Contrast
Washout
(<50%
in
10
mSuggestive
of
Malignancy:
inutes),
Irregular
Inhomogenous
Shape,
Diameter
>4cm,
CDalcification,
ensity,
Delay
in
CHT
>20
Contrast
ounsfeld
UW ashout
nits
on
CT,
Vascularity
of
Mass,
(<50%
in
10
minutes),
Irregular
Shape,
Diameter
Hypointense
to
>Liver
4cm,
Calcification,
on
>20
T1
Weighted
Hounsfeld
MRI
– DO
NOT
Units
Biopsy on
CT,
Vascularity
of
Mass,
Hypointense
to
Liver
on
T1
Weighted
MRI
– DO
NOT
Biopsy
No
Signs
of
Signs
of
Hormone
Excess No
Signs
of
Signs
of
Hormone
Excess Hormone
Excess
Hormone
Excess
Positive
24-‐Hour
Aldosterone
Positive
Estrogen
Excess
Androgen
Estrogen
Glucocorticoid
Aldosterone
24-‐Hour
Silent/Non-‐
Androgen
Excess Glucocorticoid
Excess Metanephrines
Metanephrines
Silent/Non-‐
Excess Feminization,
Excess Excess +
Nor-‐ Functioning
Excess Feminization,
Early
Puberty,
Excess Hypertension
+/-‐ +
Nor-‐ Functioning
Virilization/
Hirsutism Early
Heavy
Puberty,
Cushingoid
F eatures Hypertension
+ /-‐ Metanephrines Mass
Virilization/
Hirsutism
Heavy
Menses
Menses Cushingoid
Features Hypokalemia/Alkalosis Metanephrines
Hypokalemia/Alkalosis Mass
•Estrogen
•Glucocorticoid
•Aldosterone
•Pheo-‐ •Lymphoma
•Estrogen
•Glucocorticoid
•Aldosterone
•Pheo-‐ •Lymphoma
Releasing
Releasing
Releasing
chromocytoma
Metastases
(Often
Releasing
Releasing
Releasing
chromocytoma
Metastases
(Often
Carcinoma
(High
Carcinoma
Carcinoma
(High
(Paroxysmal
Bilateral)
Adrenal
Carcinoma
Bilateral)
Adrenal
Endocrinology
Endocrinology
High
Prolactin Organic
Cause Challenge
Challenge
•Hyperprolactinemia •Congenital
GnRH
Deficiency •Functional
•Hyperprolactinemia •Congenital
GnRH
Deficiency •Functional
•Infiltrative
or
Inflammatory
•Hypothalamic
•Infiltrative
or
Inflammatory
•Hypothalamic
Lesion Lesion •Amenorrhea
•Amenorrhea
(e.g. (e.g.
•Tumors •Tumors •Weight
•Weight
Loss,
Eating
Loss,
Eating
•Infarction
•Infarction Disorders,
Disorders,
Exercise,
Exercise,
•Empty
•Empty
ella
Syndrome Stress,
PStress,
Sella
SSyndrome Prolonged
rolonged
•Apoplexy
•Apoplexy Illness) Illness)
If
bleed
If
bleed
with
w ith
progestin
progestin
challenge
challenge
=
estrogenized
=
estrogenized
If
no
If
bnleed
o
bleed
with
w ith
progestin
progestin
challenge
challenge
=
non-‐=e
non-‐estrogenized
strogenized 134
Breast Discharge
BREAST DISCHARGE
Breast Discharge
Endocrinology
136
Gynecomastia
Increased LH & Decreased Testosterone
Endocrinology
137
Hirsutism
138
Endocrinology
Hirsutism & Virilization
Androgen Excess
Endocrinology
139
Hirsutism & Virilization
Hypertrichosis
Endocrinology
140
Hypercalcemia
Low PTH
Endocrinology
141
Hypercalcemia
Normal / High PTH
Endocrinology
142
Hypocalcemia
High Phosphate
Endocrinology
143
Hypocalcemia
Low Phosphate
Endocrinology
144
Hypocalcemia
High / Low PTH
Endocrinology
145
Hyperglycemia
Endocrinology
146
HYPOGLYCEMIA
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia
(<
4
m(<
mol/L)4
mmol/L)
•Excess
•Excess
InsulinInsulin •Alimentary
•Alimentary
(e.g.
(e.g.
in
the
isn
etting
the
setting
of
of
•Critical
•Critical
Illness
Illness
(e.g.
H(epatic
e.g.
Hepatic
Failure,
Failure,
•Medications
•Medications
(e.g.
Insulin
(e.g.
Insulin
Gastric
Gastric
Surgery)
Surgery) Renal
Renal
Failure,
Failure,
Cardiac
Cardiac
Failure) Failure)
Secretagogues,
Secretagogues,
β-‐Adrenergic
β-‐Adrenergic
•Congenital
•Congenital
Enzyme
Enzyme
Deficiencies Deficiencies •Sepsis•Sepsis
Antagonists,
Antagonists,
Quinine,
Quinine,
Salicylates,
Salicylates,
•Idiopathic
•Idiopathic •Hypopituitarism
•Hypopituitarism
Pentamidine)
Pentamidine) •Adrenal
•Adrenal
Insufficiency
Insufficiency
•Alcohol
•Alcohol •Hyperinsulinemic
•Hyperinsulinemic
States
S(tates
e.g.
(e.g.
Glucagon,
Glucagon,
Catecholamine
Catecholamine
Deficiency,
Deficiency,
Endocrinology
Insulinoma)
Insulinoma)
•Malnutrition/Anorexia
•Malnutrition/Anorexia
Nervosa Nervosa
Signs/Symptoms
Signs/Symptoms
of
Hypoglycemia:
of
Hypoglycemia:
Neurogenic:
Neurogenic:
irritability,
irritability,
tremor,
tremor,
anxiety,
anxiety,
palpitations,
palpitations,
tachycardia,
tachycardia,
sweating,
sweating,
pallor,
ppallor,
paresthesias
aresthesias
147 Neuroglycopenia:
Neuroglycopenia:
confusion,
confusion,
lethargy,
lethargy,
abnormal
abnormal
behaviour,
behaviour,
amnesia,
amnesia,
weakness,
weakness,
blurred
blurred
vision,
vsision,
eizures seizures
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA
Hyperphosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia
(>
1.46
mmol/L)
Increased
Intake/
Decreased
Excretion Absorption Pseudo-‐
Transcellular
Shift
FEPO4 <
20% Normally
in
Context
of
Impaired
hyperphosphatemia
Renal
Function
Endocrinology
148
HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA
Hypophosphatemia
Hypophosphatemia
(<
0.8
mmol/L)
149
Hyperthyroidism
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Hyperthyroidism
Endocrinology
•Positive
anti-‐TSH
•Toxic
Multinodular
Adenoma •Lymphocytic •Struma
Ovarii
Receptor
Antibody Goiter •Gestational
Trophoblastic
•Postpartum
Neoplasm •Amiodarone
•Radiation
150
Hypothyroidism
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Hypothyroidism
Chronic Transient
•Subacute
Lymphocytic/
Granulomatous
•Thyroiditis
•Post-‐Partum
Thyroiditis
•Subtotal
Thyroidectomy
Endocrinology
Primary Secondary
Lymphoproliferative
Hemolytic
Others Endocrine Renal Drug-‐Induced
Disorders Anemia
• Acute
lymphoblastic
• See
hemolysis
scheme • Psoriasis • Hyperparathyroidism • Chronic
renal
failure • Antiuricosuric drugs
Endocrinology
leukemia
(ALL) • Chemotherapy • Diabetic
acidosis • Sarcoidosis • ACE
inhibitors
• Acute
myeloid
• Drug-‐induced • Hypercalcemia • Cyclosporine
leukemia
(AML) • High
purine
diet • Diuretics
• Chronic
myeloid
• Organic
acids
leukemia
(CML) • Ethambutol
• Alcohol
152
Male Sexual Dysfunction
MALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
Sexual
Dysfunction
Establish
Dysfunction
in
Context: Partner
Showing
Less
Desire
is
not
Necessarily
Impaired
Global
Dysfunction
is
likely
Organic
Cause
Situational
Impairment
Most
Likely
Psychological
trauma
•(e.g.
Abuse)
Sellar/Pituitary Mass
Endocrinology
Non-‐
Secreting Vascular Hamartoma Neoplasm Metastatic
Functioning
•Prolactin •Oncocytoma •Aneurysm •Craniopharyngioma
•GH •Null
Cell
•Infarction •Meningioma
•ACTH Adenoma •Cyst
•TSH •Glioma
•LH/FSH •Ependymoma
•Mixed
154
SELLAR/PITUITARY MASS: Size
Sellar / Pituitary Mass
Size
Sellar/Pituitary Mass
•Hyposectretion
155
Short Stature
SHORT STATURE
Short
Stature
<3rd Percentile
Detailed
History,
Physical
Exam,
and
Mid-‐Parental
Target
Height
Endocrinology
Deprivation Endrocrine Treatment Chronic
Disease Other
•Primary
Malnutrition •Cushing’s
Disease •Glucocorticoids •GI
(e.g.
Celiac,
IBD) •Intrauterine
Growth
•Psychosocial •GH
Deficiency •Radiation •Renal
(e.g.
CRF) Retardation
•Deprivation •IGF-‐1
Deficiency
(e.g.
•Chemotherapy •Infection
(e.g.
Chronic
•Bulimia
Nervosa
Laron
Dwarfism) •Bone
Marrow
UTI) •Anorexia
Nervosa
•Hypothyroidism Transplant •Cardiopulmonary
(e.g.
•CNS
Tumors
(e.g.
•Congenital
Adrenal
Cystic
Fibrosis,
CHF) Craniopharyngioma)
Hyperplasia •Inborn
Metabolism
Error
•Panhypopituitarism •Immunologic
•Hematologic
156
Tall Stature
TALL STATURE
Tall
Stature
Onset Children)
•GH
Excess
•Hyperthyroidism
Weight Gain/Obesity
Decreased
Increased
Intake Neuroendocrine Genetic
Expenditure
•Sedentary
Lifestyle •Polycystic
Ovarian
•Autosomal
Dominant
•Smoking
Cessation Syndrome •Autosomal
Recessive
•Hypothyroid •X-‐Linked
•Cushing’s
Syndrome •Chromosomal
•Hypogonadism Abnormality
•GH
Deficiency
Endocrinology
•Hypothalamic
Obesity
159
160
Neurologic
Historical Editors Student Editors
Dr. Darren Burback Kaitlin Chivers-Wilson Jared McCormick
Dr. Brian Klassen Lindsay Connolly Dilip Koshy
Dr. Gary Klein Nichelle Desilets Aleksandra Ivanovic
Dr. Dawn Pearson Jonathan Dykeman
Dr. Oksana Suchowersky Vikram Lekhi Faculty Editor
Erin Butler Chris Ma Dr. Kevin Busche
Aaron Wong Sandeep Saran
Sophie Flor-Henry Jeff Shrum
Ted Hoyda Siddhartha Srivastava
Andrew Jun Stephanie Yang
Neurologic
Khaled Ahmed
Anastasia Aristarkhova
John Booth
161
162
Neurologic
Altered Level of Consciousness
ALTERED
ApproachLEVEL
OF
CONSCIOUSNESS:
Approach
Hemispheric Hemispheric
Brain
Stem Brain
Stem
Vascular Vascular
Infection Infection
Other Systemic
Systemic
Involvement
OtherInvolvement
• Hemorrhage • Hemorrhage • Hypertensive
• Meningitis • Trauma/
• Hemorrhage • Hemorrhage • Hypertensive
• Meningitis • Trauma/
• Traumatic • Traumatic encephalopathy • Encephalitis Concussion
• Traumatic • Traumatic encephalopathy • Encephalitis Concussion
• Ischemia/
• Ischemia/
• Vasculitis • Post-‐ictal
• Ischemia/
• Ischemia/
• Vasculitis • Post-‐ictal
Infarction Infarction • TTP
Infarction Infarction • TTP
• Neoplastic
• Neoplastic
• DIC
• Neoplastic
• Neoplastic
• DIC
Abscess Abscess • Hypoxemia
Excesses Excesses
Deficiencies Deficiencies
Drugs/Toxins Drugs/Toxin
Abscess Abscess • Hypoxemia
• Skull
fracture • Herniation • Multiple
• Skull
fracture • Herniation • Multiple
• Liver/Renal
Failure • Hypoxemia • Alcohols
Neurologic
• Subdural
• Brain
stem
• Liver/Renal
emboli Failure • Hypoxemia • Alcohols
• Subdural
• Brain
stem
emboli • Carbon
Dioxide
• Hypoglycemia • Barbituates
hematoma Lesion • Carbon
Dioxide
• Hypoglycemia • Barbituates
hematoma Lesion Narcosis • B12/Thiamine
• Tranquilizers
• Intracranial
Narcosis • B12/Thiamine
• Tranquilizers
• Intracranial
• Metabolic
Acidosis deficiency • Other
Bleeding • Metabolic
Acidosis deficiency • Other
Bleeding • Hypernatremia • Hyponatremia
• Hypernatremia • Hyponatremia
• Hypercalcemia • Hypocalcemia
*NB
– must
be
• Hypercalcemia • Hypocalcemia
*NB
– must
be
• Hypermagnesemia • Hypomagnesemia
direct
or
indirect
• Hypermagnesemia • Hypomagnesemia
direct
or
indirect
• Hyperthermia • Hypothermia
bi-‐hemispheric
• Hyperthermia • Hypothermia
bi-‐hemispheric
involvement
involvement • Thyroid
Storm
• Thyroid
Storm
• Myxedema
Coma
• Myxedema
Coma 164
Aphasia
APHASIA:
Fluent
Fluent
Aphasia
Fluent Non-‐Fluent
Grammatically
correct,
but
Agrammatic,
hesitant,
but
nonsensical,
tangential.
Phonemic
&
semantic
paraphasias
substantive
communication
Aphasia
Fluent Non-‐Fluent
Grammatically
correct,
but
Agrammatic,
hesitant,
but
nonsensical,
tangential.
Phonemic
&
semantic
paraphasias
substantive
communication
Neurologic
Impaired
Intact
Impaired
Intact
Comprehension Comprehension Comprehension Comprehension
• Global
Aphasia • Broca’s
Aphasia • Mixed
Transcortical
• Transcortical
Motor
Aphasia Aphasia
166
Back Pain
BACK
PAIN Red
Flags:
bowel
or
bladder
dysfunction,
saddle
paresthesia,
constitutional
symptoms,
parasthesis,
age
>50,
<18,
IV
drug
Back
Pain
BACK
PAIN use,
neuromotor deficits,
nocturnal
Red
pain,
ohr
igh
Flags:
bowel
energy
bladder
trauma,
past
dysfunction,
history
saddle
of
neoplasm
paresthesia,
constitutional
symptoms,
Always
assess
for
red
flags. parasthesis,
age
>50,
<18,
IV
drug
If
no
red
fBack
Painafter
6
weeks
lags,
assess
use,
neuromotor deficits,
nocturnal
pain,
high
energy
trauma,
past
history
of
neoplasm
167
Unresolved
Radicular
Spondyloarthropathies
Cognitive Impairment
COGNITIVE
IMPAIRMENT
Cognitive
Impairment
Early
Extrapyramidal
Treatable
Cause Rapidly
Progressive
Features
• Normal
Pressure
• Parkinson’s
Disease
with
• Creutzfeldt-‐Jakob
Hydrocephalus Dementia Disease
• Chronic
Meningitis • Huntington’s
Disease • Paraneoplastic
disorder
• Chronic
Drug
Abuse
Neurologic
• Tumor
• Subdural
Hematoma
• B12
deficiency
• Hypothyroidism
Early
Language
Abrupt
Onset,
Early
Early
Impairment
• Hypoglycemia and
Behavioral
Stepwise
Extrapyramidal
of
Recent
Memory
Dysfunction Progression Features
• Fronto-‐temporal
• Vascular
Dementia • Alzheimer’s
• Dementia
with
Lewy
Dementia Dementia Bodies 168
Dysarthria
DYSARTHRIA
Dysarthria
•Motor
Neuron
Disease •Bilateral
Lacunar
Internal
•Spinal-‐Cerebellar
Ataxia •Parkinson’s
Disease
•Lesions
of
Cranial
Nerves
Capsule
Strokes •Multiple
Sclerosis
VII,
IX,
X,
XII •Multiple
Sclerosis •Alcohol
•Myasthenia
Gravis •Amyotrophic
Lateral
•Tumour
•Muscular
Dystrophy Sclerosis •Paraneoplastic
Disorder
Neurologic
169
Falls in the Elderly
FALLS
IN
THE
ELDERLY
Fall
Neurologic
Drugs Environment
• Polypharmacy
• Rugs
– esp.
>4
• Stairs
medications • Lighting
• Psychotropics
170
Gait Disturbance
GAIT
DISTURBANCE
Gait
Disturbance
X-‐Linked/
Dominant Recessive Intermittent Chronic
Progressive
Mitochondrial
• Fragile
X • Spinocerebellar
Ataxia • Friedrich’s
Ataxia • Hyperammonemia • Tay-‐Sachs
Disease
• Telangiectasia • Aminoaciduria • Niemann-‐Pick
Disease
• Pyruvate/Lactic
Acid
171
Headache
Primary
HEADACHE:
Primary
Headache
Primary Secondary
Usually
episodic Usually
constant
Neurologic
Autonomic
Cephalgias Other
Last
for
minutes
to
hours.
Unilateral Bilateral Separated
by
hours.
Last
for
seconds,
separated
by
minutes
to
hours
Sudden
onset.
Headache
Primary Secondary
Usually
episodic Usually
constant
Acute
Drugs
Contralateral/Sub-‐
Cerebral
Hemisphere
Cortical Unilateral
Spinal
Cord
(Contralateral
motor
Brain
Stem
(Corona
radiata,
Lesions
Above
~C5
cortex)
Internal
Capsule)
• Aphasia • May
be
without
sensory
• Diplopia • Brown-‐Sequard
• Apraxia loss • Dysarthria Syndrome
(sensory
loss
to
• Agnosia • May
be
combined
with
• Dysphagia pain
and
temperature
• Agraphia contralateral
sensory
loss • Ptosis contralateral
to
weakness,
• Acalculia • Decreased
Level
of
vibration
and
• Alexia Consciousness proprioception
loss
Neurologic
• Anomia • Cranial
Nerve
Palsies ipsilateral
to
weakness)
• Anosognosia • ‘Crossed’
Sensory
• Asterognosia Findings:
ipsilateral
facial
• Seizures and
contralateral
• Personality
Changes extremity
findings
•Cognition/Confusion,
Dementia
• +/-‐ Sensory
Loss
174
Mechanisms of Pain
Neuropathic
Nociceptive Mixed
Burning,
shooting,
gnawing,
Tissue
Damage Nociceptive/Neuropathic
aching,
lancinating
Visceral
(From
organ/cavity
lining) Central
Nervous
Peripheral
Nervous
Somatic
Poorly
localized,
crampy,
System System
diffuse,
deep
sensation
• Post-‐Herpetic
Neuralgia
• Neuroma
• Neuropathy
Neurologic
Deep Superficial
Deafferentation
Less
well-‐localized,
dull,
Well-‐localized,
sharp,
Sympathetic
Loss
of
sensory
input
longer
duration short
duration
Movement Disorder
Hyperkinetic
Examples
listed
not
exhaustive
for
all
Tremor Bradykinetic
causes
Neurologic
• Obsessive
Compulsive
Disorder
176
Movement
MOVEMENT
Disorder
DISORDER:
Tremor
Tremor
Movement Disorder
177
MOVEMENT
DISORDER:
Bradykinetic Movement Disorder
Bradykinetic
Movement Disorder
Neurologic
• Verapamil • Bradykinesia
• Falling
backwards
178
Peripheral Weakness
PERIPHERAL
WEAKNESS
Weakness
Neurologic
180
Spell / Seizure
Epileptic Seizure
SPELL/SEIZURE:
Epileptic
Seizure
SPELL/SEIZURE:
Epileptic
Seizure
Spell/Seizure
Spell/Seizure
Unprovoked
Recurrence
Provoked
Recurrence
Epileptic
Seizure Non-‐epileptic
organic
seizure/other
Unprovoked
Recurrence
Provoked
Recurrence
Epileptic
Seizure Non-‐epileptic
organic
seizure/other
Non-‐Dyscognitive1 Dyscognitive 2
Non-‐Dyscognitive 1
Dyscognitive2
Features
of
Non-‐Convulsive Convulsive
Non-‐Convulsive Convulsive
Features
of
• Aura • Aura
• Motor • Motor • Absence • Absence • Myoclonic • Myoclonic
Neurologic
Unprovoked
Recurrence
Provoked
Recurrence
(Secondary)
(Primary) Non-‐epileptic
organic
seizure/other
Epileptic
Seizure
Neurologic
• Sepsis • Hypoglycemia • Intracerebral
• Dementia • Congenital
• Eclampsia
• Encephalitis • Hyperglycemia hemorrhage abnormality
• Meningitis • Hypocalcemia • Subarachnoid
• Neoplasm
• Hyponatremia hemorrhage • Arteriovenous
• Uremia • Subdural
malformation
• Alcohol/drug
hemorrhage
withdrawal • Epidural
• Drug
overdose hemorrhage
182
• Liver
Failure • Ischemic
Spell / Seizure
Other
SPELL/SEIZURE:
Other
Spell/Seizure
Unprovoked
Recurrence
Provoked
Recurrence
(Secondary)
(Primary) Non-‐epileptic
organic
seizure/other
Epileptic
Seizure
183
STROKE:
Intracerebral
Hemorrhage
Stroke
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Stroke
Neurologic
184
Stroke
Ischemia
STROKE:
Ischemia
Stroke
Thrombosis
Atherosclerosis,
Arterial
Embolus Systemic
Hypoperfusion
Dissection,
Fibromuscular
Dysplasia
Stroke
Neurologic
186
Syncope
SYNCOPE
Syncope
Cardiac Non-‐Cardiac
Blood
Volume
• Carotid
Sinus
Syncope
• Tussive
• Defecation
187
Dizziness
VERTIGO/DIZZINESS:
Dizziness
Vertigo/Dizziness
• Presyncope/Vasodepressor
• Depression
Syncope • Anxiety
• Cardiac
Arrhythmia • Panic
Disorder
Neurologic
• Orthostatic
Hypotension • Phobic
Dizziness
• Hyperventilation • Somatization
• Anemia
• Peripheral
neuropathy
• Visual
Impairment
• Musculoskeletal
Problem
• Drugs 188
Vertigo
VERTIGO/DIZZINESS:
Vertigo
Vertigo/Dizziness
Brainstem
Abscess Angle
Tumors Migraine
• Glomus
Tumors • Transient
Ischemic
Attack
Inflammatory Intoxication • Cerebellar/
Brainstem
Infarction
• Multiple
• Barbiturates • Cerebellar
189 sclerosis • Ethanol Hemorrhage
Obstetrical & Gynecological
Intrapartum Abnormal Fetal HR Tracing Growth Discrepancy Small for Gestational
Variability & Decelerations�������������������������������193 Age / Intrauterine Growth Restriction����204
Intrapartum Abnormal Fetal HR Tracing Growth Discrepancy Large for Gestational
Baseline��������������������������������������������������������������������������194 Age������������������������������������������������������������������������������������205
Abnormal Genital Bleeding������������������������������������195 Infertility (Female)���������������������������������������������������������206
Acute Pelvic Pain���������������������������������������������������������� 196 Infertility (Male)��������������������������������������������������������������� 207
Chronic Pelvic Pain�������������������������������������������������������197 Intrapartum Factors that May Affect Fetal
Amenorrhea Primary�������������������������������������������������� 198 Oxygenation���������������������������������������������������������������208
Amenorrhea Secondary������������������������������������������ 199 Pelvic Mass������������������������������������������������������������������������209
Antenatal Care����������������������������������������������������������������200 Ovarian Mass���������������������������������������������������������������������210
Bleeding in Pregnancy < 20 Weeks�����������������201 Pelvic Organ Prolapse�������������������������������������������������211
Obstetrical
Obstetrical
Maria Wu
Danny Chao
Neha Sarna
192
Intrapartum Abnormal Fetal HR Tracing
Variability & Decelerations
INTRAPARTUM
ABNORMAL FETAL
HEART
RATE
TRACING:
Variability
&
Decelerations
Abnormal
Fetal
Heart
Rate
Tracing
Minimal/Absent
Absent
Marked
Variability Sinusoidal
Pattern
Variability ≥
25
bpm Accelerations
≤
5
bpm
• Fetal
sleep • Mild
hypoxia • Severe
fetal
anemia
• Hypoxic
acidemia
• Prematurity (Hgb
<
70) • Fetal
abnormality
• Medications
• Tissue
hypoxia
in
fetal
(analgesia,
sedatives) brain
stem
• Hypoxic
acidemia
•Congenital
anomalies
Obstetrical
Bradycardia Tachycardia
<
110
bpm >
160
bpm
Obstetrical
• Hypotension • Umbilical
cord
occlusion • Fever • Infection
• Drug
response • Fetal
hypoxia/acidosis • Infection • Prolonged
fetal
activity
or
• Maternal
position • Vagal
stimulation
(e.g.
• Dehydration stimulation
• Connective
tissue
disease
chronic
head
compression) • Hyperthyroidism • Chronic
hypoxemia
with
congenital
heart
block
• Fetal
cardiac
conduction
or
• Endogenous
adrenaline
or
• Cardiac
abnormalities
(e.g.
SLE) structural
defect anxiety • Congenital
anomalies
• Drug
response • Anemia
• Anemia 194
Abnormal Genital Bleeding
ABNORMAL
GENITAL
BLEEDING
Gynecologic Non-‐Gynecologic
• Anovulatory
• Atrophy
Cervix Vagina Vulva
• Fibroid
• Polyp • Polyp • Atrophy • Vulvar
dystrophy
• Exogenous
estrogen • Ectropion • Vulvovaginitis • Vulvar
Atrophy
• Neoplasm • Dysplasia • Neoplasm • Vulvovaginitis
• Infection • Neoplasm • Infection • Neoplasm
• Endometrial
Hyperplasia • Infection • Trauma • Infection
195 • Trauma • Trauma
Acute Pelvic Pain
ACUTE
PELVIC
PAIN
ACUTE
PELVIC
PAIN
Acute
Pelvic
Pain
Gynecologic Non-‐Gynecologic
Gynecologic Non-‐Gynecologic
• Genitourinary
(Infection,
Stone)
• Gastrointestinal
(Appendicitis,
Gastroenteritis,
• Genitourinary
(Infection,
Stone)IBD)
Diverticulitis,
• Gastrointestinal
(Appendicitis,
Gastroenteritis,
•
Diverticulitis,
IBD)
Musculoskeletal
• Musculoskeletal
Pregnant
Pregnant Non-‐Pregnant
Non-‐Pregnant
Extrauterine
Extrauterine Intrauterine
Intrauterine Uterus Uterus Ovary Ovary
Fallopian
Tube Fallopian
Tube
Obstetrical
• Ectopic
pregnancy**
• Ectopic
• Placental
pregnancy** • aPlacental
• Fibroid
bruption**abruption** • Fibroid • Tubo-‐ovarian
abscess** • Tubo-‐ovarian
abscess**• Tubo-‐ovarian
abscess**
• Tubo-‐ovarian
abscess**
• Spontaneous
abortion • Endometriosis • Torsion** • Pelvic
inflammatory
• Labour
• Spontaneous
a bortion
• Adenomyosis
• Endometriosis • Torsion**disease
• Pelvic
inflammatory
• Ovarian
cyst
• Labour
•Molar
pregnancy • Pyometrium • Adenomyosis • Endometriosis • Ovarian
•Torsion
cyst disease
•Molar
pregnancy• Hematometra • Pyometrium• Ovulation
pain • Endometriosis • Endometriosis •Torsion
• Congenital
A•nomaly
Hematometra • Ovulation
pain
• Hydrosalpinx • Endometriosis
• Dysmenorrhea • Congenital
Anomaly • Hydrosalpinx
**Obstetrical
Emergencies • Dysmenorrhea 196
**Obstetrical
Emergencies
Chronic Pelvic Pain
CHRONIC
PELVIC
PAIN
• Endometriosis • Somatization
• Chronic
pelvic
inflammatory
disease • Sexual/physical/psychological
abuse
• Dysmenorrhea • Depression/anxiety
• Adenomyosis • Abdominal
wall
pain
• Ovarian
cyst
• Adhesions
Obstetrical
Amenorrhea
Primary Secondary
No
onset
of
menarche
by
age
16
with
secondary
sexual
characteristics
Absence
of
menses
for
3
cycles
or
6
months
Or,
No
onset
of
menarche
by
age
14
without
secondary
sexual
characteristics
Obstetrical
• Premature
Ovarian
Failure
Hypothalamic Pituitary
(Autoimmune,
Iatrogenic)
• Functional
(e.g.
eating
• Surgery
disorder,
weight
loss,
stress,
• Irradiation
excessive
exercise,
illness)
• Tumor,
Infiltration
• Congenital
GnRH
deficiency
• Hyperprolactinemia
(Kallmann
syndrome) • Hypothyroidism
• Constitutional
delay
of
puberty 198
Amenorrhea
Secondary
AMENORRHEA:
Secondary
Amenorrhea
Secondary
Primary Absence
of
menses
for
more
than
3
cycles
or
6
No
onset
of
menarche
by
age
16 months
in
women
who
were
previously
menstruating
• Pituitary
Adenoma
• Sheehan’s
Syndrome
• Prolactinoma
• Radiation
Normal
FSH High
FSH • Chest
wall
irritation
• Infection
• Hypothalamic-‐Pituitary
Stalk
• Polycystic
ovarian
syndrome
• Infiltrative
Lesions;
• Menopause Damage
(e.g.
Tumors,
trauma,
(positive
progesterone
hemochromatosis
• Premature
ovarian
failure
compression)
challenge,
normal
prolactin,
(<35
years
old,
e.g.
• Hypothyroidism
chaotic
menstruation
history) autoimmune,
chromosomal,
199 iatrogenic)
Antenatal Care
ANTENATAL
CARE
Antenatal
Care
At
Every
Visit
Weight,
Blood
pressure,
Psychosocial
screening,
Counseling
re.
Indications
to
go
to
hospital
• Detailed
history
and
physical
exam • Fetal
heart
rate
tones
(starting
at
12
• Fetal
surveillance
• Estimated
date
of
delivery weeks) • Fetal
movement
counts
(>6
• Dating
ultrasound • Prenatal
genetic
screening movements
in
2
hours)
• Prenatal
labs
(CBC,
ABO/Rh
type
&
• First
trimester
screen
(nuchal
• Symphysis
fundal
height
screen,
Antibody
screen,
HBsAg,
Syphilis
translucency,
β-‐hCG
,
PAPP-‐A;
11-‐14
•Leopold
maneuvers
serology,
Rubella
IgG,
Varicella,
HIV) weeks) • Group
B
Streptococcus
screen
(35-‐37
• Chlamydia/Gonorrhea
screen • Maternal
serum
screen
(AFP,
uE3,
β-‐ weeks)
• Urine
culture
&
sensitivity hCG;
15-‐22
weeks) • ± Ultrasound
for
growth,
presentation,
• ± Prenatal
diagnosis biophysical
profile
• Chorionic
villus
sampling
(11-‐13
• ± Non-‐stress
test
Obstetrical
weeks)
• Amniocentesis
(15-‐17
weeks)
• Detailed
18-‐20
week
Ultrasound
(dating,
number
of
fetuses,
placental
location,
anatomic
survey)
• Gestational
diabetic
screen
(50g
oral
glucose
challenge;
24-‐28
weeks)
• Rh
antibody
screen
and
Rh
200
immunoglobulin
if
indicated
(28
weeks)
Bleeding in Pregnancy
< 20 Weeks
Obstetrical
• Infection
Painful Painless
• Placental
abruption • Placenta
previa
• Uterine
rupture • Vasa
previa
• Labour
(bloody
show) 202
Breast Disorder
Obstetrical
203
Growth Discrepancy
GROWTH
DISCREPANCY:
SSmall
mall
for
For
Gestational
Gestational Age A ge/
/ Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Intrauterine
Growth
Restriction
Growth
Discrepancy
Chromosomal
TORCH
Infections Multiple
Gestation
Abnormalities
• Trisomy
13,
18,
21
• Turner
syndrome,
45X
Obstetrical
Decreased
Maternal
Maternal
Lifestyle Iatrogenic
Uteroplacental
Flow Hypoxemia
• Gestational
hypertension/
• Malnutrition • Pulmonary
diseases • Folic
acid
antagonists
Pre-‐eclampsia • Smoking • Chronic
anemia • Anticonvulsants
• Renal
insufficiency • Alcohol • High
altitude
• Diabetes
mellitus • Drugs
• Autoimmune
disorders 204
Growth Discrepancy
Large for Gestational Age
GROWTH
DISCREPANCY:
Large
for
Gestational
Age
Growth Discrepancy
INFERTILITY:
Female
Infertility
Obstetrical
• Polycystic
ovarian
syndrome • Premature
ovarian
failure
• Obesity • Premenopausal
changes
• Turner’s
syndrome
Hypothalamic Hypopituitarism
• Weight
loss/malnutrition • Hypothyroidism
• Excessive
exercise • Hyperprolactinemia
• Stress/psychosis • Tumors
(e.g.
Prolactinoma)
• Systemic
disease 206
Infertility (Male)
INFERTILITY:
Male
Infertility
Failure to conceive following > 1 year of unprotected sexual intercourse
Pre-‐Testicular Testicular
(Hypogonadotrophic
hypogonadism) (Sperm
production
problem)
Low
FSH/LH High
FSH/LH
• Kallmann
syndrome • Genetic
abnormality
(e.g.
Klinefelter’s)
• Suppression
of
gonadotropins
(e.g.
• Cryptorchidism
hyperprolactinemia,
hypothyroidism, • Varicocele
drugs,
tumor,
infection,
trauma) • Mumps
orchitis
207 • Anabolic
steroids • Radiation,
Infection,
drugs,
trauma,
torsion
Intrapartum
Factors that May Affect Fetal Oxygenation
INTRAPARTUM
Factors
that
may
affect
fetal
oxygenation
Uteroplacental
Maternal
Factors Fetal
Factors
Factors
Obstetrical
Decreased
Maternal
Decreased
Maternal
O2 Decreased
Uterine
Maternal
Medical
Arterial
O2 Tension Carrying
Capacity Blood
Flow Conditions
• Smoking • Maternal
anemia • Hypotension • Fever
• Hypoventilation • Carboxyhemoglobin • Anesthesia • Vasculopathy
(SLE,
Type
1
• Respiratory
disease • Maternal
positioning diabetes
mellitus,
HTN)
• Seizure • Hyperthyroidism
• Trauma • Antiphospholipid
syndrome 208
Pelvic Mass
PELVIC
MASS
Pelvic Mass
Do Pelvic U/S
Gynecologic Non-‐Gynecologic
Gastrointestinal Genitourinary
• Appendiceal
abscess • Distended
bladder
• Diverticular
abscess • Bladder
cancer
• Diverticulosis • Pelvic
kidney
• Rectal/Colon
cancer • Peritoneal
Cyst
Non-‐Pregnant Pregnant
Obstetrical
Ovarian Mass
Obstetrical
Epithelial Germ
Cell Sex
Cord
Stromal Metastases
211
Post-Partum Fever
Obstetrical
212
Post-Partum Hemorrhage
POST-‐PARTUM
HEMORRHAGE
Post-‐Partum Hemorrhage
Uterine Atony (70%) Trauma (20%) Remnant Tissue (10%) Thrombin (1%)
• Uterine
fatigue
(e.g.
• Perineal
laceration
(e.g.
• Retained
blood
clots
• Thrombocytopenia
prolonged/induced
labor,
episiotomy) • Retained
cotyledon
or
• Idiopathic
thrombocytopenic
rapid
labor,
grand
multiparity) • Vaginal
laceration/
succenturiate
lobe purpura
(ITP)
•Overdistension
of
uterus
(e.g.
hematoma
• Abnormal
placentation
• Thrombotic
multiple
gestation,
• Cervical
laceration
(e.g.
(placenta
accreta,
increta,
or
thrombocytopenic
purpura
polyhydramnios,
fetal
forceps/vacuum
delivery) percreta) (TTP)
Obstetrical
Recurrent
Pregnancy
Post-‐Partum
Loss
Hemorrhage
Uterine
AEnvironmental
tony
(70%) Trauma
(20%) MedicalRemnant
Tissue
(10%) Thrombin
(1%)
Anatomic
•• Uterine
Toxin
(organic
fatigue
s(olvents,
e.g.
mercury,
lead)
• Perineal
laceration
(e.g.
• Retained
blood
clots
• Thrombocytopenia
• Smoking
prolonged/induced
labor,
episiotomy) • Retained
cotyledon
or
• Idiopathic
thrombocytopenic
• Alcohol • Vaginal
laceration/
rapid
labor,
grand
multiparity) succenturiate
lobe Cervixpurpura
(ITP) Uterus
• Drugs
•Overdistension
of
uterus
(e.g.
hematoma
• Abnormal
placentation
• Thrombotic
• Ionizing
multiple
radiation
gestation,
• Cervical
laceration
(e.g.
• oCervical
(placenta
accreta,
increta,
r
thrombocytopenic
• Fibroids
purpura
polyhydramnios,
fetal
forceps/vacuum
delivery) percreta) insufficiency(TTP) • Congenital
Obstetrical
macrosomia) • Uterine
rupture • HELLP
syndrome anomaly
• Bladder
distension • Uterine
inversion • Disseminated
• Polyps
intravascular
• Uterine
infection
(e.g.
coagulation
(DIC)• Asherman’s
Other
chorioamnionitis) Autoimmune Endocrine Genetic syndrome
• Anti-‐coagulation
agents
(e.g.
•• Maternal
Functional/anatomic
infection • Antiphospholipid
• Diabetes
mellitus • Maternal
age heparin)
•distortion
Thrombophiliaof
uterus syndrome • Hypo/hyperthyroidism • Maternal/paternal
• Pre-‐existing
coagulopathy
• Drugs
– Uterine
relaxants
• Lupus
anticoagulant • PCOS chromosomal
(e.g.
von
Willebrand’s
disease,
(e.g.
nifedipine,
magnesium
• Luteal
phase
deficiency Hemophilia
A)
sulfate,
NSAIDs)
abnormality
214
Vaginal Discharge
VAGINAL
DISCHARGE
Vaginal Discharge
• Endometrium
• Cervix
• Vulva
Systemic Local • Vagina
Sexually
Toxic
Shock
Transmitted
Vulvovaginitis
Infection Syndrome
• Chlamydia
• Vulvovaginal
trachomatis candidiasis
• Neisseria
gonorrhoeae • Bacterial
vaginosis
• Trichomonas
vaginalis
215
Dermatologic
Burns��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 221 Morphology of Skin Lesions Secondary Skin
Dermatoses in Pregnancy Physiologic Lesions��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 230
Changes�������������������������������������������������������������������������222 Mucous Membrane Disorder Oral Cavity���� 231
Dematoses in Pregnancy Specific Skin Nail Disorders Primary Dermatologic Disease
Conditions���������������������������������������������������������������������223 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������232
Disorders of Pigmentations Nail Disorders Systemic Disease�����������������������233
Hyperpigmentation�����������������������������������������������224 Nail Disorders Systemic Disease - Clubbing
Disorders of Pigmentations ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 234
Hypopigmentation�������������������������������������������������225 Pruritus No Primary Skin Lesion������������������������ 235
Genital Lesion������������������������������������������������������������������ 226 Pruritus Primary Skin Lesion��������������������������������� 236
Dermatologic
217
Skin Rash Vesiculobullous���������������������������� 241
Skin Ulcer by Etiology��������������������������������������242
Skin Ulcer by Location Genitals����������������243
Skin Ulcer by Location Head & Neck����244
Skin Ulcer by Location Lower Legs /
Feet��������������������������������������������������������������������������245
Skin Ulcer by Location Oral Ulcers�������� 246
Skin Ulcer by Location Trunk / Sacral
Region��������������������������������������������������������������������247
Vascular Lesions�������������������������������������������������� 248
Dermatologic
218
Historical Editors Student Editors
Danny Guo Noelle Wong (Co-editor)
Rachel Lim Heena Singh (Co-editor)
Dave Campbell
Joanna Debosz Faculty Editor
Safiya Karim Dr. Laurie Parsons
Beata Komierowski
Natalia Liston
Arjun Rash
Jennifer Rodrigues
Dermatologic
Sarah Surette
Yang Zhan
219
220
Dermatologic
URNS
Burns
BURNS
Burns
Burns
Dermatologic
Mucous
Face Abdomen Hormone
induced Skin
Membranes
• Melasma • Linea
Nigra • Hyperpigmentation
of
• Palmar
erythema • Chadwick’s
sign
(bluish
areolae,
axillae
&
• Spider
Nevi discoloration
of
genitalia • Cherry
Hemangioma
cervix/vagina/vulva)
• Increase
in
mole
size
(Campbell
de
Morgan
&
number
(probable) spot)
• Pyogenic
granuloma
222
Dematoses in Pregnancy
Specific Skin Conditions
DERMATOSES
IN
PREGNANCY:
Specific
Skin
Conditions
Non-‐Pruritic Pruritic
Hypopigmentation Hyperpigmentation
Localized
Diffuse
Discrete
Areas
• Tanning
• Adverse
cutaneous
drug
eruption
• Addison’s
disease
• Hemochromatosis
• Porphyria
cutanea
tarda
Dermatologic
Congenital
Acquired
Hypopigmentation Hyperpigmentation
Localized Diffuse
Congenital
Congenital Acquired Generalized
hypopigmentation
of
hair,
Acquired
eyes,
skin
• Tuberous
sclerosis
(white
• Phenylketonuria • Vitiligo
“ash
leaf”
macules) • Albinism
Dermatologic
• Piebaldism
Scale
Acquired
• Tinea
versicolor
(can
also
be
• Vitiligo
hyperpigmented) • Post-‐Inflammatory
hypopigmentation
225 • Pityriasis
alba
Genital Lesion
GENITAL
LESION
Genital
Lesion
Elevated Depressed
Dermatologic
• Secondary
Syphilis
• Behçet’s
syndrome
(condyloma
lata) • Pemphigus
vulgaris
• Reiter’s
syndrome
(circinate
• Lichen
Sclerosis
balanitis) • Erosive
Lichen
Planus
Inflammatory Non-‐Infectious
Hair Loss
Scarring Non-‐Scarring
Irreversible-‐biopsy
required Reversible
• Lupus
erythematosus
• Lichen
planopilaris
hair)
Hair Loss
Scarring Non-‐Scarring
Irreversible-‐biopsy
required Reversible
Dermatologic
• Tinea
capitis
with
kerion • Discoid
lupus
erythematosus • Tinea
capitis • Alopecia
areata
• Folliculitis
decalvans • Lichen
planopilaris • Trichotillomania • Secondary
syphilis
• Pseudopelade
of
Brocq • Traction
alopecia
• Alopecia
Mucinosa • Congenital
hair
shaft
• Keratosis
Follicularis abnormalities
• Aplasia
cutis
228
Morphology of Skin Lesions
Primary Skin Lesions
MORPHOLOGY
OF
SKIN
LESIONS:
Primary
Skin
Lesions
Skin Lesion
Flat Elevated
• Macule
(≤
1
cm
diameter)
• Patch
(>
1
cm
diameter)
Firm/Edematous Transient/Itchy
229 • Wheals/Hives
Morphology of Skin Lesions
Secondary Skin Lesions
MORPHOLOGY
OF
SKIN
LESIONS:
Secondary
Skin
Lesions
Skin Lesion
Elevated Depressed
• Crust/Scab
(dried
serum,
blood,
or
pus
• Atrophic
Scar
(fibrotic
replacement
of
overlying
the
lesion) tissue
at
site
of
injury)
• Scale
(dry,
thin
or
thick
flakes
of
skin
• Ulcer
(complete
loss
of
epidermis
Dermatologic
overlying
the
lesion) extending
into
dermis
or
deeper;
heals
• Lichenification
(thickened
skin
with
with
scar)
accentuation
of
normal
skin
lines) • Erosion
(partial
loss
of
epidermis
only;
• Hypertrophic
Scar
(within
boundary
of
heals
without
scar)
injury) • Fissure
(linear
slit-‐like
cleavage
of
skin)
• Keloid
Scar
(extend
beyond
boundary
of
• Excoriation/Scratch
(linear
erosion
injury) induced
by
scratching)
230
Mucous Membrane Disorder
MUCOUS
MEMBRANE
DISORDER
(Oral
Cavity)
Oral Cavity
Primary
Dermatologic
Systemic
Disease Non-‐neoplastic Neoplastic
Diseases
• Aphthous
Stomatitis
• Systemic
lupus
• Leukoplakia
Dermatologic
Nail Disorder
Inflammation
Discolouration Pitting Thickening Onycholysis Erythema,
Swelling,
Telangiectasia
Pain
• Psoriasis • Psoriasis • Psoriasis • SLE
• Alopecia
Areata • Onychomycosis • Onychomycosis • Scleroderma
• Onychogryphosis • Dermatomyositis
Dermatologic
Oil
Drop
Sign Fungal
Culture Lateral
Only
Linear
Streak Lateral
• Psoriasis •Junctional/ • Ingrown
Nail
Melanocytic
Nevus
• Malignant
White/Yellow-‐ Melanoma
Under
Acute
Green Chronic
Brown Nails Trauma/Infection
• Pseudomonas
• Drug-‐Induced
• Onychomycosis • Acute
Paronychia • Chronic
Paronychia
infection
232
Nail Disorders
Systemic Disease
Red
Discoloration
Blue
Discoloration White
Discoloration
Dermatologic
Nail Disorder
Dermatologic
Bronchopulmonary Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal
Endocrine
Disease Other
Disease Disease Disease
• Bronchiectasis • Cyanotic
Heart
• Inflammatory
Bowel
• Hyperthyroidism
• Human
• Chronic
Lung
Infection Disease Disease
(Crohn’s
(Grave’s
Disease) Immunodeficiency
• Lung
Cancer Disease,
Ulcerative
Virus
• Asbestosis Colitis) • Congenital
Defect
• Cystic
Fibrosis • Gastrointestinal
• Chronic
Hypoxia Cancer 234
Pruritus
PRURITUS:
No
No Primary Skin Primary
Skin
Lesion
Lesion
Pruritus
Pruritus
Dermatologic
• Psoriasis
• Lichen
Planus
• Infestations
(scabies,
lice)
• Arthropod
bites
236
Skin Rash
SKIN
RASH:
Eczematous
Eczematous
Skin Rash
Atopic
Stasis
Nummular
Seborrheic
Dermatitis Dyshidrotic
Contact
Dermatitis Dermatits Dermatitis Eczema Dermatitis
Erythematous
(Eczema)
(Discoid
Eczema)
Yellowish-‐red
eruption
on
lower
(pompholyx) Well-‐demarcated
Erythematous
Coin
shaped
(discoid)
plaques
with
greasy
legs.
Secondary
to
Deep-‐Seated
erythema,
papules,
papules
and
vesicles
erythematous
distinct
margins
on
venous
insufficiency.
tapioca-‐like
vesicles
vesicles,
erosions
(acute)
or
plaques.
Usually
on
scalp/face/central
+/-‐ pigmentation,
on
hands/feet/sides
scaling
confined
to
lichenification
lower
legs chest
folds edema,
varicose
of
digits. area
of
contact
Dermatologic
(chronic)
veins,
venous
ulcers
Age
dependent
distribution:
Infants:
scalp,
face,
Allergic
extensor
extremities Irritant Delayed
onset
(12-‐
Children:
flexural
areas Rapid
onset,
requires
72
hrs).
Very
low
Adults:
flexural
high
doses
of
the
concentrations
areas/hands/face/
agent.
May
occur
in
sufficient.
Occurs
nipples anyone only
in
those
sensitized
237
Skin Rash
SKIN
RASH:
Papulosquamous Papulosquamous
Skin Rash
Pityriasis
Lichen
Planus
Rosea
Psoriasis Purple,
pruritic,
Oval,
tannish-‐pink
or
Tinea Secondary
Discoid
Lupus
polygonal,
planar
Well
demarcated
(flat-‐topped)
papules
salmon-‐coloured
(Ring
Worm)
Syphilis Erythematous
plaques,
thick
silvery
patches,
plaques
Annular
(Ring-‐ Scarring
and/or
on
Red
brown
or
copper
scale
on
elbows
&
with
scaling
border
shaped)
lesion
with
atrophic
red/purple
wrists/ankles/genital coloured
scaling
knees.
Auspitz
sign in
Christmas
tree
elevated
scaling,
red
plaques
with
white
s
(especially
penis) papules
and
plaques
Koebner’s
pattern
on
trunk,
border,
central
adherent
scales
on
Wickham’s
striae
Dermatologic
phenomenon clearing on
palms
and
soles
Koebner’s
begins
with
a
large
sun-‐exposed
area
phenomenon lesion
patch
(Herald’s
patch)
238
Skin Rash
SKIN
PustularRASH:
Pustular
Skin Rash
Acneiform Infectious
Erythematous
papules
and
pustules
on
face
Candidiasis
Acne
Vulgaris Folliculitis Impetigo “Beefy
red”
erythematous
Comedones
+/-‐ nodules,
Comedones
Absent Pustules
centered
around
Pustules
with
overlying
thick
patches
in
body
folds
with
Dermatologic
cysts,
scars
on
face
&
trunk hair
follicles honey-‐yellow
crusts satellite
pustules
at
periphery
Skin Rash
Erythema
Urticaria
Erythema
Nodosum Multiforme
Firm,/edematous
papules
&
Target
lesions
possibly
with
Tender
or
painful
red
plaques
that
are
transient
&
macules,
papules,
vesicles
nodules
on
shins
itchy.
Usually
lasts
<24hrs
Dermatologic
&/or
bullae
on
palms
soles
and
mucous
membranes
240
Skin Rash
Vesiculobullous
SKIN
RASH:
Vesiculobullous
Skin Rash
Skin Ulcer
Dermatologic
Hemoglobino-‐
Other Protozoan Viral Bacterial Fungal
pathy
• Sickle
cell
• Cryog-‐ • Leishmaniasis • Herpes
simplex • Tuberculosis • Histoplasmosis
anemia lobulinemia •Syphilis • Coccidioido-‐
•Thalessemia • Chlamydia
mycosis
trachomatis • Cryptococcosis
• Klebsiella
granulomatis 242
SkinULCER
SKIN
Ulcer
BY
by Location
LOCATION:
Genitals
Genitals
Skin Ulcer
Painful Painless
• Lichen
sclerosis
• Erosive
lichen
planus
243
Skin Ulcer by Location
SKIN
ULCER
BY
LOCATION:
Head
and
Neck
Head & Neck
Skin Ulcer
Dermatologic
244
SkinULCER
SKIN
Ulcer
BY
by Location
LOCATION:
Lower
Legs
/
Feet
Lower Legs / Feet
Skin Ulcer
245
SKIN
ULCER
BY
LOCATION:
Oral
Ulcers Skin Ulcer by Location
Oral Ulcers
Skin Ulcer
Single
Ulcer Multiple
Acute
Ulcers Multiple
Recurrent
Ulcers Multiple
Chronic
Ulcers
• Traumatic
ulcer • Viral
stomatitis • Aphthous
stomatitis • Pemphigus
vulgaris
• Angular
ulcer • Erythema
multiforme • Herpes
simplex
infection • Lichen
planus
• Aphthous
ulcer • Acute
necrotizing
ulcerative
• Lupus
erythematosus
Dermatologic
• Herpes
simplex gingivitis • Bullous
pemphigoid
246
SkinULCER
SKIN
Ulcer
BY
by Location
LOCATION:
Trunk
/
Sacral
Region
Trunk / Sacral Region
Skin Ulcer
247
VASCULAR
LESIONS Vascular Lesions
Vascular Lesions
• Telangiectasia
Dermatologic
Congenital Acquired
• Hemangioma • Vasculitis
248
Musculoskeletal
Acute Joint Pain Vitamin CD����������������������������������251 Guide to Spinal Cord Injury������������������������������������ 264
Chronic Joint Pain����������������������������������������������������������252
Bone Lesion���������������������������������������������������������������������� 253
Deformity / Limp���������������������������������������������������������� 254
Infectious Joint Pain���������������������������������������������������� 255
Inflammatory Joint Pain�������������������������������������������� 256
Vascular Joint Pain��������������������������������������������������������257
Pathologic Fractures�������������������������������������������������� 258
Soft Tissue�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 259
Fracture Healing������������������������������������������������������������260
Musculoskeletal
249
Historical Editors Student Editors
Dr. Marcia Clark Angie Karlos (Co-editor)
Dr. Sylvain Coderre Ryan Iverach (Co-editor)
Dr. Mort Doran
Dr. Henry Mandin Faculty Editor
Graeme Matthewson Dr. Carol Hutchison
Katy Anderson
Tara Daley
Jonathan Dykeman
Kate Elzinga
Musculoskeletal
Bikram Sidhu
250
Acute Joint Pain
Vitamin CD
ACUTE
JOINT
PAIN-‐ VITAMIN
CD
Vascular -‐ See
vascular
joint
pain
Trauma -‐ Multiple injury sites, Open Fracture, Infectious joint pain
-‐ Scoliosis,
Talipes
Equinovarus,
Meta
tarsus
adductus,
Bow
leg,
Knock-‐
Congenital
Knee’d
251
Chronic Joint Pain
Musculoskeletal
252
Bone Lesion
BONE
LESION
Bone
Lesion
on
X-‐ray
Rule
Out
Osteomyelitis
&
Secondary
Metastases
Non-‐aggressive Aggressive
Malignant
Bone
Mineralization,
Asymptomatic
&/or
Non-‐ Symptomatic
&/or
Active
Benign Constitutional
Symptoms,
Active
Bone
Scam Bone
Scan No
Bone
Mineralization Codman’s
Triangle,
Excessive
Scalloping
&
Destruction
of
Cortical
Bone
Musculoskeletal
Deformity/Limp
Musculoskeletal
Perthes
Disease Schlatter
Disease
• Patella
(e.g.,
Tendon
Rupture,
Dislocation,
Subluxation)
254
Infectious Joint Pain
INFECTIOUS
JOINT
PAIN
Fever/Chills/Myalgia
Constant
Pain
Increased
Heat
and
Swelling
Signs
&
Symptoms
of
Viral
Infection
9E.g.,
Rhinitis/Cough)
Polyarticular Monoarticular
• Viral
Myalgia
• Viral
Arthritis
• Disseminated
Gonoccocal
Infection
Articular Peri-‐Articular
(Dermatitis,
Migratory
Arthralgia
&
Tenosynovitis)
• Cellulitis
• Secondary
Syphilis
(Red/Copper
Papules
&
• Necrotizing
Fasciitis
Mucosal
Lesions) • Septic
Bursitis
Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal
Subacute
&
Insidious
Migratory Acute
Onset Insidious
Onset
Symmetrical Monoarticular
• Rheumatoid
Arthritis • Symmetric
• Rheumatic
Fever • Reactive • Ankylosing
Spondylitis
• Systemic
Lupus
(Polymyositis/Dermato • Enteropathic
(e.g.
Erythematosus myositis) Inflammatory
Bowel
• Sjögren’s
(a.k.a.
Sicca)
• Asymmetric
(Psoriatic
Disease)
Syndrome Arthritis) • Psoriatic
Arthritis
• Scleroderma
• Henoch-‐Schonlein
Purpura
• Polymyalgia
Rheumatica
• Wegener’s
Granulomatosis
256
Vascular Joint Pain
VASCULAR
JOINT
PAIN
• Vasculitis • Sickle
Cell
Anemia • Trauma
to
Vessel
• Any
structure
compressing
• Peripheral
Vascular
Disease (dislocation/fracture) the
blood
vessels
• Atherosclerosis • Hemarthrosis
(Hemophilia
or
• Abscess
Musculoskeletal
257
gility
Fractures
Pathologic Fractures
rcise/Repeated
Use
cal
and
vascular
status
PATHOLOGIC
FRACTURES
ow
the
injury
Pathologic/Fragility
Fractures
Musculoskeletal
• Post-‐Menopausal • Gastrointestinal
Disease
• Elderly • Bone
Marrow
Disorder
• Endocrinopathy
• Malignancy
• Drugs
(e.g.
corticosteroids)
• Rheumatoid
Disease
Toronto
Notes
for
Medical
Students,
Inc.
(2009).
Toronto
Notes
209:
Comprehensive
• Renal
Disease Medical
Reference
and
Review
for
MCCQE
I
&
USMLE
II.
McGraw-‐Hill:
Toronto,
Ontario.
• Poor
Nutrition
• Immobilization
Toronto
Notes
for
Medical
Students,
Inc.
(2009).
Toronto
Notes
209:
Comprehensive
Medical
Reference
and
Review
for
MCCQE
I
&
USMLE
II.
McGraw-‐Hill:
Toronto,
Ontario.
258
Soft Tissue
259
Musculoskeletal
Fracture Healing
FRACTURE
HEALING
FRACTURE
HEALING
Fracture
Healing
FRACTURE
HEALING Fracture
Healing
FRACTURE
HEALING Fracture
Healing
Delayed
Union
(3
– 6
months) Non-‐Union
(after
6
months) Malunion
Delayed
Union
(3
– 6
months) Fracture
Healing
Non-‐Union
(after
6
months) Malunion
• Tobacco
/
nicotine
• NSAIDS• Tobacco
Delayed
/
nicotine
Union
(3
– 6
months) Non-‐Union
(after
6
months) Malunion
• NSAIDS
• Ca2+ /Vitamin
D
deficiency
• Ca
Delayed
2+ /Vitamin
D
deficiency
Union
(3
– 6
months) Non-‐Union
(after
6
months) Malunion
• Tobacco
/
nicotine Septic
Aseptic Functional Non
Functional
(R/O
First)Septic
• NSAIDS
• Tobacco
• Ca/2+
n/Vitamin
icotine D
deficiency Aseptic Functional Non
Functional
RED
F LAGS
( life
t hreatening) (R/O
First)
• NSAIDS
• • CaMulti-‐RED
F LAGS
traumaD
deficiency
2+ /Vitamin
( life
threatening)
Septic
• Small
deviations
• Inadequate
• Inadequate
Aseptic from
normal
• Small
axisdeviations
immobilization/
Non
Functional
• • Fracture
Pelvic
Multi-‐trauma Functional
• Fracture
Pelvic
Fracture
(R/O
First) from
normal
axis reduction
immobilization/
• RED
Femur
F LAGS
(life
threatening) Hypertrophic Septic Atrophic reduction
• Femur
Fracture Hypertrophic
(adequate
b(R/O
lood
First) Aseptic
(inadequate
blood
Atrophic Functional
• Small
deviations
Non
Functional
•Misalignment
• Inadequate
• High
• Cervical
Spine
Multi-‐trauma Fracture •Misalignment
before
immobilization/
casting
RED
•F•LAGS
High
Cervical
Pelvic
(Flife
racture
Spine
Fracture flow)(adequate
blood
threatening)
flow)
flow)(inadequate
blood
flow)
from
normal
axis before
•Premature
• Inadequate
cast
casting
• Small
deviations
reduction
• Multi-‐
• tFemur
raumaFracture • Mechanical
failure)
Hypertrophic •Tobacco
/Atrophic
nicotine removal •Premature
cast
• Mechanical
failure) •NSAIDS •Tobacco
/
n from
normal
axis
icotine immobilization/
•Misalignment
• Pelvic
• F racture
High
Cervical
Spine
Fracture • Excessive
m otion
(adequate
blood
(inadequate
b lood
removal
reduction
before
casting
Musculoskeletal
• Femur
Fracture • Excessive
Hypertrophic
•Excessive
bone
gapmotion •Medications
flow) Atrophic•NSAIDS flow)
•Excessive
(adequate
blood
bone
gap (inadequate
•Medications
blood
•Misalignment
•Premature
cast
• High
Cervical
Spine
Fracture •flow)
Mechanical
failure) •Allergies
•Tobacco
flow) •Allergies /
n icotine before
casting
removal
• Excessive
motion •Biologic
Failure
•NSAIDS •Premature
cast
• Mechanical
failure) •Tobacco
•Biologic
/
n icotine Failure
•Excessive
bone
gap •Medications removal
• Excessive
motion •NSAIDS •Allergies
Operative
Non-‐Operative
•Excessive
bone
gap •Medications
•Biologic
Failure
Fractures: Operative
FracturesNon-‐Operative
Inflammation •Allergies
Soft
Callus Hard
Callus Remodelling
• Open
Fractures: • ClosedFractures Inflammation •Biologic
Soft
FC
ailure allus Hard
Callus Remodelling
• Open
• Stable• Closed Hours-‐ Days Days-‐ Weeks Weeks-‐ Months Years
• Unstable
Operative
Non-‐ O perative
Hours-‐ Days Days-‐ Weeks Weeks-‐ Months Years
• Displaced • Unstable • Undisplaced • Stable
Fractures:
• Displaced Fractures
• Undisplaced Inflammation Soft
Callus Hard
Callus Remodelling
•Operative
Intra-‐
• Open
• Extra-‐
Non-‐ O perative
• Closed
articular
Fractures: • Intra-‐Fractures
• Unstable articular • Extra-‐
• Stable Inflammation
Hours-‐ Days Days-‐ Weeks
Soft
Callus Hard
Callus
Weeks-‐ Months
Remodelling
Years 260
• Open
articular • Closed articular
• Displaced • Undisplaced Hours-‐ Days Days-‐ Weeks Weeks-‐ Months Years
OSTEOPOROSIS-‐ BMD
testing
Osteoporosis
BMD Testing
OSTEOPOROSIS-‐ BMD
testing T-‐Scores:
Normal
> -‐1
Osteoporosis -‐2.49
<
Osteopenia
<
-‐1
Osteoporosis
-‐ < -‐ 2.5
T-‐Scores:
Normal
> -‐1
Osteoporosis -‐2.49
<
Osteopenia
<
-‐1
Osteoporosis
-‐ < -‐ 2.5
• Vertebral
fracture when
25) with
rapid
bone
loss
and/or
frac
• Osteopenia
on
X
ray • Malabsorption
Syndrome
• Smoking/ETOH • Primary
Hyperparathyroidism
• Low
body
weight
(<60kg)
or
major
loss
(>10%
of
• Other
disorders
strongly
associated
when
25) with
rapid
bone
loss
and/or
fracture
261 2010
Clinical
Practice
Guidelines
for
the
Diagnosis
and
Management
of
Osteoporosis
in
Canada
Tumour
TUMOUR
Tumour
Metastatic-‐
Primary
Most
common
tumour
in
adults
• Breast
• Prostate
• Thyroid
• Lung
• Renal
Malignant
Benign Aggressive,
Non-‐Malignant
Musculoskeletal
66%
of
adult
tumours
•Osteochondroma •Giant
Cell
Tumour •Multiple
Myeloma-‐ most
common
•Osteoid
osteoma •Enchondroma •Osteosarcoma
•Chondroblastoma •Aneurysmal
Bone
Cyst •Chondrosarcoma
•Friboxanthoma •Ewing’s
Sarcoma
•Fibrous
Dysplasia •Fibrosarcoma
•Non-‐ossifying
fibroma •Liposarcoma
•Chondromyxoid
Fibroma •Rhabdomyosarcoma
•Periosteal
Chondroma •Leiomyosarcoma
•Malignant
Fibrous
Histiocytoma
262
Mytomes
MYOTOMES:
Segmental
Innervation
of
Muscles
Segmental Innervation of Muscles
MYOTOMES:
Segmental
Innervation
of
Muscles
N.B. There is considerable overlap between myotomes for some actions. The myotomes listed are the dominant segments involved.
263 N.B.
There
is
considerable
overlap
between
myotomes
for
some
actions.
The
myotomes
listed
are
the
dominant
segments
involved.
Guide to Spinal Cord Injury
GUIDE
TO
SPINAL
CORD
INJURY
Spinal
RRoot
Spinal
oot Sensory
Sensory Motor
Motor Reflex
Reflex
C4
C4 Acromioclavicular
JJoint
Acromioclavicular
oint Respiration
Respiration None
None
C5
C5 Radial
AAntecubital
Radial
ntecubital
FFossa ossa Elbow
FFlexion
Elbow
lexion Biceps
RReflex
Biceps
eflex
C6
C6 Dorsal
TThumb
Dorsal
humb Wrist
EExtension
Wrist
xtension Brachioradialis
RReflex
Brachioradialis
eflex
C7
C7 Dorsal
M
Dorsal
Middle
iddle
FFinger
inger Elbow
EExtension
Elbow
xtension Triceps
RReflex
Triceps
eflex
C8
C8 Dorsal
LLittle
Dorsal
ittle
FFinger
inger Finger
FFlexion
Finger
lexion None
None
T1
T1 Ulnar
AAntecubital
Ulnar
ntecubital
FFossa ossa Finger
AAbduction
Finger
bduction None
None
T7-‐12
T7-‐12 See
DDermatomes
See
ermatomes Abdominal
M
Abdominal
Muscles
uscles Abdominal
RReflex
Abdominal
eflex
L2
L2 Anterior
M
Anterior
Medial
edial
TThigh
high Hip
FFlexion
Hip
lexion Cremasteric
RReflex
Cremasteric
eflex
L3
L3 Medial
FFemoral
Medial
emoral
CCondyle
ondyle Knee
EExtension
Knee
xtension None
None
L4
L4 Medial
M
Medial
Malleolus
alleolus Ankle
DDorsiflexion
Ankle
orsiflexion Knee
JJerk
Knee
erk
RReflex
eflex
L5
L5 First
W
First
Web
eb
SSpace
pace
((11stst/2
/2nd
nd MTP)
MTP) Big
TToe
Big
oe
EExtension
xtension Hamstring
RReflex
Hamstring
eflex
S1
S1 Lateral
CCalcaneus
Lateral
alcaneus Ankle
PPlantarflexion
Ankle
lantarflexion Ankle
JJerk
Ankle
erk
RReflex
eflex
Musculoskeletal
S2
S2 Popliteal
FFossa
Popliteal
ossa Anal
SSphincter
Anal
phincter Bulbocavernosus
Bulbocavernosus
S3/S4
S3/S4 Perianal
RRegion
Perianal
egion Anal
SSphincter
Anal
phincter None
None
N.B.
TThere
N.B.
here
iis
s
cconsiderable
onsiderable
vvariability
ariability
iin
n
sspinal
pinal
ccord
ord
llevels
evels
ffor
or
mmotor
otor
aand
nd
rreflex
eflex
ttesting.
esting.
AAlways
lways
ttest
est
tthe
he
llevel
evel
aabove
bove
aand
nd
bbelow
elowthe
the
ssuspected
uspected
iinjury
njury 264
Psychiatric
Anxiety Disorders Associated with Panic���� 267
Anxiety Disorders Recurrent Anxious
Thoughts ���������������������������������������������������������������������268
Trauma & Stressor Related Disorders�����������269
Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders
���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 270
Personality Disorder����������������������������������������������������� 271
Mood Disorders Depressed Mood�������������������272
265
Historical Editors Student Editors
Dr. Jason Taggart Lundy Day (Co-editor)
Dr. Lauren Zanussi Michael Martyna (Co-editor)
Dr. Lara Nixon Emily Donaldson
Haley Abrams
Daniel Bai Faculty Editor
Kaitlin Chivers-Wilson Dr. Aaron Mackie
Carmen Fong
Leanne Foust
Aravind Ganesh
Leena Desai
Psychiatric
Qasim Hirani
266
Anxiety Disorders
Associated with Panic
Psychiatric
267
Anxiety Disorders
Recurrent Anxious Thoughts
Psychiatric
268
Trauma & Stressor
Related Disorders
Psychiatric
269
Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders
Psychiatric
270
Personality DisorderDISORDER
PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY
DISORDER
PERSONALITY
DISORDER Personality
Personality
Disorder
Disorder
Personality
Disorder
• Enduring
• Enduring
pattern
pattern
of
experience
of
experience
and
baehaviour
nd
behaviour
that
d
that
eviates
deviates
from
fcrom
ultural
cultural
expectations,
expectations,
manifest
manifest
in
two
in
otwo
r
more
or
m
the
following
the
following
areas:
areas:
cognition,
cognition,
affectivity,
affectivity,
interpersonal
interpersonal
functioning,
functioning,
and
iampulse
nd
impulse
control control
• Enduring
pattern
of
experience
and
behaviour
that
deviates
from
cultural
expectations,
manifest
in
two
or
more
of
• The
•pThe
attern
is inflexible
pattern
is inflexible
and
paervasive
nd
pervasive
across
across
many
msany
ocial
the
following
areas:
cognition,
affectivity,
interpersonal
functioning,
and
impulse
control
social
and
paersonal
nd
personal
situations
situations
• aThe
• The
pattern
is inflexible
nd
•ppThe
attern
pattern
ervasive
laeads
leads
tm
cross
distress
o
any
to
distress
oar
social
impairment
nd
poersonal
r
impairment
in
important
situations in
important
areas
ao
reas
f
functioning
of
functioning
• The
•opThe
• The
pattern
leads
to
distress
r
attern
is
stable
pattern
impairment
n
simportant
iis
table
and
oaf
nd
long
of
ldong
areas
ouration,
duration,
with
w
f
functioning an
ith
onset
an
onset
that
cthat
an
bce
an
traced
be
traced
back
bto
ack
childhood
to
childhood
or
adolescence
or
adolescence
• The
pattern
is
stable
and
of
•
• The
long
duration,
pThe
attern
wis
is
not
pattern
ith
due
an
tdue
not oo
nset
that
another
to
can
another
be
m
mental
traced
back
ental
illness,
ato
gceneral
illness,
hildhood
moedical
r
am
a
general
dolescence
edical
condition,
condition,
or
substance
or
substance
use use
• The
pattern
is
not due
to
another
mental
illness,
a
general
medical
condition,
or
substance
use
Cluster
Cluster
B:
DB
ramatic,
:
Dramatic,
Emotional,
Emotional,
or
or
Cluster
Cluster
Cluster
A:
Odd
or
Eccentric A:
OAdd
:
OoCluster
dd
r
Eccentric
or
EBccentric
:
Dramatic,
Emotional,
or
Cluster
C:
Anxious
or
Fearful Cluster
Cluster
C:
Anxious
C:
Anxiou
o
Social Social
Social
Paranoid
• Paranoid
• Paranoid -‐ irrational
s•uspicion
or
-‐ irrational
-‐ irrational
s•uspicion
suspicion
Antisocial or
• Antisocial
or
for
social
-‐ disregard
• Antisocial
norms,
-‐ disregard
•-‐Avoidant
disregard
for
-‐ssocial
ocial
for
social
innhibition,
orms,
norms,
• Avoidant
• Avoidant
-‐ social
-‐ social
inhibition
inhib
mistrust mistrust
mistrust the
law,
and
rights
of
others the
law,
the
alaw,
nd
raights
nd
inadequacy,
rights
of
others
of
ohthers
ypersensitivity inadequacy,
inadequacy,
hypersensitivity
hypersensit
• Schizoid -‐ emotional
d•etachment,
Schizoid -‐lack
• Schizoidemotional
Borderline
•detachment,
-‐ emotional
-‐ instability
lack
lack
of
identity,
detachment,
• Borderline
• Borderline • Dependent
-‐ instability
-‐ instability
-‐ o
psychological
f
identity,
dependence
of
identity,
• Dependent
• Dependent-‐ psychological
-‐ psycholo
Psychiatric
Psychiatric
272
Mood Disorders
Elevated Mood
Psychiatric
273
Psychotic Disorders
Medical
Conditions:
PSYCHOTIC
DISORDERS Para/Neoplastic
Parkinson's
Infectious
Brain
tumour
AIDS,
syphilis
Cushing's
Stroke
Epilepsy
MS,
SLE
Medical
Conditions:
Degenerative Endocrine Vascular
Para/Neoplastic
Parkinson's
Brain
tumour
AIDS,
syphilis
Stroke
Epilepsy Psychotic
Disorder Drugs
of
Abuse:
Infectious Cushing's MS,
SLE Cocaine Alcohol
(rare)
Degenerative Endocrine Vascular Cannabis
Cocaine Alcohol
(rare) Rule
out
psychotic
disorder
due
to
substances
and/or
Cannabis
Medications:
Amphetamines Opiates
(rare) PCP general
medical
condition Amphetamines Methylphenidate Steroids
Hallucinogens
es
and/or
Dopamine
Agonist Anticholinergic L-‐Dopa
Medications:
Amphetamines Methylphenidate Steroids
Dopamine
Agonist Anticholinergic L-‐Dopa
Prominent
mood
syndrome
(major
Mood
syndromes
absent
(or
brief
depression,
mania)
present
for
relative
to
duration
of
psychotic
ood
syndromes
absent
(or
brief
significant
portion
of
illness symptoms
lative
to
duration
of
psychotic
symptoms
Psychotic
symptoms
Psychotic
symptoms
also
Psychotic
symptoms
Psychotic
symptoms
present
exclusively
during
present
outside
of
mood
not
limited
to
limited
to
non-‐bizarre
ymptoms
Psychotic
symptoms
major
mood
syndrome episodes delusions delusions
only
ted
to
limited
to
non-‐bizarre
ons delusions
only • Mood
disorder
with
• Schizoaffective
disorder
psychotic
features (bipolar
&
depressive)
Psychiatric
similar
delusion
disorder disorder disorder
(Folie
a
Deux)
• Delusional
disorder • Shared
psychotic
disorder
(Folie
a
Deux) 2
or
more
(1
must
be
1-‐3): Criteria:
see
schizophreniform
1
or
more: 1)
Delusions disorder
1)
Delusions 2)
Hallucinations Suicide =
10%
2)
Hallucinations 3)
Disorganized
speech Neuroleptic
Malignant
Syndrome:
3)
Disorganized
speech 4)
Grossly
disorganized
or
Side
effects
of
anti-‐psychotics
4)
Grossly
disorganized
or
catatonic
behaviour Sx:
Hyperpyrexia
(>38.5°C),
muscle
catatonic
behaviour 5)
Negative
sx
(affective
rigidity
and
mental
status
changes
flattening,
alogia,
20%
mortality
avolition)
274
Somatoform Disorders
SOMATOFORM
DISORDERS
Somatoform
Disorder
Pain;
psychological Multiple
symptoms;
long
One
or
more
symptoms
for
Neurologic
factors
important history at
least
six
months
277
Historical Editors Student Editors
Justin Lui Dilip V. Koshy
Andrew Jun Wesley Chan
Dave Campbell
Joanna Debosz Faculty Editors
Sarah Hajjar Dr. Doug Bosch
Dr. James Brookes
Dr. Justin Chau
Otolaryngologic
278
Hearing Loss
Conductive
Otolaryngologic
279
Hearing Loss
Sensorineural
Otolaryngologic
280
Hoarseness
Acute
HOARSENESS:
Acute
Hoarseness
Acute
Non-‐Acute
<
3
weeks >
3
weeks
Constant Variable
HOARSENESS:
Non-‐Acute
Hoarseness
Acute
Non-‐Acute
<
3
weeks >
3
weeks
Constant Variable
• Functional
Otolaryngologic
Benign
Mucosal
Infectious Inflammatory Trauma Neoplastic Neurological
Changes
NECK
MASS
Neck
Mass
OTALGIA
Otalgia
Otolaryngologic
Abnormal
Tympanic
Ulceration/
Abnormal
External
Auditory
Canal Mastoid Auricle
Membrane Tissue
Growth
• Otitis
Externa • Mastoiditis • Cellulitis/Perichondri • Acute
Otitis
Media • Squamous
Cell
• Osteomyelitis
of
tis • Barotrauma Carcinoma
Temporal
Bone
• Trauma
(Frostbite,
• Traumatic
Perforation • Sarcoma
Herpes
Simplex
Auricular
• Cholesteatoma
(Typically
Zoster
(Ramsay
Hung
Hematoma) Otorrhea)
Syndrome
if
Facial
• Autoimmune
Nerve
Paralysis) (Relapsing
• Furunculosis Polychondritis) 284
Smell Dysfunction
SMELL
DYSFUNCTION
Smell Dysfunction
285
Tinnitus
Objective
TINNITUS:
Objective
Tinnitus
Subjective Objective
(90%) Pulsatile
or
Rhythmic
(10%)
Vascular Muscular
Potentially
Auscultated
• Myoclonus
of
Stapedius/Tensor
Tympani/Palatal
Muscles
Arterial Venous • Degenerative
Disease
of
the
Head
and
Neck
Otolaryngologic
• Atherosclerosis • AV
Shunt • Eustachian
Tube
• Idiopathic
Intracranial
• High
Jugular
Bulb Dysfunction
Hypertension • Glomus
Jugulare
• Acute
Exacerbation
of
• Hyperthyroidism
Systemic
Hypertension
• Developmental
Anomaly
• Blood
flow
in
normal
artery
near
ear
• Persistent
Stapedial
Artery
• Glomus
Tympanicum
286
Tinnitus
Subjective
TINNITUS:
Subjective
Tinnitus
Subjective Objective
Heard
only
by
patient
(Common) Heard
by
others
(Rare)
Unilateral Bilateral
On
Audiogram
On
Audiogram
Perform
MRI
to
rule
out
RC
Lesion
• Acoustic
Neuroma
• Lesion
of
Cochlear
or
Auditory
Nerve
No
Hearing
Loss Hearing
Loss Somatic
• Brainstem
Lesion
• Multiple
Sclerosis
• Infarction • Metabolic
Causes:
• TMJ
Otolaryngologic
289
Historical Editors Student Editors
Dr. John Huang Prima Moinul
Dr. Ying Lu Jessica Ruzicki
Anastasia Aristakhova
Jagdeep Doulla Senior Editor
Kathleen Moncrieff Dr. Monique Munro
Micah Luong
Nazia Panjwani Faculty Editor
Stephanie Yang Dr. Patrick Mitchell
Vikram Lekhi
Ophthalmologic
290
Cross Section of the Eye & Acronyms
Ophthalmology Acronyms
291
Approach to an Eye Exam
1 2 3 4 5
Obvious
Initial Slit Lamp
History Physical Fundoscopy
Assessment Exam
Trauma
Ophthalmologic
D. Visual Fields by G. Vitreous Humor
Confrontation
292
Acute Vision Loss
Bilateral
ACUTE VISION LOSS: Bilateral Clinical Pearl:
• Patients with bilateral acute
vision loss should have a CT.
Vision
Loss
ACUTE VISION LOSS: Bilateral Clinical Pearl:
• Patients with bilateral acute
vision loss should have a CT.
Vision Loss
Acute Chronic
Acute Chronic
Unilateral Bilateral
Ophthalmologic
Unilateral Bilateral
Complete/
Partial
Homonymous
Other
Hemianopia
• Infarct
• Migraine
• Intracranial
Hemorrhage • Systemic
Hypoperfusion
Complete/
Partial
Homonymous
293 • Tumor
Other
Hemianopia
Acute Vision Loss
ACUTE VISION LOSS: Unilateral Clinical Pearls:
Unilateral
• Optic neuritis causes pain with EOM
• Temporal arteritis causes temporalis
pain and pain with mastication
• Acute angle closure glaucoma
causes high intraocular pressure,
unilateral eye pain, mid-dilated pupil
Acute
Vision
Loss
and n/v
• Retinal detachment can present as a
veil over the vision and with flashes
and floaters.
• TIA, vein or artery occlusion requires
Unilateral Bilateral
stroke work-up
Painful Painless
Transient
Optic
Nerve
Cornea
Retina Vitreous
Ischemic
Attack
• Keratopathy
• Retinal
Detachment
• Retinal
Artery
Occlusion
• Retinal
Vein
Occlusion
• Ischemic
Optic
Neuropathy
No
Abnormalities
of
the
Abnormalities
of
the
Optic
Nerve
Optic
Nerve
Ophthalmologic
• Acute
Angle
Closure
• Temporal
Arteritis
Retina
Visible
Retina
Not
Visible
Glaucoma
(fixed
dilated
• Demyelination
Clinical Pearls: pupil) • MS
• Visual
Cortex
Infarction
• Retinal
Hemorrhage
• Optic neuritis causes pain with EOM • Idiopathic
• Temporal arteritis causes temporalis • Glaucoma
• Vitreous
Hemorrhage
pain and pain with mastication
• Acute angle closure glaucoma
causes high intraocular pressure,
unilateral eye pain, mid-dilated pupil
and n/v
• Retinal detachment can present as a
veil over the vision and with flashes
and floaters.
294
• TIA, vein or artery occlusion requires
stroke work-up
Chronic Vision Loss
Anatomic
CHRONIC VISION LOSS: Anatomic Clinical Pearls:
• Edema can cause halos
in the vision.
• Bilateral disc swelling
Chronic
Vision
Loss and any suspected mass
require imaging.
Amblyopia
Deprivational* Strabismic
Deprivational*
Refractive
Error Strabismic
Obstruction
of
Visual
Axis Refractive
Error Abnormal
Binocular
Interaction
Obstruction
of
Visual
Axis Abnormal
Binocular
Interaction
• Ptosis • Severe
Anisometripia
(Unequal
• Ptosis • Severe
Anisometripia
(Unequal
• Congenital
Cataracts
• Congenital
Cataracts
Refractive
Error)
Refractive
Error)
• •Congenital
Congenital
Corneal
Corneal
Opacities
Opacities • Hyperopia • Hyperopia
• •Hemangioma
Hemangioma • Astigmatism• Astigmatism
• •Retinal
Retinal
Disease/Damage
Disease/Damage
(undiagnosed
(undiagnosed
See
Strabismus
scheme
See
Strabismus
scheme
not
not
responsive
to
treatment)
responsive
to
treatment)
Ophthalmologic
Clinical Pearl:
• Congenital cataracts and
retinoblastoma’s cause leukocoria and
a decreased red reflex
*
Can
cause
permanent
visual
impairment
if
not
treated
urgently
in
infancy
296
Diplopia
DIPLOPIA
Diplopia
Clinical Pearls:
Monocular • Diplopia is almost always binocular. Binocular
• CN VI palsy is a red flag for intracranial masses.
• Look for ptosis with CN III palsy.
• Refractive
Error • Examine both eyes to determine which is affected.
• Cataract/Lens
Dislocation • Neurologic symptoms suggest a mass as the cause.
• Functional • Myasthenia Gravis is fatiguable.
• Corneal
Distortion/Scarring • Migraine is a diagnosis of exclusion.
• Vitreous
Abnormalities
Cannot Abduct
• Ischemia
• Diabetes
Mellitus
• Aneurysm Cranial
Nerve
IV
Cranial
Nerve
III Grave’s
• Tumor Eye
depressed,
abducted,
ptosis,
Eye
cannot
depress
when
looking
• Trauma large/unreactive
pupil medially Ophthalmopathy
• Ischemia • Ischemia • Hyperthyroidism
• Diabetes
Mellitus • Diabetes
Mellitus
• Aneurysm • Aneurysm
• Trauma • Trauma
297 • Subdural
Hemorrhage
Pupillary Abnormalities
Isocoria
PUPILLARY
ABNORMALITES:
Isocoria
Pupillary Abnormality
• Optic
Neuritis
• Ischemic
Optic
Neuropathies Dilated
Pupils Constricted
Pupils
• Optic
Nerve
Tumor
(Mydriasis) (Miotic)
• Retinal
detachment
• Traumatic/Compressive
Optic • Syphilis
(light-‐near
dissociation)
Neuropathy • Pharmacologic
(e.g
Opioids,
Alcohol)
Ophthalmologic
Dorsal
Midbrain Neuromuscular
Junction
Pharmacologic
(Parinaud’s
Syndrome) Dysfunction
• Tumor • Botulism • Atropine
• Hemorrhage • LSD
• Hydrocephalus • Cocaine
• Amphetamines
298
Pupillary Abnormalities
Anisocoria
PUPILLARY
ABNORMALITIES:
Anisocoria Clinical Pearl:
• Pupils should be examined in both a light
and dark setting to determine whether the
Pupillary
Abnormality big pupil or the small pupil is abnormal.
Equal
Unequal
(Isocoria) (Anisocoria)
Physiological
Pathological Anisocoria
equal
in
light
and
dark,
10%cocaine:
pupils
dilate
symmetrically
• Simple
Anisocoria
(
<0.5mm)
Impaired
Dilation
Impaired
Constriction
Sympathetic
dysfunction/Horner’s
Parasympathetic
dysfunction
Fixed
Pupil Syndrome:
miosis,
anyhydrosis,
ptosis
Anisocoria
greater
in
light
Anisocoria
greater
in
dark
Large
pupil
abnormal
Small
pupil
abnormality
Preganglionic
Neuromuscular
Postganglionic Preganglionic Postganglionic
Ptosis,
opthalmoplegia
Constriction
with
0.1%
Junction No
dilation
with
0.125%
Dilation
with
0.125%
Constriction
with
0.1%
No
constriction
with
0.1%
pilocarpine adrenaline adrenaline
pilocarpine pilocarpine
• Oculomotor
• Tonic
(Adie’s)
Pupil • Pharmacologic • Idiopathic • Cluster
Headache
Nerve/Fascicle (Ciliary
Ganglion • Factitious • Trauma • Carotid
Dissection
(Other
CN
III
Findings) Lesion) • Tumor
(Lung,
Breast, • Trauma
Thyroid) • Idiopathic
Red Eye
Traumatic Atraumatic
Ophthalmologic
Clinical Pearl:
• Orbital cellulitis can present with pain on
EOM and orbital signs of involvement
300
Red Eye
Traumatic
RED EYE: Traumatic Clinical Pearls:
• With chemical burns, it is important to
determine if the burn was caused by
acid or worse, alkali.
• With a globe-penetrating injury, call
Red
Eye ophthalmology, shield the eye, and
do not touch the eye.
Traumatic Atraumatic
Clinical Pearls:
• With chemical burns, it is important to
• Retina:
Tear,
hemorrhage,
choroidal
rupture
determine if the burn was caused by • Glaucoma
acid or worse, alkali. • Optic
Neuropathy
• With a globe-penetrating injury, call
Red
Eye ophthalmology, shield the eye, and
301 do not touch the eye.
Strabismus
Ocular Misalignment
STRABISMUS:
Ocular
Misalignment
Clinical Peal:
• Strabismus is most often seen
in pediatrics.
Strabismus
Phoria
Tropia
• Latent
deviation
• Manifest
deviation
• Symmetrical
corneal
light
reflex,
• Asymmetrical
light
reflex,
• Negative
cover
test
positive
• Positive
cover
test
cover/uncover
test
• Esophoria
(eye
moves
medial
à centre
when
uncovered)
• Exophoria
(eye
moves
lateral
à centre
Paretic Non-‐Paretic
when
uncovered) Non-‐comitant Comitant
Angle
of
misalignment
changes
with
direction
of
Angle
of
misalignment
unchanged
with
direction
of
Ophthalmologic
gaze gaze
• Accommodative
Esotropia
(onset
2-‐4yrs,
hyperopic)
Horizontal Horizontal
and/or
vertical • Congenital
Esotropia
(eso/exotropia) (Eso/exotropia,
hyper/hypotopia,
mixed) (contralateral
eye
deviates
medial
à straight
when
• CN
VI
problem • CN
III
Problem
(eye
is ipsilateral
covered)
(eye
cannot
abduct) depressed
and
abducted,
ptosis, • Exotropia
(contralateral
eye
large/unreactive
pupil) deviates
lateral
à straight
• CN
IV
Problem
(eye when
ipsilateral
covered)
Clinical Pearl:
Clinical Peal: cannot
depress
when
looking
• Orbital cellulitis can present with pain on
Strabismus is most often seen
EOM and orbital signs of involvement
in pediatrics.
medially)
302
Neuro-Ophthalmology
Neuro-Ophthalmology: Visual Field Defects
Visual Field Defects
305
Pediatric Cough: Acute…………............……..……335
Pediatric Cough: Chronic…………………….........336
Respiratory Distress in the Newborn:
Tachypnea……………………………............……............337
Sudden Unexpected Death in
Infancy................................................................338
Enuresis……………………………………..................................339
Apparent Life Threatening Event…….…..340
Pediatric Fractures………………………..................….341
Salter Harris Classification………….........……..342
Sudden Paroxysmal Event………........………..343
Non-Epileptic Paroxysmal Event………...344
Pediatric
Pediatric Epilepsies….……..………………................345
Pediatric Seizures………………….................……...…346
306
Pediatric
Febrile Seizures……………………………...…………………................347 Global Developmental Delay/Intellectual
Pediatric Mood and Anxiety Disorders…....….348 Disability…………………………………....................……………………..361
Abdominal Mass…………………………………………................…....349 Fever (Age <1 Month)……………………………............……………362
Shock…………………………………………...…………………..........………………….350 Fever (Age 1-3 Months)……………………………….........………363
Hypoglycemia…………………………...................……………………….351 Fever (Age >3 Months)…………………………..........…………….364
Altered Level of Consciousness………..............…..352 Failure to Thrive………………………………..................……………….365
Bleeding/Bruising…………………………………………............…...353 Short Stature………………………………….....................………………..366
Thrombocytopenia……………………….............…………………….354 Murmur in the Newborn (<48 Hours)…........….367
Long PT (INR), Long PTT………………………........…………….355 Murmur in the Newborn Beyond Neonatal
Long PT (INR), Normal PTT………………………….....……….356 Period….…………………………………………………...…………………....…..368
Normal PT (INR), Long PTT…………………………....……….357 Preterm Infant Complications
Dehydration……………………………………………...…………………...………358 (<34 Weks)…………………..……………...…………………...........……369
Pediatric
307
Anemia by Mechanism……………………………..........…………371 Chronic Kidney Disease …………………………………......……385
Anemia by MCV……………………………………….................………..372 Edema ………………………………........…………………...…………………….…..386
Microcytic Anemia………………………….............……………………373 Dysuria ……………………………...………………….......………………...........…387
Paediatric Infectious Skin Rash………...............….…374 Increased Urinary Frequency…….................…………388
Skin Lesion (Primary Skin)………………………………....…….375 Scrotal Mass. ………………………………………....................…………..389
Skin Lesion (Secondary Skin)…………………….……………376 Lymphadenopathy ………………………............…………………….390
Rash (Eczematous)……………………………………….............…….377 Otalgia (Earache) …………………………...............…………………..391
Rash (Papulosquamous)………………………….......……………378 Sore Throat/Sore Mouth……………………………….....………392
Rash (Vesiculobullous)……………………………........……………379
Rash (Pustular)………………………………………...................…………380
Rash (Reactive)……………………………...................…………………..381
Proteinuria……………………………......………………….…………………………382
Pediatric
Hematuria…………………………………...…………………...……………………..383
Acute Renal Failure………………………………............…………….384
308
Historical Editors Student Editors
Dr. Pamela Veale Debanjana Das Elbert Jeffrey Manalo
Dr. Susan Bannister Cody Flexhaug David Cook
Dr. Kelly Millar Carmen Fong
Dr. Mary Ann Thomas Carly Hagel Faculty Editor
Dr. Andrei Harabor Rebekah Jobling Dr. Marielena Dibartolo
Dr. Jean Mah Beata Komierowski
Dr. Henry Mandin Anuradha Surendra
Dr. Leanna McKenzie Shahbaz Syed
Dr. Ian Mitchell Gilbert Yuen
Dr. Katherine Smart
Dr. Sylvain Coderre
Pediatric
Jaskaran Singh
Christopher Skappak
309
310
Pediatric
Developmental Delay
Pediatric
311
School Difficulties
Pediatric
312
Small for Gestational Age
Pediatric
313
Large for Gestational Age
Pediatric
314
Congenital Anomalies
CONGENITAL
ANOMALIES
Congenital Anomalies
Isolated Multiple
Association
of
A
Malformation Deformation Disruption
(Syndrom
• Embryonic
development
• Abnormal
mechanical
forces
• Destruction/
Breakdown
of
• Chromosomal
failure
or
inadequacy
(often
distorting
otherwise
normal
previously
normal
tissue
(e.g.
• Single
Gene
multifactorial) structures
ischemia) • Teratogenic
(e.g.exoligohydramnios) • Association
(e.g.
V
Pediatric
Pediatric
316
Failure to Thrive
Adequte Calorie Consumption
Pediatric
317
Failure to Thrive
Inadequte Calorie Consumption
Pediatric
318
Hypotonic Infant (Floppy Newborn)
Pediatric
319
Acute Abdominal Pain
Pediatric
320
Chronic Abdominal Pain
Pediatric
321
Pediatric Vomiting
Pediatric
322
Neonatal Jaundice
Approach To Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia
Pediatric
323
Neonatal Jaundice
Approach To Direct Hyperbilirubinemia
Pediatric
324
Diarrhea (Pediatric)
Pediatric
325
Constipation (Pediatric)
Pediatric
326
Mouth Disorders (Pediatric)
Pediatric
327
Depressed /Lethargic Newborn
Pediatric
328
Cyanosis in the Newborn
Pediatric
329
Limp
330
Pediatric
Respiratory Distress In The Newborn
Pediatric
331
Pediatric Dyspnea
Pediatric
332
Noisy Breathing
Pediatric Wheezing
Pediatric
333
Noisy Breathing
Pediatric Stridor
Pediatric
334
Pediatric Cough
Acute
Pediatric
335
Pediatric Cough
Chronic
Pediatric
336
Respiratory Distress In The Newborn
Tachypnea
Pediatric
337
Sudden Unexpected Death In Infancy (SUDI
Pediatric
338
Pediatric Fractures
Pediatric
339
SALTER
HARRIS
PHYSEAL
INJURY
CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM
Salter Harris Physeal Injury Classification
A Above
II Older
Children
(75%) Fracture
through
a
portion
of
the
physis
that
extends
through
the
metaphyses
L Lower
III Older
Children
(75%) Fracture
line
goes
below
the
physis
through
the
epiphysis,
and
into
the
joint
T Through
Pediatric
IV Fracture
Line
through
the
metaphysis,
physis
and
epiphysis
R Crush
http://www.jaaos.org/content/10/5/345/F1.large.jpg
340
Enuresis
Pediatric
341
Apparent Life Threatening Event
Pediatric
342
Sudden Paroxysmal Event
Pediatric
343
Non-Epileptic Paroxysmal Event
Pediatric
344
Pediatric Epilepsies
Pediatric
345
Pediatric Seizures
Pediatric
346
Febrile Seizures
Pediatric
347
Pediatric Mood And Anxiety Disorders
Pediatric
348
Abdominal Mass
Pediatric
349
Shock
350
Pediatric
Hypoglycemia
Pediatric
351
Altered Level Of Consciousness
Pediatric
352
Bleeding/Bruising
Pediatric
353
Thrombocytopenia
Pediatric
354
Long PT (INR), Long PTT
Pediatric
355
Long PT (INR), Normal PTT
Pediatric
356
Normal PT (INR), Long PTT
Pediatric
357
Dehydration
Pediatric
358
Hyponatremia
Pediatric
359
Hypernatremia
Pediatric
360
Global Developmental Delay/Intellectual Disability
Pediatric
361
Fever (Age <1 Month)
Pediatric
362
Fever (Age 1-3 Months)
Pediatric
363
Fever (Age >3 Months)
Pediatric
364
Failure To Thrive
Pediatric
365
Short Stature
Pediatric
366
Murmur In The Newborn (<48 Hours)
Pediatric
367
Murmur In The Newborn Beyond Neonatal
Period
Pediatric
368
Preterm Infant Complications (<34 Weeks)
Pediatric
369
Preterm Infant Complications (34-36 Weeks)
Pediatric
370
Anemia By Mechanism
Pediatric
371
Anemia By MCV
Pediatric
372
Microcytic Anemia
Pediatric
373
Paediatric Infectious Skin Rash
Pediatric
374
Skin Lesion (Primary Skin)
Pediatric
375
Skin Lesion (Secondary Skin)
Pediatric
376
Rash (Eczematous)
Pediatric
377
Rash (Papulosquamous)
Pediatric
378
Rash (Vesiculobullous)
Pediatric
379
Rash (Pustular)
Pediatric
380
Rash (Reactive)
Pediatric
381
Proteinuria
Pediatric
382
Hematuria
Pediatric
383
Acute Renal Failure
Pediatric
384
Chronic Kidney Disease
Pediatric
385
Edema
386
Pediatric
Dysuria
Pediatric
387
Increased Urinary Frequency
Pediatric
388
Scrotal Mass
Pediatric
389
Lymphadenopathy
Pediatric
390
Otalgia (Earache)
Pediatric
391
Sore Throat/Sore Mouth
Pediatric
392
General Presentations
Fatigue����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 395
Acute Fever�����������������������������������������������������������������������396
Fever of Unknown Origin / Chronic Fever� 397
Hypothermia���������������������������������������������������������������������398
Sore Throat / Rhinorrhea����������������������������������������399
General Presentations
393
Historical Editors Student Editors
Dr. Heather Baxter Adrianna Woolsey
Dr. Harvey Rabin Fatima Pirani
Dr. Ian Wishart
Brittany Weaver Senior Editor
Geoff Lampard Dr. Monique Munro
Harinee Surendra
Kathy Truong Faculty Editor
General Presentations
Dr. Sylvain Coderre
394
Fatigue
FATIGUE
Fatigue
Endocrine Metabolic
Infectious Non-‐infectious
General Presentations
• Coronavirus malignant
• HIV syndrome
• HIV • Fungal
• EBV • Protozoa
(eg.
Organ
Specific
Non-‐organ
specific • CMV malaria)
Infection • other
parasites
• Viral
hepatitis
• Infectious
•Brucellosis
• Enterovirus
endocarditis • Q-‐fever
• Osteomyelitis • Salmonella
• Occult
abscess • Yersinia
• Sinusitis • Tuleremia
• Cholangitis • Septic
Phlebitis
• UTI • Rheumatic
fever
• Meningitis • Lyme
disease
• TB
397 • Whipple’s
disease
Hypothermia
HYPOTHERMIA
Hypothermia
• Immersion
• Non-‐Immersion
General Presentations
Lack
of
Body
Heat
Improper
Body
Heat
Loss Other
Generation Thermoregulation
• Drugs/Toxins • Hypothyroidism • Cerebrovascular
Accident • Trauma
• Iatrogenic • Adrenal
Insufficiency • Central
Nervous
System
• Sepsis
• Burns • Hypoglycemia Trauma • Vascular
Insufficiency
• Malnutrition • Multiple
Sclerosis • Uremia
• Drugs/Toxins
398
Sore Throat / Rhinorrhea
SORE
THROAT
/
RHINORRHEA
401
Scheme Creators
Students Faculty
M. Abouassaly V. Lekhi K. Burak A. Peets
A. Aristarkhova S. Lipkewich D. Burback G. Pineo
M. Broniewska C. Lu K. Busche M-C. Poon
P. Chen L. Luft S. Casha H. Rabin
M. Chow A. Lys M. Clark T. Remington
R. Cormack D. McDougall S. Coderre B. Ruether
P. Davis B. McLane M. Doran A. Smithee
L. Duke J. McMann P. Federico O. Suchowersky
J. Evinu J. Nadeau K. Fraser P. Veale
A. Geist B. Poulin S. Furtado B. Walley
F. Girgis V. Prajapati N. Hagen L. Welikovitch
A. Hicks N. Ramji J. Huang R.C. Woodman
J. Hodges K. Sahi N. Jette L. Zanussi
G. Ibrahim R. Schachar A. Jones
C. Johannes P. Schneider G. Klein
D. Joo R. Simms S. Kraft Missing a credit?
S. Khan A. Skinn A. Mahalingham If you are the creator of a
L. Kimmet U. Unligil H. Mandin scheme currently used in
M. Klassen C. Verenka J. Mannerfeldt the Blackbook and believe
J. Lawrence H. Waymouth K. McLaughlin you have not been credited
J. Laxton P. Zareba D. Miller appropriately, please
K. Leifso K. Swicker L. Parsons contact us at
J. McCormick V. David D. Patry blackbk@ucalgary.ca
402
Abbreviations
AAA Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm DKA Diabetic Ketoacidosis
ACE Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme DRE Digital Rectal Exam
ACTH Adrenocorticotropic Hormone DVT Deep Vein Thrombosis
ADPKD Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease EABV Effective Arterial Blood Volume
ADH Antidiuretic Hormone ECF Extracellular Fluid
AIN Acute Interstitial Nephritis ENaC Epithelial Sodium Channel
ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis FEV1 Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second
ARB Angiotensin Receptor Blocker FJN Familial Juvenile Nephronophthisis
ARF Acute Renal Faliure FSGS Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
ARPKD Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone
BPH Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy FVC Forced Vital Capacity
CCD Cortical Collecting Duct GBM Glomerular Basement Membrane
CHF Congestive Heart Failure GERD Gastrointestinal Esophageal Reflux Disease
CIN Chronic Interstitial Nephritis GFR Glomerular Filtration Rate
CLL Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia GHRH Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
CNS Central Nervous System GH Growth Hormone
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease GI Gastrointestinal
CRF Chronic Renal Failure GN Glomerulonephritis
CRH Corticotrophic Releasing Hormone GnRH Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
CT Computed Tomography GPA Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
DCIS Ductal Carcinoma In Situ GRA Glucocorticoid
DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone GTN Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasm
DHEA-S Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate H+ Hydrogen
DIC Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation HCG Human Chorionic Gonadatropin
403
HDL High Density Lipoprotein LPL Lipoprotein Lipase
HELLP Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Low Platelets MCD Minimal Change Disease
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus MCH Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
HPL-1a Human Peripheral Lung Epithelial Cell Line 1a MCHC Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
HRT Hormone Replacement Therapy MCV Mean Corpuscular Volume
HSP Henoch-Schönlein Purpura MEN Multiple Endocrine Neoplasma
HSV Herpes Simplex Virus MI Myocardian Infarction
HUS Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome MPA Microscopic Polyangiitis
IBD Irritable Bowel Disease MPGN Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
IBS Irritable Bowel Syndrome MS Multiple Sclerosis
ICP Increased Intracranial Pressure MSK Musculoskeletal
ICU Intensive Care Unit Na+ Sodium
IGF Insulin-like Growth Factor NSAIDs Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatories
INR International Normalized Ratio OCP Oral Contraceptive Pill
ITP Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura OSM Osmolality
IUGR Intrauterine Growth Restriction PE Pulmonary Embolism
IV Intravenous PID Pelvic Inflamatory Disease
IVP Intravenous Pyelogram PMN Polymorphic Neutrophils
JVP Jugular Venous Pyelogram POSM Plasma Osmolality
K+ Potassium PPROM Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes
KUB Kidney, Ureter, Bladder PROM Premature Rupture of Membranes
LCIS Lobular Carcinoma In Situ PT Prothrombin Time
LDL Low Density Lipoprotein PTH Parathyroid Hormone
LGA Large for Gestational Age PTT Partial Thromboplastin Time
LH Luteinizing Hormone PUD Peptic Ulcer Disease
LLN Lower Limit of Normal PUJ Pelviureteric Junction
LOC Level of Consciousness RAPD Right Afferent Pupillary Defect
404
RAS Renal Artery Stenosis
RBC Red Blood Cell
RTA Renal Tubular Acidosis
SGA Small for Gestational Age
SLE Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
TORCH Toxoplasmosis, Other (Hepatitis B, Syphilis,
Varicella-Zoster virus, HIV, Parvovirus B19), Rubella,
Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex Virus
TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
TSHR Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor
TTKG Transtubular Potassium Gradient
TTP Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
UTI Urinary Tract Infection
US Ultrasound
VACTERL Vertebral Anomalies, Anal Atresia, Cardiovascular
Anomalies, Tracheoesophageal Fistula, Esphageal
Atresia, Renal Anomalies, Limb Anomalies
VSD Ventricular Septal Defect
VUJ Vesicoureteral Junction
405
Notes