~3IAO TRINH

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50 GIAO Due
. VA BAO TAO
. HA NOI
.
TSKT. LUll QUANG HUY

GIAoTRiNH
'}

CO SO CAD/CAM
TRONG THIET KE vA CHE TAO •
(PHAN 1)
(Dung trong cac tnti'mg THeN)

NHA XUAT BAN HA N<!I - 2005

 ,
Liri gil'li thi~u

ude ta dang buclc vdo thiti leY cong nghi¢p hoa, hi¢n
N dgi hoa nhdm dU'a Vi¢t Nam tro thdnh nuae cong
nghi¢p viin minh, hi¢n d(li.
Trang slf nghi¢p each mgng to Ian d6, cong uk diw lflo
nhdn ll/c lu6n gifi va; lro quan trQng. Bao cao Chinh trt cua
Ban Chap hdnh Trung uang Ddng C¢ng san Vi¢t Nam tt;li
Dgi hQi Dang toan quo'c 16n thu IX dfi chi r6: "Phat triiin
giao dlJC va daD t<:,-o Iil m¢t trong nhung d¢ng h;rc quan tr9ng
thue dAy sv nghi¢p cong nghi¢p hoa, hi¢n dfli hoa, 1a dieu
ki¢n d~ phat tri~n ngu6n life can nguCri. - yeu t6 cO ban d~
te
phat trien xii h¢i, tang twong kinh nhanh va ben vfrng".
Quan tri¢t chit truong, Nghf quyet eua Dang va Nhil nuae
va nh{in thue dung ddn vi' td'm quan lr9ng cua chuang trinh,
giao trinh d(Ji vai vi¢c nang cao cha't lut;tng dao tgo, thea de'
nghi cua Sa Giaa d~c va DaD tao Ha N(ii, ngay 231912003,
Uy ban nhdn dan thanh pM' Ha N(ii dti ra Quyet dinh s6'
56201QD-UB cho phep Sa Gido d~c va DaD tao th(1c hitn de'
an bien soC}n chuang trinh, giao trinh trong cdc truang Trung
h9c chuyen nghieP (THeN) Ha N(ii, Quyet dinh nay thi!' hien
S(1 quan tam sau sac cua Thanh uy, UBND thanh phd Trang
vi¢c nang caD chd't lUQ11g dao tel-O va phdt triln ngu6'n nhdn
l(1c Thu d6,
rren cd sa chrtong trinh khung eua B¢ Gido dl:lC va Dao
tgo ban hi'mh va nhitng kinh nghi¢m rut ra til th¥c te'dew 190,
So-Ghio d{lC va Dda tgo dii chi deJo cae mtang THeN to' chile
bien sagn chuong trinh, giaa trinh m¢t each khoa hQc, h¢

3
 thong va c(zp nh(zt nhilng kierl thuc thlfc tien phtt h(/p vCli d(li
tuqng hrc sinh THCN Ha N(Ji,
B9 gMo trlnh nay la tai li¢u giang dq.y va hgc UJp trong
cae truimg THeN aHa N(Ji, dong thin' Ia tai li¢u tham khdo
hilu feh eho cae truCrng co dao tq.o cac nganh kJ thuqt - nghi?p
v~ va d6ng ddo bc;n dgc quan tam den van de' huong nghi?p,
dC;y nghe'. -
Vi¢e to' chue bien soq.n bQ chu(Jng trinh, giao trinh nay
la mQt trong nhie'u hmp dQng thie't thlfc eua nganh giao d~e
va dao t«o Thli do de' ky ni¢m "50 nam gidi phong Thli do ",
"50 nam thanh l(zp nganh" va huitng titi ky ni¢m "1000 nam
Thiing Long - Ha Nili".
SiJGiao dlfC va Dao tq.o Ha N(Ji chan thanh cam 071 Thanh
uy, VBND, cae So', ban, nganh eua Thanh pho: V~l Giao dlfC
ehuyen nghi¢p B(J Giao d/fc va Dao tc;o, eac nha khoa hqc, cac
ehuyen gia dau ngcmh, cac gidng vien, cac nha qudn ly, cae
nha doanh nghi¢p dii tq.o die'u ki¢n giup do, dong gop y kie'n,
tham gia H(Ji dong phdn bi¢n, HQl do'ng thii'm d{nh va H(Ji
dong nghi¢m thu cac chU071g trlnh, glaD trinh,
Day ld Ian ddu tien So Giao d/fc va Dao t(1o Ha Nili to'
ehuc bien soq.n chuang trinh, giao trlnh, Dil dri he't sUe cO'
gclng nhung ehac chan khong tranh khoi thi{u sot, btl! c(1p.
Chung toi mong nhqn duqc nhung y kien dong gop cua bq.n
dgc dt timg bu(Jc hoan thi¢n b(J giao trinh trong cac Ian tal
ban sau.

GlAM D6e s6 GlAD Due vA DAD TAO

4
 gay nay CfJng ngh¢ thong tin dil dU(JC ung dl;!ng ri/t hi¢u qud frong
N m9i lTnh vife, dge hi¢t la trong cae llnh vlfe {(fO ra cua cai v¢t chat
chn xii h(!i, diC'n ht'nh nha't fa khu vlfe san xuat cong nghi¢p vai Ttl't nhie'u
nganh do d«ng. Cong ngh¢ thrJng tin da nhanh chong chuyin d6; die qua trinh
san xua! kilu tTuyt'n thong (v6'i SI! tham gia eua con nglla'i la chii yeu) sang
cae qua trinh san xuilt vai cong ngh¢ cao (v6i slf trq giup vb cung hi¢U qua
eiia may lfnh). Nhil do cac giai dot(m thief kt va che' (<<0 dUt;fc lUng bUdC tLf
drng !loa [lIng phan ho(zc tl! d('mg hoa hoem loan, nhilcac ht! tho'ng CAD/CAM
(thief ke'va chi'tq.o vai s/f frq giup cuo may linh).
NuiJc ta dang trong qua trlnh cong nghi¢p hoa viti to'c d¢ ngay ding
nhanh hon frong nhiing nam tO'i ddy. Cae vifn nghien CUll va thiet ke: cae xi
nghi¢p san xuat deu huang tui nghien cUu ung dl.mg cac h¢ thong CAD/CAM
viti cac mue dQ khae nhau (mire d¢ ti/i thilu Iii thiet klditng CAD), nham nang
eao hi¢U qua san xua't, tang khd nang cq,nh tranh eua doanh nghi¢p len ra't
nhie'u. Trong xu the'tat yell do, vai tro eua [[nil Vl!C dao t(jO IiJ rat quan tr(lng,
nham giup eho nguO'i hge co khd nang nhanh chong dap ung ve' m(it cong vi¢e
khi thlfc hi¢n cac nhi¢m vlj ky thu(Jt Clj the'.
Giao trinh nay duqc bien soq,n truoe het nham phljc vij. eho dao t<IO 0- h¢
THCN vi' ky thu(Jt, dong thiti phljc Vlj eho dao t<IO J b4c Cao ddng va Dt;li
h9C nganh SU pht;lm ky thu4t. Cac sinh vitn b¢e dt;li h9c cae nganh ky thu(it
ciIng co till tham khao giao trinh nay khi h9C AutoCAD, vI phd'n nay nam
trong muc d9 kiln thuc quy dinh eua khung chuang trinh ve ve ky thu(it J cac
truO'ng nay.
Ciao trinh (Phiin 1) gom hai phan:

5
 + Phtln A: Co sa CAD/CAM
+ Phdn B: Lam vi¢c viii AutoCAD
N f)i dung eua giao frlnh dUf!C lac gid bien sogn {ren co sa cae bai gidng
dung trong c6ng tac gidng dqy nhie'u niim tqi Truitng THBe - Kj thuqt tin h(J-c
Hii Noi (EST/H), t~i khoa Su ph~m kj thudt truang Dai h9c Su ph~m Hii Nai.
rae gid xin chan thanh cam an cac dong nghi¢p ({Ii hai (ruang noi tTen dil
giup diJ rat nhie'u dll hoem thiinh giao trinh nay.
Ciao trinh duqc in ldn dau, nen ch&c chan con co nhieu sai sot hoijc din
phdi hoan thi¢n han. M9i y kietl·d6ng gop xin dUQ'c gUi wt hai dia ehl eua hai
tnrO'ng noi (ren. Tae gid xin chan thanh cam an.

TAc mA

6
 Ph~n A - Chuang 1
,
COSO CAD/CAM

• Ml,JC tieu
+ HiE!U dL1<;lc Sl,f khac nhau VEl d~c trLlng ella cae qua trlnh thiet ke che t;;lo kj~u
truyen thong va qua trlnh thief ke che t<;lO vdi cong ngh~ caD. Qua d6 thay dLt<;lC vai tro
quyet dinh ella 51,! tr<;1 giup ella may tfnh tron9 san xuat hj~n d~i.
+ HiE!u dL1<;1c val tro ella h~ thong CAD/CAM trong chu trJnh san ph,§rn. Trang chu
trinh d6, cae phan ffiem CAD d6ng val tro ti€tn phong trong tl,! d909 haa thiet ke. Cae
phan mem CAD co d~c trtJng chung th~ hi~n qua CaG ma dun trong d6.
+ HiE!u dlf<;lC 1'1 thuyet Cd ban ve xay dl.,fng me hinh hinh hQc troog CAD. 86 la cd sa
quan tn;mg ella do ho.;. may tfnh, d~ co the ve va thiet ke tren may tinh nho xay dl,fng
CaG rna hlnh khung day, me hlnh be m~t va ma hinh kh6i d~c.
+ C6 khai ni~m t6ng quat ve h~ thong CAM va moi quan h~ CAD/CAM veti tv d¢ng
hoa SEln xuat.
• NQi dung tom tat
+ SV trl;! giup cua may tfnh trong qua trlnh thiet ke va che t~o san pham.
+ CAD - Thiet ke vCli sLf trQ giup clla may tfnh.
+ Phfin cCfng CAD.
+ Xay dlfng ma hinh hlnh hQc trong CAD.
+ CAM - Moi quan M CAD/CAM va tl! d¢ng hoa san xuat.

7
 I. SI,JTR<) GUlP CVA MAy TiNH TRONG QuA TRINH THIET KE
VA CHE T~O SAN PH AM

1. Qua trinh thiet kevil chet~o dE! t~o ra s'," ph 11m

Y ludng Thi/l ke'

Nhuca'u .... cua nhiz .... Thief ke'
thi frtlrmg
thiet ke'
• p ham
san ~
-- Chllqo fhu
(che'thu)
h¢ thling
1- san XUGt
(TKQTCN
f-. Che'tqo
(san xua!)

SUa d6i thiet M'

Nh{lp kilO Kie'm fra

Kie"m Ira
__I Lap 'ap 1-
A

va ;+- chat lutIng cluff IUr;ttlg

xuii! xuling cac chi tief

Hlnh J.1: So do' qud trinh [hili hi' - che'tgo san phdm

2. Qua trinh thiet ke-che t~o kiE!u truyen thong

Hall het ca.c cong vi¢c co him do con ngmJi tr!!e tiep thl!c hi¢n nhu:
- Thu th~p cae thong tin ve san phAm.
- Ph<k ho~ cae y luang - Pharr tich, Iva chQn y Wang hay.
- Thiel k€ tdng the, sau d6 thief k€ chi tiel cho san pham.
- Che t~o thit (che thit).
+ Ch€ thir mau bang v~t li~u dan gian.
+ Ch€ thl'r mall bang vi}t li~u thl!c.

Tren co sa mAu dii duqc che thu, phai tien h~mh vi¢c pharr rich va dauh
gia mau, Hi co sa cho vi¢c sua chua thiet k€. Thi€t k€ da duQ'c sUa chua l<;ti
duQ'c dua vao qua trlnh che t~o thu... Qua trinh nhu v~y nham ch€ t~o duqc san
ph~m phil hqp nha't d6i voi nhu cau nguoi sir d~ng sao phAm sau nay.

8
 - Che tao (san xuat)
~ Ki~m tra chat lugng
- Lap ni.p
- Dong, goi
• Dijc di(i'm:
- Hau het cae giai do<;tn deu do con nguai tfl!C tiep thl!c hi¢n.
- Qua tdnh thiet ke - che thu keo dai, kho d~t duqc phuong an thiet ke
toi uu.
- Qua tdnh che t<;to keo dai V~ thOi gian, phai sir dl,mg nhi~u thiet bi, nang
suat thap.
- D9 chfnh X,lc thiet ke va che t<;to thap, kh6 d<;tt dugc d¢ chfnh xac cao.
- Dau tu ban dau kh6ng qua Ian. Chi phi cho baa duang va duy trl khOng cao.
3. Qua lrinh lhiel ke· che l~o vBi cong ngh~ cao
Qua tdnh thiet k€ - ch€ t<;lo vai cong ngh¢ cao thl!c chat la dung may tinh
de: trg giup con nguai trang hau het cac bu6'c (giai do~o) quan trQog cua qua
tdnh thiet ke - che t<;lo san pham.
Nhu v~y, a day xuat hi¢n vai tro quan trQng cua SI! tn; giup cua may tinh
(Computer Aid - CA) trang thiet ke - che t<;lO.
Qua tdnh thiet ke - che t<;lO v6i c6ng ngh¢ cao lien quan den cac Hnh vl!c
sau day:
• CAD (Computer Aided Design): Thief kt co sf! trf! giup CUG may t[nh.
Ml,lc tieu cua Hoh vl!c CAD ht Tl! d¢ng hoa tUng bu6c, tien Wi tlJ dQng
hoa cao trang thiet ke san pham.
• CAE (Computer Aided Engineering): Ky thw,lt ma ht'nh hoa va tgo mau
Ilhanh (Rapid Prototyping - RP) trang thiet ke - che thit san phllm.
Ml,lc tieu eua nnh vve CAE Hl: TV d¢og hoa ehu tdnh thiet ke - che thu
san pham.
• CAPP (hoac CAP) (Computer Aided Process Planning ho~c Computer

9
Aided Planning): Kl }wgeh hoa san xudt e6 slf trq giup eua may tinh.
M~c tieu cua finh vgc CAPP la: Tu di)ng hoa tung phAn cong tac qulin ly
sfm xuat tren m~ng may Hnh c6ng ty.
~ CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing): Che'tgo (san xudr) eo sl! trq
giup ella may rinll.
Ml;lc tieu cua llnh vl!c CAM 180: Mo ph6ng qua tdnh eh€ t~o, l~p tdnh ch€
t<J.o san phfun tren cac may cong CI;l t1! d¢ng CNC (Computer Numerical Control
- dieu khi~n s6 dung may tinh).
T6ng quAt han, c6 the dung khai niem v6 he thong CAD/CAM;
CAD/CAE/CAM; CAD/CAPP/CAM.
• CAQ (Computer Aided Quality Control): Kiem Ira chat IUf/ng san phdm
co sf! trq giup ella may tinh.
Ml,lc tieu clla linh vl!c CAQ 180: Tl! d¢ng hoa va nang cao d¢ chinh xac
ki~m tra chat luqng san phAm.
• CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing): Che'l«o (san xuat) rich hr;tp
nhi! may rinh.
M~c tieu cua linh vuc CIM lao Lien ket toan bi) CAD, CAM, CAPP vao
mqt qua trinh hoan to~l.fi duqc quan Iy, giam sat va dieu khi~n btmg may tinh.
• CNC (Computer Numerical Control): Dieu khie"n so dung may tinh, d6
dieu khh~n tt! d¢ng cac may trong h~ thong san xuat.

II. CAD· TRIET KE VOl SVTRO GIUP CVA MAy TfNH

1. CAD/CAM trong cong nghi~p

Cong ngh e CAD/CAM trong cong nghieP hien nay duqc iIng d~ng ngay
cang hi~u qua tmng eae nganh thu¢e eong nghi~p nh y cG.ng nhu cae nganh
thuoc cong nghiep nang.

10
 • Trong eong nghi¢p nh~: Cong ngh¢ CAD/CAM rlit hi¢u qua trong ngimh
da giay (sao xuat giay dep... ), ngzmh d~t, san xuat hang lieu dung thong
thuang (thuae danh rang, my pham ... ), san xulit thue pham (bia, nu6e ngQt,
thue pham dong h¢p... ).
• Trong e6ng nghi¢p nang: C6ng ngh¢ CAD/CAM dae bi¢t quan trQng
trong che 1<;\0 co khf n6i chung, che t<:10 may d¢og h,rc, che t<;lo phuong ti¢n giao
thong (xe may, 616, may bay...), che t'.10 khi clJ. di¢n, ch€ t<.t0 may di¢n (d¢og
co di¢n, may bien ap... ), che t'.10 trang thiet bi di~n tU ...
Nhu du phat trien CAD/CAM la rat bue xuc trang cong nghi~p n~ng b
nucre ta hi¢n nay.

2. Chu Irlnh san phii'm va val Ira h~ Ihong CAD/CAM

51! can thief ella khach hang va nhu CclU thi truang d6i voi san ph~m da.n
den nhu can thiet k€ san phArn.
Qua frinh thief ki"lu6n kem theo qua trinh tdng hap va phan tfeh de tai uu
hoa thiet ke. Cae qua trloh t60g hqp va philo tich co vai lro quan trQog nha
nhau. Hi¢n nay thuang dung may tfnh M phan tfeh va tdng hap khi thiet ke.
Qua trinh chi'tflO 13. qua tdoh rat phuc t<:tP, g6m nhh~u cong vi¢c c6 tinh
ky thu~t rat r6 net nhu: quy ho<;tch qua tdnh c6ng ngh~, thiet ke che t<;to cae
trang bi c6ng nghe, eung ling vat tu, laP trinh NC-CNC-DNC, ehe t~o (san
xuat), ki€m tra·chat Im;mg, d6ng g6i.
Cung cap san phdm cho thi truong Hl qua trlnh d~e trung hoi tfnh thuang
m<;ti rat r6 net.

11
 Th! twang

Nhu cilu thiet ke

LlJa chQn cae th6ng tin thi~t ke va nghien ClIu khi thi

Ytuang thiet ke [I Qua trinh thiet kel

i~'"~, '"" I
M6 hlnh hoa va rna phOng thiet ke

Thier ke chi tiet

II
PhAn rich va toi uu hOa thi€t k€

Danh gici. thiet ke

y
Xily dJ!Ilg tai li¢u thiet k€ va truy~n d~t thong tin thiet ke l
.... .' ,.
.............

i ,
Thiet k€ qua trlnh c6ng ngM [

Thiet k€ ch€ t<:l-0 cac trang b~ cang ngh¢ I ·1 Qua trlnh che t<;l

I Cung Ling v!.H tu

y I
L'p trinh NC, CNC, DNC
M6 phOng gia c6ng - ki~rn tra chuang trinh I ~Qua trlnh CAM I
CM t~o (san xuat) I
I ,
I Kie:rn tra chat IUQ'llg I
I Dong goi I
Hinh 1.2:
1 Nh~p kho - giao hang I
Sad6 chu
I Thj twang I Irinh san
"
pham

12
 Qua trinh Slr d~ng san ph~m l~i nay sinh Sf! can thilt khae ella khaeh hang
va nhu eau mid eua thi tntang d6i vai san ph~m, dan den nhu cau mai trong
thiet ke san phAm.
Va nhu v~y, da hlnh thanh m¢t ehu trinh san pha'm. Chu trlnh san ph~m
th~ hi¢n ct;! the hem trong sa do hlnh 1.2.
Sa do chu trinh san phAm cho thay vai tro cua h¢ thong CAD/CAM la
quan trQng nhat, quyet dinh hi¢u qua eua qua trinh thiet ke va che t~o san
phim.
Trang h¢ thong CAD/CAM, qua trlnh CAD dong vai tro ca sa, t~o tien de
ky thu~t cho qua trinh CAM tiep sau.
3. Mi?t so ph~n mem CAD vii CAD/CAM hi~n nay
a. M¢t so' phan me'm dung elzo kien true, xdy df!ng, giao thong w,in tai
• LARSA (hang Innovative Analisys Incorporated): Dung cho tinh toan
cac ket cau phang va khong gian.
o STRASAPMAXIM (hang General Product Incorporation): Dung cho tinh
toan cac ket cau xay d'!llg IOn va phuc t~p (theo phuong phap phan tit hUU h~n)
• SSCAD (hang Space Structure Internation Corporation - My): DiIng cho
tinh toan ket cau, toi l1U hoa thiet ke va tinh toan thi congo
o CHACVITE (hang Le monsieur Consultant - Phip): La phan mem rat
m~nh, co den 100 chuang trlnh ve thiet ke, Hnh toan, ve; eo khi nang quet
tnlc tiep tit ban ve.
AUSTIN (hang Automated Structural Design Integrated System - Nh"t):
o
Chuyen dung cho thiet ke tlnh toan nha cao tang.
• SAP (Structural Analisys Programs - My): Dung cho tlnh toan thiet k€
xay d'!llg (dung phuong phip ph:ln tit hUU h~n).
o BILD (Building Design System - Han qu6c): Dung cho tfnh toan thiet ke
xay dl;1ng, kien truc (ung dt;!ng cong ngh¢ trt tu¢ nhm t~o).
b. M(Jt so' phan me'm CAD dung eho co khi ehl tgo, san xud't c6ng nghi¢p
• AutoCAD (hang AutoDesk - My, la m¢t trang cac hang dan dau ve CAD,
ra di1i 1970): Dung cho thiet ke cO khi. xay d~ng. kien truc, di~n, di~n tif.
o UNIGRAPHICS (Duc): Rat manh trong thiet ke, tinh toan cO khi che t~o

13
 • SOLIDWORK: R~t m~nh trong thi€t k€, tfnh lOan cO khf eM t~o (va xfiy
d\lng).
• CIMATRON (NMt - Israel): Tfch hgp lien hoan CAD/CAM/CNC eho
co khi che t~o.
• Master CAM (My): Tieh hgp lien hom CAD/CAM/CNC eho co khf eM t~o.
• DENFORD (Anh): Giai phap CAD/CAM - CNC tron g6i.
4. Cae yeu eau eel bim do; va; mC}t phan mem CAD
M¢l phArr mem CAD naa d6, muon dap ling duqc nhu d.ll thi truang din
d<;l-t dugc cae yeu d.ll co bim sau:
• C6 the' chq,y duoi h¢ die'u himh. lieu chua'n mgnh va de sit d1!ng: D~ t<;10
dieu ki¢n thu~n lqi cho d~lO t<;1o oharr vien, t':\O co 56 thu~n lqi hcm cho phat
trien phArr mem lrong nllae.
• Co kiifu giao di¢n nguoi dung tot: T':!o dieu ki¢n thll~n lqi d6i v6i nguOi
mai su dl;log ho~c da co kinh nghi¢rn d6i v6'i cae giao di¢n quen thuQc khac.
Vi dt): H¢ thong Menu gAo gai, quen thuQc, thu~n lqi cho nhieu d6i tugng
nguai dung. Dong thoi h¢ thong khong Menu (dung cae nut bi6u tUQ'og) l<;1i rAt
thu~n lqi cho nhung nguoi su dt)og thuang xuyen. Hi¢n da co phan mem CAD
cho phep nguoi sir dlJ-ng t~o ra cac Menu rieng clla h9.
• Ngon ngii dan gidn, ngii phap tlf nhien:
- Ngon ngO' dan gHm, ngu philp tl,l nhien se de: dao t~o, de h9C.
- Nguoi sir dlJ-ng de t~p trung vao van de dang d.n giai quyet tren ma.y.
- Cho phep nguoi sir dlJ-ng lam l<;li cac l~nh co sai sot (undo)
• Co tai li¢u huang ddn m¢t each khoa h9c, hqp Iy, de hilu
• Co tinh linh hOt;lt: D~ de dang chuy~n d6i cac chue nang ve ho~c che
d¢ ve.
Ch~ng h~n chuy~n tu ch€ d¢ ve 2D sang ch€ d¢ ve 3D ho~c nguQ'c l~i,
chuy~n che d¢ ve thee rno hlnh· khung dAy sang ve thee mo hlnh be m~t, mo
hlnh khai d~c ho~c ngllQ'c l~i.
• Co tinh bin viing:
Cac d6i tllQ'llg ve khong b~ thay d6i ho~c mat di m¢t
cach de dang do cac yeu to khac.
• Cb tinh dan gidn: De hi~u, de sir dl;log cho nhieu d6i tugng: ky Sll (ca

14
khi, xay dl!ng), kien truc SU, nhAn vien kg thu~t...

• C6 tinh kinh tif' Dam baa h<;l thap chi phi cua nguai dung cho vi¢c mlia,
cai di\it, sir dl;lng ...
5. Cae mo dun eua ph;;n mem CAD
Hi~n co nhieu phan mem CAD khac nhau, rn6i phan mem co di~m m<;lnh
va di\ic thli rieng. Nhung cac phan mem CAD deu co cAu truc chung va g6m
cac mo dun co ban sau:
1. M6 dun h¢ die'u hanh (OS - Operating System):
• M6 dun nay cung cap chlic nang:
- V~n himh cae t¢p (file): delete. copy, rename .. ,
- Quan 19 d.c thu ml;lC (directory) khi dung b¢ sO<;ln thao van ban (text
editor).
- L~p trinh va tinh toan thong thuong.
• Cae t¢p (File) do mo dun OS t<;lo ra co hai lo<;\i:
- Cae t¢p van ban (text file).
- Cae tep d6 hoa (graphic file).
2. M6 dun do h09 (Graphics)
Mo dun nay cung cAp cac chlic nang:
- Thl!c hi¢n vi¢c mo hlnh hoa hlnh hqe va xAy dVng hlnh hqc.
- Sua chua, bien d6i cac hlnh dii co.
- Xay dJ!11g co sa da li¢u ve hlnh hqc.
3. M6 dun Ung d¥ng (Applications)
M6i phan mem deu co mo dun ling dl:mg nham d~t duQ'c nhung m~c tieu
ilng d~ng e~ th€:
Phan mem CAD diIng cho co khi va san xuat c6ng nghi¢p co mo dun ling
dl;lng cung cap cac chilc nang sau:
- Tinh toan cac d~c tinh hang 10~t cua san phfun.
- Phftn tfeh vi¢e l~p rap.
- Phftn tfeh cae dung sal l~p ghep.
- M6 hlnh hoa va phftn tfeh ph~n tit hilu han.

15
 - Mo phong va pha.n tfeh qua trlnh gia cong.
- Ky thu~t hlnh anh d¢ng.
4. M6 dun ltip trinh (Programming)
M6 dun nay cung cAp ngon ngii l~p trlnh tieu ehu<ln va ngon ngii l~p trlnh
phl,l thu¢e h¢ thong.
- Ng6n ngii l~p trlnh tieu chuftn: Dung cho tinh toan va phan tfeh.
- Ngon ngu l~p trlnh phl,l thu¢e h¢ thong: Dung cho cae ml,lc dieh do ho'.1
(vi du cae ng6n ngil VARPR02, DAL, GRIP .. ).
5. Mo dun truyen thong (Communications)
Mo dun nay cung cAp ehuc nang truyen thong va lien ket giua h~ thong
CAD/CAM, cae h~ thong may tinh khae voi cac h¢ thong may cong Cl,l trong
h~ thong san xuat.
Mo dun nay con chia se ca so dii li¢u CAD va cO sa
du li~u CAM giiia
cac ca sa
san xuAt trong cong ty, t'.1onen hi~u qua cao trang san xuAt.
5. LC;Si ieh ella CAD
SU dl,lng CAD c6 nhieu Iqi feh, ditn hlnh la cac lqi feh sau day:
- Nang cao rat nhieu nang suAt ve va thiet ke.
- Rut ngan rat nhieu thai gian k~ tii' khi nh~n dan d~t hang den khi giao
san ph<1m.
- Cho phep phtln tfeh, .thiet ke mOt cach cl,l th~ va hi~u qua han.
- Ghim nit nhieu sai s6t trong thiet ke.
- Cae tinh toan thiet ke d~t d¢ ehinh xac cao han.
- De dang tieu chuftn hoa trong cong tac thiet ke.
- Ban ve r6 rang, d~p, de dQC va de hi~u .
• Nhanh chong ehuyen d6i cae thn t~e thiet ke.
- Dem l'.1i nhieu lqi fch trong che t'.10 nhu: Thiet k€ do ga, dl;lllg clJ va
khu6n milu, Hip tclnh NC va CNC, l~p guy tdnh e6ng ngh~ Mng may tinh, l~p
keho'.1ch tay may va nguai may, l~p cong ngh¢ nh6m va cong ngh~ ditn hlnh.
III. PRAN CUNG CAD
1. Cae ki<lu h~ thong CAD (ph;;n la~i thea philn cling)

16
 1.1. H~ Ihong Iren cr1 so may !fnh Ion (Mainframe. Based)
He thong CAD nay (hlnh 1.3) xuat hi~n khi may tlnh Ian la dang duy nhilt
c6 mat tren thi tnrang (nhilng nam 60 the ky XX).
• D{ic dil'm:
- Phil hgp v6i dieu ki~n can rich hqp d.c vuog cong tac v6i may tinh Ian
da co trang cong ty.
- Nguoi Slr dl,lng thuang bi giam nang h,rc t~p trung vao cong vi¢c eua hq.
- Nguai v~n hlmh h¢ thong CAD de b~ anh huemg boi 51.! bien d¢ng ngilu
nhien trang dong thong tin eua h¢ thong.
- Neu so' luqng viIng cong lac qua nhieu thi anh huang bien d¢ng ng<iu
nhien se caog Ian.

M6i truang ngUlJi dung M6i tnremg M thong

•
Vung cong tac 6 Dia
bang h~
tIT thong

C\lffi hien th~ Cl,lffi dieu

d6 h9a .. .. khi6n con tro

\~ van
Cl;lffi
van ban
MAYTiNH
L6N
I.----++--~ (Mainframe
computer)

Cae thier
I May in [ Mayve I~--------"
bi ngo~i vi
khac

Khu vl!c ngo~i vi

Hinh 1.3: H¢ thong tren co'samay tinh 1611

17
2.GTCS CAO-A
 1.2. H~ thong tren c<1 sa may tinh nhi> (Minicomputer - Based)
XuAt hi¢n tu nhfrng fiam 70 the ky xx, khi may tinh nho xuAt hi¢n nha
vi¢c phat trien nhung m~ch rfch hqp co Ian LSI va nil 16n VLSI (Very Large
Scale Integrated).
• D(ic die'm:
- Chi phi giam.
- Kha nang li;lp trioh tt! do (khong bj nhieu IO<;lo chung).
- Kich thuac nhb gQn.
Ciu hloh h~ thong tren co so may tinh nho tUO'ng tv cau hinh h¢ thong
tren cO so may tinh lan, nhung may tinh nho g90 han.
l.3. H~ thong tren co sa may vi Hoh (Microcomputer - Based)
May vi tfoh xuat hi¢n quang d~i boi Apple Computer dii co tac d¢ng ffi<;lnh
tai linh vl,fc CAD/CAM. 51! tien bi? vtrqt tr¢i ella may vi tinh d. ohArr (PC) ella
hang IBM dii 1<.1.0 dieu ki~n phat tTien nhieu ph~n mem CAD chi;lY lren Pc.
• Di!c die'm:
- D'.lt toe d¢ cao, kfch thuac nho g9n, dQ chinh xac cao.
- Nhieu chuang trinh ling dl;mg duqc giii quy€t tot tren h¢ thong nay.
1.4. H~ thong tren CO' so tr~m cong tac (Workstation - Based)
H~ th6ng tren co sa tr<:tm cong Hic duqc thi€t l~p vai cong ngh¢ cao cho
ca nha.n nguai dung.
• Dijc die'm:
- Khi nang san sang cao.
- Khi nang di chuy~n v~ tri linh ho~t.
- Khii nang d¢c l~p hoan toan v6i nhii'ng nguai dung khac.
- Hi~u suat cao, thai gian phan hoi ngan.
- Nang luc da d~ng (da nang).
- Khii nang de dang n6i m~ng v6i cac h~ th6ng khac.
H¢ thong tren co sa tqm cong tac la co sa cho d.c h¢ thong CAD/CAM
trong tuong lai.

18
2.GTCS CAD·B
 2. Cae lhi"l b! dau vila (Inpul)
2.1. Ban phirn do ho~ (Key board)
Ban phfrn do ho~ duqc thiet l~p tren co sa
ball phim Cei ban (dung cho so'!-n
thaa), nhung co them cae phfm chue nang rieng va c6 them chu¢1.
2.2. Bul quang di~n (Light pen)
But Quang di~n t:,to kha nang linh ho~t Iga' ChQll, djoh vi d.c d6i tuqng ve
tren man hlnh nha lay nguOi sir dl:mg tren man hloh wong taco
But Quang di¢n duQ'c dung ph6 bien lrang nhli'ng oam 60 va 70 the ky XX,
hi¢n nay it duqc dung.
2.3. Bang so hoa (Digitizing Tables) kern bUt dien (Stylus)
Sit dl:mg thea hloh tuqng: Dung but chi ve len to' giiy trang. Trang twang
hqp nay, dung but di¢n d~ vi: len bang 56 hoa. Nhb d6, de sii dl;l.og nhu thai
quen ve va viet tren giay.
Nguyen 19 thuang dung 18. dung sensor di¢n tir: Djch chuy6n ella cae thanh
phan xac d~nh vi tri cila but di~n se t':10 nen twang di¢n tu l¢ch pha va dugc
cae sensor tren be m<;lt bang thu nh~n.
Bang so hoa co 2 vung: Vung ve va vung vao Menu I~nh.

Ngoai lo~i bang dung sensor di¢n tir, con colo{li bang dung ky thu~t tuang
tlf (analog) va bang dung ky thu~t sieu am (acoustic).
2.4. Chu(>t (Mouse)
Duqe sang ehe cuoi nhfrng nam 60 the ky xx, den nay Ttlt ph6 bien do st!
ti¢n lqi trang su d~ng v6i d.c bi~u tuqng va cac menu keo xu6ng (pull down)
va keo len (pick up).
C6 hai ki~u chuQt: Chu¢t ca khi va chUQt quang hQc .
• ChuQt ca khi: Gam c6 1 h¢p, trang co 2 banh xe va can lan, m¢t bi cau
aday. Nhb d6, co th6 xae d!nh vj tri cila can tro thea cae to~ d¢ X, Y ella no .
• Chu¢t quang h9C: Sir d~ng ki6u ehu¢t nay bang cach di chuN len ban
ca,m quang.
2.5. Can g~t (Joystick), qua diu danh dau (Track ball)
2.6. May quet (Scanner)
May quet sir dVng st! phan X{l anh sang khi ehieu m¢t chum sang vao chfr

19
hay hinh anh d~ d9C chu hay hinh anh d6. Hinh dang va de) d~m nh~t cita
chum tia phan x~ duqc me)t be) cam bien quang h9C bien thanh tin hi¢u di~n,
qua cac be) ghep n6i bien d6i lUong tv - s6 (ADC), tin hi~u dUQc dua van com-
puter.
C6 2 d~ng may quet thuang dung:
• May quet dung be) d9C quang va tir quang.
• May quet dung be) d9C h6ng ngo~i va lade.
3. Cae thiet b! dau ra (Output)
3.1. Man hlnh do hoa (Graphic Display - Monilor)
Man hlnh d6 ho~ la thiet bi dau ra thu~n ti¢n va kinh te nhat.
T6 hqp man hinh va ban phim duqc g9i la thiet bi dau cuoi d6 ho~ (graph-
ic terminal) toi thi~u cua me)t phl'in cung CAD.
3.1.1. Mim hinh den trang
Ok phuong phap hi~n thi:
• Gng tia am c~c (CRT - Cathode Ray Tube) - dung milO hinh khang
ph&ng la chu yeu.
• Hien thi tinh the long (Liquid Cristal Display),
• Hi~n thi Laze (Laser Flat Panel Display).
• Hi~n thi Plasma (Plasma Panel Display).
• Hien thi lap mong (Thin Film LED Display) (LED - Light Emitlion
Diode): Dung diat phil quang.
3.1.2. Mim hinh mau
Phoi mim: Dung 3 mau co bim: do (R-red), xanh 10 (B-blue) va luc (G-green)
d~ phoi hqp t~o nen cuang de) mau, nghia la t~o ra cae mau sac khac nhau.
• Dung tin hi~u so (digital): C6 16 mau t6ng hqp (vi d~: dung card HC-
Hercttle Colour).
• Dung tin hi¢u so chuy~n d6i thanh tin hi¢u lUong tl!:
+ Co 64 mau (vi d~ dung card XGA - Extended Graphic Arrays).
+ Co 256 mau (vi d~ dung card VGA - Video Graphic Arrays; dung card
TIGA - Texas Instrument Graphic Architecture).

20
 3.2. May ve (Plotter)
May ve dung de; xnal cae hinh da dUQ'c ve (trtn may Hoh) fa giay thea
nguyen ly ve (plot). Thuang dung cae may ve co 4 but vOi 4 mim co bim: do
(R), xanh ]0 (B). Inc (0) va den. May vi! thuimg co hai lo~i:
• Loc;.i him ph&ng: Ban may thubng Dam ngang, tren d6 cho phep di;lt giay.
Dau ve mang cae but ill!!C khac nhau. Dati ve dugc dieu khi€n d~ c6 th~
chuytn d¢ng thea cae phuong ngang (X) va doc (Yl.
• LOCJi tang cu(Jn: May c6 tang cutin (can Ian) d~ cUQn giay trong qua
trlnh ve, nha do co the thay d6i dong. Dau ve chuy~n dting ngang thea dong.
Ket noi may ve voi computer dung c<Sng noi tiep kh6ng d6ng b¢ (COMl,
COM2).
3.3. May in
May in lit thiet bi xuat tin va lUll trft tin tren gHfy thea nguyen ly in (print).
3.3.1. May in co bq chit due san
Khi co l¢nh in, ffi¢t chiee bila nho g6 vao bang d~ chft de len gH(y va in
chfr len giay. Kieu may in nay de in chit, nhung kh6 in blnb, bo~t d¢ng gay
6n. Ngoai ra, khi cAn d6i ph6ng chit phai deli ca b¢ chii duc san nen kh6ng
ti~n 1qi.

3.3.2. May in ma trtJn dilm (in kim)

Nguyen 19 in rna tr~n diem tuang tl! nhu ve ehii (coi chit nbu la d6i tuqng
ve) va ve hlnh tren man hlnh. Oie net ve cua hlnh va cha duge t~o boi nhi6u
cham ml!c (b6 tri theo rna tr~n).
Kitu may nay co tht thay d6i phong chu de dang. cO tht in hlnh ve bat
kyo Tuy nhien may v~n hanh gay 6n, hlnh va chu khong net.
3.3.3. May in laze (laser)
Kieu may in laze co ffi¢t vai d~c diem v6 nguyen Iy:
· Chum tia sang mong di qua b¢ dieu tiet tai m~t tang tr6ng co phu lap
nh~y quang, t~o nen hloh anh bang di~n tich.

- Ml!c d~ng b¢t tich di¢n dugc hut va bam vao m~t tr6ng.
- B¢t ml!c bam vao giay tich di¢n vai hlnh anh nguqc eua tr6ng nh<;ty

21
quang, va tan ra va bam tn~n m~t giay khi qua m¢t tang tr6ng say anhi¢t d¢
nang cao.
Ki€u may in laze co uu di€m lit de dang thay d6i phong chit, may ch~y
em, hinh vit chit kha ro net. May co the d~t t6c d¢ in nAng cao (co the d~t
10 -;- 22 trang/phut) v6i dQ phftn giiii 1200 -;- 2400 pixel/inch (nhu may cua
hang Hewlett Packard).

IV. xA Y Dl)NG MO HiNH HiNH HOC TRONG CAD

1. Khai ni~m
M6 hI'nh hlnh !Ire (Geometry Model) ella m¢t d6i tuQ'llg ve vii thiet k€ Iii
khai ni¢m duqe d~c trung boi:
N Hinh dang hlnh hQc cae philn c5u thanh nen d6i tUQ'ng ve.
- Hlnh thai cau true hqp thanh ella d6i tUQ'ng ve.
- Me ta bang toan hQc cae diem, duong, be m~t, kh6i ella d6i tuQ'ng ve.
Nhu v~y, mt,Ic dfch bao trum cila m6 hlnh hlnh hQe lit thiet l~p eo so dfr
li¢u hinh h9C ella d6i tUQ'ng ve va thiet ke. Nha do eo th€ thqc hi¢n duqc qua
trinh ve va thiet ke d6i wqng tren may tinh.
2. Me hinh khung day (Wireframe Models)
2.1. I)~c di~m trong cach xay dI!ng mo hlnh
- M6 hlnh khung day eila d6i tUQ'ng t~o boi d.e yeu t6 hinh hQe eo ban Et:
di€m, ducmg th&ng, eung tron, duang tron, duang eong.
- Chi the hi¢n b¢ khung ben ngoai ella d6i tuqng.
- Vj tri ella d6i tuqng va cae yeu t6 eo ban nen no dUQ'e xac dinh nha m¢t
h¢ to~ dQ.
sa
- Co dit li¢u xae djnh rn6 hioh khung day lit: Danh saeh to~ d¢ eae dinh
(eae diem nut) va danh saeh tung rn~t v6i eae dinh ella no.
2.2. U u nhu'!c di~m
• Uu dh!'m:
- Xay de.rng ma hinh kha dan giiin.
- Kh6ng yell d.ll nhieu thai gian tfnh toan, b¢ nha, so~n thao, trlly e~p ...
ella may tinh.

22
 - Kh6ng m~t nhieu thOi gian eho dao t~o nguai dung (vI d:ly la s'! mb fQng
m¢t caeh tv nhien phuong phap vo truy€n thOng).
• Nhuf/c die'm:
- Nguai dung can kha nhicu thai gian de chudn bi va vao du Ii?u. Chi phi
thai gian nay tang nhanh khi d6i tuqng ve cang phuc t~p.
- M6 hlnh chi chua cac q.nh t<).o nen cac rn~t cua d6i tugng, rna khong
chua cac thOng tin vc ban than cac be rn~t va ben trong long d6i tuqng.
- Khi d6i tugng phuc t:;tp thl luqng da li?u trb nen nit lon, s6 luqng cac
l¢nh ve nit nhicu, hlnh ve tra nen roi va kho hi~u.
2.3. (Jng d\lng
- Ph<).rn vi ung d\mg h:;tn che.
- Thu~n lqi khi dung cho ve phac thao.
- Dung cho phan tfeh dung sai va rno hinh hoa phan til huu h<;1n.
- La Cd sb cho thiet l~p rn6 hlnh rn~t va. rno hlnh kh6i d~c.

3. Me> hinh bi! rn~t (Surface Models)

3.1. D~c di~m trong each xay d,!ng rna hinh
- Dung lOp vo rnong de rnieu t3 d6i tugng thea y wang sau: M6 hlnh
khung d:ly + lOp vo rnang = rn6 hlnh rn~t.
- Mo hlnh m~t t<;10 bbi cac d<;1ng be rn~t cd bim: M~t phing, rn~t non, mi;it
tfl;l, m~t d.u... Cac be rn~t nay co the rnieu ta de dang btmg cac phucmg tflnh
toan hQc.
- D6i voi cae rni;it cong phuc q.p: Tach no fa thanh vo s6 cac rna-nh nha va
rn6 phong cac rnanh nha thea cae d<;1ng be m~t cd baD noi tren. NhC! do, cac
rninh nha dt rno ta bang toan hQC hdn va chung ht;Yp thanh luOi cac manh m~t.
Co 2 d<).ng rn6 hinh m~t: M~t dugc quet va lucri manh da giac 3D. Chung
duge xay dVng bi:ii 2 phuong phap khac nhan:
• Milt dUrjc quit:
- Tea d¢ day eho cae d6i tugng 2D.
D¢ day la khoing each rna d6i tugng duge nang len thea huang vu6ng goe
v6i mi;it ph[mg cua no.
- M6 hlnh m~t duqc quet 180 quy tfch cac vi tIi cua d6i tuqng 2D, khi dich

23
chuy~n no di m¢t do<;U1 b~ng d¢ day, theo huang thAng g6c v6i m~it phAng cua
no. Cac d6i tuqng ve nay gqi Iii d6i nrqng 2 ~D.
• Lwyi mdnh mgt da giac 3D:
- Lu6i ffianh m~t da giac duqc xac dinh bOi m¢t lo~t cac dinh, t~o thanh
cac di~m g6c cua cac da giac co 3 ho~c 4 c~nh.
- Lu6i ding mau thi d¢ chfnh xac m~t bi~u dien cang cao.
- Lu6i cang thua thi d¢ chfnh xac m~t bi~u di~n cang thap.
3.2. If u nhuqc di~m cua mo hlnh be m~t
• Uu dilm:
- Khong ruom ra, c6ng kenh nhu rno hlnh khung day.
- D~ dang thgc hi~n cac duang An (hidden line), nhad6 hlnh ve hi~n thgc han.
- Thl!c hi~n duqc ky xao to b6ng.
- C6 th~ thgc hi¢n duqc vi¢c tfnh toan cac d~c tfnh ve di¢n tlch tren cac
be m~t cua d6i tuqng.
• N hufYc die'm:
- Chi rna ta duqc lap vo be rn~t cua d6i tuqng, rna kh6ng rna d duqc philn
v~t chtlt ben trong.
- Yeu cau phai c6 thOi gian dao t~o nhat djnh d6i v6i nguoi dung.
- MO hinh nay pMc tap han rnO hinh khung day, do d6 yeu eliu dung luqng
b¢ nh6 cua may tfnh cao han.
- Trang rn¢t s6 truang hqp, rna hinh be m~t van con ruOm fa.
3.3. (lng d\mg
- Ph~rn vi ling dvng Tong han rnO hlnh khung day de vo va thiet ke.
- Dung hi¢u qua trong rna phong dl:mg cl). gia cong khi che t<;to ca khf ho~c
san xuat c6ng nghi¢p.
- T~o nen tfnh linh ho~t cho h¢ thong CAD.
4. Mo hinh khoi d~c (Solid Models)
4.1. I)~c di~m trong cach xay dl;lng mo hlnh
• C6 4 phuong philp (hoac nh6rn phuong philp) thuang dung t~o Ta rnO
hinh kh6i dac:

24
 + Phuong phap hlnh h9c kh6i d~c hqp thanh (Constructive Solid
Geometry - CSG).
+ Phuong phap quet (Sweeping).
+ Phuong phap ph6i hqp ky thuat CSG va ky thuat que!.
+ Nh6m cae phuong phap khae.
• Phuong phip hinh hoc kh6i d'e hqp tMrih (CSG)
- Cac kh6i d~c co ban clla CSG: Kh6i h¢p, kh6i nem, kh6i n6n, kh6i tfl~,
kh6i cau, kh6i xuyen.
- M6 ht'nh kIn), d(ic hqp thimh: Lien ket cae kh6i co ban v6i nhau nho cae
phep toan Bun (Boole) d6i v6i cae kh6i d~c 3D.
- Cae phep toan Bun:
+ HQp (u): A u B se t~o nen kh6i d~c m6i 180 phan v~t ehat ella ca 2 kh6i
dac ban dau.
+ Giao (n): A () B se t~o nen kh6i d~c m6i 18. phan v~t ehat chung ella 2
kh6i d~e ban dau.
+ Hi¢u (-): A - B sIS t'.l-O nen kh6i d~c m6i 180 phan v~t chAt can l'.1-i ella
kh6i dae thil nhat (A). YaY: (A - B) '" (B - A).
- Cdy CSG: Chi ra tuan tl! cae bu6c thl!c hi¢n phep toan Bun, dt tu cae
kh6i d~c ban dau x<1y dgng nen kh6i d~c hqp th8onh.
• Phuong phap quet (Sweeping)
Ta c6 m¢t tiet di¢n 2D (profin 2D) dung dt quet. Tiet di¢n nay can g9i Ia
mi~n (Region).
- Quet thing: Cho tiet dien 2D nang len vuong g6c v6i mat phing cua no
(g6c vat bAng 0).
- Quet trem: Cho tiet dien 2D quay quanh mot tr~c, ta so duge kh6i dac
tron xoay.
- Quet nghieng: cho tiet dien 2D nang len thea hu6ng khOng vuong goc
v6i m~t ph&ng ella no.
- Quet thea duang dan: Cho tiet dien 2D chuy€n dich thea mot duang dan
(thing hOac cong).
Ket qua clla quet thing se t~o ra cac kh6i d~c d6ng d'.l-ng co d¢ caD kh,lc

25
nhau, ket qua ella quet nghieng se t<;to ra cae kh6i d~e co hlnh d<;tng khae nhau,
ket qua ella quet tron se t<;to ra cae kh6i d~e tron xoay to~m phAn (quay vai goe
bang 360°) ho~e tron xoay rieng phAn (quay vai goe < 360°).
Khi dung phuong phap quet, de co d6i wqng truae khi quet, thuang sir
d\,lng phep toan Bun d6i vdi cae tiet di~n 2D (cae mien). Nho do, co th~ t<;to ra
cae tiet di¢n 2D phue hgp.
• Ph6'i }u;rp ky thugt esc va ky th¥dt quer.
• Nh6m cac phuong phap khJc:
- Phuong phap bi~u dien (B-rep) Boundary Representation.
- Phuong phap rna hinh kh6i d~c dung tich phan.
4.2. Uu nhuqe di~m ella mo hlnh kh6i d~e
• Uu dilm:
- Mo hlnh kh6i d~e bi~u dien day du nhfft ve d6i wqng.
- Co sa
dfr h¢u ella rno hlnh kh6i d~c cho phep xac djnh rn¢t di~rn trong
khong gian thu¢e philn ben trang, phan ben ngoai hay narn ngay tren be m~t
d6i tuqng.
- Cho phep tinh toan nhieu d~e tinh ve di~n tich be rn~t, th~ tich, kh6i
luqng, trQng tArn... eua d6i tuqng.
- Hoan thi¢n han rno hlnh rn~t va rno hlnh khung dAy. Do v~y rno hlnh
kh6i d~c chua dvng khong nhfrng cac thong tin hlnh hQC rna con chua dVng
thong tin ve eau true hqp thanh (conbinatorial structure) ella d6i tuqng ve.
- De dang xay dvng mo hlnh kh6i d~c rna kh6ng can phai xae dinh nhieu
di~rn e~e b¢ nhu rno hlnh khung day.
- Trong nhieu truang hqp, xay dvng mo hlnh kh6i d~c de dang han so v6i
xay dvng rno hlnh m~t va rno hlnh khung day.
- SU d~ng thu~n lqi cho tV d¢ng hoa thiet ke va che t<;to trang eong ngh~
CAD/CAM/CNC.
- De dang thl,lc hi¢n cae ky thu~t che khufft va t6 bong, nha do hlnh ve rfft thl;Cc.
• N huqc dilm:
- Yeu e<1u phai eo qua tflnh dao t<;to nhat djnh d6i vai ngubi dung.
- May cao du m<;tnh, co dung luqng b¢ nha duo

26
 4.3. (Jng d\lng
- Trang ky thll~t do ho~: M6 hloh kh6i d~c duc:;1c sO' dl,log ngay dmg ph6 bien.
- Trang thiel ke: Rat thu*n lqi cho tfoh toan cae d~c tfoh ve kh6i lUQog
(kh6i lue;mg, tTong tilm, momen qUiln tioh ... ), phan deb giao tuyen, rno hloh
hoa phao tir hiIu h~n, philo tfeh d¢ng hQC va d¢og h!c hQc cO cau.
- Trang chet~o: Rat hi¢u qua lrong rna phcm.g duong ch~y dao (ho~c dl,log
cl,I) lrong gia cong Cef khf, quy ho~ch qua trloh gia cong (qua tdoh san xlIat),
kiem tra kfch thuae gia cong, bieu dien cae d*c tfoh hioh hQc nhu dung sai va
d¢ nhan be m~it.
- Trang Hlp nip: Dung v6i robot va dung trang h¢ thong che t~o hoh hOi;lt
(FMS - Flexible Manufacturing System), quy hO<;lch qua tdoh lap nip, phan
tich d¢og hQC va d¢ng h!c hQc robot.

V. CAM· MOl QUAN HE CAD/CAM v A Tl,JDONG HoA SAN XUAT

1. Khai ni~m VEl CAM
CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing): Che t<;1o vai slf trq giup cua may tfoh.
Qua trinh CAM duqc thlfc hi~n tren h~ thong may cong cl;l dieu khien so
NC. CNC.
2. Chu lrinh san xual CAD/CAM
2.1. Chu trlnh san xuiit CAD/CAM
Chu trlnh san xuat CAD/CAM duqc mo ti tren sa do hlnh 1.5.

I 1N tWOng

+ Nhu d.u thiet ke I

I Qua trluh thiet ke' Ll!a chQn thong tin thiet ke va nghien cUu kha thi

~
Qua trluh CAD J
I Qua trlnh che t<,10 Qua trlnh CAM

1 Nh~pkho giao hang

I Thj tWOng

Hlnh 1.5: Ser dd chu trinh san xuat CAD/CAM

27
 2.2. Qua trlnh CAM
Qua tflob CAM duc;1c rno tft C\} th~ han tren SO' d6 hloh 1.6.
I Quy ho~ch qua trlnh ctmg ngM I
..
1 Thiel k€ eM' t~o cae (rang b! cong ngh¢ I

Cung rtng v~t tu 1

L~p trinh NC, eNe, DNc

M6 ph6ng gia c6ng - Kiem tra
qua trinh gia cong

I Ch€ t<;io (san ;!tuff!) I

..
I Kiem Ira chat IU9'llg l
I Dong!J6i I
mnh J.6: Sa do qua tri/lh CAM'

3. H~ thong APT
De thlte hi~n duqe he thong CAM, phOi sir d~ng h~ thong may CNC duqe
dieu khi~n bOi cae pharr mem khac nhau. Cae pharr mem nay deu dl:fa tren nen
tang ngon ngu APT.
• Ngon ngfr APf (Automatically Programmed Tool): C6ng c{ll(ip Trinh tl;!
d¢ng. Ngon ngu APT do Hqc vi~n C6ng ngh¢ Masachusett (My) ph<it trien va
dung cho san xuit tu 1959. Ng6n ngfr APT thui).n ti¢n nen dU\1c dung I¢fig riii
d~ l~p tdoh gia cong NC, CNC. Ngon ngii' APT la ng6n ngu dieu khi~n so va
Hl chuang trloh may t{oh d~ ((ob toao quy d~o d\mg C\l gia congo
o Cot 16i eua h~ thong APT lil b(5 xU If chuang trlnh. 8(5 xU If chuang trlnh
lit chuang tdnh may tinh duqc xa.y dl,lng nham xu 19 chuang tdnh ngu6n APT
de taO ra t~p dillieu gia e6ng NC, goi 1il CLDATA-file, g6m:

28
~ Du li~u ve vi tri dl,1ng Cl,1 gia cong tr~n quy d~o cua n6.
- Thong tin ve dieu khi€n may gia congo
• Qua trlnh xu 19 dft li¢u gia c6ng tr~n may dieu khi€n s6:
Qua trlnh xu 19 s6li~u tr~n may dieu khi€n s6 duac rn6 ta tren hinh 1.7.
nan ve chi li~t
dngia c6ng

~
NgltOi.l~p trillh NC
I
1
I Chlt<1Ilg Irmh aguan NC
I
1
MAvTINH

l~ tilill xiI ly (Preproccssor)

ChltClng Irinh xu 19 hinh hqc I
- Dil W;u ul,lng eu
... PROFIL Hie
- Dil li¢u v~t li~u
- ............ ChltCll1g Irinh xiI ly COllg ngh¢
J, CLDATA ftle

139 h~u xu 19 (Postproccssor)

- Dil li';u may NC, CNC
- Dil lil;U dieu khii!11
Chmmg Irmh xu
ly thich nghi
voi may NC, mc
- ............

NCPROGRAM

V~t mang lin(chmmg Thieu cOng ngh¢:

trlnh gia c6ng NC): Tien trinh gia c6ng
Bung dl,lc lli, dia mem, sa dO nguyen eOng
dia CD.

May gia c6ng NC, CNC

Hinh 1.7: Qua trinh xu ly scI li¢u tfen may die'u khitn st/

29
 Ciiu hoi on t~p chuong 1
1. Hay so sanh 5Lf khac nhau g'lLta qua trinh thiet ke che tfilo kieu truyen thong va
qua trlnh thiet ke che t~o v6i cong ngh~ cao co sl! tn;:! giup ella may tfnh.
2. Trinh bay so do chu tr)nh san pham va phSn Uch vai tr6 h~ thong CAD/CAM trang
chu !rinh d6.

3. M¢lt phan mem CAD/CAM mu6n thLfc hi~n tot vai tra ella no thi dn phai d<;:lt dLt<;J'c
nhilng yeu cau gl?
4. Trinh bay CaG ma dun eGa m¢lt phan mem CAD. Cae rna dun nao trang 56 d6!a
d~c tning d6i voi m¢t phan mem CAD?

5. Mo hlnh hlnh h9C trang CAD 103 gi ?

6. Hay phan tich slj khac nhau t6ng quat gil1a cae ma hinh khung day, rna hinh be
m~t va ma hinh kh6i d?c.
7. Me hinh khung day co nhling l1u nhlfr;lC diem gi?

a. Mo hinh bl!l m?t c6 nhiing Lfu diem gi VL1c;1t tr¢i so voi ma hinh khung day?
9. £)e xay dl/llg ma hinh kh6i d~c co cae phuong philp nao?
10. LJu all§m n6i tr¢i cua me hinh khoi d?c va me hinh be m?t 103. gi?

11. Ph8.n tich khai quat moi quan h~ CAD/CAM va tl/ d9n9 hail san xuat.

12. Trinh bay khili quilt h~ thong APT.

30
 Phan B

LAM VIEC
•
val AUTOCAD

Chuong 2

VE lRONG KHL>NG GIAN 2D

MI;IC tieu
+ Hi~u dLf9C nguyen tac tien Mnh hOEm thi$n m9t ban ve 2D.
+ HiEiu du't;fc nguyen tae tht,tc hi$n CaG I$nh trong AutoCAD2004 va co ky n~ng cel
ban khi thl!G hi$n cae I$nh.
+ Va va thie"t ke dLf<;'C CaG ban va 2D th~ hi$n qua cae yeu c8U sau:
- Ve dL1Qc dung hlnh baa, cae hinh chieu cua cae v$t thE;'
- Dieu chinh va Slt dl,lng dung CaG lo~i duang net va mau sac.
- Ve dung cae hlnh cat va m~H cat.
- Ghi kich thLfoc hoan chinh cho m6i ban ve.
- So~n thaD cae yeu du ky thu~t, CaG chu thich, hLtang dan ... vao trong ban ve.
- Ky na.ng thaa tac ve tot. Thai gian haEm thanh bim ve d~t yeu cau.
Ni;li dung tom tat
+ Lam quen vai AutoCAD2004.
+ Cae I$nh thiet l$p ban ve.
+ H$ to~ 09 - CaG I$nh VEl cO bim.
+ Cae phl/ong phap bat diElm chinh xac.
+ Cae I$nh trq giup.

31
 + Cae I~nh sUa doi hinh ve.
+ Cae I~nh ve nhanh.
+ cae I~nh ve man hlnh.
+ Ve thea lap - 8ieu ehinh duong net va mau sac.
+ T~o v~n ban tren ban ve.
~ Ve hinh dt va m?t dt.
+ Ghi kieh thLfae.

1. LAM QUEN V6I AUTOCAD2004

1. Gi8i lhi~u AuloCAD

AutoCAD la. phAn mem cua hang AutaDESK dung d~ thvc hi¢n cac ban
ve ky thu~t trang cac nganh: xay dVng, co khf, ki€n truc, di¢n, ban do... Hang
AutoDESK la m¢t trong nam hang san suat phAo mem CAD hang dau tren the
giOi. AutoCAD la m¢t trong cac phan mem thiet k€ Slr dl;mg cho may dnh d.
nhan (PC).
Ban ve nao thvc hi¢n duqc bang tay thl deu c6 th~ ve duqc bang phan mem
AutoCAD. Sir dung AutoCAD co th€ vo va thiel ke cae bin vo 2 chieu (2D).
cae mo hlnh 3 chieu (3D), va t~o nen cac hlnh aoh rat thVc.
PhAo mem AutoCAD con giup nguai dung trao d6i cac ky nang lam vi¢c
cong oghi¢p. Ngoai ra AutoCAD 1a phan mem co sb, t~o dieu ki¢n cho nguai
dung tiep thu d.c phan mem CAD khae nO'a, vl phuong phap ve va d.c l¢nh
trang AutaCAD r5t di~n hlnh. Cac d~c di~m trlnh bay trong AutoCAD dang
trb thanh tieu chu:1n cong nghi¢p cho d.c t~p tin trao d6i dO' li¢u giii'a cac phao
mem CAD.
Nguai dung con c6 th~ Slr dl:mg AutoCAD d~ trao d6i dO' li¢u ban ve voi
cae dong nghi¢p, khach hang... vl rang phAn mem AutoCAD Wong thfch voi
cac phan cling va phAn mem ph6 bien tren th~ truang.
SI.! phat tri~n phan mem AutaCAD gAn lien voi sl.! phat tri~n nhanh ch6ng
cua nganh cong ngh¢ thong tin va ky thu~t do ho~. Ttl nam 1995 den nay,
nguOi. dung co nhieu co h¢i chqn dung cac phien ban AutoCAD phu hqp voi
cong vi¢c, may PC, th6i quen khi ve va thiet k€ cua mlnh. D6la cac phien ban
AutoCAD nhu AutoCAD R12, R13, R14, AutoCAD2000, 2002, 2004, 200S.

32
 Can chu y rang ca.c phien ban AutoCAD deu chung m¢t co sa, nen moi
phien ban chi khac nhau chung (5 -;- 10)%. Cho nen, dieu quan trQng nhat d6i
v6i nguoi dung AutoCAD la sit dl}-ng ffiqt cach nhuan nhuy~n va khai thac
hi¢u qua m¢t phien ban AutoCAD nao do phil hqp v6i minh, tren co sa do co
the sit dl).ng d~ dang cac phien ban c~p nh~t hem. Nhil~u bl;l.n tre sai lam khi
mat rat nhieu thor gian cho vi¢c tim hieu de sit dl}-ng cac phien ban mai xuat
hi¢n, trang khi kh6ng khai thac hi¢u qua mqt phlen ban nao trang s6 do.
2. Khdi d9n9 AutoCAD
Sau khi dl.i d~t chuong tdnh AutoCAD vao may bl;l.n phai tien hanh dinh
cau hinh. De khbi dOng AutoCAD, b~n chQn bieu tuqng clla phien ban
AutoCAD va nhap hai Hin phim trai clla chuqt vao do. Moi phien ban
AutoCAD co mOt bieu wqng rieng. Neu chua co bieu tuqng nay tren Desktop,
b';ln vao Program va khbi d¢ng AutoCAD .
3. Cau true mim hinh do ho~ AutoCAD2004
Man hinh do hqa AutoCAD2004 (hinh 2.\) bao gom:
• Graphics Area: Vung do hO';lla vung rna ta the hi¢n ban ve len do. Mau
man hinh do ho~ dUQ"c d!nh bOi hqp tho<;l.i Preferences (l¢nh Preferences),
trang Display.
• Cross - hair: Hai sqi toc thea phuong tn,Ic X va trl}-c Y giao nhau t';li mOt
diem. TQa d¢ diem giao nhau hi¢n len t';li hang cu6i phfa dudi ben trai man
hlnh. Chieu dai hai sqi toe duqe d!nh boi trang Pointer eua hqp tho~i
Preferences, 6 Cursor Size.
o Cursor: Can tro, d¢ Ian can tro duqc d[nh biri bien PICKBOX ha~c h¢p
tho~i Object Selection Settings, m~c Pickbox Size (I~nh Ddselect) .
.0WCSicon: Bi~u tllqng h~ tOa d¢ goc (World Coordinate System leon)
narn agoe trai phia duai vung do ho~.
• Status line: Dong tr~ng thai, nam phia du6i viing 00 ho~. T<;li day hien
thi cac tr~ng thai: GRID, SNAP, ORTHO, OSNAP... D~ di6u khi~n cae tr~ng
thai nay, b<;ln nhap phim trai chuQt hai Ian vao ten tr~ng thai.
tro: Nam goc trai phia dum vung do ho~. T';li do hi¢n len to<;l
• Tog d(J con
dO wang d6i hay to~ dQ tuy¢t d6i cila tfun can tro (giao diem eila 2 sqi toc).
Khi kh6ng thtrc hi~n cac I~nh thi toa d¢ hi~n len la to~ d¢ tuy~t doi cua

3.GTCS CAD-A
33
tilm can tro" S6 dau tien Hl ho~mh d¢ (tfl,1C X), s6 thu hai Ia tung d¢ (trl,1c Y)
cua tilm can tro, hai con s6 dugc cach nhau bOi dau phay.

Cae lhanh cong Cl,J

,---------,
Bilu tUt;1l1g h¢ lo~ d¢
VUNGVE
+.--1 Con lro
(Hm" s91" roc giao nhau)

Hiln rhi to~ d¢ Dong tr~ng rhai

Dong lifnh

Hinh 2.1: Man hinh d6 h9a

• Command line: Dong l~nh, c6 it nhat 1 dong phia dum man hlnh do ho'.l.
Dily la neri b'.ln nh~p l¢nh vao ho~e hien th! eae dong nhae ella may (nen eon
gQi la dong nhae Prompt line). B'.ln trve tiep d6i thQ'.li v6i may t'.li vung nay.
Chinh d¢ IOn eua dong l¢nh: Dung eon tro keo den vi tri giao giua man
hlnh do ho'.l va Command line den khi xuat hi¢n hai duemg thAng song song,
sau d6 b'.ln keo len tren hay xu6ng dum.
• Menu bar: Thanh Menu (thanh ngang danh mve), nam. phia tren vimg
d6 h0'.l. Moi tieu de tren Menu bar ehua m¢t nh6m l¢nh eua AutoCAD. Cac
tieu d6 dieu hiuh cua AutoCAD la: File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Thols,
Draw, Dimension, Modify, va Help (ngoai ra eon eo Bonus ... ).
• Pull-down menu: Danh mve keo xu6ng, xuat hi¢n khi b'.ln eh9n m¢t tieu

34
3.GTCS CAO-B
M. T~i danh m~c nay, b~n co the! gQi I~i cae I?nh c~n th~c hi?n (hlnh 2.2).
• Screen menu: Danh m~c man hloh, Dam phia phiii vung dO ho~. Screen
menu khOng duqc m~c djnh kbi V3.0 AutoCAD. m t~l ho~c rna danh m~c man
hlOh, dung Tools\Oplions, Display tab, chc;m Display screen menu.

- -IO''''''lrlgl.dwg) •

/.;t.
/"a.
-'
.~
f~
AeMlV~
Daflll m/Jc keo xu/Jng
M.r:MJ

ALE
EDIT
.Dean 5C1een an.o \11"'"
Od!:

~
yIeWJ)CIll $ Da"h mJ!C mall IlI'nll \11""2
egg r:!<lIlT'.oedVews
INSERT
FORMAT
r+ ))Vews • TOOLS 1

11 ,-
00 JOO.. TOOLS 2
(Jill
rl~
0-
....
H'"
.. Cae thaI/it cuafl
DRAWl
DRAW 2
Q1MN51QN
MODIFYl
~ MOOIFY2
'? -I Di:s~ • '==,.- _
Rl r-l I~ T~$._ Z l.!J ~HELP

q ~+ 7.00 ""

Hi"h 2.2: Dan" mlJc keo xU6'ng. da,," 11llf.C man hi"". cae thal/h cu6n

Cae chi] tren danh ml,lc man hloh duqc quy d!nh nhu sau:
- Chi! in hoa (UPPERCASE): Ten menu.
- Chi! dau lien la in hoa voi da'u 2 chaIn ":"- Ten I?nh.
- Chi! dau tien la in hoa kh6ng co da'u 2 chaIn ":" - Ten I~a chQn.
Khi ta th~c hi?n m~t I?nh cua AutoCAD thi cae I~a chQn I?nh so xu~t hi?n
lr~n danh m1;lc man hloh.

35
 • Too/bar: Thanh cong ct;!, trang AutoCAD co nhi6u toolbars, moi l~nh co
m¢t n6t ch9n vOi bi~u tU<;mg l~nh trang toolbars (hlnh 2.1).
• Scroll bar: Thanh cuon, gom co: thanh ben phiLi keo man hlnh (van ban
va do ho~) len xu6ng, thanh ngang phia duOi vung do ho~ dung d~ keo mim
hlnh tit tnii sang phai ho~c ngugc l~i (hlnh 2.2). Muon him xuat hi~n cae
Scroll bar b~n su dl;mg l~nh Preferences (h¢p tho~i Preferences), trang Display
va ch9n nut Display Scroll bars in drawing window.
AutoCAD thuang c6 4 phuong phip nhftp l~nh nhu sau:
1. Type in Dua l¢nh vao tit ban phfm.
2. Pull - down Gqi l~nh tit danh mvc keo xuong.
3. Sreen menu Gqi l~nh tit danh ml).C man hlnh.
4. Toolbar Gqi l~nh tit ca.c n6t l~nh cua thanh cong Cl)..
4. Thanh cong cII (I~nh Toolbar)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in

View! Too/bars VIEW 2/ Toolbar Too/bar

M¢t so toolbar duqc hi~n len m~c dinh: Standard, Object Properties, Draw
va Modify. Toolbar Modify va Draw nam thAng dung va ben tnii man hlnha
do ho~. D~ Hun xuat hi~n cac Toolbar khac ta thl!c hi¢n l~nh - Toolbar ho~c
Toolbar.
• Command: Toolbar
Toolbar name (or all): (Nh~p ten Tootbar, vi dV Draw).
Show/ Hide! Right/ Top/ Bottom/ Float<Show>:
• Cae ll!a chqn:
Show Hien thi toolbar (thanh cong Cl).) t~i m¢t vi tri tren man hlnh.
Hide Tat toolbar
Left Vi trf tool bar nam ben trai man hlnh. Khi chqo Left xuat hi¢n dong
nhac "Position < 0,0". T~i dong nhac nay ta dinh vi tri toolbar.

36
 Right Vj tri toolbar ben phiii mao hlnh.
Top Vi tri taalbar ben tren man hloh.
Bottom Vi tri toolbar nam phfa duai man hlnh.
Float Dinh vi tri toolbar vai so hang tuy chQo.
Khi oh~p F xuAt hi¢n cac dong nh~c sau:
Position<O,O>: (Vi tri toolbar).
Rows<1>: (56 hang).
Cling co th~ gQi l¢nh tu danh ml,lc keo xuong View ho~c dua con tro cua
chuC;n den toolbar bAt ky va nhAp phim phai cua chu¢t, khi do xuAt hi¢n h¢p
tho~i Taolbar. ChQn ten til danh sach kea xuong Toolbars, rei ohAn nut Close.
. ,
5. Dieu khien cac danh m~c (I~nh Menu).

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in

Menu

Trong AutoCAD co t~p tin thu mvc Aead.mnu. Mu6n lam xuAt hi¢n danh
ml,lc keo xu6ng Bonus tren thang ngang danh m\le ta gQi file Ac_bonus.mnu
trong thu m\le AutoCAD \Bonus\ Cadtools\AC_Bonus.mnu
II. CAC LENH THIET L~P BAN VE
1. Thiep I~p bim vii biing I~nh New
Khi thl!e hi¢n l¢nh New xuAt hi¢n h¢p tho~i Creat New Drawing.
T<;\i nut Start/rom Scratch, neu ta ehQn Metric (h¢ Met) va nhAn phfm OK,
thl ta ehQn dan vi ve thea h¢ Met (dan vi do dung milimet). Neu ehQn h¢
Imperial (h~ Anh) thi dan vi la Inch.
Trang truang hgp ta ehQn Metric thl d.e bien va l¢nh lien quan duqc thiet
Hip theo bang 2.1. Cae dang dllcmg (linetype) va mllu milt d.t (Hatch pattern)
thea tieu chuAn quae te ISO.
Neu ta muon dinh ban ve vai cae kfch thuGe khae nhau, thl tren h¢p tho~i
Creat New Drawing ta ehQn trang Use a Wizard va ta se thiet l~p ban ve bang
each Ian lllqt dinh ra dan vi (Units), giOi h~n ban vo (Area).

37
 Bang 2.1. Cae lfnh va bien lien quan ban vi' hf Met.

L~nh lien quan M6 ta I~nh Bien Gia tri m:;ic dinh

Units Don vt LUNITS 2 (Decimal)

Limits Giai h~n ve L1MMAX 420,297
Snap Buac nhay SNAPUNIT 10
Grid M~t dO luOi GRIDUNIT 10
LTSCALE TY l¢ d\ll1g dubng LTSCALE I
D1MSCALE TY l¢ kich thuac D1MSCALE I
Text, Dtext, Mtext Text height TEXTSIZE 2.5
Hatch, Bhatch TY l¢ m~t dt HPSIZE I

• Command: New
Xuat hi~n h¢p tho~i Create New Drawing, chQn nut Use a Wizard va sau
do chQn Quick Setup
Nhan phfm chQn 2 Ian vao nut Quick Setup se xuat hi¢n h¢p tho<;li Quick
Setup. Tren h¢p tho~i nay ta d~nh dan v~ (Units) va giOi h~n bim ve (Area). Khi
do thl!c hi¢n hai buac:
Step 1: Ta d~nh dan v~ thea tab Units, ta chQn Decimal.
Step 2: ChQn giai h~n ban ve bang tab Area. Nh~p chieu r¢ng ban ve vao
o chieu rongWidth (theo tr~c X) va chieu diU Length (theo true Y).
2. Djnh giol h~n ella ban ve (I~nh Limits)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in

Format\ Drawing Limits FORMA1\Limits Limits

L~nh Limits xae dinh kfeh thl1t1e ella ban ve: Dinh di~m goe trai phfa
duoi (Lower left corner) va goc phai phfa tren (Upper right corner) bang to~

38
d¢ X, Y. N€u ta chQn M Metric thl giro han ban vo m~c dinh Iii 420, 297, n€u
ta chQn h¢ Imperial thl giro han ban vo Ia 12,9.
Neu muon thay d6i kfch thuae ban ve, thi phai sir d1!0g l¢nh Limits.
AutoCAD quy acre chien tfl;1C x, Y lUang tJ..f chien trlJc x, y khi ta ve do thi
toan thOng thuang: duang nam ngang Iii truc X (hoilnh d¢), duang thang dii'ug
theo tr~c Y (tung d¢).
• Command: Limits
Specify lower left corner or [ONIOFFJ<O.OOOO. 0.0000>: (Nhd'n Enter).
Specify upper right corner< 12.0000, 9.0000>: 420, 297.
Nhu v<\ly ta dii nh?p di~m goe trai phia duOi (Lower left corner) tIung v6i
gOc toa d¢ 0,0. Nh~p diem goc phai phia tren (Upper right corner) tuy vilo giro
h<;to ban ve. Neu nha ta ch90 to~ d~ nha tren thi gi6i h~n ban ve thea kich
thu6c kh6 A3. Ta co the nhap gia trj X, Y khac de djnh gim han ban vo khac
nhau (vi d~: 1189,841; 841,594; 594,420; 210,297 ... ).
• Ok h,ra ChQll khac:
ON: Khong cho phep ve fa ngoai vuog giai h<;to ban ve dii dinh. Neu
ta ve fa ngoai giai h<;to se xuat hi¢n dong nhk "Outside limits".
OFF: Cho phep ve fa ngoai vuog giai h~n dii dinh.
Can chii y rang, sau khi dioh gi6i h~ bim ve ta thl!c hi~n l~nh Zoom\AIl
de quan s,lt loan b¢ gi6:i h,,-n M.n ve tr~n man hinh.
3. £)inh de," vi dung trong ban vii (I~nh Units)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in

Format\ Units~ FORMAT\Units Units hoij.c Ddumits

L~nh Units dinh dO'n vi dlii va dan vi g6c cho ban ve hi¢n hanh.
• Command: Units
Khi th,!c hi¢n l¢nh Units, se rna duqc h¢p tho~i Drawing Units. Thea h¢p
tho,,-i nay, tien hanh chqn dan vi cho bim v~.
• Cac rn1}c can ch9n:
Length: ChQn do'll vi dili va d¢ chinh xac d¢ dill.

39
 Type: lo~i dan vi
+ Scientific (Dan vi khoa hqc)
+ Decimal (Theo h¢ th~p phAn)
+ Engineering (Ky Ihu~t, h¢ Anh)
+ Architectural (Kien true, h¢ Anh)
+ Fractional (Phan s6)
Theo TeYN, can chon h¢ Ih~p phan (Decimal).
Precision: Chqn d¢ chfnh xac, co th6 chqn d¢ chfnh xac vai s6 chii' s6 co
nghia trang phan th~p phAn (vi d~ chon 0; 0.0; 0.000 ....).
Angles: Chqn dem V! va d¢ chfnh xac do goc.
Type: ki6u dem vi do goc:
+ Decimal degrees (H¢ th~p phan)
+ Degrees/ minutes/ seconds (D¢, phut, giay)
+ Grads (Theo Gradian)
+ Radians (Theo Radian)
+ Surveyor's units (North, West, East, South)
Precision: Chqn d¢ chfnh xac, co th6 chqn d¢ chfnh xac v6i s6 chu s6 co
nghia Irong phArr th~p phAn (vi d~ chon 0; 0.0; 0.000 ... ).
Clockwise: Mu6n chieu do goc cling chieu kim dong ho.
4. L~nh Snap

Pull - down Menu Type in

Tools\ Drawing Aids Snap DDrmodes

L¢nh Snap dieu khi6n tr~ng th,ii can ch~y (Cursor) Ia giao di6m cua hai
sgi toc (Crosshairs). L¢nh nay xac dinh buac nhay con ch~y va goc quay cua
hai sqi 16c. Hay dung bUGC nhiy bilng khoang each IUGi (Grid).
Tr~ng thai SNAP c6 th~ duqc till mb bilng each nhilp hai Ian phim chon
chuQt vao nut t~i dong tqng thai.

40
 • Command: Snap .J
Specify snap spacing or [ON/OFFIAspect/Rotote/Style(rypeJ<I.OOOO>:
• Cae h/a chQn:
Snap spacing Gia tIi khollOg each buoc nhay can ch~y theo phuong X
va Y nhu nhau tren man hlnh.
ON Mb che d¢ di chuyen con ch~y thea khoang cach chQn truck.
OFF Tat che d¢ di chuyen can ch~y theo khoang each chQn truac.
Aspect Gia tri buac nhay theo phuong X, Y se khac nhau, cac dong
nhac phlJ:
Specify horizontal spacing<1.o000>: (Khoang each theo phuong X).
Specify vertical spacing<I.OOOO>: (Khoang each thea phuong Y).
Rotate Quay sqi toc chung quanh di~m chu£n m¢t goc:
Base point <0.0000, 0.0000>: .J (Chon diem chudn).
Rotation angle <0.0000>: (Gia tri goc quay).
5, L~nh Grid

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in

Tools\ Drawing Aids TOOLS21 Grid Grid hay DDrmodes

L¢nh Grid t~o cac diem luai trang giOi h~n bim ve. Khoang cach giua cae
diem lu6i theo phuong X, Y co the khae hoac gi6ng nhau.
• Command: Grid .J
Specify grid spacing (X) or [N/OFF/SnopJ<J.OOOO>:
• Cac h!a chQn:
ON Lam hi¢n lucri thea kholmg cach chQn trucrc.
OFF Tilt lucri.
Aspect Khoang each cac diem luai phuong X, Y se khac nhau, cac
dong nhile ph u:
Specify horizontal spacing<1.0000>: (Khoing each theo phuong X).
Specify vertical spacing <1.0000>: (Khoang each theo phuong Y).

41
 Snap Khoang cach giita cac diem luoi Mng gia tri buoc nMy (Snap)
con ch~y.

Chl1 y rang:
ThmJog dung nut nha'n Grid phia tr~n dong nhAc d~ rut ngao
thoi gian tilt rna lum diem.
6. L~nh Ortho

Pull - down Menu Type in

Tools\ Drawing Aids Ortho ho{ic DDrmodes

L~nh Ortho thiet l~p

che d¢ ve cae duang (line) thea phuong eua cae sqi
toe (thea phuong trl;lc X - Dam ngang va phuong tft:lC Y - th<ing dung).
• Command: Ortho .J
Enter mode [ONI OFFj<ON>:
• Cae lila chQo:
ON M& ehe d¢ VO ORTHO
OFF Tit che d<) YO ORTHO
CM y: Thuang dung nut nhan Ortho phia tren dong nhic de rut ngin thai
gian tat- rna che d¢ Ortho.

III. HE TOA DO - cAc Lj);NH VE co BAN

1. Cae do; ht';lng vii 20 eua AutoCAO
Cae l¢nh ve (Draw commands) t<,\o nen cae d6i tUQ'ng ve. Thong thuemg
t~n cae l¢nh vi! tIling t~n voi d6i tuqng rna n6 tl,lo nen (tieng Anh).
D6i lUang YO (object hoac entity) 111 tMnh phan nho nhat trang bim YO
AutoCAD. Vi d~ m<)t d6i tuqng (object) co the 111 m¢t diem (point), do~n
thing (line), cung trem (arc), duang tron (circle), .. Hinh chit nhat vo Mng lenh
Line baa gom 4 d6i tuqng 111 4 do~n thing.
Trong AutoCAD cae doi tUQ'ng duqc t~o c6 th~ Ia cae doi nrqng don
(Simple object) hoac d6i tuqng phdc (Complex object). Cae d6i tuqng dan
nhu: point, line, arc, circle ...
Cac d6i tuqng phdc 111 m<)t binh (shape) nhu: Ellipse (duang clip), Polygon

42
(da giac deu), Pline (da tuyen), Donut (hlnh vlillh khan), Spline, Xline, Ray,
Mline, Hatch (M~t cit), Dim (Kich thuac), Block (Kh6i)... Cae d6i tllqng
phuc duqc litn ket tit illQl ho~c nhi€~u pharr dO€J.ll (segment). Phan do~n trong
d6i nrqng phuc c6 the Hi do~ th~ng (line) ho~c cung tron (arc)...
2. Cae phU'elng phap nh~p to~ di? dillm
Co 6 phuong phap nh~p to~ d¢ m¢l diem VaG lrang ban ve.
1. Dung phim ehQn (PICK) eua ehu~t (ket hqp vai cae phuong thUc ttuy
b~t diem ella d6i tuqng).

2. Nhgp toa d~ tuyet dbi: Nh~p tOa dQ tuy~t d6i X, Y cua diem theo g6c
tOa dQ (0,0).
3. Nhgp to(l d(J tuang do7: Nh~p to~ d¢ eua diem thea diem cuni cung nha:t
xac djnh tren ban ve, t<;ti dong nhac ta nh~p @ X, Y. D<fu @ h.k nay co nghia
Htlast point (diem cu6i cung rna ta ve trm.'1c d6).
4. Nh(ip tog de) c1fc: Nh~p to'.1 d¢ eve eua diem CD < a) thea khoang each
D giua diem v6i goc to<;l. d¢ (0,0) va goc nghieng a so v6i drrong chuan narn
ngang.
5. Nhgp to(l d¢ CIfC luang dOl: T'.li dong nhac ta nh~p @ D < a v6i:
- D (distance) la khoang cach giiia diem ta c:1n xac dtnh va diEm ve cuoi
cung (last point) tren ban ve.
- Goc a Hi goc giiia dubng chu~n nam ngang va do~n th&ng nm hai di~m.
- Duang chu~n la dUCmg thAng xuat philt tit goc ta~ d¢ tllo'l1g doi va nam
thea chieu duong tr1,1c x.
- Goc duong Hi goc nguqc chieu kim d6ng h6 (+ CCW: Counter
Clockwise), goc am lit goc cung chi~u kim dong hb (- CW Clockwise).
6. Nhg.p khodng each trT.!e tiep (Direct distance entry): Nh~p khoang cach
tUo'l1g d6i so v6i diem ve cu6i dmg (last point), dinh huang bang cursor va
nhlin Enter.
Ba phuong phap d:1u tien ke tren lit ba phuong phap nliap tOa dQ diem
thuang duqc dung han.

43
 3. Ve do~n Ih~ng (I~nh Line)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in

Draw\Line DRAWlLine Line hogc L

L¢nh Line dung d~ ve d.c do<.tn thAng. Do~n thing co the oam ngang,
thing dung ho~c nghieng. Trang l¢nh nay ta chi cAn nh~p to<;l d¢ cae dinh va
do;;tn thAng se n6i cae dinh nay l;:ti veri nhau.
• Command: Line .J
Specify first point: (Nh~p to<). d¢ diem dau tien eua do<).o th<1.ng, khi d6
khoang each giua di~m vira dinh va giao diem 2 sqi toe gQi Iii sqi cao Sll ~
Rubber band).
Specify next point or lUndo]: (Nh*p to<). d¢ diem cu6i ella do<.tn thing).
Specify next point or jClose/Undo}: (Tiep tl,IC nh*p to<;t d¢ diem cu6i ella
dO<;lo thing tiep thea ho~c Enter de ket thue l¢nh).
• Cae h!a chQo khac ella l¢nh Line:
U Huy be m¢t pharr do<).o vi'ra ve. T:;ti dong nh~c ta dap U va Enter.
Close Dong kin m¢t hlnh da giac ve bang l¢nh Line. Ta dap C (Close)
t<;li dong nhac va Enter.
Neu t<;li dong nhac "Specify next point or [Close/Undo:" ta nh~p Enter
thi se ket thuc l¢nh.
4. Ve duang Iron (I~nh Circle)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in

Draw\Circle DRAWlCircle Circle hogc C

C6 5 phuong phap khac nhau ve duong tron nhu sau:

4.1. Vi; Iheo lam va ban kinh (Cenler, Radius)
Vo. duong trem biing phuong phap nh~p tfim (Cenler) va ban kfnh R
(Radius) cua duong Iron.

44
 • Command: C .J (ho~e Circle)
Specify center point for circle or {3PI2PIITRj: (Nh~p to~ d¢ tAm).
SpeCify radius of circle Or (Diameter]: (Nh~p ban kfnh ho~e to<,1 dO mOt
di~m ella duemg tron).

4.2. Vo theo tam va dUilng kinh (Center, Diameter)

VO dui:lng trem bAng phuong phap nh~p tam (Center) va dUi:lng kinh
(Diameter).
Neu t~i dong nhac "Specify radius of circle or jDiameler}:" ta eh9n D
(hic la eh9n Diameter) thi se xuttt hi¢n dong nh~e sau:
Diameter: (Nh~p gia trt duong kfnh duong tron).
4.3. Vo theo 3 diim (3Points - 3P)
Ve duang tron di qua ba di~m.

• Command: C .J (ho~c Circle)

Specify center point for circle or {3PI2PIITRj: 3P.J
SpeCIfy first point on circle: (Nh~p di~m thl! nhat).
Specify second point on circle: (Nh~p di~m thd hai).
Specify third point on circle: (NMp di~m thl! bal.
4.4. VO theo 2 diim duung kinh (2 Points - 2P)
Ve duemg tron di qua 2 di6m. Hai di~m do se 1ft duong kinh duong tron.
• Command: C .J (ho~e Circle)
Specify center point for circle or {3P12PIITRj: 2P.J
Specify first end point of circle·s diameter: (Nh~p di~m d~u dui:lng kinh).
Specify second end point ofcircle's diameter: (Nh~p dh~m cuoi duong kfnh).
4.5. YO dUilng trim tiep xuc 2 doi tuqng va c6 ban kinh R (TTR)
Dung de ve ducmg tron co ban kfnh R tiep xue hai d6i tUQ11g d8: ve twac do.
• Command: C .J (ho~c Circle)
Specify center point for circle or {3PI2PIITRj: TIR.J

45
 Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: (ChQn d6i tUt;mg thu
nhat duong tron se tiep xuc).
Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: (Dei tuqng thu hai
dUdng tron se tiep xuc).
Specify radius of circle: (Nh~p gia td ban kinh dUdng tron).
Ngoai ra tren danh ml,1c keo xu6ng Draw, ta con co thti dung phuong phap
TAN, TAN, TAN ve duang tron tiep xtic vm ba d6i tuqng (vi dQ. ve duang tron
n¢i tiep tam giac bat kY).
5. Ve cung trem (I~nh ARC)
PuJI - down Menu Screen Menu lypein

Draw\Arc DRAMArc ARC ho!!c A

L~nh Arc dung de ve cung tron. C6 nhil~u phuong phap ve cung tron:
5.1. Vi! cung tron di qua ba diim (3 Points)
Ve cung tron di qua 3 diem PI' Pz va P3 -
• Command: A .J (hoac Arc)
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter!: (Nh~p diem PI)'
Specify second point of arc or [Center/ENdf: (Nh~p diem P2).
Specify end point of arc: (Nh~p diem P3).
5.2. Ve cung tron qua cac di~m Start, Center, End (I>i~m dau, tam,
di~m cu6i)
Nh~p IAn Ittqt diem dAu, tam va diem cu6i.
• Command: Arc .J
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter!: (Nh~p to~ d¢ diem dAu S).
Specify second point of arc or [CEnter/ENd!: CE.J (chon CEnter).
Specify center point of arc: (Nh~p to~ d¢ tAm cung tron).
Specify end point ofarc or [Angle/chord Length!: (Nh~p to~ d¢ diem cu6i E).
Chu y: Cung ttim si! du'!c hlnh thonh thea chieu ngu,!c chieu kim d6ng h6
til diem dAu Start den diem cu6i End.

46
 5.3. Center, Start, End (Tam, di~m d;\u, di~m cuoi)
Tuong tl! each Start, Center, End nhung thea thu tl..I nguqc l;:ti.
5.4. Ve cung trim theo Start, End, Radius (Di~m dau, di~m cu6i, ban kinh)
Ve cung tron bang phuong phap nh~p di~m dau, di~m cu6i va ban kfnh.
• Command: A .J (ho~c Arc).
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: cNh~p di~m diu S).
Specify second point of arc or [CEnter/ENd]: EN.J (chon ENd).
Specify end point of arc: (Nh~p to~ d¢ di~m cuoi E).
Specify center point ofare or jAngle /Direction/ Radius!: R.J (ch9n Radius).
Specify radius of arc: (Nhfip bin kfnh).
Cung tron se duqc hinh thanh thea chieu nguQc chieu kim dong ho.
5.5. Ve cung trim theo Start, Center, Angle (Ditim dau, tam, goc atam)
Ve cung tron bang each nh~p di~m dau, tAm va g6c atam.
• Comand: Arc .J
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: (Nh~p to~ d6 di~m diu S).
Specify second point of arc or [Center/ENd]: CE.J (chon CEnter).
Specify center point of arc: (Nh~p to~ d¢ tam Gung).
SpeCIfy end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A.J (chon Angle).
Specify included Angle: (NMp gii trj goc iJ tam + CCW. - CW).
Goc am (-CW) cung tron duqc ve cung chieu kim dong ho. goc ducmg
(+ CCW) cung tron ve nguqc chieu kim dong ho.
5.6. Center, Start, Angle (Tam, diim dliu va goc iJ tam) nhung theo
thu tl! nguqc I~i
Tucmg l\l Start. Center, Angle nhung thea thiI l\l nguqc l~i.

5.7. Ve cung trim theo Start, Center, Length of Chord (mim dliu,
tam, chieu dili day cung)
Ve cung tron bang each nh~p di~m dau, tam va chieu dai day congo
• Command: Arc .J
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: (Nh~p to~ d¢ diem diu S).

47
 Specify second point of arc or ;Center/ENd]: CE..J (chqn CEnter).
Specify center point of arc: (Nh~p to~ de) tam cung).
T~i dong nhac cu6i cung ml1c 2 ta nh~p L:
Specify end point ofarc or [Angle/chord Length/: L.J (chon Length of Chord)
Specify length of chord: (NMp chi€u dai day cung).
Cung tron duqc hlnh thanh theo chieu nguqc chieu kim dong ha.
5.8. Center, Start, Length (Tam, diffm dolu va chieu dai day cung)
Tuang tl! nhu khi ve theo Start, Center, Length nhung thea thu tl! nguqc l~i.

5.9. Vi! eung trim theo Start, End, Included Angle (Dii'm d;\u, dii'm
cu6i, goc a tam)
Ve cung tron bang ca.ch nh~p di6m dau, di~m cu6i va goe aHim.
• Command: A ..J (ho~c Arc)
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter/: (Nhitp to~ d¢ dii'm dau S).
Specify second point of arc or [Center/ENd/: EN .J (chon ENd).
Specify end point of arc: (Nhitp toa d¢ di"m euoi E).
Specify center point ofarc or [Angle/Direction/Radius J: A ..J (chqn Angle).
Specify included Angle: (NMp gia tri goe iJ tam +CCW, -CW).
Goc Am (~CW) cung tron dugc ve cung chieu kim dong ho, goc duang
(+ CCW) cung tron ve nguqc chieu kim dong ha.
5.10. Start, End, Direction (Diffm dolu, diffm eu6i, hLfting tiep tuyen
ella cung t<.ti di~m bat dolu)
T~i dong gan cu6i arovc 5.9 ta nh~p D.
Specify center point of arc or / AnglelDirection/Radius]: D ..J
Specify tangent direction for the start point of arc: (Nh~p huang tiep
tuy!n t~i diem bit dau eung).
6, Ve dilim (I~nh POINT)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in (Ban phim)

Draw\Point>\ SinglePoint DRAW21P0int Point ho¢ic PO

48
 • Command: Point .J
Specify a point: (Chi dinh diem).
Ta dung bien PDMODE va PDSIZE dinh hinh d~ng va kfch thuGe diem
hOac dung I¢nh Ddptype.
L~nh Ddptype

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in (8im phim)

Format\Point Style FORMATlDdptype DDptype

Si'r d':log l¢nh Ddptype se lam xuat hi¢n hqp tho~i Point Style, tren hqp
tho~i nay ta dinh ki6u va kich thuac di~m.

7. Ve da tuyen (I~nh Pline)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in (8im phim)

Draw\Polyline DRAWIIPline Pline ho<ic PL

L¢nh Pline tht,rc hi¢n nhieu chuc nang hem l¢nh line. L¢nh PUne co 3 d~c
di6rn n6i b~t sau:
I. L¢nh Pline t<.l0 d.c d6i tuqng co chieu r¢ng (Width).
2. Cae phan do~n Pline lien ket thanh m(Jt dbi tuqng dny nh:lt. (Con I¢nh
Line t<.l0 ra d.c phan do~n lit d.c d6i tuqng don).
3. L¢nh Pline t~o nen d.c phan do~n lit cac do~n th<1ng ho~c la cac cung
tron (arc).
L¢nh Pline co th~ vira ve cac phan do~n lit d0<.ln th<1ng va vua ve cac phan
d0<.ln la cung tron. Day lit l¢nh ket hqp giUa l¢nh Line va Arc.
D6 hi¢u chinh da tuyen, SIT dl,mg l¢nh Pedit.
7.1. CM dQ vi; do~n thilng
• Command: PLine .J
Specify start point: (Chqn di6m hay nh~p to~ dqliun di~m bat dAu eua Pline).

49
4.GTCS CAD-A
 Curent line width is <0.000>: (Chieu f¢ng hi~n h~mh ella pline Ia 0).
Specify next point or [Arc! Close! Halfwidth! Length! Undo! Width]:
(Nhap to~ d<) difm ke tiep).
• Cae ll!a ehQn:
Close Dong kin pline boi m¢t do~n thing.
Halfwidth Dinh m'ra ehieu f¢ng phan do~n sap ve.
Starting halfwidth<>: (N~~p gia tfi nib chicu r¢ng dau phan do~n).

Ending halfwidth< >: (Nh~p gia tri nua chieu f¢ng cuoi pharr do~n).

Width Dinh chieu r¢ng phan do~n s~p ve.

Length Ve tiep m¢t phan do~n co phuong chieu nhu do~n thang truoc
d6. Neu phan do~n tru6c d6 la cung tfon thl n6 se tiep xuc voi cung tron.
Length (~f line: (Nh~p chieu dai phan do~n sap ve).
Undo Huy bo phan do~n vua ve.
7.2. Che d(l ve cung trim
• Command: PLine .J
Specify start point: (ChQn di~m hay nh~p to<;1 d¢ Hun diem bat dau cua PUne).
Curent line width is <0.000>: (Chicu r¢ng hi~n hanh cua pline 1a 0).
Specify next point or [Arc! Close! Halfwidth! Length! Undo! Width]: A.J
(chon Arc).
Specify endpoint orIAngle!ce nter/Close/Direction/ H alfwidth/Line/Radi /lsi
!Second pt!Width]:
• Cac Iva chQn:
Close Cho phep ta dong kin da tuyen boi m¢t cung tron.
Halfwidth, Width, Undo Ttwng II! nhu che d<) vo doan thiing.
Angle Tuong W l~nh Arc khi ta nh~p A se co dong nhac: Specify
included angle: (Nh~p gia tfi g6e a tam).
Center Tuang tV l~nh Arc khi ta nh~p CE se e6 dong nhac:
Center point: (Nh~p to<;l d¢ tam).
Angle/ Length/ < Endpoint>:

50
4.GTCS CAD-S
 Direction D~nh huang ella dUCmg tiep tuyen v6i di~m dau tien ella
eung. Khi ta nh~p D se xuat hi~n dong nhae sau:
Specify the tangent direction for the start point of arc:
(Nh~p goc hay chon huang).
Specify endpoint of the arc: (Nh~p to<:L d¢ di~m cu6i).
Radius Xac d~nh ban kfnh eong eua cung, khi ta dap R se xuat hi~n
dong nhik:
Specify radius of arc: (NhaP gia tri ban kinh).
Specify end point of arc or[AngleJ;
Second pt Nh~p to<:L d¢ di~m thu hai va di~m cu6i d~ e6 the xae dinh
cung tron di qua 3 diem. Khi ta dap Sse xuat hi~n:
Specify second point on arc: (Nh~p di~m thu hai).
Specify end point of arc; (Nh~p di€m cuo;).
Line Tra ve ehe d¢ ve dO(;\fi thing.
8. Ve hinh da giac deu (I~nh Polygon)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in (Ban phim)

Draw\Polygon DRAWl\Polygon Polygon, Pol

L~nh Polygon dung d6 ve da giae deu. Da giae nay la da tuyen (pline) c6

so phan d0<:Ln (segments) bang s6 c~nh cua da giac. C6 ba each ve da giac deu:
8.1. Ve da giac ngo'.'i tilp dudng trim (Circumscribed about circle)
Cach nay dung khi cho tru6c ban kinh duong tron ll¢i tiep.
• Command: Polygon .J
Enter number of sides <4>: (Nh~p so c(;\nh da giac).
Specify center of polygon or [Edge J; (Nhap to~ de) tam cua da giac).
Enter an option [Inscribed in Circle! Circumscribed about circle]: C .J
Specify radius of circle: (Nhap gia tri ban kinh duOrtg trem ne)i tiep, to~ do
diem ho~c truy bat diem 13. diem giua mqt Cl;I.nh da giac).

51
 T~idong nhae nay, giao di~m hai sqi toe xae dtnh ban kfnh duemg tron m)i
tiep (ho~e ngo~i tiep) va vi trf eua da giae deu.
- Khi da giae n¢i tiep duang tron thi giao di~m nay la dinh eua da giae.
- Khi da giae ngo~i tiep duang tron thi di~m nay la di~m giUa m¢t e~nh.
- D~ dinh vi trf eua polygon, t~i dong nhae "Specify radius of circle" ta
nh~p to~ d¢ cua giao di~m hai sqi toc.

8.2. Ve da giac nf)i tiep drrong tron (Inscribed in circle)

each nay dilng khi cho truac ban kinh duemg tron ngo~i tiep (khoang each
tir tam den dinh da giac).
• Command: Polygon .J
Number of sides <4>: (Nh~p ,6 qnh da giac).
Specify cenler of polygon or [Edgef.· (NMp tOa d(>liim da giac).
Enter an option Ilnscribed in circle/ Cricumscribed about circle]: I .J
Specify radius of circle: (Nh~p ban kfnh ho*c to~ d¢ di~m, tIllY bar di€m).
8.3. VO da giac theo chi~u dill qnh cua da giac (Edge)
Cach nay dung khi cho trucJc chieu dili m¢t c~nh eua da giac deu .
• Command: Polygon .J
Number of sides <4>: (Nh~p s6 c~nh da giac).
Specify cenler ofpo/ygon or [Edge!: E.J
Specify firsl endpoinl of edge: (Ch9n ho~c nhap tOa d(> diem dau m(>t canh).
Specify second endpoint of edge: (ChQn ho*c nh<\ip to~ d¢ di~m eu6i eua
m¢t c~nh).
Vi polygon ciing la m¢t da tuyen nen ta c6 th~ dung l¢nh Pedit d~ hi¢u
chinh, dung l¢nh Expode de pha vo chung ra thanh cac d6i tuqng don.
9. Ve hlnh chfi' nh~t (I~nh Rectang)

Pull - down Men u Screen Menu Type in (Ban phim)

Draw\Rectangle DRAW flReclang/e Rectangle, Rec

52
 L¢nh Rectang dung d6 ve hlnh chii' nh~t khi eoi hlnh ehu nh~t nay Iii. m¢t
da tuyen (m(Jt doi tl1qng) .
• Command: Rectang .J
SpeCify first corner point or fChamfer! Elevation! Fillet/ Thichkess!
Width!: (Nh~p diem goc thil nMt cua hlnh chfr nhat).
SpeCIfy other corner point or fDimensions]: (Nh~p diem g6e thu hai).
• Cae h,ra ehQn:
Chamfer Vat mep 4 dinh hlnh chfr nh~!. Diu tien ta djnh cae khoimg caeh
vat mep, sau d6 ve hlnh ehu nh*t.
Specify first chamfer distance for rectangles <0.000>: (Nh~p khoang
each vat mep theo q.nh thu nhat).
Specify second chamfer distance for retangles <10.0000>: (Nhap khoang
each vat mep theo qmh thu hai).
Specify first corner point or {Chamfer! Elevation/ Fillet/ Thichkess/
Width!: (Nh~p diem goc thil nhilt cua hlnh chfr nh~t).
Specify other corner point: (NMp diem goc thil hai ciJa hlnh chfr nM!).
Fillet Cho phep bo !rem cae dinh cua hlnh chfr nM!.
Specify fillet radius for rectangles <10.0000>: (Nh~p ban kfnh bo trim
dinh)
Specify first corner point or fChamfer/ Elevation/ Fillet/ Thichkess/
Width!: (Nhap diem goc thil nhilt cua hlnh chfr nh~t).
Specify other corner point: (Nh~p diem goe thu hai ella hlnh ehfr nh~t).
Width Dinh chieu r(Jng net ve (giong lenh Pline).
Specify line width for rectangles <0.0000>: (Nh~p chieu r(Jng net vel.
Specify first corner point or fChamfer/ Elevation/ Fillet/ Thichkess!
Width!: (Nh~p diem goc thil nhilt cua hlnh chfr nh~t).
Specify other corner point: (Nh~p di~rn goe thu hai ella hlnh ehfr nh~t).
Elevation/ Thickness Dinh eao d¢ va d¢ day hlnh ehfr nh~t khi tJ;lO m~t
chfr nh~t 2 l>D.
Dimensions Cho phep nh~p leieh thuae hlnh ehfr nh~t thea cae dong nhac:
Specify other corner point or fDimensions]: D .J

53
 Specify lengrh for rectangles <0.000>: (Nh~p chieu dai m¢t qnh cua
hinh chil nh~t).
Specify width for rectangles <0.000>: (NhaP chieu dai cenh con lei cua
hinh chil nhAt).
10. Vi> dltang cong uon Iltqn Spline
Duong cong uon luqn Spline Ht m¢t d~ng duang cong NURBS (Non
Uniform Rational Bezier Spline). Duong Spline cong uon ItrQ'fi tl! do di qua cae
di~m bat ky do ta ch9ll gqi 13. cae di~m ki~m So<il (Control Points), ngoai fa ca.n
phai xac d~nh them cae duemg tiep tuyen v6'i Spline t<;li hai di~m dau va cuoi.
• Command: Spline .J
Specify first pOint or /Objectl: (Nh~p hoi;ic Chqll di~m dau ella spline).
SpeCify next point: (Nh~p hoi;ic chqll diem k€ tiep).
Specify next point or /Close/Fit tolerance): (Nh~p hoi;ic chqll di~m ketiep) .
.. ... (Nhap ho~c ch9n diem ke tiep).
SpeCify start tangent: (Chqll huang tiep tuyen t<:li diem dau cua spline,
hoi;ic Enter de chqll rni;ic dinh).
Specify end tangent: (ChQn huang tiep tuyen t<;ti di~m euoi eua spline,
ho~c Enter de ch9n m~c dinh).

11. Vi> hinh elip

Pull - down Menu Type in

Draw\Ellipse Ellipse, EL

Neu d~t bien PELLIPSE = I, ta co the ve hinh elip nhu la mot da tuyen
Polyline.
Neu d~t bien PELLIPSE = 0, ta co the ve hinh elip nhu la m¢t dUong
Spline. Truong hqp nay hay dung, va thea 3 phuong philp sau:
11.1. Ve elip theo to(,l dQ mQt trl}.c va khoang cach mJa trl}.c con l(,li
• Command: Ellipse .J
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: (Nh~p ho~c ch9n m¢t
diem cu6i tn,lc elip thu nhat).

54
 Specify other endpoint of axis: (Nh~p ho~e chQn di~m cuoi thli hai cua
tr~c elip thiI nhat).

Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: (Nh~p di~m thli ba thea

khoiing each Olia tf\,lC elip thu hai).
11.2. Ve elip theo tam va cac trl;lc cua elip
• Command: Ellipse ..J
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: C .J (chQn Center).
SpeCify center of ellipse: (Nh~p ho~c chQn tam eila elip).
Specify endpoint of axis: (Nh~p ho~e chQn mQt di~m cu6i tfl;lc elip thli nhat).
SpeCify distance to other axis or [Rotation}: ]: (Nh~p ho~c chQn mQt di~m
cu6i tr~e elip thu hai).
11.3. Ve cung elip
Khi ve cung elip, ta dung It!a chQn Arc. Khi d6 cung elip se duqc hlnh
thanh thea chieu nguqc chieu kim dong ho.
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [ArclCenter}: A..J
Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or [Center]: (Nh~p ho~c ch9n m¢t
di~m euoi trl,lc elip thu nhat).
SpeCify other endpoint of axis: (Nh~p ho~c chQn di~m cuoi thu hai clla
tr~c elip thu nhat).

Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation}: (Nh~p ho~c chQn m¢t diem
cu6i tr~c elip thu hai).
Specify start angle or [Parameter}: (Nh~p gia tri goc gifra tr~c ta vua dinh
voi duang th~ng tu tam elip den di~m cuoi ella cung elip).

IV. cAc PHUONG PHAp TRUY BAT IlIIl:M CHINH xAc

Khi thvc hi¢n cae nhi¢m v~ ve C1 cac bai tfrroc, chung ta nh~n thay khi
chon
. mot . di~m nao d6 d5. ve tmoc do, rat kho co th~ chon. mot . cach chinh xac
vlw to~ d¢ thvc clla chinh di~m d6, vi chung ta ehi co thti di can tro (giao di~m
hai sqi t6c) vao ditim muon ch9n m¢t cach dinh tfnh. Ngoai fa con mat nhieu
thai gian eho vi¢c nay.
AutoCAD c6 khil nang eho phep rat nhanh ch6ng truy bat cac di~m thuQc

55
d6i tugng nhu: di~m cu6i, di~m giii'a, tAm, giao di~m ... Kha nang nay gQi la
Object Snap (OSNAP) vm nhieu phuong thuc kha.c nhau. Khi sir d\lng cae
phuong thuc truy btit diem, t~i giao diem hai sqi toc xuat hi~n m¢t 6 vuong
gQi Ia "0 vuong truy btit", va t~i di~m cAn truy bat xuat hi¢n Marker (khung
hinh ky hi¢u phuong thuc truy btit). Khi ta chQn cae d6i tue;mg dang 0 tr~ng
thai truy bat thi AutoCAD se tt! d¢ng tlnh to~ d¢ diem truy bat va gao cho
di€m dn tim.
1. Cae phltdng thli'e truy b~t diii'm eua doi tlt<:,ng (OBJECTS SNAP)

Toolbars Type in Screen Menu Cursor menu

Object Snap 3 chft cui dti'u tien Dong ******* Shift + Phim phdi chu(Jt

Trong AutoCAD co the Slr dl}ng cac phuong thuc truy bat diem thuang tnt
(gan cac phuong thuc truy bat diem la thuCmg tn1) ho~c truy bat t~m tnt (chi
Slr d\log m¢t Hin khi truy bat m¢t di6m). Trang ml}c nay gi6'i thi~u truy bat
diem t~m tnt.
De lam xua't hi¢n bang truy btit diem ta co the dung m¢t trong cac phuong
phap sau:
- Nhan phfm Shift d6ng thai v6'i nut phai clla chu¢t, se xuat hi¢n h¢p tho~i
gQi Iii. Cursor menu (danh ml}c con ch~y).
- Tu Sereen menu t~i hang**** nhap phim chQn clla chu¢t.
- GQi cac phuong thuc truy bat di~m tir toolbar: Object Snap.
- Nh~p bang ban phim 3 chfi' cai dAu titn clla phuong thuc truy bat.
Ta chi Slr dl,lOg cac phuong thuc truy bat diem t;pn tru khi cAn X3.C dinh to~
d¢ m¢t diem, vi dl} nhu t~i cac dong nhk xac d~nh diem clla I¢nh Line ho~c
Circle: "Specify end point", "Specify center point"...
• Cac phuong thuc truy bat d6i tuqng:
1. CENter Dung de truy bdt die'm tam clla circle, arc, ellipse. Khi truy
bat ta can chQn d6i tugng dm truy bat tAm.
2. ENDpoint Dung d6 truy bdt die'm euol clla Line, Spline, Arc, phAn
do~n clla Pline, Mline. ChQn t~i diem gan diem cu6i truy bat. Vi Line va Arc

56
co 2 diem eu6i, do do AutoCAD se troy bat diem eu6i nao gan giao diem hai
sqi toe nhat.
3. INSert Dung d€ truy bat diem chen eua eua dong Text va Block.
Ch9n mqt diem bat ky eua dong Text ho~e Block va nhap phfm ehuqt eh9n.
4. INTersection DiIng de truy bat giao diem eua hai d6i tuqng. Mu6n
truy bat thi giao diem phai nam trong 6 vu6ng 'truy bat ho~e d. hai d6i tuqng
deu eh~m v6'i 6 vu6ng truy bat. C6 the eh9n Ian luqr hai d6i tuqng giao de truy
bar giao diem.
Ta co the truy bat giao diem eua hai d6i tuqng kh6ng giao nhau rna khi
keo dai m6'i giao nhau, khi d6 eh9n Ian luqr hai d6i tuqng.
5. MIDpoint Dung de truy bat diem gifia eua m¢t Line, Spline ho~e
Arc. Ch9n m¢t diem bAt ky thu¢e d6i tuqng.
6. NEArest Truy bat m¢t diem thuqe d6i tuqng gan giao diem voi
Jwi s(fi t(Jc nhiit. Cho 6 vu6ng truy bat den eh~m d6i tuqng gan diem can truy
bat va nhan phim eh9n.
7. NODe Dung de truy bat tam cua mlJt diem. Cho 6 vuong troy bat
den eh~m v6i diem va nhan phim eh9n.
8. PERpendicular Dung de truy bat diem vu6ng goc vm d6i tuqng duqe
eh9n. Cho 6 vu6ng truy bar den eh~m vm d6i tuqng va nhAn phim eh9n.
9. QUAdrant Dung de truy bat cae diem g6e % eua Circle, Ellipse
ho~e Arc. Cho 6 vu6ng truy bih den gan diem can truy bat, ch~m v6i d6i
tuqng va nhAn phfm ch9n.
10. TANgent Truy bAt diEm tiep xlic voi Line, Arc, Ellipse, Spline
ho~c Circle. Cho 6 vu6ng truy bat ch~ vm d6i tuqng t~i gan diem can tim va
nh:fn phim chon.
12. APPint (Apparent intersection)
Phuong thuc nay eho phep truy bat giao diem cac d6i tuqng 3D (d~ng
Wireframe) v6'i m¢t diem nhin hi¢n hinh (Current Wiewpoint), rna thl!e te
trong khong gian chUng khong giao nhau (hinh 5.14).
13. Tracking Trong AutoCAD ta c6 thE sir d~ng h!a chon Tracking dE
nh~p to~ dq diem tUCfng d6i qua m¢t diem rna ta se xac dinh. Sir dl,lng tuang
tl! Point fillers va From.

57
 2. Gan chi! di? truy b~t thlldng tn; (L~nh Osnap, Ddosnap).

Pull - down Menu Cursor menu Type in Toolbar

Tools\DraftiI1/?Seflings\Ohjeers Snap Osnap Setting Osnap Osnap

H¢p thoc;ti DraftingSetting. Hqp tho~i nay co ba lIang 13. Snap and Grid,
Polar Tracking va Objects Snap.
Thuang dung lrang Objects Snap: Tren khung Object snap modes ta chon
cae 6 luang ung mu6n gao ch€ d¢ truy bat thuang tn1. Khi muon XQ(i tat d.
phuong thue da gao ta chon nut Clear All.
De: thay doi kich thuac va mall sac ella thuac 6 vuong truy bat, ta co the
vao Toos\Option roi rna lIang Drafting, thea d6 ta de dang thay doi kich thuac
va mall ella 6 truy bat.
3. L~nh 'CAL (Calculator)

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

'CAL

L¢nh CAL sir d1Jog de tioh 10<io cae ham s6 thong dl,mg, d.c gia tr~ s6, thl!c
hi¢n d.c phep toan Vecto va ta co the sil dl,mg l¢nh nay de xae dinh to<;l d¢ cae
di~m tren man hlnh do hO<;l .
• Command: Cal .J
» Expression: (Nh~p bi~u thue dn tfnh).
Trang bi~u thue d€ tfnh toan (dong nhae: "»Expression:" ta co th€ sir
dl;lng dau @ (At sign- to<;l d¢ di~m eu6i cling xae djnh tren man hlnh), cae
phuong thuc truy bat d6i tuqng: INT, END, MID, INS, CEN, NOD, QUA...
Trang khi thl!c hi¢n cae l¢nh ACAD (ngo<;li tru cae l¢nh viet bang ng6n ngu
AutoLISP) ta c6 the sir d~ng l¢nh CAL lam I¢nh trung gian (Transparent com-
mand), khi d6 ehi can them dilu phfty tren 'vao !ruae l¢nh CAL). Sir dVng l¢nh
'CAL trang cae truang hqp nay d~ xae djnh eac di€m ho~e kfeh thlIlJC can
thiet khi ve.

58
 4. Doi vii quay goc to~ di? (L~nh UCSicon, UCS)
C6 hai ki~u h¢ to<;\ d¢ dung trang AutoCAD:
+ H¢ tqQ d(j g6c' WCS (World Coordinate System): La h¢ to<;\ d¢ mi;j.c d~nh
trang ban ve, thucmg ChQll goc to'.! d¢ trung v6"i goe trai phfa du6'i ban ve. H~
a
19a d¢ goc WCS co bieu tuqng nam goe trai phfa duai bim ve va co chii' W
lrong bieu tuqog.
+ H¢ d¢ ngLtai dung
t(JQ ues (User Coordinate System): Do nguai dung
t<;\o fa bang l¢nh Des.
Nguai dung dang lam vi¢c vCii ues nao, thl DeS do la h¢ tog d¢ hi¢n
hiwh, va gia lIj cae 19a d¢ X, Y trong h¢ to<;\ d¢ hi¢n hanh luon hi¢n fa tren
dong tr<;log thai.
4.1. Lenh UCSicon
Pull - down Menu Type in

Views\Di.l'play\ UCSicon Ucsicon

L¢nh UCSicon nay dieu khien sl! hien thi ella bieu tm;mg (icon) ella h¢
to<;\ dc) .
• Command: UCSicon .J
Enter an option [ONIOFFIA/lINoorigin/ Origin!Properties}:
• Cac h,ra chQn:
ONIOFF MiJrriit hieu Wang toa d¢ tren man hinh.
All Hitn thi bieu tuqng to,!- de) tren mQi clra s6 man hlnh.
Noorigin Bitu tuqng to,!- de) chi xuat hi¢n t,!-i g6c tnii phia duai man hlnh.
Origin Bitu tuqng lu6n lu6n di ehuyen theo g6e to,!- de) (diem 0, 0, 0
eua UCS).
Properties Gan cae tinh ehat hien thi bieu tm;mg to<). de) theo he)p tho<).i
UCS Icon nhu: kieu (2D hay 3D). kieh thuGe va mau s:\c hieu tuqng.
4.2. L¢nh UCS

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolhar

ToolslNewUCS UCS UCS

59
 L¢nh Des eho phep ta t~o h¢ to~ d~ mm Mng each di1i va xoay h¢ to~ d~ .
• Command: UCS .J
Enter an option[NewjMove/orthorGraphie/Prev(Restore/Save/DellApplyl
!World]<World>:
• Cae Iva ch9ll khi ve 2D:
New Tao DeS mi:li bang each thay ddi goe to~ d~, khi dap N: Specify
origin afnew UCS or [ZaxisI3pointlObjectIFaceNiewIXlYIZ] <0,0,0>: (NhaP
vi tfi ella goc to~ do mai).
Prev G9i l'.1i h¢ to<;1. d¢ sir dl,log tnroc do.
XlYIZ Quay h¢ tn,Ic toJ;!. d¢ xung quanh cae tfl,IC wang 6ng X,Y,Z hi¢n
hanh. Chang h'.lll, muon t<;\o DeS moi bang each xoay Des quanh tn,lc Z, ta
nhaP Z:
Rotation angle about Z axis <>: (Nh~p goc d.n xoay quanh tr\lc Z).
World Tra ve to,!- d¢ goc.
Khi th\fc hi¢n d.c l¢nh ve ta co th~ doi goc to'.l dt! den ffi¢t vi tri tn~n man
hloh va thvc hi¢n cae l¢nh ve bang d.ch nh~p VaG 193 d¢ tuy¢t d6i so voi goc
toc)' d¢ mm.
v, cAe Ll):NH TRO GIUP
1. L~nh Help

Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar

Help Help 'Help, ' Standard

L¢nh Help eung cap thOng tin tra coo ve AutoCAD. Khi th\fe hi¢n l¢nh nay
se xmlt hi¢n h¢p tho<;li Help Topics. H¢p tho'.li nay baa g6m cae trang: Contents,
Index va Find.
2. Xoa cac doi llte;tng (I~nh Erase)

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

ModifylErase hOc1C EditlClear Erase ho{ic E Modify

60
 L¢nh Erase dung d~ xoa cac d6i lUQ'ng ta chQn tren bim ve hi¢n hanh.
Sau khi chQn d6i tlt<;1ng can xoa ta chi can nhan phim Enter thl l¢nh dU<;1c
thvc hi¢n.
• Command: Erase .J
Select objects: (ChQn d6i tU<;1ng dn xoa bang cae phuong phap khac nhau).
Select objects: (ChQn tiep cae d6i tu<;1ng can xoa ho~e nhAn phim ENTER
d~ ket thuc vi¢c h,ra chQn va thvc hi¢n l¢nh).
Thong thuang sau khi dung l¢nh Erase, ta thvc hi¢n l¢nh Redraw d~ xoa
cae Mu "+"(BLIPMODE) tren hinh ve hoac phuc hei I~i cae duang bj khuat
boi cac d6i tUQ'ng bi xoa.
3. Phyc hoi ciic dol tltc;fng b! xoii (I~nh Oops)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in

ModijylErase Oops: Oops

Phvc hoi IC).i ca.c d6i tuqng dU<;1c x6a be bOi m¢t l¢nh Erase truck do.
• Command: Oops .J
4. Huy bo I~nh dli th,!c hi~n (I~nh Undo, U)

Pull-down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar

EditlUndo EditlUndo Undo hoge U Standard

L¢nh Undo cho phep huy b6 m¢t l¢nh ho~c nhom l¢nh thvc hi¢n truac do.
• Command: Undo .J
Enter the number of operation to undo or jAuto/ControIlBEgin/End/Mark/
/Backj <number>:
• Cac Iva chQn:
Auto Khi chqn On thl d.c d6i tUQ'ng duqc ve trong m6i l¢nh xem nhu
la m¢t nhom. (Vi dV eae doC).n thAng ve bang m¢t l¢nh Line se dU<;1c huy be
bai mat Ian U).

61
 Mark Danh dau l¢nh AutoCAD vfra thl,fc hi¢n rna sau nay tac6 the tra
ve bang h!a chQn Back.
Back Huy be cac l¢nh dfi thl!c hi¢n den hin danh dau (Mark) gan ohat.
BEgin Danh dau l¢nh dau clla nh6m l¢nh, sau d6 dung ll,fa chQn End
danh dau l¢nh cu6i cua nh6m l¢nh.
End Ket hqp vai Iva chQn BEgin d€ danh dau l¢nh cu6i cua nh6m
I¢nh va sau do ta co th€ xo<i boi m¢t buac thlfc hi¢n.
Control Dieu khi~n vi?e thue hi?n eae lua ehqn eua lenh Undo. Khi
nh~p C xuat hi¢n dong nhac, thea d6:
All Thvc hi¢n duQ'C tat ca cac h!a chQn cua l¢nh Undo.
One Huy bo m¢t l¢nh vita thl!c hi¢n twac do.
None Kh6ng th~ thvc hi¢n vi¢c huy b6 cac I¢nh.
5. Ph\lc hoi m9t I~nh vua hUy boo L~nh Redo

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar

EditlRedo ED/TlRedo Redo Standard

L¢nh Redo dung sau cac I¢nh U ho~c Undo de ph~c hoi m¢t I¢nh vua huy
bo tmac d6.
• Command: Redo .J

6. Lam mili khung ci'ra 56 hi~n h,mh (L~nh Redraw)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar

View\Redraw V/EWlRedraw Redraw hogc R Standard

L¢nh Redraw dung de xaa cae dau "+" (W?i Ia cac Blipmode) tren man hlnh.
• Command: Redraw .J (ho~c R)

62
 7. Tili I~o cae do; Ilt<;lng Iren man hinh: L~nh Regen va Regenall

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in

View\Regen VIEWlRegen Regen hoc}c Regenall

a. L¢nh Regen: Tinh toan va tai l,!-O l~i t?~l.n b9 cae d6l tuqng tren khung
ohio hi¢n hanh. Khi tai l,!-O se c~p nh~t loan b9 bien da thay d6i trong ban ve.
Command: Regen .J
b. L¢nh RegenaIl; Tinh toan va tai t~o l~i toan b9 cae d6i lUQ'og tren uit
ca d.c khung ohio cua man hloh (khi sit dl,log l¢nh Vports de t~o cae khung
ohio tren man hloh). Khi l,ti t~o se c~p nh~t toan b9 cae bien dJ thay d6i
trong bin ve.
• Command: Regenall .J
8. Cae phltclng phap Iva chc;'" dOi Iltc;lng
Khi thl;fc hi~n cae l¢nh hi¢u chinh (modify command) t,!-i dong nhac
"Select objects" ta ch9ll doi lU<;tng hi¢u chioh thea cae phuong phap khac nhau.
T;:ti thai diem "Select objects" thi cae 59i toe bien mat chi con roN 6 vuong
g9i Ia 0 ch9n (Pickbox). Ta dung 0 chQn nay d€ chQn d6i tuqng. D6i tuQng
dUQc ch9n se co d~ng duang net dUt (gi6ng nhu d<;tng duang Hidden).
D~ ket thuc vi¢c h!a ch9n ho~c bat dau thvc hi¢n I¢nh ta nhap phfm Enter
t~i dong nhac "Select objects".
Khi xuat hi¢n dong nhac "Select objects" thi tren danh ml).c man hinh se
c6 Iva ch9n ASSIST. Ta ch9n Iva ch9n nay se xuat hi¢n cac phuong phap ll!a
ch9n khac nhau .
• Cae phuong phap l~a chan d6i luqng:
1. Pickbox Dung 0 vuong ch9n, m6i hln ta chi ch9n dUQc m¢t d6i
tuqng. T~i dong nhac "Select objects" xUllt hi¢n 0 vuong, ta keo 0 vuong nay
giao v6i d6i tuqng can ch9n va nhap ch9n.
2. Auto T~i dong nhac "Select objects" ta ch(;m hai diem d€ xac d!nh
khung dra sci. Neu di6m dau tien ben tnti, diem thli' hai ben phai thi nhiing d6i
tUQng nao nam trang khung cira sci se dUQc ch9n (lUang tv Window), neu diem
dau tien ben phii va diem thu hai ben tnii thi nhiing d6i tuqng nao nam trang

63
va giao khung cua s6 se duqc chqn (wang tt! Crossing Window).
3. Window (W) Dung khung cua s6 de h!a chqn d6i tuqng. T~i dong nhac
"Select objects" ta nh~p W. Chqn hai diem WI va W2 d~ xac dinh khung ella
s6. Khi d6 nhung d6i wqng nao nam trong ho~c giao voi khung cua s6 se duqe
ch9n.
4. Crossing Window (C) Dung clla s6 cat de ch9n d6i tuqng. T~i dong
nhac "Select objects" ta nh~p C. T~o m¢t khung clla s6. Khi d6 nhung d6i
tuqng nao nam trong ho~c giao voi khung cua 56 se duqc ehqn.
5. Window Polygon (WP) Gi6ng nhu Window, nhung khung cua s6 lit
m¢t da giac, nhung d6i tuqng nam trong khung cua s6 dUQc chQn. Khi dap WP
tren dong nhac "Select objects", se xuat hi¢n ca.c dong nhac sau:
First polygon point: (Chqn di6m thd nhat Pi clla Polygon).
Undo/<Endpoint of line>: (Chqn di6m cu6i P 2 clla m¢t c~nh).
Undo/<Endpoint of line>: (Chqn diem cu6i P 3 clla m¢t c~nh ho~c Enter
d6 ket thiic vi¢e h;ra ch9n).
6. Crossing Polygon (CP) Giang nhu Crossing Window nhung khung
cua s6 la m¢t da giac.
7. Fence (F) Lt;ra ch9n nay cho phep t~o m¢t duong cat baa g6m
nhieu phAn do~n, nhting d6i tuqng nao giao voi duong cat nay se duqc ch9n.
Khi nh~p F t~i dong nhac "Select object", se xuat hi¢n cac dong nhae va ta
eh9n cac di~m dinh cua Fence:
Select object: F
First fence point: (Diem dau tien cua Fence).
Specify endpoint of line or lUnda]: (Diem k€ tiep clla Fence).
SpeCify endpoint of line or lUnda]: (Di6m ke tiep clla Fence ho~c Enter
de kel lhUe tao Fence).
8. Last (L)
Khi dap L thi d6i wqng nao duqc t<;lo sau cung boi l¢nh ve
(Draw command) se duqc ch9n.
9. Previous (P) Chqn l'.li cac d6i tuqng dii chQn t:;..i dong nhac Select
object: clla ffi¢t l¢nh hi¢u chinh ho~c dt!ng hinh tht;rc hi¢n cu6i cung.
10. All Tat ca cac d6i tuqng tren ban ve hi¢n h~mh se duqc ch9n.

64
 11. Remove (R) Chuyen sang che d¢ tru cac d6i tuqng tir nh6m cac d6i
tuqng da ch9n. Khi nh~p R t~i dong nhac Select object: se xU<lt hi¢n dong
nhac Remove object. T~i dong nhac cu6i cung nay ta e6 the sir dl,mg Hit ca, cae
a
phuong phap Il!a chQn d6i tuqng tren de trir cac d6i tuqng.
Ta con c6 the tru cac d6i tw:;mg t<;ti dong nhac Select object: Bang each
dong thOi nhip phfm Shift vii sir dl:mg cac phuong phap Iva chQn d6i tuqng.
12. Add (A) Muon chuyen tu che d¢ tfU cae doi tuqng "Remove
object" sang che d¢ chQn them d6i tuqng l~i dong nhac nay ta dap A.
13. Undo (U) Huy bO do; tuqng vua duqe chon.
14. Group Dung IlJa ch9n nay de gQi l~i Hi cac d6i tuqng duqc t~o
M.ng l¢nh Group tru6c d6. Group Iii cac nh6m d6i tuqng chQn va da duQ'c d~t
ten. Khi dap G:
Select object: G
Enter group name: (Nh~p ten nh6m cac d6i tuqng dii duqc d~t ten).
Select objects:

VI. cAe LENH SUA f>61 HiNH VE

1. Oili cac dO; tltc;lng (L~nh MOVE)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar

ModifylMove MODIFY2\Move Move ho¢c M Modify

L¢nh Move dung de thlJC hi¢n phep dOi m¢t hay nhieu d6i tuqng tu m¢t
vi tri hi¢n t~i den m¢t vi tfi bat ky tren ban ve.
• Command: Move .J
Select objects: (ChQn cac d6i tUQ'ng cAn dai).
Select objects: (Tiep t1,IC chQn cac d6i tuqng ho~c Enter de ket thtic vi¢c
lila chQn).
Specify base point or displacement: (ChQn diem chuan tren d6i tuqng,
hoac nhaP khoang doi).
Luc nay c6 the dung phim chQn clla chu¢t, dung cac phuong thuc tIllY bat

65
5.GTCS CAD·A
diem, to~ d¢ tuy~t d6i, tuang d6i ...
Specify base point or displacement: (Nh~p dit~m rna ca.c d6i tuqng ca.n
doi den).
C6 th~ sir dl,mg phim ch<;m ella chu¢t, dung cae phuong thue tmy bat di~m.
to,!- dQ tuy¢t d6i, luang doi. ..
2. Xen mill philn dol IU';lng nlim glfi'a hal dol luc:lng giao nhau
(I~nh Trim, Exlrim)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar

ModifylTrim MODIFY21Trim Trim, Tr Modify

L¢nh Erase xoa ca. d6i tugog, con hai l¢nh Trim va Break chi xen m¢t
philo d6i tuqog.
Do<.tn can xen trang l¢nh Trim duqc gi6i h~n hoi m¢t ho~c hai d6i tuqng
giao, con dO<;ln can xen trong l¢nh Break dugc gi6i h<.l.O hoi hai di~m.
L¢nh Trim dung de xoa dO<;lll cu6i ella d6i tugng giai h,;m boi m¢>t d6i
tuqng khac, ho~c dO<;ln gil1'a eua d6i nrqng duqc gi6i h:~.n bOi hai d6i tuqng kh,lc .
• Command: Trim .J
Current settings: Projection = UCS Edge = None.
Select cutting edge ...
Seleel objects: (Ch9n d6i tue;mg giao v6i do~n rna ta mu6n xmi).
Select objects: (Ch9n tiep cae d6i tltqng giao hay ket thue vi¢c h,ra eh9n
bang phim Enter).
Select objects to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/ Edge/Undo].·
(Chon do~n can xen).
Select objects to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/ Edge/Undo}:
(Tiep t~c ch9n do~n cAn xen hay Enter d~ ket thuc l¢nh).
• Cae ll,la Ch9ll khac:
Edgemode: La ll,la ch9n ella l¢nh Trim xac dinh la phan d6i tuqng

66
5,GTCS CAD-B
duqc xen co giao v6i cae d6i tuqng giao duqc keo dai hay khong (Extend ho~c
No extend).
Undo Lt.Ja ch9n nay cho phep phl.,lc h6i l;:ti do;:tn vua duqc xoa.
3. Xi," mQt ph"n doi tl!<1ng gilra hai dilim chQn (L~nh Break)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar

ModifylBreak MODIFY21Break Break, Br Modify

L¢nh Break cho phep ta xen m¢t pha.n cua cac d6i tuqng Arc, Line,
Circle, Pline, Trace...
Do;:tn dU<;ic xen duqc gi6i h;:tn boi hai di~rn rna ta ch9n. Neu ta xen m¢t
pharr cua duang tron thi do;:tn duqc xen nam nguqc chieu kim dong h6 b~t dau
tir di~rn ch9n thli nhat.
M¢t ho~c ca hai diem ch9n c6 th~ khong nam tren d6i tuqng bi xen.
C6 4 It.Ja ch9n khi tht.Jc hi¢n l~nh Break:
3.1. ChQn hai di~m (2 points)
L~nh Break thl!c hi~n theo each nay gam 2 bUGc:
- Bu6c 1: Ch9n d6i tuqng t;:ti rn¢t di~m va di~m nay la diem dati tien clla
do<;tn can xen.
- BUGC 2: Ch9n di~m cu6i cua do;:tn Can xen.
• Command: Break .J
Select object: (Ch9TI d6i tuqng e6 d0;:tn rna ta mu6n xen va di~m nay la
di6'm dau tien eua doan can xen).
Specify second break point or [First point]: (Ch9n diem eu6i cua do,!-n
can xen).
3.2. ChQn doi tU'1ng va hai di~m (2 poins Select)
Dung phuong phap nay thl phiJ.i ket hqp vi~c ch9n d6i tuqng vdi vi¢e eh9n
hai di~m dau va cu6i eua do<:tn d.n xen.
Neu ta eh9n cae ditm bang phuong thue truy b~t giao diem (Intersection)
thl dua ra ket qua cling gi6ng nhu l¢nh Trim.

67
 • Commad: Break .J
Select object: (Chc.Jn d6i tuqng co do~n rna ta muon xen).
SpeCIfy second break point or [First point]; F .J
Specify first break point: (Ch9n diem dau tien cua dO<;J.n can xen).
SpeCIfy second break point: (ChQn dieIT!- cu6i cua do~n can xen).
3.3. ChQn m(Jt diem (I point)
L¢oh Break trong truong hqp nay dung de tach mot doi wang tMoh 2 doi
tuqng dqc l~p. Di~m tach la di~m rna ta ch9n d6i tuqng d~ thl!c hi~n l~nh
Break.
• Command: Break .J
Select object: (Ch9n doi tUQ'I1g co dO<;J.n rna ta muon xen t<;J.i di~m cAn tach
doi tuqng).
Specify second break point: @ .J
3.4. ChQn d6i tu,!ng va m(>t diem (I point)
Dung l~nh Break d~ tach d6i tuqng thanh hai d6i tuqng, each nay ke't hqp
gifra cach 3.2 va 3.3
• Command: Break .J
Select object: (eh'ln doi tuqng de tach thanh 2 doi wqng).
Specify second break point or [First point.!: F .J
Specify first break point: (Ch9n diem tach hai doi ttrqng).
Specify second break point: @ .J
4. Keo dili deii tl/qng (I~nh Extend)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Tholbar

ModifylExtend MODIFY2IExfend Extend, Ex Modify

Ngtrqc l<;J.i voi I~nh Trim, l¢nh Extend dung d~ keo dai m¢t d6i tuqog
(object to extend) den giao voi m¢t d6i tuqng dtrqc ch9n (duQ'c g9i la duang
bien "Boundary edge(s)"). D6i tuqng la duang bien con co th~ Ia d6i tl1Qng
can keo dai.

68
 • Command: Extend .J
Current settings: Projection = UCS Edge = None
Select boundary edge '"
Select objects: (Ch9n d6i nrqng HI. dllong bien).
Select objects: (Ch9n ti€p cae d6i tuqng lam duemg bien ho~e Enter d~ k€t
thue vi~e h!a eh9n).
Select objects to extend or shift-select to trim or / Project! Edge/Undo]:
(Ch9n d6i tuqng can keo dai).
Select objects to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project! Edge!Undol:
(Ch9n tiep cac d6i tuqng cAn keo dai ho~c nh~n Enter d~ k€t thuc I~nh).
• Cae h!a ch9n:
Edgemode Tltong t~ nhu l¢nh Trim. Sir dung l~a eh9n Edgemode
v& h!a ch9n extend de keo dai m¢t do~n thling d€n m¢t do~n thAng khong
giao v6i no.
V ndo Dung de huy be thao tae vua tht!c hi~n
5. Xoay cae d6i tU'l;lng xung quanh m'?t dillm (I~nh Rotate)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar

ModifylRotate MODIFY2\Rotate Rotate, Ro Modify

L~nh Rotate cho phep xoay cae d6i tuqng quanh m¢t diem ehua.n (base
point). Diem ehua.n nay duqc coi Ia tAm xoay.
• Command: Rotate .J
Curent positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR = counterclockwise ANGBASE = 0
Select objects: (Ch9n d6i tm;mg d.n xoay).
Select objects: (Ch9n tiep d6i tuqng, ho~e Enter M ket thUe vi¢e I~a eh9n)
Specify base point: (Ch9n Him quay).
Specify rotation angle or [Reference J: (Nh~p goc xoay, ho~e nh~p R de
sau do nh~p goe tham chieu).

69
 6. Thay deli kfch thllc'lc cac do; tl1C;lng thea ty I~ (I~nh Scale)

pun - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Tholbar

ModifylScale MODIFY21Scaie Scale, Sc Modify

L~nh Scale dung de thay d6i kich thLF6'c cae d6i tuqng thea ty l¢ tang
hay giam.
• Command: Scale .J
Select objects: (ChQn d6i tuqng can tang hay giam kich thU0C).
Select objects: (Ch90 tiep d6i tuqog, ho~c Enter de ket thue vi¢c h,ra ch90).
SpeCIfy base point: (Ch90 di~m chu~n Iii moe dUng yen khi thay ct6i ty l¢).
SpeCIfy scale factor or I Reference J: (Nh~p h¢ 56 ty l¢, ho~c nh~p R de sau
do nh~p thong s6 tham chieu).

7. Thay deli chieu do; doi tll~ng (I~nh Lengthen)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar

ModifylLengthen MODIFY2ILengthen Lengthen Modify

Khi muon thay deli chieu diii d.c d6i tUQ'ng Ii'!. do~n th~ng hay cung tron,
dung l~nh Lengthen.
• Command: Lengthen .J
Selecl an object or jDELtaIPercenf/TofaIIDynomicj:
• Cae li,a ch9n thuang dung:
Select an object Lam hi~n thi chieu dai do~n thang, hay goc 0 tam eua
cung dii chqn.
DElta Nh~p s6 gia d~ thay d6i chieu dai d6i tuqng: s6 gia duong se
lam tang chicu dai d6i tuqng, con 56 gia am se lam giam chieu dai d6i tuqng.
Enter delta length or IAnglef.· (Nh~p s6 gia ).
Select an object to change or [Undoj: Ch9n d6i tuqng d.n thay d6i kich thu6c.

70
 Percent Thay dOi chi~u dai d6i tuqng thea phAn tram: > 100% thl lam
t~ng chieu dai, < 100% thllam giiim chieu dai.

8. Keo gian cac dol tlt9ng (I~nh Stretch)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar

ModifylStTech MODIFY21Strech Stretch Modify

Khi cAn keo gHin cae d6i tuqng rna d6i tuqng van khong dUt rai, thi dung
l~nh Stretch.

• Command: Stretch .J
Select object to stretch by crossing-window or crossing-polygon ...
Select object: (ChQn d6i tm;mg dung crossing-window).
Select object: (NMin Enter ket thue vi~e chQn).
SpeCIfy base point or displacement or, use first point as displacement >:
(NhaP diem chuiln).
Spec~fy destination point: (Nh~p diem can dbi den).
9. Dol va quay cac doi Iltl;lng (I~nh ALIGN)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in

Modljy\3D Operution\Align Modify21Align Align, Al

Lenh Align cho phep doi, xoay, hoac bien d(\i d6i Ilt"ng theo ty l~. Khi
can thiet l~p ban ve lap tu nhieu chi tiet, dung I~nh Align kh<i hi~u qua.
Co the co 3 tlnh hu6ng sau:
I. Khi chi can dai hinh:
• Command: Align .J
Select object: (Chon d6i tl1"ng ciln doi).
Select object: (Nh<fn Enter ket thuc vi~c ehQn).
Specify first source point: (ChQn diem nguon tren d6i tuqng ehQn).

71
 Specify first destination point: (Ch<;m di~m dOi. den).
Specify second source point: (Nhi'ln Enter).
2. Khi can diJi hlnh ket hqp xoay hlnh:
Select object: (Ch(;m d6i tuqng can thay dbi).
Select object: (Nhi'ln Enter ket thuc vi¢c ch9n).
Specify first source point: (Ch9n diem ngu6n thu nhat tren d6i tuqng
chon).
Specify first destination point: (ChQn di~m dai den thu nhat).
Specify second source point: (Ch9n diem ngu6n thd hai).
Specify second destination point: (Ch9n diem dai den thd hai).
Specify third source point: (Nhan Enter).
Scale object based on alignment points? [YesINo].· N .J
3. Khi can diJi hinh ket hqp xoay hlnh va thay d6i d(J Ian theo ty l~:
Tien hanh tuang tv tlnh hu6ng 2, den dong nhac:
Scale object based on alignment points?[YesINo]: Y .J (Thl!c hi¢n phep
bien d6i ty Ie nhu khi thlfc hien I~nh Scale).

VII. cAc LENH VE NHANH

Cac l¢nh ve nhanh giup cho vi¢c thvc hi¢n ban ve nhanh ch6ng va do d6
tang nang suat ve. Dung ca.c l¢nh nay ta se nhanh ch6ng t<;lo cac d6i tuqng m6i
tu cac d6i tuqng dB: ve tru6c d6.
Ta c6 the nh£).p cac l¢nh nay vaa tu ban phim, danh mvc thanh ngang
(Modify). toolbars Modify. danh m~c man hinh (Screen menu).
Phuong philp nh~p khoang cach va goc:
De nh~p gia tri chit~u dai t<;li cac dong nhac c6 chii' "Distance", "Length" ...
ho~c gia tfi g6c: "Angle", "Rotation angle" ... ta c6 the thvc hi¢n thea hai
phuong phap nhu sau:
I. Nhilp gia tr) bilng s6.
2. Chon ho~c tmy bilt Ian lUql hai diem. khi do AUIOCAD so tlf d(Jng tinh
gia trj chieu dai va g6c hqp v6i duang chu<ln cua hai diem rna ta ch9ll va gan
cho cac gia trj. can nh~p.

72
 1. T~o cac do; tlt<:,ng song song (L'1nh Offset).

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

ModifylOffset Offset, 0 Modify

L~nh Offset dung d~ t~o cae d6i tuqog m6i song song thea huang vu6ng
goe voi cae d6i tuqng duqc chQo. C6 th~ t<;to cae d6i ttrqng song song eua cae
d6i tuqng HI.: line, circle, arc, pline, spline ...
• Neu d6i tw;mg ban dau lit dO<;tn thAng thi se t<;10 fa do<;J.O thang mai c6
cung chieu dai.
• Neu d6i tltqng ban dau lit duang tron thi se t<;to fa duang tron moi dong
tam v6i duang tron ban dau.
• Neu d6i tuqng ban dau Iii cung tron thi se t<;10 fa cung tron dong tam v6i
a
goe tam bang v6i cung tron ban dau.
• Neu d6i tuqog ban dau Ia duang pline, spline thi se t<;10 fa m¢t duemg
pline, spline co hloh dang wang tl!, nhung song song v6i. duang ban dau.
C6 hai each t<;to cae d6i tuqng song song:
1. Cae d6i tuqng song song each cac d6i tuqng ban dau m¢t khoang cach
(offset distance).
2. Cac d6i tuqng song song se di qua m¢t di€m (Through point) va song
song vai d6i wqng ban dau.
l.l. Ll1a chgn Offset Distance
• Command: Offset .J
Offset distance or Through <through>: (Nh~p khOl\ng each giiIa hai d6i
wqng song song).
Select object to offset: (Ch9n d6i tuqng ban dau muon t~o doi tuqng m6i
song song vai n6).
Specify point on side to offset: (Nhilp chu¢t vao m¢t diem bill ky v€ phia
can t~o d6i tuqng mai).
Select object to offset or <exit>: (Tiep t1,1C ch9n ho~c nhan Enter d€ ket
thuc l~nh).

73
 1.2. Lt,ta ehQn Through
• Command; Offset .J
Offset distance or Through<Through>: T .J
Select object to offset: (ChQo d6i tuc;mg ban dati muon t~o d6i tuqng mai
song song vCii n6).
Through point: (Nh~p t<;>a d¢ ho~c bat diem rna d6i tuqng mai duqc t<;\o se
di qua di~m do).
Select object to offset or <exit>: (ChQll d6i tUQng khac ho~c Enter d~ ket
thUe l?nh).
2. Ve noi tH,p hai dOi !Ltc;lDg beli cung tron (I~nh Fillet)

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

Modify\Fillet Fillet, F Modify

L¢nh Fillet dung de ve nei tiep hai d6i tuqng boi rn¢l cung tron.
De thlJC hi¢n l¢nh Fillet, trucJc tien phai nh~p ban kfnh cung n6i tiep R
(sau khi nh~p, gia tr! ban kinh nay rra thanh m~c dinh), sau d6 ch9ll cae d6i
tuqng can ve n6i tiep boi illq! cung tron .
• Command: Fillet .J
Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = ...
Select first object or [Polyline! Radius/Trim/mUltiple!: R .J (ChQn R d~
nh~p ban kinh).

Specify fillet radius <0.0000>: (Nh~p gia tIi ban kinh R, hoac chQn hai
di~m rna khoang each giua chung Ii ban kinh R).
Select first object or /Polyline! Radius/Trim/mUltiplel: (Ch9ll d6i nrqng
th" nhat can Fillet).
Select second ohject: (Ch9ll d6i tuqng thtl hai can Fillet).
Khi dung l¢nh Fillet v6i R = 0, co the keo dai ca.c d6i wqng cho den khi
chung giao nhau, ho~c xen ca.c d6i tuqng dii giao nhau nhung co cae dO<;tll thua
can boo

74
 CM Yding c6 the Fillet hai duong th~ng song song, khi d6 ta khOng clin
nh~p ban kfnh va ban kinh se la ffi¢t mia khmlng each gifra hai duang song song.

• Cae l\Ia ch9ll khac:

Polyline Khi muon Fillet to~m b¢ cae dinh da tuyen thl sau khi nh~p ban
kinh R ta thvc hi¢n thea tduh tt! sau.
Command: Fillet .J
Current settings: Mode::;: TRIM, Radius = ...
Select ji'rs! object or [Polyline! RadiuslTrim/rnUltiple]: P .J
Select 2D polyline: (Chon Polyline can Fillet).
AutoCAD chi Fillet t~i cae diuh lii giao diem ella hai pharr dO<;l-fi thing ella
da tuyen.
Trim/ Notrim Khi Fillet b che d¢ Trim mode thi cae d6i tuqng clugc
ch9ll de Fillet se keo dai den ho~c xen cae dO<;\ll thua ti;l-i cae diem tiep Xtlc.
Khi Fillet ache d¢ Notrim mode thi d.c doi tUQ11g se kh6ng duqc keo dai
ho~c xen di t~i cae diem tiep xuc v6i cung noL
mUltiple Cho phep bo tr6n d.c c~nh n6i eua t~p hqp nhieu d6i tuqng.
3. Vat mep cac cqnh giao nhau (I~nh CHAMFER)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar

Modify\Chamfer MODIFY2\Chamfer Chamfer, Cha Modify

L~nh Chamfer dung d~ t<).o mqt ducmg xien tC).i di~m giao nhau cua hai
do<).n theing ho~c t<).i cac dinh da tuyen 130 giao di~m cua hai phan doC).n
(Segment) 180 cac doC).n thing, gQi 130 vat mep cac c<).nh.
Trinh tl)' thl)'c hi¢n [enh Chamfer lUang tu l¢nh Fillet: Nh~p cae khoang
cach vat mep, r6i sau do chQn cac dO<;l-n thAng can vat mep.
Kfch thuac duCing vat mep (duong xien) duqc dtnh btlOg hai cach: Theo
hai khoang ca.ch tir di~m giao nhau (Distance), ho~c nh~p ffiqt gia tr! khoang
each va goc nghieng (angle).

75
 • Command: Chamfer ..J
(Trim mode) Current chamfer Dist 1 ::;"'! Dist 2 ::; ...
Select first line or [Polyline/ Distonce/ Angle/ Trim/ Method/mUltiple!:
• Cac h!a ch<;m:
Method Ch9n m¢t trang hai each d!nh fa kich thUDC ducmg vat mep:
+ Distance (Nh~p gia tf! hai khoimg cach).
+ Angle (Nh~p gia tf! m¢t khoang cach va goc nghieng).
Distance Nh~p hai khoang caeh.
Command: Chamfer ..J
(Trim mode) Current chamfer Dist 1 ::; ... , Dist 2 ::; ..
Selectfirst line or [Polyline/ Distance/ Angle/ Trim! Method/mUltiple!: D.J
Specify first chamfer distance <>: (Nh~p Ir! khoimg cach thi! nhat).
Enter second chamfer distance <>: (Nh~p khoang each thu hai).
Select first line or [Polyline/ Distance/ Angle/ Trim/ Method/mUltiple!:
(Chon do,!n Ihfing Ihi! nhat).
Select second line: (Ch9n do~n th~ng thu hai).
Angle Cho phep nh~p gia tf! kh011ng each thu nhat va goc cila duemg
vat mep hqp voi duang thu nha't.
Polyline Muon vat mep t~i tat ca.
cae dinh cua polyline thi sau khi nh~p
cac gia tf! khoang each xong, t<:ti dong nhAc d~u tien ta nh*p P, se xuat hi~n
dong nhac sau:
Command: Chamfer .J
(Trim mode) Current chamfer Dist 1 ::; ... , Dist 2 ::; ...
Selectfirst line or [Polylille! Distance! Angle! Trim/ Method/mUltiple!: P.J
Select 2D polylille: (ChQn Polyline clin chamfer).
Trim!N otrim Khi Chamfer ache d¢ Trim mode thi cae d6i tUQng dUQc
ch9n de Chamfer se keo dai den ho~c xen cae do~n thua t<:ti eac di~m tiep xlle.
Khi Chamfer CJ ehe d¢ Notfim mode thi cae d6i tUQIlg se kh6ng dUQc keo
dai ho~c xen di t~i cae di~m tiep Xlle vm cung n6i.
mUltiple Cho phep vat mep cac qmh n6i clla t*p hqp nhieu d6i tUQng.

76
 4. Sao chep cac doi tlt9ng (I~nh Copy)

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

M odifylCopy Copy hoqc CP, CO Modify

L~nh Copy dung de sao chep tinh tien cic d6i tuqng .
• Command: Copy .J
Select objects: (Ch9n cae d6i tuqog can sao chep).
Select objects: (Chqll tiep cae d6i tuqng can sao chep, ho~c ohan phfm
Enter di ket thue vi¢c Iva ch90).
Specify basepoint or displacement or /Multiple]: (Ch90 diem chu~n bat
ky tren d6i tuqng can sao chep, thucmg dung cae each bat diem).
Specify second point of displacement or < use first point as displacement >:
(Ch9ll vi trl ella cae d6i tlI<Jng sao chep, thuang dung cae each bat diem ho~c
nh~p to~ d(J).
Trang l~nh Copy co Iva ch(;m Multiple, h!a ch9ll nay dung de sao chep
nhieu bim til oh6rn cae d6i tlIqng duqc chqll.
Command: Copy .J
Select objects: (Ch9ll d6i tuqng ca.n sao ehep).
Select objects: (tiep tlJe eh9ll d6i tuqng ho~e Enter).
< Basepoint or displancement >/ Multiple: M .J
Base point: (Ch9n diem ehuin).
Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as displacement>.-
(Chon di~m copy den).
Specify second point of displacement or < use first point as displacement>:
(Tiep toc chon di~m Copy den ho~c Enter ket thuc lenh).
5. Phep lay doi xUng qua tr,!c (L~nh Mirror)

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

ModifylMirror Mirror, Mi Mirror

77
 L¢nh Mirror dung d~ t~o cac d6i tuqng m6i d6i xung vOi cac d6i tuqng
duqc chQn qua mqt tn]c d6i xung.
• Command: Mirror .J
Select objects: (ChQll cae d6i tuqng mu6n hiy d6i xung).
Select objects: (Enter d~ ket thue vi¢e ll!a ehqn).
Specify first point of mirror line: (Chqn diem thu nhat ella trl).e d6i xung).
Specify second point of mirror line: (Chqn diem thu hai eua trl).e d6i xdng).
Delete source ohjects ?(Yes/NoJ<N>: (Xoa d6i tuqng duqe ehqn hay
khong? Dap "N" neu khong muon xoa, dap "Y" neu muon xoa).
Neu mu6n hlnh d6i xU'ng eua eae dong ehfr khong bj nguqe, phai gan bien
MIRRTEXT = a (gil tri m~e dinh MIRRTEXT = I), rei mm thue hi?n lenh Mirror.
6. Sao chep thea mimg (I~nh Array)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbars

M odifylArray MODIFY21Array Array ho¢c Arr Modify

L~nh Array dung de sao chep cae d6i tuqng duqe eh9n thanh mango C6
th~ co hai kieu miing duqe dung:
+ Mang chfr nh~t (Rectangular Array): Cae d6i tuqng m6i duqe sao chep
phan bo theo cae hang va cae c¢t.
+ Mang qre (Polar Array): Cae d6i tuqng mai duqe sao chep pharr b6 xung
quanh m¢t tam qle (Polar).
6.1. Mang chfi: nh~t (Rectangular Array)
Sao chep cae d6i tuqng duqe ch9n thanh day c6 so h~mg (rows) va s6 e('lt
(columns) nhat dinh.
• Command: Array .J
Select ohjects: (Chqn eac d6i tuqng d.n sao ehep).
Select objects: (Nhan Enter de k€t thue vi¢c lI,ra ehQn).
Enter the type ofarray (Rectangular/Polar! <R>: R.J (Chqn Rectangular)
Enter the number ofrOlvs (.,,) <1>: (Nh~p so hfmg cua mang).

78
 Enter the number of columns (1/1) <1>: (Nh~p s6 e¢t ella ming).
Enter the distance between rows or specify unit cell (. .. ): (Nh~p each giua
d.c hang, gia tfi nay duong thl eae hang duqe sao ehep len tfen, gia tfi nay am
thl cae hang duqe sao ehep xu6ng du6'i.
Enter the distance betlveen columns (///): (nh~p khOi:lng d.eh giua cae e¢t,
gia tfj nay duang thl eae e9t duqe sao ehep sang phiH, gia tfi nay am thl cae
e9t duC/e sao ehep sang trai).
Ta e6 the: dung a don vi (Unit cell) d~ nh~p khoing each gifra cae hang va
e9t. Unit cell la 6 dan vi hlnh ehu nh~t, khoing each theo tn,lc ho~mh ella 6
nay se 1a khoang cach giua cae e9t va khmlng each theo tn,le tung Ia khoang
each giua cae hang.
Enter the distance betl1yen rows or specify unit cell ( ...): (Ch9n die:m thtl'
nhit cua 6 dan vO.
SpeClfv opposite corner: (eh9n di~m thtl' hai d6i di~n ella a dan vD.
6.2. Mang C\rc (Polar Array)
Ll!a eh9n nay dung d~ t~o cac day sap xep chung quanh m¢t tam qre (Polar).
Command: Array .J
Select objects: (Ch9n d6i tuqng ciln sao ehep).
Select objects: (NhAn Enter d~ ket thue vi~e h,ra ch9n).
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar} <R>: p.J
Specify center point of Array: (Ch9n tam et,l"e).
Enter the number of items in the array: (Nh~p s6luqng bim sao ehcp).
Specify the angle to fill (+=CCW; -=CWj<360>: (Nh~p g6c rna tren d6
cae bin sao ehcp duqe phan b6. Ch6. y: goe dien vao co gia tri am neu eung
ehicu kim dOng ho, co gia tf! duang neu nguqc ehieu kim dong ho).
Rotate arrayed objects?[YesINol<Y>: (C6 quay eae d6i tuqng khi sao
chep hay kh6ng? Nhan Enter neu d6ng y, dap "N" neu kh6ng dong y.
Neu ta eh9n kh6ng quay ("N") thl cae d6i tuqng sap xep khong deu chung
quanh tam qrc.
Command: Array .J
Select objects: (Ch9n cae d6i tuqng ca.n Array).

79
 Select objects: .J
Enter the type of array [Rectangular!Polarf <R>: p.J (chon Polar Array).
SpeCify center point of Array: (Nh~p ho*c ch(;m tam cve).
Specify the angle to fill (+ = ccw. -=cw)<360>.· (Nh~p g6c phan b6 cae
d6i tuqng sao chep).
Angle bettween items: (Nh~p goe giiJa ca,e d6i tuqng sao chep).
Rotate arrayed objects?/Yes/No]<Y>: (Co quay cac d6i tuqng khi sao
chep kh6ng).

VIII. cAe Lt:NH VE MAN HINH

1. Thu ph6ng mim hinh (I~nh Zoom)

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

View\Zoom Zoom h0i!c Z Standard ho(ic View

L~nh Zoom dung d~ ph6ng to ho~e thu nhc hlnh anh cac d6i tU<;mg tren
khung eua s6 hi¢n h~mh. L¢nh nay chi thay d6i st! hi~n th~ eua cac d6i tuqng
tren mao hlnh rna khong lam thay d6i kfch thuoe ca.e d6i tuqng .
• Command: Zoom .J
Specify corner ofwindow, enter a scale factor( nX ornXP) or / Allieenter/Dynamic/
Extents/Previous/Scale/ Window] <real time>:
• Cae It!a eh9n:
Realtime (KTZoom) La h!a ch9n mac dinh cua l~nh Zoom.
Khi tht!c hi¢n h,ra ch9n nay ta keo cursor co hlnh d~ng kinh hlp co dau +
va - nhu bi~u tuqng Iva ch9n nay tren toolbar Standard.
Nhan phim trai eua chu¢t va di bi~u tuqng nay len phia tren thl phong to,
di xu6ng phia duoi thl thu nh6 hlnh anh ban ve.
Thoal ra kh6i ehe do Realtime Zoom: NMn phfm ESC, ho~e nh:fn phim
phai chu¢t xuat hi¢n menu r6i eh9n Exit.

80
 All T<;to l<;ti toiOm b¢ man hlnh va hitn thi toan b¢ ban ve len man hlnh.
Center Ph6ng to man hlnh quanh m¢t Him diem va voi m¢t chieu cao
etra 56, khi nh~p C:
Specify center point: (ChQn tam khung eira 56).
Enter magnification or height<current~: (Nh~p chieu cao khung cira 56,
ho~e ehqn 2 di~m de xac dinh chieu cao. Neu sao gia tri ta nh~p X, vi d1,1 3X
thl hlnh anh se ph6ng to lcn 3 IAn so voi hi~n hanh).
Dynamic Hi~n lcn man hlnh khung etta s6 chua hlnh anh, rna ta c6 th~
thay d6i vi tri va kfch thuoc.
Khung eira 56 hlnh chi] nh~t nay e6 dAu X a gifra, cho phep ehuytn vi tri
ella khung cira 56.
Khi chuyen sang eM d¢ thay d6i d¢ Ian khung eua s6 (ho~e nguqe lai)
phai nhan phim ehqn (phim trai) ella ehu¢t, lue do se xuat hi~n mlii ten ngay
c<;tnh phai ella khung. Dung mCii tcn d~ di ehuy~n vi tri va thay d6i kieh thuoc
khung etra s6. Nhan phim Enter khi muon ph6ng hlnh anh trang khung cua 56
nay lcn to~m be) man hlnh.
Window Ph6ng to len man hlnh phAn hlnh anh nam trang khung ci'ta so
hlnh chfr nh~t. Cua so nay dU<;1e t<;to ra bang cach xac dinh 2 di~m:
Specify first corner: (Chqn g6e tnii eaa 56).
Specify opposite corner: (ChQn g6e phai dra 56).
Extents Ph6ng to ho~c thu nha cae deli tuqng ban ve den kha nang lOn
nh~t e6 the.
Previous Ph1,Ic hoi l<;ti hlnh anh eua l~nh Zoom truoc do.
Scale Nhap t1' I~ de ph6ng to hay thu nha hinh iinh mong muon. TY Ie
> I thi ph6ng to, t1' l~ < I thi thu nha.
+ Gia trt 0.5,1,2... c6 nghia Ia ph6ng to ho~e thu nha 0.5, 1,2... Ian so
voi hlnh anh theo gioi h<;tn ban ve.
+ Gia tfi 0.5X, IX, 2X... e6 ngh1a la thu nha va ph6ng to theo t1' Ie 0,5;
I; 2... Ian so voi hlnh anh hi~n hanh.
+ Gia tfi 0.5XP, IXI', 2XI' .. ngh1a la thu nha ho~e ph6ng to so vai giai
h<;tn ban ve trang kh6ng gian phang ella ta giay ve 0,5; 1; 2 ... Ian.

81
6.GTCS CAD-A
 • Cac Iga chqn khac tren Standard toolbar:
IN Ph6ng to hlnh ilnh hi~n himh len 2 Ian (Zoom 2X).
Out Thu nh6 hinh ilnh hi~n himh xu6ng 2 Ian (Zoom O.5X).
2. Xe d!ch ban ve tren man hinh (I~nh PAN)

Pull - down Menu Type in . Toolbar

View\Pan Pan hoq.c P hoq.c -Pan Standard

Dung l¢nh Pan d~ xe djch ban ve tren man hinh rna d¢ Ian cila ban ve
khong thay d6i, nha do co th~ quan sat cac phAn can thiet rna khong thay d6i
khoang cach nhin.
2.1. Realtime pan (RTpan)
Realtime III ll!a chqn m;)c d~nh cua l~nh Pan.
Khi thl,lc hi¢n l¢nh Pan se xU<lt hi¢n can tro co hlnh ban tay. Nhiln phfm
trai cua chu¢t va xe d~ch ban ve tren man hinh. Nha nut trai chu¢t va dai con
tro den v~ trf khac va l~i nhiln phfm trai d~ tiep tlJ.c xe dlch bim ve.
Khi can thoat khoi Realtime Pan thi nhiln phfm ESC, ho~c nhilp phfm phai
chu¢t xuat hi¢n Shortcut menu, roi chqn Exit d~ ket thuc l~nh.
2.2. Vnh Pan
Thl,lc hi~n l¢nh Pan khi nh~p hai di~m thi hinh anh se duqe keo tu di~m
thu nhilt den di~m thd hai.
Command: Pan -l
Specify base point or displacement: (Ch9n diem thtl nhift ho~e nMp
khming doi).
Specify second point: (Ch9n di€m thi! hail.
2.3. Cae lI!a ehQn khlie (gQi du'!e til menu bar)
Left Quan sat 1l11a trai eua khung cira s6 hi~n hanh.
Right Quan sat nira phai cila khung ella s6 hi¢n hanh.
Up Quan sat 1l11a tren cua khung ci'ra s6 hi~n hanh.
Down Quan sat nira duai clla khung elra s6 hi~n hanh.

82
6.GTCS CAD-B
 eM y:
+ L~nh Pan va Zoom Iii l¢nh trung gian (transparent command), nghia HI.
c6 the thvc hi¢n l¢nh nay t~i dong nh~c ba:t ky, vOi ditu ki¢n Iii khi d6 trucre
ten lenh phai nhap Mu ( , ).
+ Trang AutoCAD cling con co th~ sir d\;1og thanh euon Scroll Bars (hai
thanh nam ngang va thing dung) d€ xe dich bim ve tren man hioh.
3. L~nh View

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

View\Named views ... View hoi;ic Ddview Standard

Dung l¢nh View de ghi l~i cae pharr ban ve hi¢n h~mh va d~t ten cho n6.
Khi can c6 the gQi fa cae ph<in ball ve nay.
Command: View ..J
Xuat hi¢n h¢p tho<;li View:
+ Trang New View: Nh~p ten vaa 6 SO<;iO thfl.O View name.
+ Trang Orthographic & Isometric View: T<;lo cae hlob chieu vu6ng goe
va hloh chieu trl).C do.
4. Bien Viewres

Pull - down Menu Type in

TooMerial views... Viewres

Bien Viewres duqc dung de tang d¢ miD eua cae duong cong nhu ducmg
tron, cung tron, elip, spline.
• Command: Viewres .J
Do you wont fast zoom?/YesINo]<Y>:,J
Enter circle zoom percent (1-20000)<100>: (NMp can s6 ph:ln tram zoom).

83
 5. Quan sat ban ve tit tren (Aerial view· View from Above)

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

View\Aerial views .. Dsviewer hoi;ic AV Standard

ThlIang sir dl:lOg Zoom Realtime va Pan Realtime d~ quan sat ban ve.
Nhung d6i v6i cae ban ve phuc tq.p ta sir dl,mg Aerial view t6t han.
Sir dl;mg cae l¢nh Zoom va Pan cae hloh imh trl'::n khung eua s6 nha nay
ta thu duqc hlnh aoh wang uog eua ban ve trtn man hloh.
Tien htmh theo tdoh W sau:
1. Thl,lc hi¢n l¢nh: Xuat hi¢n khung eira s6 Aerial View.
2. Tr~n khung eira s6 Aerial View: Thl!c hi~n vi¢c thu ph6ng hloh anh tren
khung eira s6 nhc nay bang each nhap phfm trai chu¢t lam xuiit hi¢n khung
chit nh~t c6 dati x a chioh giiia, xe dich khung chu nh~t nay se cho phep ta
quan sat pharr hloh ve wang Ung da dugc ph6ng to tren man hloh. Co th~ thu
ph6ng khung chiI nh~t bang cach nhap phfm trai chu¢t de xuat hi~n mlii ten
ben phai khung, r6i di chu¢t de thl!C hi~n vi~c thu ph6ng.
4. D~ d6ng dra s6 Aerial View ta nhan vao nut X ben g6c phai phia tren
eua khung clla s6.

IX. vii THEO LOP - mllu CHiNH DUONG NET VAMAu

Trang khi ve va thiet ke, d~c bi~t Ia d6i vai d.c ban ve phuc t':lP, nguai
thiet ke mong muon lam vi~c vai phan hloh ve hi6n th! len man hlnh khoog
qua phuc t:;tp. Muon v~y, phai t6 chue ban ve theo nhieu lap (layer). C6 the:
hlnh dung moi lap nhu m¢t to giay ve trang suot, duqc ve len d6 cac doi tuqng
c6 eung chuc nang nhu: lap eae duang net ea ban, lap eae duang tAm, lOp cae
kich thuoc, lop van bim, lOp cac hlnh ehieu, lOp eae m~t cat ... Khi can hien
thi ult ca cae lap len man hlnh (wang tl! ta d~t eh6ng ta't ca. cae ta giay ve
trang su6t len nhau), ta se c6 duqe ban ve t6ng th~ c6 d¢ phue t:;tp caa. Nhung
khi ve va thiet ke, ta chi can lam vi~c v6i m¢t ho~c m¢t vai lap nhat djnh, gQi
la lap hi¢n hanh (current layer),vai d¢ phuc t:;tp giam di nhieu so vai ban ve
Icing the.

84
 Ta c6 the gan cho moi lap cac tfnh chAt rieng cua n6 nhu: d~ng duong net
(linetype), chieu r¢ng net (lineweight), mau sac (color)... , khi d6 cac tlnh chat
nay iJ d~ng BYLAYER.
Cac phien bim AutoCAD khong h~n che s6 lap duqc t~o ra. Tren thl!C te
thiet ke co khf va xa-y dvng, c6 nhfrng ban ve dung hang tram lOp.
1. T~o lap vii hi~u chinh lap

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

Format\Layer... Layer, LA Object Properties

Thvc hi~n l¢nh Format\Layer se xUAt hi¢n h¢p tho~i Layer Properties
Manager.
1.1. Tao lop moi
TrInh t'! t~o, hi~u ehinh layer duqc th'!c hi¢n nhu sau:
- NhAp nut New h¢p tho~i, se suAt hi¢n 0 so~n thao Layer t~i c¢t name
(duoi Layer 0),
~ Nh~p ten lap vao 0 so~n thao. D~.t ten lap v6i cac ky t'! la cac 56, cac
chil, khong dU<;1c co cac khoang trong giiia cac ky t,!, khong dUQ'e dai qua 255
ky lU. Ten lOp th~ hi¢n tinh d~c tTUng chung cho lOp, nhu: NET-CO-BAN,
NET-KHUAT, MAT-CAT, KICH-THUOC, PHAN-CHU...
- Khi t~o nhieu lap cung m¢t luc, ta nh~p d.c ten lap cach nhau boi dau
phily (,).
- NhAn nut OK khi ket thuc vi¢c t~o lap mai.
1.2. Thiel laP lr~ng lhai lop
• Tdt, mJ layer: Nhap vao bi~u lUgng tr~ng thai ON/OFF.
M(it lOp dil tilt thl so khOng hi¢n tren man hlnh. Tuy v~y, neu dung l\ta
chQn All d~ ehQn d6i tuqng, cac d6i tuqng ella lap dii tat van co th~ duqc chQu
khi th\tc hi¢n m(it s61¢nh hi¢u chinh (Erase, Move, Copy...).
• Dong va lam tan bang cua m¢t layer: NhAp vao bieu tUQ'ug tr<;lug thai
FREEZEffHAW.
Cae d6i tuelng cua lop dil dong bang (FREEZE) so khOng xuat hi¢n tren

85
man hinh va ta so khong th~ hieu ehlnh cae d6i lugng nay (khong Ih~ ehqn d6i
tugng lOp dong bang ngay eli Ilia ehqn All). Trang qua Idnh tai hien bim vo
bang l¢nh Regen, Zoom... ca.c d6i tuqng eua lap dong bang bi b6 qua va giup
cho qua trlnh tai hi¢n duqc nhanh han.
LOp hien hanh khong th~ dong bang.
• Khoa va rnb khmi eho lap: Nhap vaa bitSu luqng tf<.lng thai
LOCK/UNLOCK
Cae d6i tuqng ella layer dii bi khoa (LOCK) se khong hi¢u chinh sUa chua
duqc. Thuang dung khi muon nhAc nha ffiqi nguai truck khi muon sua chua
d.c d6i tUQ'ng trong lOp nay de tninh sai s6t dang ti€c.
1.3. Chon mau va thay d6i mau ella hIp
Twac ti~n phai Chqll lOp cAn chqo mall ho~c thay d6i mau cho lap d6.
Ta nhap V~lO c¢t mau (Color) ena lOp, khi d6 se xuat hi¢n h¢p tho~i Select
color. Thea h¢p tho<;li nay, ta co th~ chqo mau cho lap bang each chqo vao ()
mau mong muon.
C6 256 mau duqc dauh 56 tir I 7 255. Khi ta chqll {) mau nao thl ten (so)
mall xuat hi¢n t~i {) so~n thao Color. Cac mau tieu chuAn tir 1 - 7 ngoai rna so
ta con co th~ nh~p ten (1 -Red (do); 2- Yellow (vang); 3- Green (xanh la cay);
4- Cyan (Xanh da trail; 5- Blue (xanh IVe); 6- Magenta (do Ifa); 7- White
(trhg)).
S6 ltrgng cac mau xuat hi¢n tuy thu¢c vao Monitor ho~c Card di6u khitn
man hlnh. Cau hlnh VGA chuAn (Video Graphics Array v6i card man hlnh va
monitor chuAn) chi co16 mau. Man hlnh SVGA (Super VGA) co the lam xuat
hien 256 mau trang AutoCAD.
1.4. Chqn d~ng dltOng net cho hIp
De ch(;m d~ng dmJng net cho lap, ta nhap V8.0 cOt Linetype, lam xuat hi~n
hOp tho~i Select Linetype. Theo h¢p tho~i nay, ta ch9n d~ng duong net mong
muon. Ket thuc vi¢c ch9n, ta nhan nut OK.
De tii cac d~ng ducmg net vao chuang trinh ve, ta nhan nut Load dt lam
xuat hi¢n h¢p tho~i Load or Reload Linetype. Theo hOp tho~i nay, ta ch9n cac
d~ng duang net mong muon de tM (ho~c cac file d~ng duemg Acad.lin va
Acadiso.lin) va nhan phim OK.

86
 1.5. Chf:>n chieo rQng net ve
ChQn chieu r¢ng net khi in ban ve ra giiy. Sau khi chQn ten lap, nhip vao
c¢t Lineweight, lam xuit hi~n h¢p tho~i Lineweight. Theo h¢p tho~i nay, ta
chQn chieu r¢ng net mong mu6n. Ket thuc vi¢c chqn, ta nhin nut OK.
1.6. Gan hJp hien hanh (Current)
Ta chqn lap va nhin nut Current, ben phai dong Current Layer se xuit hi~n
ten lap hi~n hanh rna ta vira chqn. Trong lOp hi¢n hanh, cac d6i tuong mai t~o
bang cac l¢nh ve (line, arc, circle, text, hatch...) se c6 cac tfnh chAt cua lap
hi~n hanh da thiet l~p truac d6.

1.7. Xoa 101' (Delete)

Ta de dang xoa lOp nao d6 bang cach chqn lap d6 va nhAn nut Delete. Tuy
nhien trong m¢t s6 truang hqp layer duqc chqn khang duqc xoa, d6 Ia cac lap
0, lap De/point, lap hi?n hanh, lap ban ve tham khao ngoai.
2. Dieu khilln ICip b~ng thanh cong cy Object Properties
Ta co th€ thl!c hi~n cac l¢nh ve lap bang thanh cang C\l Object Properties.
Thanh cang clJ. nay duqc m~c dinh nam phia tren vung d6 ho~. Khi dtra con
tr6 vao cac nut tren thanh cang c\l, se thtiy xuat hi¢n ten nut.
• Nut Layer Properties Manager
Nhan nut nay se lam xuat hi¢n h¢p tho~i Layer Properties Manager.
• Nut Make Object's Layer Current
Lap chUa d6i tu'lng vira du'lc eh9n so tra thanh lap hi?n hanh.
• Nut Layer Previous
Nhan nut nay se huy be cac thi€t laP eho lap ve mau, d~ng duang net ..
• Danh sach keo xu6ng Color Control
Gan mau hi?n hanh cho d6i tuqng sill' ve. Khi ve thuang ch9n BYLAYER.
• Danh sach keo xuSng Linetype Control
Gan d~ng ducmg net hi~n hanh cho d6i tuqng s~p ve. Khi ve thuang chQn
BYLAYER.
• Danh sach keo xu6ng Lineweight Control
Gan chieu r~ng eua duang net (de in ra giay) eho d6i tu'lng sill' ve.

87
 3. Cae I~nh liim quan den d~ng dLlilng nel
3.1. Nh"p cae dang duong nel vao ban ve (Ienh Linetype)

Pull - down Menu Type in

Format\linetype ... Linetype (l,t) ho¢c -Linetype (-Lt)

Thong thuang khi bat dau ban ve, trang danh stich cae d~ng duang net co
san chi co rn¢t d<.mg duang duy nhat IS. net lien (Continuous). D~ di (load) d.c
d~ng duang kh.ic c6 san trang ACAD vaa trong ban ve, co th~ dung hai
phuong phap sau:
3.1.1. L~nh "-Linetype"
• Command: L¢nh "-Linetype" .J
?ICreatel Load/ Set: L.J
Linetype (s) to load: * .J
XlUlt hi¢n rn¢t h¢p tho<;ti Select Linetype Files. Tren hqp tho~i nay ta ch9ll
t~p tin ACAD.LIN (hoac ACADISO.LIN) va nMn nut chon OK.
'/Creole/Load/Set: .J
• Oie h!a ch9ll khac:
? Li¢t ke cae d~ng ducmg co trong cae file ACAD.LIN.
Set Gan d~ng duang eha cae d6i tuqng sap ve.
Create T~o d.c d~ng duang rom.
3.1.2. Dung hljp thoqi Linetype Manager
Til Format menu, chQn Linetype d~ lam xuat hi¢n h¢p tho<;li Linetype
Manager. Nhan nut Load, lam xuat hi¢n danh sach cac d<;lng duang net tieu
chuftn. ChQn trong d6 cac d<;lng ducmg net c~n dung, roi nharr mit OK.
3.2. Dinh ly Ie eho dang dUOng (Lenh LTSCALE)

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

Ltscale! Lts

88
 Cac d'.lng duang net kieu khong li~n tl}c thucmg co cac khoimg trong gifra
cac dO'.ln g<;lch lien, nhu net khuat (Hidden), duang tam (Center), duemg cham
ch:im (Dashdot),...
L~nh Ltscale se d!nh ty l~ cho d'.lng duang net, tuc la dint. chieu d?ii
khoang trang va dO'.ln g'.lch lien. Neu ta chqn ban ve thea h~ Met thi khong
can dinh l'.li ty l¢ d'.lng duang net.
• Command: Ltscale .J
Enter new scale factor <1.000 >: (Nh~p ffiQt gia tri duong bat ky ta chqn).
Ta cling de dang dung h¢p tho'.li Linetype Manager. T'.li 0 s0'.ln thao
Global Scale Factor, ta se djnh gia tri Ltscale.
3.3. Cae d~ng dUiJng net lrong bim vi! ky lhn*l lheo TCVN
• Net cO ban
Net co ban co d~ng duang CONTINUOUS (net lien). Be f(Jng net til 0,5 ...
1Amm (net cang f¢ng khi hinh bieu dien cang Ian). Be r¢ng cua net phai
thong nhM tr~n tat ci cac hlnh bi~u dien clla cung ffi¢t ban ve.
Net eo ban dung de ve duemg bao thay clla v~t the.
• Duong tam
Cac duemg tam duqc ve khi dung duang cham g'.lch manh eo d¢ dai g'.lch
til 5... 30mm va khoang cach gilla chUng la 3... 5mm. Trang file ACAD.LIN,
co the chqn dung cae d~ng duang tam CENTER, CENTER2, CENTERX2...
Thong thuang, khi thl!c hi~n ban ve ta ve tmac d.c duemg tam.
TCVN quy djnh duemg tarn phai ve qua duang bao clla hloh bieu dien tu
2... 5mm va ke"t thue bang net g'.lch.
Duemg tam duqc dung de ve ca.c trl}c hlnh tft:l, cac duang tam clla duang
tron, cac tr1,lc d6i xling ...
• Net khua't
Net khuat co d'.lng net dUt: Gam nhfrng net g'.leh dUt co cung dQ dai tir 2...
8mm. Khoang each gifra cae g'.lch trang net dUt tir 1... 2mm va phai thong nhat
trang cling ban ve.
Trang file ACAD.LIN ta co the chqn dung cae net khu:it HIDDEN. HID-
DEN2, HIDDENX2...

89
 Net khuat dung de ve cac duong baa khuat tren hlnh bieu dien.
• Net lUn mdnh
Net lien manh la duong CONTINUOUS co chieu r¢ng 1/2... 1/3 net co ban.
Net lien manh dtrQ'c dung de: ve cae duang gi6ng, cttrong kich thuac, g~ch
ella m~t cat...
• Net edt
Net dt d~ng duang CONTINUOUS co chieu dai 8... 20mm, be! r¢ng net
ve tit 1 d€n 1,5 Ian chieu f¢Ug net co ban.
Net ell! dung d~ ve vet ella m~t phrmg cat.
X. T ~O YAN BAN TRIlN BAN yll
Cae dong chfr trang ban ve dung de mieu tacae d6i tuqng trang ban ve,
ghi cae yeu d.ll ky thu~t. v~t li¢u ... Cae dong chfr trang van ban ve AutoCAD
c6 the lA cae cAu, cae tit, cae ky hi¢u co trong bang chii' cai ho~c bang chii s6.
AutoCAD coi cae chii' (text) nhu III mOl d6i lUqng ve (nhu line, circle, arc, ... ),
nghia Ill. dong chfr chfnh lit mOt phArr ttr do hqa. Cho nen ban ch§:t cua vi¢c
viet chO' len ban ve chloh Ia "ve chit".
Cac l"nh ghi dong chi! (TEXT) nfim trang menu Draw cua thanh ngang
menu, ho~c tren thanh c6ng Cl;! Draw.
TrongAutoCAD, kitu chu (text style) se qllyet dtnh hlnh dang (form ho~c
shape) cua chi!. M6i kieu chi! co th~ sir d~ng font chi! AutoCAD (SHX font),
True Type Font (TfF) ho~c PostScript. Trang ban ve mau ACAD.DWG chi co
duy nhat ki~u chi! STANDARD dlia thea font TXT. Cae ki~u chi! khac co th~
djnh btmg I"nh Style, m!>t ki~u chi! mai vlra t~o boi l"nh Style se tra thanh
hi~n hanh. Trong m¢t ban ve ta co th~ t~o nhi~u kiell chil, tuy nhien chi co
m¢t kieu chi!la hi"n hanh.
Sau khi t~o cae kieu chi! (Text Style) ta tien hitnh ghi cae dong chi!. Cae
I"nh Dtext, Text dung do! t~o cae dong chi! (text) tren ban ve. L"nh Mtext cho
phep t~o m¢t do~n van ban nam trong khung hlnh chil nh~t dtnh truac.
Can chu y rang khi ghi ban ve til' may nay sang may khac, phai ki~m tra
may mai co cae fonts chu wong (rng voi bim ve ta sAp rna hay khong. Nell
khong thl cae dong text cua ban ve se kh6ng hi¢n len, ho~c hi¢n len v6i cae
ky tli I~ khong the dqc dugc.

90
 1. T~o kiiu chii' (I~nh Text Style)

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

Format\Text Style ... Style hoijc -Style (St) Text, Standard

Kieu chi! duqc t~o biti l¢nh Style ho~c .Style. Kieu chi! duqc chQn tit cae
font chit co san lrang ACAD va dioh cae th6ng s6 lien quan den cau hloh
ella chu,
Th~c hi¢n l¢nh Style so lam xnlit hi¢n Mp tho~i Text Style. Theo h~p tho~i
nay, co the chon dung ho~c thiet l~p kieu chi!.
• Cae IlJa chQn trong h¢p tho~i Text Style:
Height<O.OOO> Chh~u cao ki~u chil. Neu muon t<:li dong nhac cae l¢nh
Dtext va Text xliat hi¢n l~i dong nhac "Height:" thi ta nh~p chieu cao Hi O.
Neu muon chieu cao ella ki~u chit Ia kh6ng deli, thi t~i dong nhac nay ta cho
gia tIi khac O. Chieu cao chiI s6 kich thuGe duqc dioh bang bien DIMTXT va
ph1,1 thuOe vaa chieu cao kieu chii' khi ghi kfch thuac.
Width Factor<l.OOO> Ty Ie chieu r~ng cac chi!. Nen ti Ie nay biing 1 thl
chii' bloh thuang, thea tieu chuAn: h¢ s6 chieu r¢og cho chii' hoa va chu s6 Iii
5/7; he s6 chieu r~ng cua chi! thuang la 4/7. Neu ty Ie nay nho han 1 thl chi!
se co l<;li, neu IOn han 1 thl chit se gian ra.
Oblique Angle<O> D~ nghieng cua chi!. Neu biing kh6ng thl chi! se
thiing dUng, neu > 0 thl chi! nghieng sang phai, neu < 0 so nghieng sang !rai. Can
chu y rling thee TCVN. chi! ghi !rang ban vo la thiing dUng (d~ nghieng 1a (0)
ho~c nghieng vOi phuang nlim ngang m~t goc 75° (nh~p d~ nghieng 15°).
Backwards ?<YIN> N€u chqn Y thl chit se hlnh thanh theo phuong
d6i xUng guang theo phuang thiing dUng. Thuong chQn N.
Upside down '<YIN> Chii se hlnh tMnh thea phuang d6i xUng guang
thee phuang ngang. Thuang chQn N.
Vertical? <YIN>: Dong chii nlim thea phuang thiing dUng. Thuong
ch<.m N. Neu ta chQn font VNI (TTF) co dliu tieng Viet thl dong nay kh6ng
xuat hi¢n.
Co the thay dOi ten kieu eM biing lenh Rename.

91
 • Ta t~o ki~u chfr tren h<)p tho~i Text Style thea trinh ttf sau:
- ChQn nut New ... se xuat hi¢n h¢p tho~i New Text Style. Nh~p ten ki~u
chfr mai vao 6 so;;tn thao Style Name, sau d6 nhan nut OK.
- ChQn Font chfr: T;;ti 6 Font name chQn TIF font hoi.ic SHX font. Khi
nh~p bang dau ti€ng Vi¢t v6i SHX font ta chQn Use a bigfont, chQn kitu
Romans t~i Font name, va t;;ti 0 Bigfont chQn VN.SHX
- Chieu cao chi! nh~p vao 6 Height. Cac nut chQn Upside down (dong chu
doi xung phuong ngang), Backwards (dong chfr doi xung phuong thimg dung),
Width factor (h¢ s6 chieu r(Jng chfr), Oblique angle (g6c nghieng clla chfr) ...
lUong W l¢nh -Style.
Ta xem ki~u chu vila t;;tO t;;ti 6 Preview. C6 th~ thay d6i ten va x6a ki6u
chu bang cac nut Rename va Delete. Sau khi t;;tO m¢t ki6u chu ta nhap nut
Apply d€ t~o kieu chfr khac. Muon ket thuc l~nh ta nh~p Close.
2. So~n thao vilo ban ve (I~nh Dtext)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbars

Draw\Text>\Single Line Text... DRAW21Dtext: Dtext, Dt Draw

L¢nh Dtext (Dynamic text) cho phep dung ban phim d6 so<!-n thao cac
dong chfr vao ban ve va c6 th6 sO;;tn thao nhieu dong chfr nam cac vi tria
khac nhau.
• Command: Dtext .J
Specify start point of text or []usitifyIStyle!: (Chon diem bilt dllu dong chfr)
Specify height: (Nh~p chieu cao dong Text). Chieu cao cua chfr hoa chon
theo tieu chuan co gill trj: 14; 10; 7; 5; 3,5; 2,5mm. Chieu cao chfr thuang
duqc Hfy btmg 5/7 cac chitu cao tIen.
Specify rotation angle of text <0.000>: (Nh~p d¢ nghieng cua chfr).
Enter text: (NMp dong text tit b,m phim). Enter de ket thuc l~nh.
• Cac ll,fa chQn:
Start point: (Diem bilt dllu dong chfr).

92
 Style: Ch9n mN trang cac ki~u ehiI da t~o lam ki~u chiI hi~n hanh. Khi
dap S xu<it hi~n dong nhac phl,l:
Style name (or?): (Nh~p ten ki~u ehiI VaG hay ? d~ li~t ke cac ki~u chiI
trong van ban ve hi~n hanh).
Justify: (Can chinh vi tTf dong ehiI). Khi dap J se xuat hi~n dong nhac cho
phep ta ch9n cac di~m eanh Ie khac nhau. M6i dong chii' co 4 vi tri thea hang:
Top, Middle, Baseline, Bottom va 3 vi trf thea c9t: Left, Center va Right. Ket
hqp cae vj trf nay ta co cae di~m canh Ie. Khi dap J xuat hi¢n dong nhile:
Enter an option:
[Align/ Fit/ Center/Middle/ Right/ TLITCITR/MLIMC/MR/BLlBC/BR[:
Cae lip ch(;m canh Ie:
+ Align: Dong chii' nh~p VaG nam giiIa hai di~m dinh truck. Ty s6 giiIa
chieu cao dong chii' va chieu dai dong ehii' nam giiIa hai di~m Pjva P2 bang h¢
s6 chicu f9ng (Width Factor). Khi nh~p A se co dong nhiic phI.!:
First text line point: (Xac djnh di~m dau dong chii PI).
Second text line point: (Xac dinh di~m cuoi dong chi)' P2)'
Text: (NMp van ban).
+ Fit Tuang tv Align nhung ehieu cao chi)' duqc co d~nh t<;li dong nhac
"Height <0.000>":
First text line point: (Xac djnh di6m dau dong chfr PI)'
Second text line point: (Xac dinh diem cu6i dong chii' P 2 ).
Heigh<O.OOO>: (NMp chieu cao dong chill.
+ Text: (Nhiip van ban).
+ Center Di~m eanh Ie Baseline - Center.
+ Middle Di~m canh Ie Baseline - Right.
+ TL Di~m canh 16 Top - Left.
+ TC Diem canh Ie Top - Center.
+ TR Di~m canh Ie Top - Right.
+ ML Di~m canh Ie Middle - Center.
+ MR Diem canh Ie Middle - Right.

93
 + BL Di~m caDh M Bot/om - Left.
+ Be Diem canh Ie Bottom - Center.
+ BR Di~m caDh 16 Bot/om - Right.
• Cae ky tl! d~c trung thuang dung: (Internal - S0'.l0 thaa lfang AutoCAD)
Internal Hi¢n lIang bim ve Ky hi¢u
%%c40 $ 40 . Ky hi~u dUODg kiDh
30%%d 30° Ky hi~u d(l
%%p30 ± 30 Dau C(lDg, ttit
3. Thao m{>t dong chfi' (L~nh Text)

Pull - down Menu TypeiD Toolbar

Draw\Text\Single Line text Text

L¢nh Text wang tt! nhu Dtext, nhung l¢nh oay chi ghi duqc ffi¢t dong chi!
va dong chi! Day chi xuat hi~D khi ta ket thUc l~nh Text.
Command: Text .J
Specify start point of text or [JusitifyIStylej: (Ch9n diem Mt dau dong chii).
Specify height: ( NhaP chi6u cao dong Text).
Specify rotation angle of text <0.000>: (NhaP do nghieng cua chii).
Enter text: (Nhiip dong text tit ban phim). Enter d~ ket thuc I~nh.
4. Nh~p do~n van ban vilo ban vii (I~nh Mtext)

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

Draw\Text\Multiline Text Mtext, Mt Draw

L¢nh Mtext cho phep t<,i0 ffi(Jl do'.lO van ban lfong ph<pn vi gioi h'.lo eua
ffi(lt khung hinh chii nhat.

94
 Command: Mtext .J
Current text style: STANDARD Text height: 6 (chi6u cao chil da thiet l~p).
Specify first corner: (Nh~p diem goc thu nha't do~n van ban).
Specify opposite corner or {HeightlJustify / Rotation/ Style/ Width]:
(Nh~p di~m goc d6i di~n) ho~c dung cae h,ra ChQll cho van ban.
Khi h¢p tho~i Text Formating xuat hi¢n, cho phep SO<;lll thaa van ban nhu
cae pharr mem van ban khac. Trang hqp tho~i nay, co the de dang sir dl,lng cae
6 Text style (ki~u chill, Font (phOng chill, Text height (chieu cao chill, Text
color (mall chiI) va cae nut Italic (nghieng chu), Underline (g~ch chan chiJ),
Undo (huy thaa tac tmac d6), Redo (tTd l~i thao tac vua thvc hi¢n), stack (t~o
dang phan s6).

XI. VE HINH cAT vA M~T cAT

Khi bieu dien cae v*t the, neu chi dung hloh chien thi chua th~ hi¢n duqc
day du hlnh d~ng eua ffiqt s6 v*t th~. Do d6, trang nhieu truang hqp phai dung
hloh cat va m~t d.t.
Hlnh cat la hlnh bi~u di~n phAn con l~i ella v~t th~ sau khi tuang tUQ'ng la
dii cat bo phan v~t th~ nam giua m~t phAng cat va nguai quan sat. M~t cat la
phan v~t th~ nam tren m~t phAng cat va kh6ng ve phan v~t th~ nam sau m~t
phAng cat.
Cit hai l¢nh Hatch va Bhatch deu ve m~t cat:
+ Sir dvng l~nh Hatch: Khi ch9n vimg ve m~t cat ta ch9n tUng d6i tugng
(Select Object) clla duemg bien clla vung ve m~t d.t.
+ Sir d~ng l~nh Bhatch: Chi ciln chqn m¢t di~ (Pick Point) trang vung
ve m~t cat. L¢nh Bhatch thuang duQ'c su dVng.
1. VI. m~t cilt bling I~nh Bhatch
.

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

Draw\Hatch ... Bhatch ho(ic Bh, H. Draw

95
 Dung l~nh Bhatch (Boundary Hatch) de ve m~t d.t vai ky hi~u v~t li~u
trong vung ve m~t cat giai h~n bOi m¢t duong bien kfn.
Khi l~nh Bhatch duqe tht!e hi~o se xuat hi~n h¢p tho~i Boundary Hatch
and Fill.
1.1. Trang Hatch
• Ch9n mau m¢it cat: (6 ehQn Type).
C6 the ehQo d<;log eho cae mau m~t cat: Predeji"ed, User-defined ho~e
Custom.
+ Predeji"ed: ChQo cae milu m~t cat e6 san trang file ACAD.PAT ella
AutoCAD
+ Custom: ChQn mall duqe t~o bang file. PAT. Khi do nh~p ten file. PAT
vao 6 sO<;ln thao Custom Pattern.
+ User-defined: ChQn m<1u c6 d~ng cae do~n thAng song song (wang tt!
mall ANSI13l), rei ehQn khoiing each (Spacing) giua cae duong g;;teh va g6e
nghieng (Angle) ella duong g~eh eheo.
• Ch9n cac mau m¢it cat bang each ch(Jn dnh: (6 ehQn Pattern).
ChQn nut [... ] ngay ben phiii daoh saeh Pattern, lam xllat hi~n h¢p tho~i
Hatch Pattern Palette. Bang cae nut Next va Previous ta co the l~t trang de
xem cae mao. Khi eh9n mall nao ta chi can keo can tro vao mau d6 va nhap
vao nut OK.
• Can cac tinh che/t cho mau m¢it cat: (Pattern Properties).
C6 the gan cae tfnh chat cho mau m~t cat.
+ ISO Pen Width: ChQo cae mAo theo ISO thi eho phep ehQn ehieu r¢og
but khi in ban ve ra giay (tily thu¢e vao thiet b! in).
+ Scale: Nh~p gia tri h~ s6 ti l~ eho mau m~t dt dang ehQn. Gi6i h~n m~e
d!nh ella h~ so ty l~ nay la 1.
+ Angle: Dinh d¢ nghieng ella cae duong eat so v6i mau eh9n. Gia tI! m~c
dinh to O.
+ Spacing va Double:
Spacing la khoiing eaeh gWa cae duong g~eh eheo ella m~t cat, con khi ta

96
ch9n Double Hatch se ve them ca.c duang ky hi¢u m~t cal vu6ng goc (t'.lO cac
duang g'.lch dan cheo nhau).
- Xde dinh vLlng ve mift edt.' (Boundary)
D~ xac dinh vung ve ky hi¢u m~t ca.t ta su dl:mg m¢t trang hai cach: Pick
Point ho~c Select Objects, ho~c ket hgp hai cach tren.
+ Pick Point: Xac dinh m¢t duang bien kin bang cach ch9n m¢t di~m
nam trang vung ve m~t cat. Khi ch9n m¢t di~m trong duang bien kin thi t<;tm
thai AutoCAD t'.l0 m¢t duang bien kin la m¢t Pline ho~c chuy~n vung ve
thanh mien (Region). Nen ch9n di~m gan v6i duemg bien cAn do tim. Dong
nhac ph~:
Select internal point: (Ch9n m¢t di~m ben trang duong bien kin).
Select internal point: (Tiep we ch9n m¢t di~m ben trang duong bien kin
khae nib), ho~c nhan Enter d~ ket thuc vi~c chQn.
+ Select Objects: Ch9n duang bien kin bang cach ch9n ca.e d6i tuqng bao
quanh t<;1.o nen duong bien.
1.2. Trang Advanced
-Island Detection Style: Cho phep chQn ki~u ve m~t cal.
- Object type: Cho phep ch9n d'.lng duong bien gifr l'.li co th~ la mien
(Region) ho~c Polyline kin.
-Island Detection Method: Neu ch9n Flood thi cac island se la d6i tu<;mg
bien. ChQn Ray Casting cho phep do tim duong bien thea huang nguqc chieu
kim d6ng h6 thea cae diem ta chi ra.
• Boundary Set: eho phep chQn duong bien cua vimg co m~t cAt duqe
nhanh han.
2. l~nh HATCH

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu TYpe in Toolbars

----- ----- - Hatch hoifc -H

L~nh Hatch dung dl! ve ky hi¢u v~t li¢u m~t cat kh6ng lam xuat hi¢n cae
h¢p thO<;ti, va do do tien tdnh thl!C hi¢n la theo dong nhac l~nh. Khi thl!c hi¢n

97
7.GTCS CAD-A
l¢nh Hatch cae m~t cAt se kh6ng co quan h¢ t~p hqp (Nonassociative) va
kh6ng sir d~ng dugc phuong phap do tim dUOng bien (Ray-casting method)
bang each eh(;m di6m (Pick Point) d6 xae dinh.
3. Hi~u chinh m~t c~t (L~nh Hatchedit)

Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbars

ModifyIObject>/Hachedit ... MODIFYlHachEdit Hatchedit hOQc Ha

L¢nh Hatchedit eho phep ta hi¢u ehinh cae m~t cat se co quan h¢ t~p hqp
(associative) (tao biing l¢nh Bhateh).
Khi thl!e hi¢n l¢nh Hatchedit se xuAt hi¢n h¢p tho'.li Hatchedit tuong tl,l
h¢p tho'.li Boundary Hatch and Fill. Ta sua chua m~t cat theo cae nut eh9n eua
h<)p tho'.li nay.

XII. GHI KICH THU(JC

1. Cac thimh ph"n kfch thttck
M¢t kich thuGe dugc ghi bat ky bao gam cae thanh phan chtl you sau day.
• Dimension line (Duong kich thuGe)
Duong kich thuae cling phuong vai dO'.ln thAng ghi kich thuae, duqc gi6i
h'.ln hai dau boi hai mlii ten (ho~e g'.lch eheo, ho~c m¢t ky hi¢u tugng trung).
Neu la kfch thuae goe thl no la m¢t cung tron co tam la dinh goc.

First extension line

(DuOng giong thu nhAt)J P PI Second extension line

I 140>~~(DuOng gi6ng thli hail

Arrow
(Mo.i ten)
~'''''/--'-!.:!'''''" Dimension text
(Chfr s6 kfch thuGc)
Dimension line
(DuOng kich thuGc)

Hinh 2.3: Cdc thiinh phan kich thu6c

98
7.GTCS CAD-B
 • Extension line (Duong gi6ng).
DUOng gi6ng vuong g6c voi d6i wQ'ng duQ'c ghi kich thuoc. Moi kfch thuoc
th~ng c6 hai duong gi6ng song song nhau xuat phat tu hai dAu kfch thuoc.

• Dimension text (Chl1' s6 ghi kfch thuoc).

Chii s6 ghi kich thuoe chi d¢ Ian cua kfch thuoc. Trong chii s6 kfch thuoc
c6 th€ ghi dung sai (tolerance), ghi tien t6 (prefix) va h~u to (suffix) eua
kich thuoe.
• Arrowheads (Mui ten ho~c eac ky hi¢u wQ'ng trung nhu: g~eh cheo,
cham ... ).
Ky hi¢u hai dAu eua duong kfch thuoe, thong thuong la mlii ten, dau
nghieng, cham ...
Chu y ding, d6i voi kich thuGe ban kfnh va duang kinh chi co 4 thanh
phArr: dau tam (ho~c duong tam), ducmg kieh thuoc, mlii ten (g'!-eh eheo) va
ehu s6 kich thuoc.
2. Thiel I~p cae kiliu ghi kich lhlfac
• Dimension Variables (Cae bien kfch thuoc).
AutoCAD2004 eo 64 bien kleh thuGe M dieu khien viee ghi kfeh thuGe.
Nha VilO eae bien kieh thuGe ta co thO ghi kfch thuGe thea dung TCVN.
• Dimension Styles (Cae ki~u kich thuGc).
sa
Nhieu kieu kleh thuGe khae nhau eo the duge ta thiet laP tren CCI ket hgp
cae bien kfch thuoe, roi d~t ten eho cac kieu d6. C6 th€ thiet l~p nhieu ki€u ghi
kich thuoe khac nhau trang m¢t ban ve, khi cAn ta chi g9i kitiu kich thuoc.
• Tqo cac kie'u kich thubc theo TCVN:
AutoCAD2004 co cae bim vo milu theo ISO (eae file. DWT) bao gam:
ACADISO. ISO_AO. ISO_AI, ISO_A2, ISO_A3, ISO_A4), tuy nhien vi trl
ehu s6 kich thuoe, duong gi6ng, dUbng kfeh thuoe ...
Dti t~o eae ki€u kich thuoe thea TCVN, truae tien phai t'!-o ki€u kich thuac
(Dimension style) b~ng each djnh I,!-i gia trj cae bien kieh thuoc (Dimmension
variables). Theo h¢p tho,!-i New Dimension Style, ta can nh~p gia lrj cae bien
kfch thuGe.

99
 C~n chu y ding, ki~u chu ghi kich thuac c6 th6 gan khac vai ki~u chu hi¢n
hanh. Nen chqn font chu Romans v6i Width Factor = 0,8 -;- 1.
3. Cae bude ghi kieh thude
Sau khi thiet l~p ki~u ghi kich thuac, tien hlmh ghi kich thuac thea cac
buac sau:
• Dung cae l¢nh ghi kich thuae.
• Thay d6i ki~u ghi kich thuae neu can: Thay d6i cae bien kfch thuae va
sau d6 t~i dong nhac "Dim"(slr d~ng l¢nh Dim) ta dung l¢oh can Up (Update),
ho~e l¢nh Dimstyle vai ll!a ch9n Apply.

• Hi¢u ehinh cac thanh phtin kfch thuae neu do: Dung cae l¢nh Dimtedit,
Dimedit. .
4. Ghi kieh thude th~ng

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

Dimension\Linear Dimlinear, Dimlin, DLI Dimension

Dimension\Aligned Dimaligned, DAL Dimension

• Command: DLI .J
Specify first extention line origin or<select object >: (Chqn g6c duang
gi6ng thir nhilt).
Specify second extention line origin: (Chqn g6e duang gi6ng thu hai).
Specify dimension line location or (MtextlTextIAngle/Horizontal/Vertical/.
IRotated]: (chqn mqt di6m d~ an dinh vj trf ella duang ghi kich thuac).
Dimension Text: (Nh~p con s6 ho~c chiT de ghi kich thuGe).
Chu y:Neu t~i dong nhac dau tien, ta eh9ll <select object> bang cach
ohan Enter thl :
SpeCIfy first extention line origin or<select object>: .J
Select object to dimension: (Ch9n d6i tuqng can ghi kich thuae).

100
 Specify dimension line location or /MtextrrextIAngleIHorizontaIlVetti.call
IRotated]: (chon m(>t di~m d~ ~n drnh vj tri cua dltitng ghi leieh thltoe).
• Cae h,ra chQn khac:
Rotated: Ghi kich thuac nghieng so vai ducrng chuAn m¢t g6c nao d6. Khi
chQn Rotated xuat hi¢n dong nhac:
Specify angle of dimension line <0>: (~h~p g6c nghieng cua ducmg
kich th Itoe).
Text: Nh~p chu s6 kich thuac va cac ky tl! truac va sau chu s6 kich thuac.
Mtext: Nh~p nhieu hem m¢t dong cac chu s6 kich thuac va cac ky tl! truac
va sau chu s6 kich thuac. Cht1 y: nh~p cac ky tt)' thucmg xuat hi¢n khi ve ky
thu~t nhu:

+ ky t~ "0" (do): nh~p %%d (vi dy nh~p 30%%d so hi~n thi 30°).
+ ky tt)' "±": nh~p %%p (vi dl;l nh~p %%p40 se hi~n thi ± 30).
+ ky t~ "~" (dltang kinh): nh~p %%e (vi dy nh~p %%c45 so hi~n thi ~45).
Angle: Nhiip g6e nghieng eho dong ehfr va s6.
Horizontal: Ohi kich thuac nam ngang.
Vertical: Ohi kich thltoe thang dung.
• Ohi kfch thuac sao cho duong kich thuac song song vai do~n th&ng noi
hai di~m g6c dltang gi6ng: l"nh Dimaligned (hoijc DAL).
• Ohi kfch thuac duong tron.
Dung lenh DAL (ho~e Dimaligned).
Command: DAL .J
Specify first extention line origin or<select object>: .J
Select ohject to dimension: (ChQn duong tron can ghi kfeh thuac).
Specify dimension line location or /MtextrrextIAnglgeJ: T .J
Dimension Text <>: (Nh~p cae con s6 ho~c chu d~ ghi kich thuac, ehii y
ghi ky t~ "~" (dltang leinh): nMp %%c).
Specify dimension line location or [MtextrrextIAnglgeJ: (ChQn m¢t diem
de an dinh vi trf eua duong ghi kich thuac).

101
 5. Ghi kieh lhulle ban kinh va dUClng kinh
5.1. Ghi kich lhuoc dU<mg kinh

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

Dimension\Diameter Dimdiameter ho(ic DDI, Dimdia Dimension

• Command: DOl .J
Select arc or circle: (Chqll duong tron dn ghi duong huh).
Specify dimension line locarion or /MtextITextIAnglge]: (ChQn ffi'?t di~m
d~ a:n djnh vi trf eua dUong ghi leich thuClc).

5.2. Ghi kich lhuoc blin kinh

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

Dimension\Radius Dimradius hogc DRA, Dimrad Dimension

• Command: DRA .J
Select arc or circle.' (Chc;m cung tron can ghi ban kinh).
SpeCIfy dimension line location or /MtextlTextIAnglge/: (ChQn ffi¢t diem
d~ an dinh vi tIi eua dUong ghi kfch thuac).
5.3. VO dau tam va dU<mg tam

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

Dimension\Center Mark Dimcenter hoi;ic DeE Dimension

102
 • Command: DeE .J
Select arc or circle: (Chqn duang tron can ghi dau tAm va duang Him).
Khi d~t bien DIMCEN ~ 5 thi chi xuit hi~n diu tam, khi d~t bien DIM-
CEN = -5 thi xuat hi~n ea duemg tam va dau ta.m. Chu y rang can thay d6i lOp
ve cho ca.c dau tAm va duang Him sang 16p duang Him de duemg tam dung
d<;lng clla no.
6, Ghi kieh lhtrde gee

Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar

Dimension\Anxular Dimangular hogc DAN, Dimanx Dimension

6.1. Ghi kich thltoe goe qua cac e;;tnh eua goe
• Command: DAN ,J

Select arc, circle, line, or <.specify vertex>: (Chqn q.nh thiI nhat eua goe).
Select second line: (Chqn e<;lnh thiI hai ella goc).
Specify dimension arc line location or [MtextITextIAnglge]: (Chqn m¢t
di~m d€ an dinh vi trf ella duang ghi kich thuGe).

6.2. Ghi kieh thmJe goc qua ba di~m

Select arc, circle, line, or <speCify vertex>:.J
Angle Vertex: (ChQn dinh cua goc).
First angle endpoint: (Chqn di€m eu6i q.nh thli nbat).
Second angle endpoint: (ChqD di€m cu6i e<;lnh thli hai).
Specify dimension arc line locati.on or [MtextrrextIAnglge]: (Chqn m¢t
di~m d~ an dinh vi trf eua duemg ghi kich thuae).

6.3. Ghi klch lhurrc goc & lam cung Iron

Select arc, circle, line, or <specify vertex>: (Chqn cung tron).
Specify dimension arc line location or [MtextrrextIAnglge]: (ChqD vi trf
duang eung kich thu6e).

103
 sAl r .... p CHLJONG 2
Trang kh6ng gian 2D, hay ve cae hlnh sau:

<
•

Hinh 23
,. Hinh 2.4

~ \
\

'"
Hinh 2.6
Hinh 2.5

o
o

Hinh 2.8 Hlnh 2.9

Hinh 2.7

Hinh 2./0 Hinh 2,11 /iinh 2.12

104
 30 20 45 60 15
1<0
30.302030

\v o
-o
"
n

" l---
N 11
/\ \ 0
"
,~
10
"
n
1\ / ~

50
•- / "N
70
90 25 I 35 55 55
Hillh ],13 ,

Hill/! 2.14

>---4"J8L_
I

m
o

Hillh 2.16
Hinh 2.15

-
g

kf--__'1ltOO"--_) k 60 )

II/nh 2.18 fftnh 2.19

Wnl! 2.17

105
 , •
1\ / I
, 1/ " • -,~\
flinh 2.20 Hinh 2.21 !-linh 2.22

Hinh 2.24

Hinh 2.23 '" " "

I I
~I ,
L
H + 3" 00

_,1

'"
'00 Hinh 2.25

Hinh 2.26
"
17C
"
•e
."
Hinh 2.27

.'
Hinh 2.28

106
 Hlnh 2.29
. c('C5J Hlnh 2.30

."
210 ~20

'-+---H-i-nh2-.3-J--.-$-
Hinh 2.32

0 0 0
~ ~ 0

'00 '00 '00

Hlnh 2.33 Hinh 2.34 Hiuh 2.35

~~ 15
"" ~100

Hinh 2.37 Hinh 2.38

Hinh 2.36

Hl'nh 2.39

Hl'nh 2.40

107
 Hinh 2.41 Hinh 2.42
Hinh 2.43

Hinh 2.45

Hinh 2.44

o
o

,
• "-- -l'~1QL_ _ -----'
100
Hinh 2.47
Hinh 2,46

Hinh 2.49
Hinll 2.48

108
 Hlnh 2.50
Hinh 2.51

"

,
• , r~~-o-~
"
" .."
_~_o
~-~

....._"-"'...._J .&
'0 '"

90 ,,,
210 '11

Hlnh 2.52
Hinh 2.53

'"
'"
2\0 fl~
'"
11114

I I
/~r0
~
, 0

Hlnh 2.54 HIrth 2.55

109
 ". 15

+------. --1-.---+~
,R8
o
,

"
N

Hiull 2.56

Hinh 2.57

.
""

;,
"
N
N
••
••
210 '14
" .
•
." ,os
on
,,,
Hinh 2.59
Hinh 2.58

'"" " " "

110 11'25

B)

,,,
Hinh 2,60
Hinh 2.61

110
 '"
Hillh 2.62 mnll 2.63
'53
'18 ,

134-
186

Hinh 2.64

080

•o '" -, o
- g

Hinh 2.65

82 o

" 0 Hinh 2.66

111
 .. 0"12
'"
"
,.
0

, --\--
,
\~5l)
_12
[-Jinn 2.68
Hi"h 2.67

'"

Hinh 2.69
Hinh 2.7()

Hinh 2.72
Hinh 2.71

Hinh 2.74
Hinh 2.73

112
 ,0' '0'
:.!..§

'"
,"
."
I'
-J(-
." , I'
\
.-t.~

'eo \R1C8
'" ¢;3j
610

!Jili/l 2.75 Hill!12.76

." ."

51~ 012
'"

m/lh 2.77 f-liuh 2.78

113
/SGTCS CAO·A
 ""

."

Hiuh 2.80

V" (V)

,. ",5

,
••

Hlnh 2.82

114
8.GTCS CAD-B
 Chuang 3

VE vA THI~T L~P ML> HINH 3D

• Ml;lC tieu

+ Hieu dL/<;1c hguy€m tac tien hclmh hoan thi~n m¢t bfm VEl 3D.

+ Hieu dLfr;1C nguyen ti!lc thl!C hi~n CaG l~nh VEl 3D trong AutoCAD2004 va c6 ky
n~ng cd ban khi thl,!C hifi!n cac I~nh.
+ Ve va thiet ke dL19'C cac bfln VEl 3D the hi~n qua CaG yeu cau sau:
- Ve dlIc;1c dung hlnh baa, cae hinh chieu cua CaG v~t the;.
- £lieu chlnh va sa dl,lng dung cae lo~i dLfang net va mau s~c.
- Ve dung CaG hinh cat va m~t cat.
- Ghi kfch thLfoG hOEm chlnh cha moi bEm ve.
- So~n thaD cae yeu diu ky thu~t, cac eM thich, hl10ng d~n ... VaG trong ban ve.
- Ky na.ng thao tac ve t6t. Thai gian hoan thanh ban VEl d~t yeu cau .
• NQi dung t6m t~t
+ Cd SCI thiet I~p rna hinh 3D.
+ HE1l t98 69 dungcho 3D.
+ Me hinh khung day.
+ M6 hlnh m~t.

+ Ll/ai m~t da giac.

+ Me hinh kh6i diilc.
+ saa d6i rna hinh kh6i diilc.
+ T6 bong me hinh 3D.
+ In ban ve.

115
 I. co so THIET L~P MO HINH 3D
, .
1. Nh~p IQa dQ mQI diem lrang kheng gian ba chieu
Neu trong bim ye hai chieu (2D) ta chi nh~p vao lQa 00 X va Y, thl trang
han ve 3 chieu ta nh~p them lQ3 d0 thea tn,'c Z. Huang tr~c Z vuong g6c vai
m~t ph~ng XY.
Bibu lU(;mg User Coordinate S.v!em leon XU;;(l hi~n t<;li g6c duoi phfa lrai
man hioh d6 hQa gQi Ut bi~u tUl/ng h~ to~ dO nguai dung. Ri~u tuqng nay ta chi
the hien tq.lC X va Y, con tfl,lC Z vuong gac vai m~t phang XY t~i goc tQa dO.
• Khi nh~lp lQ3 d9 rn¢t diem vao ban ve ba chicil, c6 the dung cae phuong
phap sau:
+ Tn!c tiep dung phim ch90 (PICK) ella chul)t.
+ TQa d¢ tuy¢t doi X, Y, z: Nh~p 193 d0 tuy¢t d6i so vai g6c 19a 00 (0,0,0).
+ TQa 00 De cae luang doi@X, Y, Z: Nh~p 19a 00 so vai diem cuoi cung
vua duae xac djnh.
+ TQa d¢ tr~luang d6i @dist<angle,Z: Nh~p V~1O khoang each (dis\), g6c
(angle) trang m~lt ph~ng XY so vai trl;lc Z va nh~p cao dO Z so vai diem cu6i
cung vu:a dUQc xac dtnh trong ban ve.
+ TQa d(J du tuong d6i @dist<angle<anglc: Nh~p vao
khoang cach (dist),
g6c (angle) trang rn~t ph<1ng XY, va g6c (angle) hqp vai m~t phing XY so vai
diem cu6i cling VU:il dUQc xac djnh trang ban ve.
2. DiE!m nhin dE! quan sal me hinh 3D

Pull - down Menu Toolbar Type in

Vicw\3D Views Views Vpoinf: (-Vp)

2.1. Lenh 3DViews

Theo danh mlJc keo xu6ng View\3Dview khi tht,rc hi¢n l¢nh, ta co the
chQn cae diem nhln de quan sat rna hlnh 3D thea cac huang sau:

116
 Top Diem nhin (0,0, I) Hinh chieu Mng.
Bottom Di~m ohln (0,0,-1) Hinh chicu tu day.
Left Di~m ohin (-1,0,0) Hinh chicu c~nh trai.
Rixht Diem ohin (l,0,0) Hinh chicu C<Jnh phai.
Front Dic'm ohin (0,-1,0) Hinh chicu dung.
Back Diem ohin (0, l.0) Hinh chicu tif m~t sau.
SW Isomefric Diem ohin (-1,-1,1) Hinh chicu tr~c do (tay nam).
SE Isometric Di~m ohin (1,-1,1) Hinh chicu tr~c do (dong nam).
NE !so!r1£'fric Di6m ohin (1,1,1) Hinh chieu lry.c do (dong bAc).
NW Isometric Diem ohin (-1.1,1) Hinh chico trl,lc do (tay bile).
SW- huang lay nam, SE- huang dong nam, NE-hu6ng dong bac. NW -
huang tay bac.
2.2. U,nh Vpoint
DilOg de xac dinh diem ohln den rn6 hlnh 3D. Diem ohin xac djnh huang
fihin. Tuy vaa diem ohin rna bieu tuqng VeSican xuat hi¢n tren man hinh se
khac nhau. Khi bi~u tuqng c6 d~ng cay but chi gay thl kh6ng th~ t<~o cae d6i
wl/ng tren mi!.t phang linTI vi~c XY (Working plane).
Neu g9i l~nh Vpuint til ban phim:
• Command: Vpoint .J
Cllrrcnt \'ieH' direction: VIEWDIR = a,DOOO, O,O()OO, I.()()()O
Specify a j'iew point or I Rowte!<display compass (/1/d tripod>: (Nh~p t9a
d9 diem nhln, thucmg dung diem nhln -1, -1,1).
Cae h,ra chqn:
Toa d<) X, Y, Z (Vector).
Nh~p t9a 0<) ella di~m ohln:
Toa d<) 0,0,1 Hinh chieu bilng (Top).
0,-1,0 Hinh chieu dung (Front).
-1,0,0 Hinh chicu canh (Side).
1,-1.1 Blnh chieu Ifl,lC do deu (Isometric),
-2,-2,1 Dimetric.
1,-2,3 Trimetric.

117
 Rotate.' Xae dinh vi tri di~m nhin bang cae goc quay. Dong nhtLe ph~
xual hi~n khi dap: R.
Enter angle in X- Y plane from X axis <Gici trj goc hi¢n hanh>.' (Ooe di~m
nhIn so vai tfl:lC X trang m~t ph&ng ZY).
Enter angle from XY plane < Gid trj goc hi¢n hanh>: (06c eua di6m nhin
so viii m~t ph&ng XY).
3. Thiel I~p rni?1 khung nhin vc11 Compass Globe
Khi ta vaa l¢nh View\3Dviews\Viewpoint thi xuAt hi¢n h¢ tr1,1c t9a d¢
d¢ng tren man hinh. Compass bi~u di~n qua cau duqc lam ph&ng (flattened
globe). Ph1,1 thu¢c vao vi trf con ch,!-Y tren hai duang tron dong tam ta thay cae
tfl,lC X, Y, Z di chuy~n va ta co cac di~m nhin khac nhau. Tam cua hai duang
trem la e~e bac (+Z), vong tron trong la xfeh deo (m~t philng XY), vong tron
ngoai la cvc nam (-Z).

II. HE; TQA D<) DUNG CHO 3D

1, Cae h~ lila di? Irong bim vii AuloCAD

AutoCAD dung hai h~ toa d¢: WCS (World Coordinate System) va UCS
(User Coordinate Sytem). T,!-i m¢t thOi di~m, chi co m¢t trong hai h¢ t9a d¢
WCS ho~e UCS la hi~n hanh.
WCS ton t'.li trang bat ky ban ve AutoCAD nao vi no la h¢ t9a d¢ m~c
djnh, va co th~ g9i la h¢ tflQ dt! g6c. Bi~u tuqng (Icon) cua WCS co chit W va
nam c6 d~nh b goc tnii phfa du6i ban ve. Dung I¢nh UCSicon, d~t tr,!-ng thai
ON ho~e OFF de lam hien thj ho~e khong hien thj bieu tuqng nay.
DCS la h¢ t9a d¢ do nguai dung t<;l.O fa, d~t no avi tri bat ky trang ban ve,
nen g9i la h¢ tfla dt? nguCti dung. Tuy theo diem nhin Vpoint, bieu tuqng DCS
so hi~n len co deng khac nhau. SO luqng UCS trang m¢t ban vo khOng han
che. Ta co the t<;l.O va ltru l'.li (save) nhi~u DCS trang m¢t ban ve, h6 trq vi¢e
thvc hi¢n ban ve ba chieu duqc de dang han.
M~t philng XY trang cae h~ loa d¢ goi la m¢t ph6ng ve (Working plane).
Phuong ehi6u eua luili (GRID), buile nhay con ehay (SNAP) thay dbi theo
cac trl;lc X, Y trang m~t phang XY cua h¢ to<;l. d¢ hi¢n hanh. Oia trj t9a d¢ X,
Y xuat hi¢n tren dong tr<;l.ng thai la t9a d¢ cua con eh<;l.Y (giao ditm hai sqi toc)

118
trang m:;it phlmg x, Y so v6i goe tt?a d(> ella DCS hi¢n h~mh. Thong thuang
trang bin vo 3 chi~u X I" chi~u d"i (Length), Y I" chi~u r(lng (Width), Z 1"
chi~u caa (Height).

2. Quy l~c b,m lay phili

Trang AutoCAD xae dinh ehieu ella cae trve X, Y, Z tuan theo quy tac bim
tay phai: ngon cai chi trl,lc X, ngon tro chi trl,lc Y va ngon giua chi tfl:lC Z.
Chieu quay duong theo nguqc ehieu kim d6ng h6 (Counter clock wise) nhln
tit dinh tr~c v~ phia g6c toa d(l (hlnh 3.1).
,
I

-x 4-»

Hl'nh 3.10: Chilu dU(Jng quay UCS quanh tr~c X

A

,!
t

,-~-, ((

Hl'nh 3.1b: Chilu duang quay Hl'nh 3.1c: Chi!!/; duang quay
UCS quanh tr~c Y UCS quanh tr~c Z

3. Thill! I~p vii dieu khiiin UCS

Pull - down Menu Taalbar Type in

ViewlDisplaylUCSicon UCS UCSicon

119
 L~nh VCSicon dieu khie'n st! hilin thi ella bie'u tWJng tQa d¢ v6i cae d~ng
khac nhau (Hlnh 3.2). Neu bie'u tltQng trung v6i g6c tQa d¢ l<;ti die'm (0,0,0)
thltren hie'u tlrQ'ng xuat hi~n dau "+".

y y v,

~~
~
+ X + X X ..

Hlnh 3.2: C(lr dgng UCS (a); WCS; H¢ fea d(> Wk.

• Khi ch(:m l¢nh ttr Menu: View\Display\lJCSicon.

+ Chqn On: Cho phep hien thi VCSican tren man hlnh.
+ ChQn Origin (gr)(' [O~l d{J): Cho phcp dbi VCSican den vi tri hat ky trang
vung vc rna ta mong mu6n.
• Command: lJCSicon .J
Enter an optioll /ONIOFFIAlIINooriginl OrigilllPropertic.\'1 <ON>,

• Die ll!a chQn:

ONIOFF Mol tat bie'u tuqng tQa d¢ tren man hinh va khung nhln.
All Tht hi¢n bieu tuqng tQa d¢ tren mqi khung nhln man hlnh.
Noorigill Bic'u tuqng tqa d¢ chi xuat hi¢n t<).i goc tnii man hlnh.
ORiglll Bi~u tltC,mg lucm luon di chuyen thea g6c 10a d¢ (diem 0,0,0
cua UCS).
4. T~o h~ t9a dQ mc's; (I~nh UCS)
L¢nh lJCS cha phep ta l~p h¢ tQa d¢ maio T<).o h¢ 19a d(J mai c6 nghla Ii
thay d6i vi trf g6c tQa d¢ (0,0,0). huang m<1lt phang XY va tl"l:IC Z. Ta c6 the

120
t~o UCS m6'i t~i bAt ky vi tri trong kh6ng gian ban ve, dinh nghla, ghi va g9i
l~i h¢ t9a d¢ khi can thiet. TQa d¢ nh~p vao ban ve ph~ thu¢c vao UCS hi¢n
hanh. Neu ta chia man hlnh thanh nhieu khung nhln tlnh (l¢nh Vports) thi
chung co cung m¢t DCS. Ta co th~ g9i l¢nh til Toolbars tu Pull-down Menu
ho~c tll' han phim.

,. Thuang chqn I¢nh Ill' Menu: ToolsWew ues (ho~c nh~p l¢nh
Command: UCS)
Cae ll!a ehQn It;nh:
+ Origin: Dai DCS de·n vj trf mai theo goc to<;l d9 (Origin) clla no.
SpcC/I" new origin po ill/ <O,(J.(J>: (Nh~p to<;t d¢ eua g6e to<;l d() UCS. ho~c
bat di0m can doi goc lQC de) UCS den).
+ World: Dua UCS ve V1 tri ban dau t~i goc Irai phia duai man hinh.
+ 3point: H¢ tr~c tqa d¢ mai xac djnh qua 3 diem. Ok dong nhac ph~:
Specify ol"lgin poil71 <0,0,0>: (Chqn diem PI lam goc tQa u(»).
Specif" poilll 0/1 jJositi\'e portion of the X axis< >: (Ch9n P2 xae djnh
phuong Ir~c X).
Specify point Oil positive - Y portion of the UCS XY plane <>: (Ch(:m P3
xac djnh phuong tr~c Y).
+ View: H¢ tQa d¢ mai se song song vai man hlnh co diem goc trling vai
diem goe h¢ t9a d{) hi¢n hanh.
+ XIY/Z: Quay h¢ tr~c t9a d¢ xung quanh cac tr~e X (ho~c tr~eY. ho~e
tfl,lC Z) hi¢n hanh. Chieu duang clla goe quay nguqe chieu kim dong h6 vai
diem nhin tit dau tn:le ve huang goe t9a u¢. Dong nhac ph~:
Spec)!y rota/ion aJlf:le about X (Y, Z) a.rls: (Nh~p goc quay chung quanh
trl.lc X (ho~c lr~c Y, ho~c tr~c Z)).

III. MO HINH KHUNG DAy

M6 binh d<;tng khung day (Wireframe) ta m6 hioh chi co cae c<;tnh (I hang
hoi').c cong) noi cac dinh (diem goc) eua rno hlnh. Cae l¢nh t<;t0 rno hlnh 3D
khung day thuang dung 1a Line, 3Dpolyline, Spline, Arc, Circle. L¢nh Line
ve trong 3D lUang tl! l¢nh Line ve trong m~t phing 2D nhung la them van eao
d6 (true Z).

121
 Cac c~nh cua rna hinh khung day co thl! 1. qnh thang hoilc e~nh congo
Cac q.nh va dinh eua m6 hlob khung dily phai thoa man cae dieu ki¢n sau:
• Moi dinh co ID9t t<;>a d¢ duy nhat.
- Moi dinh dugc n6i v6'i it nhat 3 c~nh.
- M6i q.nh chi c6 2 dinh.
- Moi m*t co it nhat 3 qmh noi khep kin.
1. Ela tuyen 3D (I~nh 3Dpolyline)
L¢nh 3Dpolyline ti;lo cae da tuyen 3 chieu baa g6m cae pharr dO'.lD la
do~n thAng.

Pull - down Menu Type in

Draw 13DPolyline 3Dpoly

• Command: 3Dpoly .J
Specify start point of polyline: (Nh;lp dil!m dau tien eua da tuyen).
Specify end point of line or [Undo}: (Nhilp dil!m cu6i m!>t philn do~n).
Specify end point of line or [Undo}: (Nhilp dil!m eu6i m!>t philn do~n).
Specify end point of line or /Unda]: (Nh~p di~m cuoi ho~c Enter d~ ket
thUc le:nh).
Ll.!a ch9ll Undo Ia d6 x6a ID¢t philo dO<;lll da tuyen vira ve.
2. Va dLtdng cong b~ng I~nh Spline
SU d1J.ng l¢nh Spline de: ve cae duaog cong trong kh6ng gian, lUong tl,l nhu
ve duang Spline trang khOng gian 2D (xem chuang 2- III -10).
Specify first point or [Object!: (Nhilp dil!m dau tien cua Spline).
Specify next point: (Nhilp dil!m tiep theo).
Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance}<start tangent>: (Nh~p ditm
tiep thea, ha~e nhan Enter dt ehuftn bi ket thuc ve Spline).
Specify sart tangent: (Nh~p m¢t ditm dinh huang tiep tuyen t~i ditm dAu
eua Spline).

122
 Specify end tangent: (Nh~p m¢t diem dinh huang tiep tuyen t~i cu6i cung
cua Spline).
3. Hi~u chlnh da tuyen 3D (I~nh Pedit)
• Command: Pedit .J
Select polyline or [Multiple}: (Chon da tuyen 3D dn hieu chinh).
Enter an option (Close IEdit vertex/Spline curve! Decurvel Undo/:
Cae h!a chQn:
Close Dong m¢t da tuyen hb ho~c rna mOt da tuyen kin.
Spline curve Chuyen da tuyen dang ch9ll thanh mOt du~ng Spline.
Decurve Chuyen cae phArr do~n eua duang Spline pline tha.nh d.c
duong thing.
Undo Huy b6 m¢t thao r<:lc vua thvc hi¢n.
Khi ta dap E vao dong nhac tren (ch9ll Edit vertex) thi xuA! hi¢n dong
nhac dung de
hi¢u chinh d.c dinh va cae phArr do~n eua da tuyen.
Next!Previous/Break!InsertlM ave!RengenlStraightenleXit<N >: (ChQll
cae lila ch9ll de hi¢u chinh d.c dinh eua da tuyen).
4. Xen cac c~nh mo hinh khung day bAng I~nh Trim
Lila ch9ll Projectmode eua l¢nh Trim dung d~ x6a (xen) eae dO<;l-n eua
m¢t ma hinh khung day (Wireframe).
• Command: Trim .J
Select objects: (ChQn d6i tuqng giao v&i do'!-n rna ta mu6n x6a).
Select objects: (ChQn tiep cae d6i tuqng giao hay ket thue vi¢e ll!a chQn
b~ng phfm Enter).

Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or jProject/Edge/Undo]:

(Chon do~n dn xen) hoac chon P.J
Enter a projection option jNone/ UCS/ View!<UCS>:
• Cae ll!a chQn:
View Cho phep xoa (xen) m¢t do~n bat ky cua hinh chieu ma hlnh 3
chieu d<;l-ng Wireframe len m~t phftng song song voi man hinh, m~e diJ. thl!e te
cae d6i tuqng giao va ca.c do~n ean xen kh6ng giao nhau.

123
 NOlie Chi eho phep Trim khi tat d. d.e d6i tut.mg cung nam tren m(Jt
m1t ph~ng.
UCS Cic d6i lugng eua rna hlnh 3 chieu (d<;tng Wireframe) dugc
ehieu len m<~t ph~ng XY eua UCS hi¢n h~lOh va cac dui tUllng duge xen tren
m1t ph~ng nay.

IV. M(> HiNH BE M~T

1. T~o be m~t 3D (I~nh 3DFace)
Pull - down Menu Toolhar Type in

[)mw\SllIface s\3 DFace Slliface.1'\3 D Facc .iJJFoce

L¢nh 3Dface t10 duqc cae he m1t 3D co bon h04C ba canh. M6i mat duO'c
t'.lO blii l¢nh 3Dface la m(Jt d6i tugng dan, ta khong th~ nao thlfc hi¢n l¢nh
Explode pha va cac d6i tugng nay.
• Command: 3DFace .J
SpccU\first poillf or ill/risihle!: (ChQn di~m thl! nhat cua m1t).
SpccU\' second PO/lit Of' ilnrisible!: (ChQn di~m thu hai cua m~t).
Speci/)' thm!IN)illf or /Im'isihle/<exit>: (Chqn di~m thu ba etla m(lt).
Specij'yj'olfl'lh poinT OJ' jll1l'isihlel<create three-sidedface>: (ChQn di~rn
thu tu h01C nhan Enter hai hio t<:).o rn4t phUng tarn giac).
SpeC/Iv third poillt or /lll\'isihle,l<exit>: (ChQll tiep eti~rn thCr ba he rn1t
ke tiep h04C Enter).
Specffy fourth point or !Im'isihlel<exit>: (Ch(;m diem thu tv be m;).t ke
tiep hO~le nhan Enter hai hio).
Neu khong muon lam xuar hi¢n m()t q.nh ella m1t phang truae khi t<;to
c<;toh d6 t<:).i dong nhae ta nh;;tp I (invisible) va d~t bien SPLFRAME = O. Neu
mu6n Jam xuat hi¢n cae c<.tnh cua m4t phUng bj che khuat ta d~t bien SPL-
FRAME =1 va thlfC hi¢n I¢nh Re~en.

124
 2. Lam che khuat ho~c lam hi~n ra cae c~nh cua 3D1ace (I~nh
Edge)
L¢nh Edge dung d€ ehe khu{lt ho~c lam hi~n cae c~nh ella be m~t 3D.

• Command: Edge .J
S'pcCljyedge of 3d face to Toggle l'isibility oi· jDisplayl: (Ch<:m q.nh can ehe).

• Ll!a ChOll khac:

Display Lam hi~n len d.c q.nh duqc ehe khuat. Neu ta muon eho cae
c~nh nay hi~n len thl t<.ti dong ohac XUllt hi¢n sau d6:
Ellter selcclion method for display of hidden edges ;Sc!ectlllll!: (Nhfill
Enter, ho~c ch9ll lung d6i tu'qng (select) ho~c ch9ll loan b0 cae d6i tuqng (All).

3. T~o cae be m~t 3D cd b,m (3D objects) nhis I~nh 3D.

Pull - down Menu Toolbar Type in

Draw\SlIlface s\3D51111'(1C(' SUlfaces 3D

Cae deli tuqng m~t 3D duqc t~o thea nguyen uk t1-).O cae khung day va
dung l~nh 3Dface d~ t<.t0 d.c m~t tam giac va tli giac de: phil len khung day.
Khi pha vB cae rna hloh d1-).og nay bang l¢nh Explode ta thu dUQc cae m~t co
3 hay 4 c<:tnh va cae dueing th&ng rieng bi~t. Do d6 v&i cac m~t nay ta ehi e6
th~ dung dUQe nhung phuong thue tmy bat di~m d6i v&i cac doq.n thang eua
eae m~t nhu MIDpoint, INTersecsion, ENDpoint ...

• Khi dung l¢nh tu danh ffil;lc kea xu6ng Draw'Surfaces'3Dsurface se lam

xuat hi~n eira s6 3D-Ohjects. Trang eira s6 nay, ta c6 th~ eh9n d6i tuQng be m~t
3D eO bim theo hai eaeh:
+ Ch(;m vaa ten eua m~t 3D co bun (trang 6 ben trai).
+ Ch9n vaa hlnh ve m~t 3D eo ban (trang 6 ben phai).

Sau khi eh(:m, nhan nut OK.

125
 • Command: 3D .J
[BoxiCone!DIshlDOmelMe shlPyramidlSpherelToruslWedge I.
Ta eo th~ t~a eae rna hinh m~t thea dong nhae tren, vai Box: m~t h¢p ehO'
nh~t, Cone: m~t non, Dish: m~t ban d.u duai, Dome: m~t ban e<iu tren, Mesh:
m~t hrai, Pyramid: m~t chop da di¢n, Sphere: m~t cau, Torus: m~t xuyen, va
Wedge: m~t nem.
3.1. Mal h(lp cM nh~l Box (ho~c dilng lenh AI Box)
Ll!a chqn Box ho~c l~nh AI Box dung d~ t~o m~t h¢p chO' nh~t khi dap B.
Specify corner point of box: (Ch9n di~m goc trai phfa duai cua h¢p).
SpecIfy length of box: (Nh~p chieu dai h¢p, wang ung vai khoang each
theo tr~c X).
Specify lengrh of box or [Cubel: (Nh~p chi~u r(lng thea tr~c Y hay dap C
d~ t~o h¢p vuong).

Specify height of box: (Nh~p chieu cao h¢p thea tn,Ic Z).
Specify rotation angle of box about Z axis or /Reference}: (Nh~p goc
quay so vai tn,Ic song song vai trl.;lc Z va di qua di~m Corner of box).
3.2. Mal non Cone (hoac dilng l~nh AI Cone)
LVa ch9n Cone ho~c I¢nh AI_Cone dung d~ t~o rn~t non, non cl.;lt va m~t
tn~ tron, khi dap C.
Specify cenrer poinr for base of cone or [Diameter}: (Nh~p tam eua vong
tron day hinh non, ho~e nh~p eh9n 0 de nh~p duang kfnh).
Specify radius for top of cone or [Diameter}: (Nh*p ban kfnh vong dinh
m~t non cl.;lt. Neu gia tri nay bang 0 thi ta eo m~t non, neu bang ban kinh vong
tron day thi ta eo m~t trl.;l tron).
Specify height of cone: (Nhap chi~u cao hlnh n6n).
Enter number of segments for surface of cone<15>: (Nh~p s6 eae duang
lucri n6i hai m~t dinh va day).
S6 cae milllh m~t phang t'.l-O nen gan dung m~t non phl,l thu¢c vao gia tri
Number of segments. M~t non do cac m~t phang tam giac t'.l-0 nen. M~t non
e~t va tr~ tron Ii do cae m~t phang tu giae t(.).o nen.

126
 3.3. M~t nita ciln dna; Dish (hoac dung I~nh AI_Dish)
Ll!a ch90 Dish ho~c l¢nh AI_Dish dung d6 t~o m~t nira c~u duai, khi dap D.
Specify center point of dish: (Nh~p tim eua m~t du).
Specify radius of dish or jDiameterj: (Nh~p ban kinh ho~c duang kinh
rn~t cau).

Enter number of longitudinal segments jar surface of dish <15>: (Nh~p

s6 duang kinh tuyen m~t c<iu).
Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of dish < /0>: (Nh~p s6
cae duang vi tuyen).
3.4. M(it 0113 Call tren Dome (ho~c dung l~nh AI Dome)
LVa ch9ll Dome ho~c l¢nh AI_Dome dung d~ t~o m~t nt'ra cau tren:
Specify center point ofdome: (Nh~p tam ella m~t cAu).
Specify radius ofdome or [Diameter!: (Nh~p ban kinh (hoi;ic duang kinh)
111at du).
Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of dome <18>: (Nh~p
s6 duang kinh tuyen m~t cau)_
Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of dome < /0>: (Nhiolp
s6 ca.e duang vi tuyen).
3.5. Mat It.a; Mesh (ho~c dung I~nh AI_Mesh)
Ll,Ia eh9n Mesh ho~e dung l¢nh AI_Mesh dung d~ t<;l-o m~t luai 3 ehieu.
Can xae dinh 4 dinh va nh~p m~t d¢ M va N ella tum (M, N din nam trong
khoang 2-256).
Specify first corner point of mesh: Nh~p di~m gec thli nhat ella lu6i 01.
Specify second corner point of mesh: Nh~p diem gee thu hai ella luai ° 2-
Specify third corner point of mesh: Nh~p di~m gee thli ba ella lu&i ° 3-
Specify fourth corner point of mesh: Nh~p di~m gee thli tu ella luai 04.
Enter mesh size in the M direction: (Nh~p s6 duong lucri nam theo c<;I-nh
G 1 - G Z)·
Enter mesh size in the N direction: (Nh~p s6 duang lucri nam thea c<;I-nh
G 1 - G 4)·

127
 3.6. Hlnh da di¢n Pyramid (ho<)c dung l~nh AI_Pyramid)
Ll!a ehqn Pyramid ho~e l~nh AI_Pyramid dung d~ t~o m~t chop da di~n.
C<ic m~t da di¢n l~l cae m~t ph8.ng tam giae ho~e tCr giik.
Spec~fv first corner poin( lor hase (!{ pymmid: (Nh~p diem thCr nhat B[
eua day).
Spccify sccond poinlfor hasc (!{pyramid: (Nhi}p diem th(r hai B2 ella day).
SpcClfv third pointlo}" hase o!"vvramid: (Nh~p diem thil ha B~ eua day).
Speo/v fOlll"lh Iwill! for hose (!f·jJ)'I"llmid or /Telml/{'drnnl (Nhi!-p (1ie'm
thil tu B4 de' t,.tO day 18. m(1t ph,~tng ttf giac. neu dap T thl (by l~t m,:tt ph8.ng tam
giac).
SpeC/f)' apex poinl (!{ pyramid or lRulgelTopl: Nh(tp tqa d() dinh P cua
chop da di¢n. nh(tp R (Ridge) neu c1inh la mQt e'.tIlh. nh(\p T (Top) neu dinh la
m~t tam gii.ie ho,*e til giae.
Neu dinh E\ m()t «Jnh (Ridge):
Spai{\'.Iirsl ridge end poin! (!{pyra!11id: (Nh~p diem thu nhSt R [ eua c,.mh).
Spcq/)' scco/ld mig£' elld poin! (?{ pyramid: (Nh~p die'm thu hai R2 cua c~nh).
Neu dinh 1;1 m~t tam hO(K tu giac (Top):
Speclfrfirsl comer POIlIt f?{pyra!11id: (Nh(tp diem T j cua m~t dinhl.
Speci!)' second corner poillf f?{pyramid: (Nh~p diem T 2 cua m~t dinh).
SpeCify third comer 1millt of pvra!11id: (Nh~p di~m T'1 eua m(lt dinh).
SpCC!fv.!(){/rlh COni('/" point (lVframid: (Nh(\p diem T 4 ella 111(~t dinh).
Doi v6i m,*t tam giac ta tht!c hi¢n theo cae bu6c tuong tt!.
3.7. M~t do Sphere (hoar dung lenh AI Sphere)
Lt!a ch9n Sphere hO<;ie I~nh AI Sphere dung d6 t<;io m~t diu. Neu d,ip S:
Specify eenler poilll (~l splrere: (Tarn eua m,*t du).
SpeCify radills (!{sp!rerc 01" /Dw!11etcr!. (Ban kinh m,*t ciiu ho;}c dap D de
nh(lp duang kfnh).
Emer /lumher (~{lol1gtudiJlal segmeJ1ls for slfIIace (~l sphere < I (oj>: (Cho
so duang kinh tuycn).

128
 Enter numher of latitudinal segments for swface of sphere <20>: (56 cae
duang VI tuyen).
3.8. Mal xuyen Torus (ho~c I¢nh AI_Tours)
Ll!a eh9n Torus ho~e l¢nh AI_Tours dung d~ t<;\o m~t hinh xuyen, neu
dapT:
Spec{fv center point qf fOrus: (Nh~p tam ella m~t xuyen).
Specify radius (~f torus or /Diameterl: (Nh~p ban kinh, ho<).e dap D de
nh~p duang kfnh vang xuyen ngoai).

SpeCify radius oftl/he or /Diamerer/: (Nh~p ban kinh, ho<).e dap D de nh~p
duong kinh eua ang xuyen).
Enter number of segments around tube cirCltn!ference <18>: (Nh~p so
eae phan do~n tren m~t ang xuycn).
Enter numher of segments around Torus circumference <20>.' (Nh~p so
cae ph:1n do<;\n thea ehu vi m;}t xuyen).
CIIlI y: ChI ve dU9'e m~t xuyen khi ban kinh eua ong (Radius of tube) nha
han ban kinh xuyen (Radius of torus).
3.9. M~I hlnh nem Wedge (I¢nh AI_Wedge)
Ll,ta eh9n Wedge ho~c l¢nh AI_\Vedge dung d~ t~o m~t hinh nem. Ncu
dapW:
Specify corner point or~vedge.' (Nh~p ta~ d¢ di~m goc m~t day khai nem).
Specify length of wedge: (Nh~p chieu dai nem thea trl).c X).
Specify width of wedge: (Nh~p chieu f¢ng nem thea trl).c V).
Specify height of wedge: (NhaP chieu cao nem theo tr~c Z).
Specify rotation angle of wedge about the Z axis: (Nh~p goe quay xung
quanh trl).c song song vai trl).c Z va tfl).C nay di qua di~m Corner ofwedf:r).
T<;li dong nh,k tren neu dap Enter thi xu<l't hi~n dong nhac:
SpeCIfy rotation angle or IReferenee/: (Nh~p gia tri goe quay, ho~c dap R
de cho goe tham chicu).
Wedge ehi la twang hqp d~c bi¢t eua Pyramid. Khi m~t day la m~t phang
hioh chu nh~t va dinh la m¢t duemg th&ng (Ridge) va m9t m~t ben vuong goc
vai m~t day thi ta co m~t hlnh nem.

129
9.GTCS CAD-A
 4. Keo cac doi lltqng 20 thilnh m~t 30 (Elevation, Thickness)
B~ng each dinh cao d¢ (Elevation) va d¢ day (Thickness), ta c6 thtl keo
cae d6i luqng 2D (line, circle, arc, pline, 2D Solid ... ) thea tr1J.c Z thanh m~t
3D (rna hinh d~ng nay ta goi la rna hlnh 2 }',D).
Elavation G9i la cao d¢, Hi d¢ cao d.c d6i tuqng 2D so vai mi!-t phing XY
ella ues hi~n h~lllh.
Thickness G<;>i la dt) day (Neu gia tf! Rho) ho~c chieu cao keo d.c d6i
luqng 2D thea trl).c Z.
Thong thucmg ta gao cao d¢ ho~c d¢ day thea d.c each sau:
+ Dinh bien ELEVATION va THICKNESS (bang lenh Elev)
• Command: Elev .J
SpeCify new default elevation<>: (Nh~p gia tfi cao d¢ mai cho d6i ttrqng).
SpeCify new default thickness<>: (Nh~p gia If! dO day moi cho d.c d6i
wqng sap ve).
+ Sau khi ve cae d6i tuqng 2D xong (l¢nh Line, Pline, Rectang, Polygon,
Circle, Donut. .. ) ta si'r dl,lng cae l¢nh hi¢u chinh (Change, Ddchprop,
Chprop, Ddrnodify) de hieu chlnh d¢ day (Thickness) va lenh Change d~
chinh rna hlnh theo d¢ eao (ELEVATION).
Cae d6i tuqng c6 th~ keo thanh m~t 3D g6m c6: line, arc, circle, donut,
pline, 2Dsolid, pline co chieu f¢ng ...
- Hlnh da giac sau khi keo t~o thanh cae m~t 3D ho hai dau.
- Duong tron, donut sau khi keo t~o thanh cae m~t kin.
- Pline c6 chieu f¢Og (Width) va 2D Solid sau khi keo t<;t0 thanh m~t kin.
Khi gia tri bien ELEVATION khac 0 thi mat ph!ng lam vi¢c (Working
plane) se nam song song m~t phiing XY va each m~t phJog nay m¢t khoang
b~ng gia tri cua bien ELEVATION.

v. LV(lI M~T VA GIAC

Khi baa phu v~t th~ khung boi cae m~t lien ket (thuang lit cae m~t ph~ng
tu giac ho~c tam giac). Cae m~t ph&ng lien ket cho phep bi~u dien gao dung
m~t v~t th~ va dugc gQi III m~t lum da giac (3D Polygon meshes). M~t d¢ Ju6i
e6 thtl dinh b~ng cae bien SURFfAB1, SURFfAB2. C6 thtl vo duqc cae rnb

130
9.GTCS CAD-S
hlnh m~t 3D phtlc t~p (m~t khung xc hai, may bay...). Ta c6 the hi¢u chinh
lucri da giac Day blmg l¢nh Pedit.

Pull - down Menu Toolbar Type in

Draw\Surjaces\Edge Surface Surjaces\Edge Surface Edgesurf

Draw\Swjaces\Revolve Surface Sur!aces',Revolve SUliaee Revsurf
Draw\Surjaces\RuJed SwiGee Surfaces\Ruled Surface RulesUl!
Draw\Surjaces\Tabulated Swiaee Surjaces\Tabulated Surface Tabuswf

1. L~nh Edgesurf
L¢nh Edgesurf q.o m~t lucri (coons surface) tu 4 c'-!-oh c6 d.c dinh giao
nhau tung d6i rn¢t, m~t Day c6 d~ng uim tham bay. Ok q.oh nay co the 13
linc, arc, 2Dpline, 3Dpline, Spline ... C<;tnh dau tien duqc ch<;m x<ic dinh m~t
d6 M cua luai (mat d¢ luai theo huang M do bien SURFTABI dinh raj, c~nh
dugc chQn thtl hai, m~t d¢ N (m~t d¢ thea huang N - do bien SURFTAB2).
Tuy vao gia tri cae bien nay ta duqc cae m~t khac nhau.
• Command: Edgesurf .J
Select object J for swiaee edge: (ChQn c;:tnh I xac dinh chieu M lucri).
Select object 2 for surface edge: (ChQn c;:tnh 2 xac dinh chieu N lucri).
Select object 3 for surface edge: (ChQn c,!-nh 3).
Select object 4 for surface edge: (ChQn c~nh 4).
Neu ta chQn c,!-nh co cac dinh kh6ng trung vm cae dinh cae q.nh khae se
xuat hi~n dong nh~c.
Edge Xdoes not touch another edge: (C<;tnh X kh6ng ch;:tm vcri c<;l.nh khac)
2. L~nh Revsurf (m~1 Iron xoay)
L~nh Revsurf dung dt t<;l.o m~t tron xoay bang cach xoay m¢t d6i tuqng
2D (gQi Iii duang sinh - defining curve) chung quanh m¢t trvc xoay (Axis of
revolution). Mat d~ lueJi dugc dinh biti bien SURFTABl, SURFTAB2. D~ hieu
chinh luoi ta dung l~nh Pedit, khi thl!c hi~n l~nh Explode thl m~t luoi bi pharr
ra ra cac m~t ph~ng 3 c,!-nh vii 4 c,!-nh.

131
 • Command: Revsurf .J
Select object to revolve: (Chqn duang I lam duang sinh d6 t<;to d<;tng m¢t
m~t tron xoay).

Select object that define the axis of revolution: (Chqn tn,Jc xoay 2 1a line,
2Dplinc,3Dpline).
Start angle <0>: Vi tri bat dau m~t tron·xoay.
Included angle (+=ccw -=cw)< Ful! circle>: (Nh~p goc xoay ella defin-
ing curve chung quanh tryc xoay. chu y rang chieu duang ngutlc chibu kim
d6ng h6).
AXIS of rel'olurion di qua di~m dau va cu6i cua d6i tue.mg chqn (neu d6i
tm/ng Ii Pline) va b6 qua d.c dinh trung gian. Axis of revolution xac d~nh
chieu M clla lu6i.
Ne'u defining curve 1a pline gom cac phan do<;tn lil do<;tn thfing (line) va
cung tron (arc) thl AutoCAD se ve duang lu6i di qua d.c dinh ella ph an do<;\n
thang va tren moi do<;\n Ii cung tron ve s6 duang lu6i bang bien SURFTAB2.
3. L~nh Rulesurf (m~t ke)
L~nh Rulesurf t<;\o m~t ke gifra hai duang ehuan bien dUQe eh(;m, m~t nay
co cae duang kc la cae duang thfing. M~t d¢ lu6i (s6 d.e duang kc) dinh boi
bien SURFTABI.
• Command: Rulesurf .J
Select first delinlling curve: (Ch9n duang chuan 1).
Select secolld defillning curve: (ChQn duang chuAn 2).
Definng curve (duang chucln) eo th~ Hi: line, are, circle, 2D pline Spline,
30pline ho~e 3Dspline. M¢t trong hai dUi'mg chucln co th€ suy bien thanh m(Jt
di~m. Neu m¢t defining curve lit m¢t duang kin (pline kin, circle... ) thl duang
kia cung phai la duang kin ho~e la m¢t di€m (point). Khoang each clla cae
dinh duang ke tren cae defining curve se khac nhau neu chieu dAi ella de
defillillg curve nay khac nhau.
Ruled swiace co cau t'.l0 gi6ng nhu m~t lu6i da giac 2xN (M = 2) huang
N ella m~t nam dQe theo defining curve. Neu hai defining curve lit 2 duang kin
(ho~e I duang kin va I di~m) thi N = SURFTABl, neu hai defilling curve la
cae duang hi! thi N = SURFTABI + I.

132
 4. L~nh Tabsurf (m~t tr~)

L~nh Tabsurf dung de t<,to rn~t It.l'oi trl,l theo hlnh d<;lng eua ctuong chuin
(path curve) dQc theo vecta dinh huang (direction vector). M~t ell) lu6'i (s6
duang sinh) dinh bang bien SURFfABl.
• Command: Tahsurf .J
Select object for path clIrve: (ChQn dU(::ing chuin dinh d<..mg m~t trl,l: co the
1il line, arc, circle, 2Dplinc, 3D pline, ellipe, spline).
Select object for directio1/ vecTor: (ChQfi vecta dinh huang: line, 20 pline,
3D pline rna).
Neu ta ChQfi 2Dpline ho~c 3D pline rnb te,ti dong nhac cu6i, thl vecta dinh
huang sc 18. duang th~ng eli qua diem dall va diem cu6i eua Pline. M~t duqc
t<,t0 bat dati tu Path curve I theo chieu tu diem cu6i eoa vecta dan huang gan
diem 2 nh3:t.
Tabulated Smface c6 Call t<,t0 giong nhu m;)t lucri da giac 2 x N (M = 2).
Neupath curve Hi/ine, arc, circle, ellipe, splint' thlAutoCADse ve cae duang
sinh song song each deu nhau. Neu path curve la pline gam d.e phfrn dOC;ln la
do<;tn thang (line) va eung tron (arc) thl AutoCAD se ve cae duang sinh di qua
cae dinh eua ph,ln do<;tn thing va tren moi philn do~n 1a eung tron vi:: so duang
sinh bang bien SURFTABl.

VI. MO HINH KH61 D~C

Mo hlnh 3D d'.l-ng kh6i d~e bi~u dien ehinh xae han hlnh dang 3 ehieu eua
v~t th6 hlnh hge, VI nha rno hlnh nay ta e6 thE troh cae d~e trnh ea hge eua v~t
thE, nhu da trlnh bay trong phao 1.
MO hlnh kh6i d~c au vi¢t han mO hlnh be mat (Surface) va khung day
a
(Wirefrarne) nhung diem sau:
1. Cho phep trnh the tich v~t the, ogay d. d6i v6'i cae rno hloh 3D phue t~p.
2. C6 tht xoa cae duang khua't, cae duang ehuyen tiep khi bieu dien m~t congo
3. De dang t'.l-0 d.e hlnh ehieu 2D tir rna hlnh 3D, e6 the bi6u dien m~t eat
rna hloh t'.l-i vi trf bat kS,.
4. Cho phep troh chfnh xae cae d~c tfnh kh6i luqng. Neu ket hqp v6'i

133
phuo'ng phap ph~n tir huu h~n, eho phep tlnh U'ng suat va ehuy~n vt eua cae
ket cau 3D.
5. To b6ng v~t th~ voi cae mall gan v6i v~t li¢u thve, nha d6 thu duge hlnh
.lnh th~t ho'n.
6. Cho phep rna phimg d<)ng l~c h9C ket cau, rna phong chuy6n d<)ng cua
dl;mg el,J cat gQt khi ehe t~o chi tiel.
Mo hlnh 3D kh6i d~e co hai d~ng Solids va Region (mien). Mien la m¢t
kh6i d~e d~e bi¢t, e6 ehiell cao bang kh6ng va kh6ng co kh6i luqng, ntn chi
bi~u di~n tren rn~t ph&ng.
D6i voi m6 hlnh kh6i d~e, ta co th~ thVe hi¢n cae phep toan d~i s6 Bun
(Boole) nhu: Union (e¢ng), Subtract (trir), Intersection (giao). Nha cae phep
toan Bun nay co th~ t~o duqe cae kh6i d~e t6 hqp (complex solids) la sV ket
h9P giila cac kh6i d~c co bim (xern chuang 1- IV-4).
T~o ra rn6 hlnh d~e t6 hqp theo trlnh tt! sau:
- T~o ra kh6i d~e Co' bim bang cae l¢nh: Box, Wedge, Cylinder, Sphere,
Cone, Torus, Extrude, Revolve...
- Dtnh vi tri thieh hqp eho cae kh6i d~e co' ban nha vao cae l¢nh nhu
Move, Align, Mirror3D, Rotate3D, 3Darray, Copy...
- Su dl;mg cae phep toan d<;l.i s6 Bun (Union, Subtract, Intersect) va cae
l¢nh hi¢u ehinh nhu: Slice, Chamfer, Fillet... d~ t~o nen cae kh6i d~e to hqp
ttr cae kh6i d~e co' ban.
- D~ t<;l.o cae hlnh ehieu th&ng g6e va rn~t cAt ella kh6i d~c ta sir dl;lng cae
l¢nh: Soldraw, Solprof, Solview, Section••.
1. T~o cae mien (I~nh Region)

Pull - down Menu Type in

Draw\Region Region

Mien (region) la m¢t v~t th~ ran kh6ng co kh6i lugng. D~ t~o fa m¢t mien
ta chi e~n ve m¢t d6i tugng 2D sau do dung l¢nh Region d~ t~o mien.

134
 • Command: Region .J
Select objects: (Ch9n d6i nrqng cAn t~o mien).
Select objects: (Ti€p tl,lc ch(;m ho~e Enter d~ thvc hi¢n l¢nh).
D6i vOi mien ta e6 th~ thvc hi¢n cae phep lOan d~i s6 Bun d€ t~o cac mien
t6 hqp. Mien eo cac tfnh ehat gi6ng nhu cac kh6i d~c.
2. T'lo cae khoi d~e eel ban (Solid P~imitives)
cae !<h6i d~c CO b3.n bao g6m: Box (!<h6i h¢p chi! nh~t), Cone (!<h6i n6n),
Cylinder (!<h6i tru), Sphere (!<h6i caul, Torus (!<h6i xuyen) va Wedge (kh6i nem).
Khi t~o kh6i co bim, ta nh~p l¢nh ho~c g9i tu menu Draw.

Pull - down Menu Toolbar Type in

Draw\SolidlBox Solidi Box Box

Draw\SolidlWedge Solidi Wedge Wedge
Draw\SolicflCone
- .... ~
Solidi Cone Cone
D¥lWlSolidlCylinder Solidi Cylinder Cylinder
Draw\Solid\Sphere Solidi Sphere Sphere
Draw\Solid\Torus Solid\ Torus Torus
.

2.1. T~o kh6i h<)p chi! nh*t (I¢nh Box)

L¢nh Box dung de t~o kh6i hinh h¢p chi! nh~t.
• Command: Box .J
Specify corner of Box or [Center] <0,0,0>: (Nh~p mot dinh thl! nhat cua
kh6i hop trong m~t philng XY).
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: (Nh~p mot dinh tM hai d6i dien trang
cung m~t philng XY voi dinh thl! nMt).
Specify height: (Nh~p chieu cao kh6i hop theo phuong Z).
• Cae h,ra ch9n khae:
+ Cube Mu6n t~o mot kMi l~p phuong (Length - Chieu dai c~nh cua
kh6i l~p phuong).

135
 + Length Lt!a ehQn de nh~p kfeh thu6'e cae e<;tnh, khi chQn L se xuat hi¢n
cae dong nhac phl,l:
Specify length: (Nh~p chi6u dai kh6i thea phuong X).
Spenfy width: (Nh~p chi6u f\lng kh6i thea phuong Y).
Specify height: (Nh~p chi6u cao kh6i thea phuong Z).
+ CEnter Chc;m tam kh6i, khi dap CE xuat hi¢n cae dong nhac sau:
SpeCify center of box <>: (Nh~p to<;1 d¢ tam kh6i).
Specify corner or ;Cubel Length!: (Nh~p to<;1 de) m¢t diem goc kh6i, h,ra
chQn Cube va Length tuang tt! phan tren).
2.2. Tao kh6i hlnh nem (I¢nh Wedge, Solwedge)
L¢nh Wedge dung de t<;10 kh6i hlnh nem .
• Command: Wedge .J (ho~e We .J)
Specify corner of wedge or [CEnter}: (Nh~p to<;1 d¢ me)! diem g6c eila
kh6i nem trong m~t ph&ng XY, r6i Enter ho~e chQn CE).
SpeCify corner or ;CubeILength/: (Nh~p diem goe thu hai trong m!!.!
phAng XY).
SpeCify height: (Nh~p chieu cao kh6i nem thea phuong Z) .
• Cac ll!a chQn:
+ Neu dap L (Lcngth)trong dong nhac tren:
SpeCify length: (Nh~p chieu dai kh6i d~c thea tf1,lC X).
Specify width: (Nh~p ehieu r¢ng kh6i d~c thea tf1:1C Y, day la chieu dai
c<;tnh chung hai m~t ehil nh~t).

Specify height: (Nh~p chi6u cao hlnh nem).

+ Neu dap C (Cube)thl kh6i hlnh nem c6 3 c~nh bang nhau va ta chi dn
nh~p ehieu dai m¢t c~nh t<,\i dong nhac sau d6.
+ CEnter T<,\o kh6i hlnh nem bang each nh~p tarn kh6i. Khi dap C:
Specify center oflvedge <0,0,0>: (Nh~p to~ d¢ tam).
Specify oppo.~ite corner or jCubel Lengthl: (Nh~p to<,\ d¢ diem goe, ho~c
su dl,lng cae h,ra chQn C hay L).

136
I 2.3. T~o khoi non (l¢nh Cone)
L¢nh Cone q,o kh6i rtm non co m~t day la Circle ho~c Ellipse.
• Command: Cone .J
SpeCify center point for base of cone or jElliptica/j: (Nh~p tam eua khai
non tren m;}t day ella no).
Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: (Nh~p ban kinh, ho~c dap
D de nhap duang kinh duang trim day).
Specify height of cone or jApexl: (Nh~p chieu cao hloh non).
• Ll!a chQn Apex giup ta xac djnh vi tIi dinh eua khai do n6n, do d6 ta
c6 the t~o khai ra.n non Dam ngang, thang dung Dam xien.
• Ltfa chc;>n Elliptical d~ t~o m~t non c6 day hloh Ellipse.
D~ ve khai non cl,lt ta Slr dVng l~nh Cone ve khai tTl;!, sau d6 sir dl:mg l~nh
Chamfer d~ vat mep.
2.4. Tao khoi tru (l¢nh Cylinder)
L¢nh Cylinder t'!-o khai tTl;. co m~t day Hi Circle ho~c Ellipse.
• Command: Cylinder.J
Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical]: (ChQn tAm duong
tron m~t day tr1,l).
Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: (Ban kfnh, ho~c dap D
cho duong kinh duong tron m~t day tfl:I).
Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: (Nh~p chieu cao trl,l
theo tfl,lC Z , ho~c dap C d6 djnh V! tTf duong tam trv.
Neu dap C xuat hi¢n dong nhac:
Specify center of other end of cylinder: (Nh~p to<.t d¢ tam m~t dinh tfl,!).
• Ll!a ch9n Elliptical de t<.t0 m~t trl,! co day hlnh Ellipse.
2.5. T~o khoi citu (Lenh Sphere)
L~nh Sphere dung de t<.t0 kh6i d~c hlnh dIU.

• Command: Sphere .J
Specify center of sphere < 0, 0, 0>: (Nh~p ho~c ch9n tAm kh6i r[m cau).

137
 Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: (Nhap ban kinh, ho~c chon DM
nh~p duang kinh kh6i caul.

2.6. Kh6i xuyen (L~nh Torus)

L¢nh Torus q.o kh6i d~c hloh xuyen.
• Command: Torus .J
Specify center of torus < 0,0,0>: (Nh~p toa d¢ ho~c chon tam kh6i xuyen).
Specify radius of torus or [Diamenter]: (Nh~p ban kinh ho~c dap D cho
duang kfnh kh6i xuyen (tu tilm xuyen den Him vaoh xuyen).
Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]: (Nh~p ban kinh hoac dap D cho
duang kfnh vaoh xuyen).
3. Keo cae dol tlle;tng 2D thanh khoi d~c 3D (L~nh Extrude)
L¢nh Extrude dung de keo cae hinh 2D thea tr~c Z thanh m¢t kh6i "in 3D.
Cae d6i tuqng 2D co the keo thanh kh6i rin bao gam: pline kin, polygon,
circles, ellipses, splines kin, donuts, regions. Cae da tuyen kh6ng duqc c6 ca.c
phan doan giao nhau. S6 dinh t6; thieu cua Pline la 3 va t6i da la 500. Neu
Pline c6 chieu f¢og (Width) thi khi keo se keo thea duong giua da tuyen. Neu
d6i wqng co THICKNESS thi khi keo THICKNESS = 0

Pull - down Menu Toolbar Type in

Draw\Solid\Extrude Solir!lExtrude Extrude, Ext

• Command: Extrude .J
Select regions, polylines and circles for extrustion ...
Select objects: (ChQo cae d6i wqng 2D, ca.c d6i tuqng nay nam trong m~t
phing XY).
Select objects: (tiep we eh9n cae d6i tuqng, hay Enter d~ k€t thue vi~e
I~a chon).

Specify height of extrusion or [Path}: (Chieu cao theo tr~c Z).

Specify angle of taper extrusion extrusion <0>: (Nha.'n Enter, ho~e eho gia
tri goe vat, 1ft goe giUa m~t kh6i d~e se dUc;1e t~o v6i m~t vuong g6e vai m~t

138
phang Xf', gia tri c6 the am ho~c duang).
• Lua chon Path: Keo mQt hinh 2D thea mQt duong dan (Path - la d6i
tlt<;1ng 2D) thanh kh6i ran 3D.
• Command: Extrude .J
Select objects: Chqll hlnh 2D cAn keo.
Select objeers: NhAn Enter.
Specify height of extrusion or I Path}: P.J
Select extrusion path or jTaper angle]: (Chqll duang dAn Path, ho~c dap
T de nMp g6c vat).
Path co th~ la: Line, arc, circle, pline 2D, spline. Path kh6ng th~ ciIng nam
trang rn¢t m*t phAng voi hloh 2D da duqc ch(;m.
Hlnh d~ng 2D duqe keo luon Iuon vuong goe voi goc duang dan "Path",
N€u rn¢t trong hai dinh eua duong dan kh6ng nam lrong m~t ph&ng chua hlnh
2D thi AutoCAD t~m thai doi duong dan vo tam cua hinh 2D va hinh 2D duqc
keo vuong goe v6i duang dan nay.
Dung l¢nh Extrude ta c6 th~ t<;to fa cae kh6i ran co ban nhu: Box, Wedge,
Cylinder bang each ve 2D cae hloh chfr nh~t, hlnh tam giac, duang tron va sau
d6 keo thea phuong tr~c z.
4. T~o cae khoi Iron xoay (I~nh Revolve)
L¢nh Revolve dung de t~o kh6i d~c tron xoay bang each xoay rn¢t d6i
tm;mg 2D chung quanh duang tAm xoay.
D6i tugng 2D la mOt circle, region, ellipse ho~c 2D pline co s6 q.nh Ion
hon 3 va nh6 han 300.

Pull - down Menu Toolbar Type in

Draw\Solid\Revolve Solid\Revolve Revolve

• Command: Revolve .J
Select region, polyline or circle for revolution.
Select objects: (Chon d6i wqng dn revolve, chi duqc chon mQt d6i tuqng
lit: pline, polygon, ellipse, circle ho~c region).

139
 Define axis hy jOhject! X (axis)! Y (axis)!: (ChQn duong tam xoay).
Cae 'tfa ChQll d~ ch9n duang tAm xoay:
Specify sfart point qfaxis: ChQn diem dau tien eua duang tam xoay.
SpeCify endpoinr qfaxis: ChQll diem cuoi ella duong tam xoay.
Sau khi ChQll In,lc xoay se xual hi~n dong nhac cu6i:
Angle afrevolution <Full circle>: (Nh~p gia tfi goe xoay).
Goc xoay duong Hl goe theo nguqc chieu kim dong h6 ohin til dau ve
huong euoi trl!c xoay.
• Cae lip ch90 khac:
+ Object ChQll 1 d6i tuqng lam duang t~mxoay (thuang 18. line ho~c
phao doe;tn th~ng ella pline), khi dap E xuat hi¢n dong nhac:
Select an object: (ChQo d6i tuqng lam duang tam xoay).
X (axis), Y( axis) Duong tAm xoay Ia tn,IC X, Y.
Dung l~nh Revolve ta c6 the: t~o cae kh6i d~c ca ban nhu: Sphere (kh6i
cau), Cone (khai n6n), Torus (kh6i xuyen) bang each xoay nua duang tron, 2
c~nh tam giac, m0t duang tron chung quanh mQt trt)c. Nhu v~y Iii ta chi can
hai l¢nh Iii Revolve va extrude Ia co th~ t<,l.o toan bi? cac kh6i ran co ban.
5. Cac phep toan d~i so Bun (Boole') cho t~o kh6i d~c: C9n9 khoi
d~c (Union), trit kh6i d~c (Subtract), giao khoi d~c (Intersection)
M6 hlnh kh6i d~c 3D duqc ket hqp til nhieu kh6i d~c co ban g9i lit kh6i
d~c t6 hqp (Complex solid).
D~ k€t hqp d.c kh6i di;tc bim nay ta dung dic phcp toan d<;li so Bun
C(i

(Boole) nhu: c(Jng (hqp) kh6i d~c (Union), trir kh6i d~c (Subtract). giao kh6i
d~c (Intersect). Cae phep toan d<;li so Bun nay thl.!C hi¢n duqc d6i v6i cae
Region vi d6 Ia cac kh6i d~e d~e bi¢t.

Pull - down Menu Toolbar Type in

Draw\Solid Editing\Union Solid Editing\Union Union, Uni

Modifay\Solid Ediling\Subtract Solid Editing\Subtract Subtract, SI{
Modifay\''iolid Editing\Intersect Solid EditingVntersect Intersect, In

140
 5.1. C6ng (hap) cac kh6i dac (Ienh Union)
L~nh Union dung d~ t"!-o cae mien Region ho~c cae khai d~c Solid t6 hqp
bang phep cOng (hgp) d.c Solid ho~c Region thanh phan.
• Command: Union .J
Selecr ohject: Ch9ll cae Solid ho~c Region can c{)ng.
Sclecr object: (Tiep tl,lc Chqll cac khai, ho~c Enter d~ ket thue vi~c lip chqn).
Jl Solid (s) selected (S6 luc.mg n cae kh6i fan dlIqc h,ra ch9n).
II Solid (s) IInio!1ed.

5.2. Trll cac kh6i dac (I¢nh Subtract)

L~nh Subtract t<;to Solids ho~c Regions 16 h0P bang phep lru d.c Solids
ho~c Region thanh phan.
• Command: Subtract .J
Selecr ohjects: (Chon khai fan b~ tru).
Select ohjecrs: (Nhin Enter).
Select objects: (Ch9" khai ran tfU).
Select objects: (tiep tl;lc Chqll cae kh6i f<in tfU ho~c Enter de kel thue vi¢c
chon).
5.3. Giao cae kh6i d~c (I~nh Intersect)
L¢nh Intersect eho phep t~o Solid ho~e Region t6 hqp btmg phep giao cae
Solid ho~e Region thanh phan. Khi t<).o Solid da hqp chi giu l~i phan giao nhau
giua cae Solids duqc chqn.
• Command: Intersect .J
Select objects: (Chqn cac kh6i d~c can giao v6i nhau).
Select objects: (tiep tt}e chqn ho~e Enter d~ thl!c hi$n l~nh).
Sit dl,Ing l$nh Intersect t<).o cac m6 hlnh d.c chi tiet cO khi (banh xfch,
banh rang, dai oc ...) rat hi~u qui.
6. Cae bien m~t de? Iltdi vii khung diiy cu. mo hinh Solids
6.1. Bien ISOLINES
So d.c duong bi~u dien m~t cong eua cac Solids.

141
 • Command: rSOLINES .J
New value for ISO LINES <8>: Nh~p s6 htqng cae ducmg bi€u dien rn~t
cong ella ca.c Solids.
6.2. Bien DISPLIH
Khi ve ta nen d~t bien nay III 0 (OFF)
Khi bien nay bing I (ON) thi mb hlnh dang a dang khung day chi hi¢n
len cae duang vien.
• Command: DISPLIH .J
New value for DISPLIH <0>:
6.3. Bien FACETRES
M¥ d¢lu6i cae m~t ella Solids khi thl!c hi~n d.c l~nh Hide, Shade va Render.
• Command: F ACETRES .J
New value for FACETRES < O.SOOO>: NhAp gia tf; bien.

VII. suA Dor MO HINH KHor D~C

1. Val mep c~nh kho; d~c (I~nh Chamfer)
L~nh Chamferding con duqc dung d6 val mep ca.c c~nh ella kh6i d~c.
L¢nh nay se II! d¢og t~o ITI¢t kh6i d~c phI,! va sau d6 se c¢og (Union) ho~c tfir
(Subtract) v6i kh6i d~c rna ta chQo c<;loh de t<;10 vat mep.
Le~~tr9gi6pquatrlnht~m6W~~ffid~,th~t~c~cacl¢nh
l<;tO kh6i oem (Wedge), kh6i non cl,lt...
• Command: Chamfer .J
Select firs! line or jPolyline/ Distance! Angle I Trim! Method/mUltiple}:
(ChQn duang bien be m~t tren Solid cAn vat mep c~nh).
Specify base surface chamfer distance: (Nh~p khoimg each cAn vat mep
ve m¢t phia).
Specify other surface chamfer distance < >: (Nh~p khoang cach cAn vat
mep vi; phia thu hail.
Select an edge or jLoopj: (ChQn c~nh can vat mep tren be m~t chuan).
Select an edge or [Loop}: (ChQn tiep cac c~nh be m~t chuan, ho~c Enter).

142
 • cac Itt'.1 ch(;m:
+ Next/ <OK>: (vI C'.1nh la giao tuyen cua hai m~t, do d6 neu dong y m~t
hi~n len duong khuat thi ta nhan Enter, con kh6ng dap N d~ ch90 m~t con l'.1i).
+ Loop Cho phep vat mep toao b¢ cae C'.1nh cua m~t chuan dUQc ch9n,
khi dap L dong nhac:
Select an edge loop or lEdge/: (Ch9n vao m¢t c'.1nh tren m~t ehuan d~
ch9n to~m b¢ d.e C'.1nh, ho~c dap E d~ tnJ l'.1i phuong thuc ch9n tung quh).
2. T~o g6c Iltl;ln t~i glao tuyen gifra cac m~t cua khoi d~c (I~nh
Fillet)
L~nh Fillet cling con dung d~ t<;to c<;tnh 16m (cho giao tuyen 16m) ho~c t'.10
C'.1nh lei (cho giao tuyen lOi). Khi thl!c hi~n Fillet, ACAD sc tt! d¢ng t'.10 them
kh6i d~c co ban pht;! va se c¢ng (Union) ho~c tru (Subtract) kh6i d~c co ban
nay voi kh6i d~c rna ta ch9n c<;tnh t'.10 goc lUQn.
Neu ta ch9n dui tuqng Solids thi xuat hi~n dong nhac:
• Command: Fillet .J
Select first object or [Polyline I Radius I Trim ImUltiple/: (Ch9n Solid).
Enter fillet radius: (Nhap gia tri ban kinh Fillet).
Select an edge or ICIJainl Radius]: (Ch9n giao tuyen d~ Fillet).
Select an edge or IChainl Radius]: (Tiep tt;!c ch9n, neu ch9n xong nhan
Enter).
3. Cii! khoi d~c thilnh cac philn (I~nh Slice)
L~nh Slice dung de cat m¢t kh6i d~c thanh hai kh6i d~e rieng bi~t. L~nh
nay Slr dt;!ng rat hi~u qua trong vi~c t'.10 d.c mo hlnh 3D co hlnh d'.1ng phuc t'.1p.

Pull - down Menu Type in

Draw\Solid\Sfice Slice, Se

• Command: Slice .J
Select objects: (Ch9n dui tW;1ng Solid cAo cat).
 Select ohjects: (Ch<;m tiep d6i tuqng can dt, ho~c nhan Enter d~ ket thue
vi~cchQn).
Specify first point on silicing plane by IObject/ Zaxis / Vievv/ XY/ YZ/
ZXJ3point}< 3 points>: (ChQn m~t phing cat).
• Oie phuong an ChQll m~t phang cat thuang dung:
+ 3point: ChQn m~t phing cat di qua 3 di~m P L, P2, p).
Specify first point on plane: (ChQn diem Pi)'
SpeCify second point on plane: (Ch<;m di~m P2)'
Specify third point 011 plane: (ChQn di~m P::\).
Spec~fy a point on desired side of the plan£' or Ikeep Both side!: ChQn van
mQt diC:m eua llIra Solid ben nao muon giU I~i, nua con l<;ti bi xoa di. Diem
chQn khong lluge trung vai m~t phang cit.
Neu ehQn B (keep Both side) thi gill l<;ti ca hai nua eua Solid dUl1e cat.
+ XYI YZI ZX: ChQn m~t phang cat la cae m~t phflng to<;\ dQ XV, ho~e YZ,
hoac ZX.
Khi dung phuong an nay, truac tien phai dbi va xoay UCSicon den v~ tri
thich hqp tren m~t phang ca.n cat, sau do dung d.e m~t phang to<;\ de) XV, ho~c
YZ, ho~e ZX de tien hanh cdr khoi d~e.
Vi dl,l, dung m~t phang to<;\ d9 YZ d~ cat:
Spe(4y a point 011 the YZ-plane <D,D,O>: (Nhan Enter).
Specify a poim on desired side of the plane or /keep Both side/: ChQn vao
mQt diem eua nua Solid ben nao muon gill 19-i, llIra con l~i bj xoa di. Dit~m
eh<;m khong duqe trung vai m~t phang cit.
Neu chQn B (keep Both side) thi gill l~i ca hai nua eua Solid duqe cat.
4. Ve m~t cat khoi d~c (I~nh Section)
L¢nh Section dung de t~o m¢t mien (Region) 1.1 giao ella Solid va m~t
phing cat. M~t cat nay se nam tren lOp hi~n h~tnh.

Pull - down Menu Type in

D rOlv\Sol i d\Sectioll Section

144
 • Command: Section .J
Select objects: (ChQn kh6i d~c mu6n t<).o m~t cilt).
Select objects: (Chqn tiep kh6i d~c mu6n t~o m~t cilt, ho~c nhAn Enter de
ket thuc vi¢c chqn).
Specify first point on Section plane by /Object/ZaxisIView/XY/YZ/ZXI3point}
< 3points>: (Xae dtnh m~t phAng de ve m*t ca.t theo eae phuang an chQn, tuang
tl! nhu eae m~t phAng cat eua l¢nh Slice).
Ta eo the dung cae l¢nh Copy ho*c Move m*t eat viIa duqc t~o nen.

VIII. TO BONG M() HINH 3D

1. To bong bang I~nh Shade

De ehe cae net khuilt ta dung le nh View\Hide.
Hinh iinh the hien khi t6 bong bang lenh Shade ph~ thu(>c VllO gia trj cae
bien SHADEDGE va SHADEDIF. Blnb iinh nay the hien tren m¢t mat phang.
Tuy VllO gia tr) cua bien he th6ng SHADEDGE ta co kieu t6 bong khac
nhau (theo Pull down menu thi SHADEDGE co gia tr) la 0, 1,2.3):
+ Bien SHADEDGE = O. T6 bong cae m~t, kh6ng the hien cae canh. Dbi
hoi man hlnh co 256 mau.
t Bien SHADEDGE = 1. To bong cae m~t
thea mau eua cac d6i tuqng,
d.c c<).nh co mau nen. Doi hoi mau hlnh 256 mau.
+ Bien SHADEDGE = 2. T6 bOng cac mat bang mau fit,n, eanb co mau
cua cac d6i tU\1ng (gi6ng nhule nb Hide). Man hinh bilt kyo
+ Bien SHADEDGE = 3. Cac m~t dU\1c t6 bong Mi mau cua cac d6i
tuqng, cac qmh co mau nen. Man hlnh bAt kY.
Gia tr) mac djnb cua bien SHADEDGE la 3.
D¢ phiin chieu eua anh sang ph~ thu(>c va bien SHADEDIF (co gia trj tit
o den 100) la ty s6 gilla anh sang m6i trui:lng (Background light) voi anh sang
tan x~ tiI ngu6n sang xa. Gia trt m*c dtnh cua bien nay la 70 tue Ia 70% Ia anh
sang tan xa til ngu6n sang xa, 30% Ia anh sang moi truong.
De tai hi¢n l<).i hlnh <lnh trUlJe khi t6 bong ta dung l¢nh Regen. Dung l¢nh
Msline co the ghi cae <lnh voi phan rna r(lng. SLD, co the sir dl:mg eae hlnh

145
10.GTCS CAD-A
anh nay khi thiet l~p Script file, ho~c dung l¢nh Saveimg ghi 1~ anh vai cae
t~p tin c6 philn fia [(Jng. TGA, TIE
2. T6 bong bAng Render
Render Iii l¢nh t6 bong cae m~t hoi,ie khoi di,ie 3D. Truac khi thl!e hi¢n
I¢nh Render ta co thti t~o cae nguon sang bang l¢nh Light, t~o eanh (l¢nh
Scene) va gan v~t li~u eho doi tuqng (l~nh Materials). Vi~c to bong mo hlnh
thVe hi¢n thea trlnh tv sau:
1. Ma t~p tin co rn6 hlnh rnii ta muon t6 bong.
G9i ti¢n feh View\Render, khi do cho phep ta su dt,lllg cae l~nh Render,
Light, Scene, Materials ...
3. T~o va hi¢U ehlnh cae ngu6n anh sang bang l¢nh Light.
4. Nh~p cae lo<;ti v~t H¢u t6 bong cho rn6 hloh bang I¢nh Materials,
Material Library.
5. T~o dnh bang I¢nh Scene Iii sV ket hqp cac View vai cac ngu6n sang.
6. Djnh cac tham soHen quan den t6 bong trong cua 56 Render Preferences.
7. Ch9n ca.nh (Scene) va thve hi¢n I¢nh Render dti t6 bong rn6 hlnh.
8. Mb ella s6 Render qua danh rnvc keo xuong View"Render\Render.
Theo cua s6 nay de gan rnau va cae tham so khae, nharn t~o cho khoi di:ic co
hlnh anh thl!C nhat.
9. Dung l¢nh Saveimg ghi l<;ti hlnh aoh dii t6 bong thanh t~p tin can thiet.
10. Muon rna t~p tin eua cae hlnh anh t6 bong dii ghi, ta dung l¢nh Replay.

IX. IN BAN vi<;

Sau khi thl!c hi¢n ban ve, thuang phai thvc hi¢n m¢t pharr rat quan tr9ng
la xuat ban ve ra giay.
1. L~nh Plot
Cae ban ve AutoCAD dugc xuat ra giay bang may in (Printer) hay may ve
(Plotter). D6 xuat ban ve ra giay ta dung I¢nh Plot ho~c Print.
Khi th,!c hi~n l~nh. neu bien CMDDIA =1 thl xuat hi~n h¢p tho~i Plot.
Khi bien nay bang 0, chi xuat hi¢n cae dong nhac.

146
10.GTCS CAQ-B
 2. In cac ban ve 3 chieu
Trang khong gian rna hinh ta chi in dlIqc ca.c hinh anh cua khung nhin
hi¢n himh. D~ in cac rna hinh 3D trong rn¢t khung nhin clla khong gian rna
hinh ta tht,rc hi¢n cac buac lUang tl.! nhu in rna hinh 2D.
Khi in cac hinh chieu ph6i canh ta chqn ty l¢ theo Scale to Fit.
Trinh tl! thl!c hi~n in bim ve trong khong gian phitng:
Trinh tl! in ban ve trong Paper Space:
I. X:1y dl!ng rna hinh bang cac l¢nh dii hqc.
2. D~t bien TILEMODE:= 0 chuy~n sang moi twang Him vi¢c khong gian
phang. Bi~u tU911g khong gian phang xuat hi¢n. Luc nay ta nen chu y lit rna
hlnh van chua xua:t hi¢n tren man hinh.
3. D!nh l<.ti giai h<.tn bim ve trang khong gian phang (l¢nh Limits va
Zoom/ All)
4. Khong gian phang duqc xern nhu la rn¢t rn~t pha.ng 2 chicu, do d6 ta
c6 th~ chen khung t(:n va ca.c duang khung vien cua bim ve milu vaa ban ve
hi¢n hanh (Slr dl,lng I¢nh Insert). Tuy nhi(:n ta co the t'.l-0 khung t(:n va ducmg
vien baa quanh ban ve sau khi tht!c hi¢n I¢nh Mview.
5. Sau khi t'.l-O xong khung t(:n va duang vien ta Slr dl,lng l¢nh Mview de
t<.t0 cac khung nhin d<)ng. Cac khung ohin d<)ng eo th6 co kfch thuac bat ky va
nam chong l(:n nhau. Chli y fang cae khung nhin duqc t'.l-0 bang l¢nh M view
se narn tr(:n 16p hi¢n hanh va rnang cac doh chat clla 16p hi¢n hanh nhu Color,
Linetype... Neu sau d6 ta t:it (OFF) ho~c lam d6ng bang lOp nay thl duang
vien khung nhin se t~t di va se khong duqc in ra. Tuy nhi(:n cac hinh anh ben
trong khung nhin van duqc gifr nguy(:n va ta co the in chung.
6. Dung I¢nh Mspace chuyen sang khong gian rna hioh va Slr dl,lng l¢nh
Vpoint t<.ti rn¢t khung nhin t<.t0 cac di~rn nhin d6 co th6 quan sat cac hinh chieu
khac nhau. De chinh kich thuac cac hioh chieu tr(:n cac khung ohio ta dung
I?nh Zoom theo ty I? XP (ty I? nay chi c6 th6 sir dong khi bien TlLEMODE ~
I). Day la ty I? quan h? giil. rna hlnh va ty I? in trang kh6ng gian phiing.
Vi dl,l: Mu60 cha kich thlIac rno hinh gap 5 Hin kich thuac khi in ra trong
kh6ng gian phing thi ty I? so la XP T~i mOi khung nhin, dn dinh ty I? nhu sau:

147
 Command: Zoom .J
Allie enter/Dynamic!Extents/ Previous/Scale!Window!<real time>:
Nhan Enter.
Enter a scale faclOr (nX or nXP): Ij5XP.
Lan luqt th\fc hi¢n l~nh Zoom cho cae khung nhln con l<;li.
7. Dung l~nh Mvsetup d~ chinh vi tri m6 ~lnh. Khi dang 6 kh6ng gian m6
hlnh, cac lap cua m6i khung nhin dqc l~p v6i nhau. Sir dl,lng l¢nh Vplayer t~o
cac layer rieng cho cac khung nhin d¢ng, khi d6 cac d6i wqng t~o ra tren lap
nay se kh6ng xuat hi¢n tren cac khung nhin khac. L¢nh Vplayer co th~ dieu
khi~n tr~ng thai cac lap tren cac khung nhin khac nhau.
8. Chuy~n sang kh6ng gian ph~ng, sau do ta co the nh~p cae dong ehii vao
ban ve, ghi kich thuoc...
9. Dung l¢nh Mview d~ che net khuat cho m6 hlnh trong ca.c khung nhln
khi in.
Command: M view .J
ON/OFFlHidplot/Fit/2/3/4/ Restore!<First Point>:H
Hideplot ONIOFF:ON
Select object: (ChQn khung nhin nao rna ta muon che net khuat khi in
bang cach ch<;m VaG dUong vien cua khung nhln d6).
Muon cac duong vien cac khung nhin bien mat thi can tilt lap chua duong
vien khung nhin (1a lop hi¢n hanh khi ta sir dl,lng l¢nh Mview), ho~c ta t~o
ffi<)t lap ten KHUNO va dung l~nh Ddchprop chuy€n cae khung nhln v6 lap
nay, sau d6 tat lap Day di.
10. Ohi l~i taP tin ban ve (trang kh6ng gian phlmg).
11. Binh cau hiob may in r6i thvc hi¢n l¢nh Plot ho~c Print.
TrInh tt! thl!c hi¢n in cac hinh chieu va che cac net khuat thl!c hi¢n chung
cho cac rn6 hlnh 3D.
Neu ta sir dung I~nh Solprof d€ t~o cae duong bien va duong khuJit thl khi
in ta tilt lap chua rn6 binb va kb6ng can thl!c hi¢n l¢nh Mview d~ che cac net
khuat, VI khi d6 ta chi co cac d6i tuqng trong kh6ng gian phl1ng.

148
 BAI T~P CHUONG 3

Trang khOng gian 3D hay vi! cae hlnh sau:

1. Dung me hinh khung day d~ ve

Hinh 3.3

Hlnh 3.5

2. Dung me hinh bi! m~t d~ ve:

•
r-_lT\~jecl to revoille ~~~~~,
Axi:'! 01
revoh,Jlion

. ,V
,

~ ,)
Dang (0,-1,0)

')
Trl,lcdo(1,.1,lj

0)

Hinh 3.6

149
 3. Dung rna hinh khoi d~c di ve:

Hinh 3.7

Hinh 3.8

6~>~, s:>~,
0) ~) c) d)

8 e)
[j~~ EL,_~
!} g) 1»

Hinh 3.9

150
'"
Hinh 3,10
Hinh 3.ll

"

Hinh 3.12
Hinh 3.13

[)

flinh 3.15
Hinh 3.14

151
 Hinh 3,16

Hinh 3.17

Hinh 3.18

152
Hinh 3.19

Htnh 3.20

Hinh 3.21

153
 Hinh 3.22

Hinh 3.23

Hinh 3.24

154
 Hlnh 3.26
Hinh 3.25

Hinh 3.27

Hinh 3.28

155
 TAl L~U TRAM 000

1. CAD/CAM thiet U va chi!' t(to co may tinh trlf giup; Phan Huu Phuc;
Nha xuilt bim Oiao d~e, Hi! N¢i, 2000.
2. Ctiu true may vi tinh; Tran Quang Vinh; Nhit xuat ban Giao dl,lc, Ha
N¢i, 1998.
3. Do' ho(t vi tinh (2 t~p); Huynh Van Due, Nguyen Quoe Cllong, Hoang
Due Hili; Nha xuilt bi\n Oiao d~e, Hi! N¢i, 1999.
4. Xu Ij cae doi tltlfng 3D trong AutoCAD2004; Le Ba An; Nha xuilt bim
Thong ke, Tp. H6 Chi Minh, 2003.
5. Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics; Farley J.D., Van
Dam A.; Addition-Waslay Publishing Co, Mass., 1982.
6. CAD/CAM - Computer Added and Manufacturing; Mikell P.Oroover,
Emory W.Zimmer; Third Indian Reprint, 1987.
7. CAD/CAM Theory and Practice; Ibrahim Zeid; MeOraw-Hill.lne.,
New York, 1991.
8. AutoCAD2004 Learning Asistance; Autodesk; Massachusett, 2004.

156
 Ml,JC Ll,JC

Lili giiri thi¢u . 3

LCfi noi da'u . 5

Ph~nA
ChU'ung 1: CO SO CAD/CAM . 7
1. 31.,1' trq giup eua may tfoh trong qua tfloh thiet k€ va ch€ t~o Sall
phiim . 8
II. CAD - Thiel k€ v& 51! trq giup eua may Hoh . IO
III. Ph£n eung CAD . 16
IV. Xay d\ffig m6 hlnh hlnh hqc trang CAD . 22
V. CAM - M6i quan M CAD/CAM va t~ d(>ng hoa san xuii!... . 27

Ph~n B: LAM VI~C Val AUTOCAD

ChU'ung 2: VB TRONG KHONG GrAN 2D . 31
I. Lam quen vm AutoCAD2004 . 32
II. Cae l¢nh thiet l~p ban ve . 37
III. H¢ to~ d(> - cae l¢nh ve co ban . 42
IV. Cae phuong phap b&t diem ehlnh xae . 55
V. Cae l¢nh trg giup . 60
VI. Cae l¢nh sira dOi hlnh ve . 65
VII. Ok l¢nh ve nhanh . 72
VIII. cae l¢nh v6 man hlnh . 80
IX. Ve thea lap - dieu chlnh daong net va m~lU . 84
X . T ~o van
- b'an lren
' b 'an ve- . 90
XI. Ve hloh cAt va m~t caL . 95
XII. Ohi heh thuGe . 98

157
Chuung 3: VE vA THIET LAP MO HINH 3D . 115
I. Co sa thiet I~p rn6 hlnh 3D . 116
II. He t9a de:> dung cho 3D . 118
III. M6 hlnh khung day . 121
IV. M6 hlnh be rn~t... . 124
V . LUC11
" m~t
- da glac
-- ...................•.................................................. 130
VI. M6 hlnh kh6i d~c . 133
VII . S'ua d6 I rno. h'In h kh~'
01 d-'.le . 142
VIII. T6 bong rn6 hlnh 3D . 145
IX. In ban ve." . 146

Tai li¢u tham khdo . 156

158
 NHA XUAT BAN HA NCI
4 - T6NG DUY TAN, QUAN HoAN KI~M, HA NOI
ElT: (04) 8252916; 8257063 - FAX (04) 8257063

GIAolRlNH
,
ca sa CAD/CAM
NHA XUAT BAN HA N()J - 2005

Chtu tnich nhi~m xu.1t ban:

NGUYEN KHAe OANH
Bien t~p:

PH~M Quae TUAN

Bia:
TRANQUANG
TrInh bay, ky thu~t vi tinh:
HoANG THUY LltJNG
SUa ban in:
PHAM Quae TUAN
 In 1050 cnon, kho 17 x 24cm, t~i Nha in ill N¢i.
Gilly phep xnllt ban so: 119GT/407 CXB ngay 29/3/2005
In xong va n¢p hIlI chi~u thang 7 nam 2005.
1. THUAT ToAN LAp TRINH
2. €lANH MAy VI TINH
3 SO",N THAo vA €lANH MAy VliN BAN
4. NGHltP VV THU KY
5. K~ TOAN MAy
6. MARKETING
7. NGON NGC! LAp TRiNH C
8. LAp TRiNH HUaNG €l61 WONG val (C++)
9. BANG TINH D1tN TLr (EXCEL)
10. VISUAL BASIC
11. cAu TRUC MAy TINH
12. GIAO TI~P
13. ACCESS
14. M",NG MAy TINH
15. THI~T K~ WEB
16. BAo TRi PC
17. H t €lltU HANH
18. CO sa DC! L1tU
19. PHAN TlcH THI~T K~ Ht TH6NG
20. KY THUAT s6 ¥509 268
21. PHOTOS HOP
22. CAD/CAM

Gill: 21.000 d