Results in Engineering 10 (2021) 100233

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Results in Engineering
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Visual evaluation of relative deep mixing method type of

ground-improvement method
Koki Nakao a, Shinya Inazumi b, *, Toshiaki Takaue c, Shigeaki Tanaka d, Takayuki Shinoi e
a
Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 09J32 Toyosu Campus, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
b
College of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 09J32 Toyosu Campus, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
c
Aoyama Kiko Co. Ltd., 2-18-4 Kita-ueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-0014, Japan
d
Ibuki Industry Co. Ltd., 1-17-5 Higashi-nakashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0033, Japan
e
Nihon Kaiko Co. Ltd., 119 Ito-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0032, Japan

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: One of the common issues related to ground-improvement methods is the difficulty of properly designing and
DCS method managing the construction process of the improved soil body because the conditions inside the target ground
Excavation and agitation cannot be directly confirmed (visualized) during the construction. If the target ground can be modeled using a
Ground-improvement method
computer, and the excavation and agitation can be reproduced by a ground-improvement method, it will then be
MPS-CAE analysis
Visualization
possible to predict what kind of ground improvement should be performed in the target ground. As a result, more
efficient ground-improvement works can be considered. In this study, the process of excavating while agitating by
the deep cement stabilization method (DCS method), whereby one of the ground-improvement methods is three-
dimensionally modeled on a computer, is presented, and the behavior inside the target ground and its influence
on the surrounding ground are visualized by MPS-CAE analysis. The objective of this process is to evaluate the
excavation and agitation by the DCS method while confirming the conditions inside the target ground. For the
purpose of experimentally and visually confirming the conditions while excavating and agitating by the DCS
method, an excavation and agitation model experiment by the DCS method is conducted using a variety of colored
pellets.

1. Introduction
In Japan, especially in urban coastal areas, there are many soft
grounds that are mainly composed of fine particles, such as clay and silt.
Thus, countermeasures against soft grounds have become an important
geotechnical issue. As shown in Fig. 1, soft grounds have a great negative
influence on the safety of embankments and structures, so it is necessary
to improve these grounds in order to improve the stability, strength, and
bearing capacity of the grounds. Moreover, as Japan is an earthquake-
prone country, ground-improvement methods are indispensable for
suppressing disasters, such as the liquefaction and subsidence of the
ground caused by earthquakes. Therefore, various ground-improvement
works are being implemented for soft grounds.
One of the common issues related to ground-improvement methods is
the difficulty of properly designing and managing the construction pro-
cess of the improved soil body because the internal conditions of the
target ground cannot be directly confirmed (visualized) during the con-
struction, as shown in Fig. 2 [1]. Therefore, if the target ground can be
modeled using a computer, and the agitation and improved soil body can
be reproduced by a ground-improvement method, it will be possible to
predict what kind of ground improvement should be performed in the
target ground. Such predictions will then lead to an examination of the
most efficient ground-improvement works.
In this research, the possibility of developing more efficient con-
struction methods by visualizing the inside of a ground under construc-
tion, as described above, is discussed, and the concept of reviewing the
work efficiency by reproducing it in advance is addressed. Therefore, in
order to visualize the inside of the ground, the present paper focuses on
the deep cement stabilization method (DCS method) among the relative
agitating types of deep mixing methods, which comprise one category of
ground-improvement methods [2–6]. The DCS method is a method in
which agitating blades are rotated in opposite directions, using the outer

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: na21105@shibaura-it.ac.jp (K. Nakao), inazumi@shibaura-it.ac.jp (S. Inazumi), takaue@aoyamakiko.co.jp (T. Takaue), tanaka@ibukisangyo.co.
jp (S. Tanaka), t_shinoi@nipponkaiko.co.jp (T. Shinoi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100233
Received 4 March 2021; Received in revised form 15 April 2021; Accepted 20 May 2021
2590-1230/© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
K. Nakao et al.
Fig. 1. Various negative effects caused by soft grounds.
Fig. 2. Example of issues in ground improvement (visualization of the process).
blade and the inner blade to excavate the target ground, and slurry-like
solidifying material is discharged from the tip of the agitating blades to
perform the excavation and agitation. In this study, the process of
excavating while agitating by the DCS method is modeled
three-dimensionally on a computer, and the behavior inside the target
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Results in Engineering 10 (2021) 100233
ground and its influence on the surrounding ground are visualized. The
purpose of doing so is to evaluate the excavation and agitation by the DCS
method while confirming the situation inside the target ground.
Furthermore, for the purpose of experimentally and visually confirming
the agitating condition by the DCS method, an excavation and agitation
model experiment by the DCS method using colored pellets will be car-
ried out.
2. Relative agitating type of deep mixing method (DCS method)
Ground improvement brings various positive effects, such as the
prevention of liquefaction, increase in bearing capacity, and promotion
of the consolidation of soft grounds. There are currently many ground-
improvement methods available, such as the replacement method,
consolidation promotion method, compaction method, solidification
method, reinforcement method, and injection method. They are selected
for application according to the characteristics of the target ground and
the purpose of the improvement.
As shown in Fig. 3, the deep mixing method is one type of ground-
improvement method (a solidification method). The deep mixing
method is a method whereby cement-based and lime-based solidifying
materials are supplied into the target ground, and agitated and mixed
with the target ground to construct a stable improved soil body
(improved soil column) in the target ground. There are two types of deep
mixing methods, a slurry agitating method and a powder agitating
method, depending on the properties of the solidifying material to be
supplied. The DCS method addressed in this research is categorized as a
relative agitating type of deep mixing method, which is one of the slurry
agitating methods [2–6] (see Fig. 3).
The deep mixing method, in which the excavation and agitation are
performed while rotating the agitating blades in the target ground, in-
jects a slurry (cement slurry) into which a cement-based solidifying
material and water have been mixed during the excavation. However,
due to the centrifugal force accompanying the agitation, the slurry ac-
cumulates on the outer circumference of the excavation diameter and
becomes slippery. Therefore, it is difficult to mix the target ground and
the slurry due to the co-rotation phenomenon in which a part of the
target ground is forcibly rotated in the same direction due to the exca-
vating and agitating blades attached to the rotating shaft. Therefore, in
K. Nakao et al.
Fig. 3. Classification of ground-improvement methods.
the relative agitating type of deep mixing method (DCS method), shown
in Fig. 4, relative agitating blades (hereinafter, DCS agitating blades)
with different rotation directions and rotation speeds (angular velocity)
are penetrated into the target ground. While rotating the inner and outer
blades in opposite directions, the excavation and agitation (mixing)
process is performed while discharging a slurry-like solidifying material
with the excavation head at the tip. This is a construction method that
creates a homogeneous improved soil body by agitation and the mixing
of the target ground with the solidifying material in three dimensions
while eliminating the co-rotation and entanglement phenomena with
respect to the target soil [2,5]. Therefore, this method is applied for the
stability of the embankment, prevention of ground slippage, stability of
the retaining wall, and measures against liquefaction, as shown in Fig. 5.
Furthermore, the ground performance, improved by the relative agitating
type of deep mixing method, has been demonstrated by the results of
quality surveys after the improvement [2,3]. Fig. 6 shows the construc-
tion procedure of the DCS method.
Fig. 4. Agitating blades used in relative agitating type of deep mixing method
(DCS method).
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Results in Engineering 10 (2021) 100233
3. Computer simulation by MPS-CAE analysis
3.1. Computer aided engineering (CAE)
CAE is an alternative technology for large-scale experiments, con-
ducted in a room or in-situ, using prototypes that have been prepared in a
study as part of the development process of “manufacturing”. In other
words, CAE is a general term for technology that simulates and analyzes
prototypes on a computer created by CAD (computer-aided design) and
so on, considering the site conditions [7–10]. At the same time, CAE may
refer to computer-aided engineering work or its tools for the prior ex-
amination, design, manufacturing, and process design of construction
methods and products. In the field of geotechnical engineering, CAE can
be used not only to visualize the inside of the ground and the stress acting
on the inside of the ground, but also to estimate the results of experiments
that would require huge costs and/or phenomena that would be difficult
to reproduce. In addition, by performing appropriate post-processing, it
is possible to communicate with other people in a visually
easy-to-understand manner.
In this study, the authors attempt to apply CAE using 3D-CAD and
moving particle simulation (MPS), one of particle methods, as an
elemental technology for the visualization of the inside of the ground
during soil-improvement construction and the reproduction of a series of
constructions [11–14]. Specifically, based on the reproduction of the
deep mixing method by MPS-CAE, the agitation and mixture perfor-
mance of the target ground, based on the difference in the agitating
blades, is examined. In addition, the possibility of applying CAE to
evaluate the design and performance of ground improvement works with
the deep mixing method using the DCS method is discussed.
3.2. Material parameters to be set
The subject of this study was assumed as a soft ground (viscous
ground), and the parameters of the DCS agitating blades, cohesive soil for
the target ground, and cement slurry to be discharged were given. The
rheological parameters of the cohesive soil and the cement slurry were
set as the Bingham fluid, and the region values were adopted with
reference to the test results on the rheological characteristics already
carried out [15,16]. The material parameters and the parameters given to
the DCS agitating blades are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
3.3. Target cross section to be set
Assuming a viscous ground as the target, calculation point particles
were placed in a columnar region with a diameter of 2 m and a height of
3 m at an interparticle distance of 0.04 m (calculation point spacing). At
K. Nakao et al. Results in Engineering 10 (2021) 100233

Fig. 5. Examples of application of relative agitating type of deep mixing method.

state of the agitation and the mixture of the target ground and the so-
lidified material (cement slurry) to be discharged could be easily evalu-
ated (see Fig. 7 (a)). The DCS agitating blades are shown in Fig. 7 (b), and
the outer and inner blades of the DCS agitating blades are shown in Fig. 7
(c) and 7 (d), respectively. The agitating blades proceeded with the
excavation and agitation 0.1 m/s from the surface of the target ground in
the depth direction. After reaching the bottom of the target ground, the
ground was stirred for 2 min.
In this study, the case of excavating and agitating by DCS agitating
blades (see Fig. 7 (b)), in the target ground shown in Fig. 7 (a), was
reproduced by an MPS-CAE analysis. In order to examine the perfor-
mance of this relative agitation type of agitation, which is one of the
features of the DCS method, it is compared with the case of excavating
and agitating with only the inner blade of the DCS agitating blades (see
Fig. 7 (d)).
At the end of the MPS-CAE analysis, various cross sections were cut
Fig. 6. Construction procedure of relative agitating type of deep mixing method out and the behavior of the particles was visually evaluated. In particular,
(DCS method). in each case for which an analysis was performed using the relative
agitation type of agitation and only the inner blade, the focus was placed
on evaluating the differences in performance of the agitation and
Table 1 improved soil body due differences in the types of agitating blades inside
Parameters of component materials set by MPS-CAE analysis. the ground, the particle behavior around the agitating blades, the ground
Yield value Plastic viscosity Density agitation methods, and the soil-improved body due to the co-rotation.
Target ground 1  106 Pa 1000 Pa s 1600 kg/m3
Cement slurry 10 Pa 0.28 Pa s 1500 kg/m3
3.4. Evaluation of excavation and agitation performance

Fig. 8 (a) shows the results of the vertical section of the inside of the
Table 2 ground at the end of the MPS-CAE analysis that reproduces the excava-
Parameters of agitating blade set by MPS-CAE analysis.
tion and agitation process by the DCS agitating blades (relative agitation)
(a) Relative agitating adopted in the DCS method. In addition, the MPS-CAE analysis results
Rotational speed (Outer Rotational speed (Inner Excavating that reproduce the excavation and agitation using only the inner blade of
blade) blade) speed the DCS agitating blades are shown in Fig. 8 (b). In the excavation and
Blade 5 rpm 10 rpm 0.1 m/s agitation using only the inner blade, the calculated point particles (gray
particles) of the cement slurry discharged around the inner blade are
(b) Agitating only with inner blade
gathered, and the calculated point particles of the cement slurry are
Rotational speed (Outer Rotational speed (Inner Excavating scattered more overall by the DCS method. It can be inferred that the co-
blade) blade) speed
rotation phenomenon of the target ground occurs with the excavation
Blade – 10 rpm 0.1 m/s and agitation using only the inner blade. Co-rotation is a phenomenon in
which the target ground has a dumpling shape while being attached to
the agitating blades, due to its adhesive force and the adhesive force of
the time of the excavation and agitation by the DCS method, the target
the target ground, and a part of the target ground rotates together with
ground was divided into four parts in advance and color-coded so that the
the agitating blades. When the co-rotation phenomenon occurs, the

4
K. Nakao et al.
Fig. 7. Analysis target set by MPS-CAE analysis.
agitating performance deteriorates significantly. It is thought that, in
relative agitation, the inner and outer blades alternately scrape the ad-
hesive force and the adhesive force of the target ground, cutting off
particles of the target ground and, as a result, preventing co-rotation.
Furthermore, inside of the target ground that has been cut out from the
ground surface at a depth of 1 m as the cross section, the analysis results
by relative agitating (see Fig. 9 (a)) show that the improved soil body can
be made larger than that by agitating only the inner blade (see Fig. 9 (b))
and that the calculated point particles of the cement slurry are more
accurately scattered than those created by the agitation of only the inner
blade (see Fig. 9 (b)).
From Figs. 8 and 9, it is seen that the process of excavation and
agitation by the DCS method has a small effect on the ground around the
target ground, and that an ideal improved soil body can be obtained from
the viewpoint of agitation and mixture between the discharged cement
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Results in Engineering 10 (2021) 100233
slurry and the target ground. Therefore, it is believed that the DCS
method that employs relative agitation is effective for suppressing the co-
rotation phenomenon and provides a high agitation and mixture pro-
cessing performance in the target ground.
In this study, the authors focused on the DCS method, among the
relative agitating types of deep mixing methods, which is one of the
ground-improvement methods, and performed a numerical simulation
using MPS-CAE [7,9,10,17]. As a result, it was confirmed that the
development status of the improved soil column by the DCS method was
easy to understand visually and that the performance could be evaluated
quantitatively.
The DCS method is one of the effective ground-improvement
methods. However, its design and construction often rely on conven-
tional empirical rules, mainly before construction, during construction,
and after construction. This is because it is difficult to see the inside of the
K. Nakao et al.
Fig. 8. Reproduction results of excavation and agitation by MPS-CAE analysis (cross section).
Fig. 9. Reproduction results of excavation and agitation by MPS-CAE analysis (surface).
ground. It is thought, therefore, that CAE-based design and performance
evaluations will play an important role in improving the reliability and
economic efficiency of ground-improvement methods, not only for the
DCS method, but also for ground-improvement technology in general.
Although the introduction of CAE to ground-improvement methods is via
a computer, it is expected that CAE will contribute to the visualization of
the ground. In the future, CAE will be an effective tool for the visual
management of ground-improvement construction and the maintenance
of improved grounds within the life cycle of the ground-improvement
method.
4. Visualization of agitation and mixture status by excavation
and agitation model experiment
To confirm the mechanism of relative agitation by the DCS method,
both three-dimensionally and visually, the authors conducted an exca-
vation and agitation model experiment by the DCS method using colored
pellets.
The DCS agitating blade model used in the DCS method, shown in
Fig. 10, is rotationally penetrated and rotationally drawn into the model
ground lined with pellets (particle size of 0.002 m) in an acrylic container
with a height of 0.4 m  width of 0.4 m  depth of 0.4 m  plate
thickness of 0.02 m. The situation of the agitation and mixture at the
agitation horizontal section and the agitation vertical section is given in
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Results in Engineering 10 (2021) 100233
this figure.
4.1. Experimental procedures
4.1.1. Excavation and agitation model experiment to evaluate agitated
horizontal cross section
(1) Divide the colored pellets vertically into four groups according to
color (red, blue, yellow, and green) and spread them in an acrylic
container (see Fig. 11 (a)).
(2) Rotate the DCS agitating blade model from the top of the acrylic
container to a pellet depth of 0.3 m, and perform excavation and
agitation (penetration speed: 0.83 s/cm)
(3) The rotation speed and static agitating time of the DCS agitating
blade model are based on the actual product. The rotation speeds
are 12 s/circumference (outer blade) and 6 s/circumference
(inner blade), and the pellet depth is 0.3 m. After static agitation
for 1 min at the bottom of the above container, perform rotary
drawing agitation (drawing speed: 0.83 s/cm).
(4) Seal the acrylic container, roll it over so that the side acrylic plate
is located at the top. Then, remove the side acrylic plate.
(5) Pellets are sucked and removed sequentially from the top of the
acrylic container at depths of 0.05 m, 0.1 m, 0.175 m, 0.25 m, and
K. Nakao et al. Results in Engineering 10 (2021) 100233

0.3 m. Photograph and confirm the agitation and mixture status at

each depth.

4.1.2. Excavation and agitation model experiment to evaluate agitated

vertical cross section

(1) Divide the colored pellets horizontally into five groups according
to color (red, blue, yellow, green, and white) (0.08 m for each
color, but 0.03 m for white) and spread them in an acrylic
container (see Fig. 11 (b)).
(2) Rotate the DCS agitating blade model from the top of the acrylic
container to a pellet depth of 0.3 m, and perform excavation and
agitation (penetration speed: 0.83 s/cm).
(3) The rotation speed and static agitating time of the DCS agitating
blade model are based on the actual product. The rotation speeds
are 12 s/circumference (outer blade) and 6 s/circumference
(inner blade), and the pellet depth is 0.3 m. After static agitation
for 1 min at the bottom of the above container, perform rotary
drawing agitation (drawing speed: 0.83 s/cm).
(4) Seal the acrylic container, roll it over so that the side acrylic plate
is located at the top. Then, remove the side acrylic plate.
(5) Pellets are sucked and removed sequentially from the top of the
acrylic container at pellet depths of 0.05 m, 0.1 m, 0.15 m, and
0.2 m. Photograph and confirm the agitation and mixture status at
each depth.

4.2. Agitation and mixture status

Fig. 10. Outline of DCS blade model and agitation model experiment.
Fig. 12 shows the agitation and mixture status at each depth obtained

Fig. 11. Laying conditions of pellets.

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K. Nakao et al. Results in Engineering 10 (2021) 100233

Fig. 12. Agitating conditions by DCS method (horizontal cross section).

Fig. 13. Agitating conditions by DCS method (vertical cross section).

from the excavation and agitation model experiment that evaluates the
horizontal agitation cross section, while Fig. 13 shows that which eval-
uates the vertical agitation cross section. From these results, it was found
that the pellets of each color were agitated and mixed almost uniformly
in both the horizontal agitating section and the vertical agitating section.
In addition, the agitating range could be clearly distinguished with the
outer blade diameter of the DCS agitating blades as the boundary; that is,
it is thought that the agitation and mixture by the DCS method has little
effect on the external surrounding ground. On the other hand, in the
agitated vertical cross section, shown in Fig. 13, the red and blue pellets
in the relatively upper layer are agitated and mixed while moving
downward, and the yellow and green pellets in the lower layer are
moving upward. In other words, it can be seen that the pellets that are the
target of agitation and mixture are circulating in the vertical direction.
This indicates that the DCS method effectively agitates and mixes in the
target ground in all directions.
5. Conclusions
In this study, it was possible to visualize the excavation and agitation
inside the target ground by the DCS method, and to accurately reproduce
and evaluate the excavation and agitation by the DCS agitating blades
adopted in the DCS method in the MPS-CAE analysis. The performance of
ground improvement by the DCS method was evaluated; it was found
possible to evaluate the visual performance of various ground environ-
ments and the ground-improvement method. In addition, if various
external factors inside the ground can be incorporated into the MPS-CAE
analysis, it is expected that the co-rotation mechanism can be investi-
gated and that effective ground-improvement methods can be designed
and developed.

8
K. Nakao et al.
In addition, by conducting an excavation and agitation model
experiment by the DCS method using colored pellets, the mechanism of
relative agitation was confirmed three-dimensionally and visually. All
the pellets, regardless of color, were found to have been agitated and
mixed almost uniformly. Furthermore, it was possible to clearly distin-
guish the agitating range using the outer blade diameter of the DCS
agitating blades as the boundary; that is, the agitation and mixture by the
DCS method is believed to have little effect on the external surrounding
ground. However, it should be noted that this depends on geological
conditions.
Credit author statement
Koki Nakao: Summary of research, Programming implementation,
Shinya Inazumi: Summary of research, Toshiaki Takaue: Development of
method and implementation of experiments, Shigeaki Tanaka: Develop-
ment of method and implementation of experiments, Takayuki Shinoi:
Development of method and implementation of experiments
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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