MCT-PAT-1001/5 Patrolling Fundamentals

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES.

1. Given an order with a mission to conduct combat operations, while wearing a

fighting load, prepare for combat to ensure the individual is prepared to accomplish the
mission. (MCT-PAT-1001)

2. Given an order, vehicle, and assigned weapon, an assignment in a unit, while

wearing a fighting load, perform individual actions from a vehicle to provide security
for assigned sector of fire. (MCT-PAT-1005)

3. Given a patrol order, assigned weapon, and an assignment in a patrol, while wearing
a fighting load, perform immediate actions upon contact with the enemy to negate
the threat. (MCT-PAT-1004)

4. Given a patrol order, assigned weapon, and an assignment in a patrol, while wearing
a fighting load, perform individual actions in a patrol without compromising the
integrity of the patrol. (MCT-PAT-1003)

ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES.

1. Given a list of choices, identify the phases of combat in accordance with MCWP 3-
11.2. (MCT-PAT-1001a)

2. Given a list of choices, identify the elements of a warning order in accordance with
MCWP 3-11.2. (MCT-PAT-1001b)

3. Given a list of choices, identify the types of patrols in accordance with MCWP 3-
11.2. (MCT-PAT-1003a)

4. Given a list of choices, identify the definitions of patrol control measures in

accordance with MCWP 3-11.2. (MCT-PAT-1003b)

5. Given a patrol order, assigned weapon, and an assignment in a patrol, while wearing
a fighting load, perform immediate actions while crossing a danger area in order to
negate any threat. (MCT-PAT-1004a)

6. Given a patrol order, assigned weapon, and an assignment in a patrol, while wearing
a fighting load, perform immediate actions while breaking contact in order to negate
any threat. (MCT-PAT-1004b)

7. Given an order, vehicle, and assigned weapon, an assignment in a unit, and an

Improved Explosive Device (IED), while wearing a fighting load, perform individual
actions for an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) from a vehicle to mitigate the
effects of the threat. (MCT-PAT-1005a)
8. Given an order, vehicle, and assigned weapon, an assignment in a unit, and an
attacking force, while wearing a fighting load, perform individual actions for enemy
contact from a vehicle to mitigate the effects of the threat. (MCT-PAT-1005b)
1. PATROLS.

a. The Definition Of A Patrol. A patrol is a detachment of ground, sea, or air

forces sent out for the purpose of gathering information, carrying out destructive,
harassing, and mopping-up or security missions. The mission to conduct a patrol may
be given to a fire team, squad, platoon, or company.

(1) Experience in past conflicts has shown that security or reconnaissance

operations are usually suitable for squad sized patrols and that combat operations
should be conducted by platoon sized or larger. There must be complete confidence
among all members of the patrol, as a team, will be successful in their mission.

b. The Purpose Of Patrolling. A commander must have current information about

the enemy and the terrain if he is to employ his unit effectively. Patrols are an important
means of gaining this information. They may also be used to destroy enemy
installations, capture enemy personnel, perform security missions, or to prevent the
enemy from gaining information. Modern warfare places a high premium on effective
patrolling due to several factors. Units have larger areas of responsibility and can be
threatened from all directions. As distances between units become greater, more
patrolling becomes necessary to prevent infiltration by guerrillas or small enemy units,
as well as to maintain contact with friendly adjacent units. Active patrolling by
numerous small groups is needed to locate the enemy, gather information on the
enemy's disposition, and the terrain. Additionally, patrols can mass for surprise attacks.

Patrols are classified by two means, Mission and Means of Movement.

c. Patrols Classified As To Mission. There are two types of patrols when

classified by mission: Reconnaissance Patrols and Combat Patrols.

(1) Reconnaissance Patrols. Reconnaissance patrols gather information about

the enemy, terrain, or resources. Relying on stealth rather than combat strength, they
gather information and fight only when necessary. The distance covered by
reconnaissance patrols varies based on the terrain and mission. The squad is ideally
suited for reconnaissance patrol missions because of its relative small size and its
experience of working together. There are three types of reconnaissance patrols:
Route, Area, and Zone. The acronym RAZ is used to remember the types of
reconnaissance patrols.

(a) Route. Route reconnaissance is a directed effort to obtain detailed

information of a specified route and all terrain from which the enemy could influence
movement. It is a form of reconnaissance focused along a specific line of
communications such as a road, railway, or waterway to provide new or updated
information on route conditions and activities along the route.

1. A route reconnaissance normally precedes the movement of forces.

 2. It provides detailed information about a specific route and the
surrounding terrain that could be used to influence movement along that route.

3. Considerations include traffic ability, danger areas, critical points,

vehicle weight and size limitations, and locations for friendly obstacle emplacement.

4. The route to be patrolled is normally defined by a line of departure,

a route, and a limit of advance.

(b) Area. An area reconnaissance is a directed effort to obtain detailed

information concerning the terrain or enemy activity within a prescribed area such as a
town, ridgeline, woods or other features critical to operations. Emphasis is placed on
reaching the area without being detected. Enemy situations encountered en route are
developed only enough to allow the patrolling unit to report and bypass.

(c) Zone. A zone reconnaissance is a directed effort to obtain detailed

information concerning all routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone
defined by boundaries. A zone reconnaissance is normally assigned when the enemy
situation is vague or when information concerning cross-country traffic ability is desired.
The commander specifies routes or areas of interest within the zone. The zone to be
patrolled is defined by a line of departure, lateral boundaries, and a limit of advance.

(2) Combat Patrols. A combat patrol is a fighting patrol. Because the patrol is
assigned a mission that may require it to engage the enemy, a combat patrol is stronger
and more heavily armed then a reconnaissance patrol. A combat patrol is assigned the
mission to destroy enemy troops, equipment, or installations; capture enemy
documents, equipment, or installations; and as a secondary responsibility, gather
information. There are four basic types of combat patrols. The acronym used to help
remember the types of combat patrols is “CARS.” The four types of combat patrols are:

(a) Contact. A contact patrol establishes and maintains contact with the
front, flanks, or rear of either a friendly or enemy force. One offensive fundamental is to
gain and maintain contact with the enemy. Contact patrols establish and/or maintain
contact with an enemy force when the definite location of the force is unknown, maintain
contact with enemy forces through direct and/or indirect fires or observation, and avoid
decisive engagement with the enemy. A rifle platoon reinforced with crew-served
weapons is normally considered the minimum size for a contact patrol.

(b) Ambush. An ambush is a surprise attack from a concealed position

upon a moving or temporarily halted target. It is one of the oldest and most effective
types of military actions. Ambush patrols conduct ambushes of enemy patrols, re-
supply columns and convoys. Ambush patrols are executed for the general purpose of
reducing the enemy's over-all combat effectiveness and for the specific purpose of
destroying its units. The ambush may include an assault to close with and decisively
engage the enemy, or the attack may be by fire only. A rifle platoon reinforced with
crew-served weapons is normally considered the minimum size for ambush patrol.
 (c) Raid. A raid is a patrol that executes a limited objective, surprise
attack on an enemy force, installation and then conducts a planned withdrawal after
accomplishing its mission. Raids destroy or capture enemy personnel or equipment,
destroy installations, or free friendly personnel. Patrolling techniques are used in
planning and when moving to and from the objective. Surprise, firepower, and violence
of action are the keys to a successful raid. In some situations, such as the capture of a
small enemy outpost, a rifle platoon could conduct a raid. A raid is a complex mission
and, due to the organization of a raid force (command, reconnaissance, assault,
support, security, and reserve elements), a rifle company is normally the smallest force
assigned to a raid.

(d) Security. Security patrols are assigned missions that may or may not
require them to engage the enemy. They are used in proximity to defensive positions,
on the flanks of advancing units, or in rear areas. The purposes of security patrols are
to detect infiltration by the enemy, destroy infiltrators, and protect against surprise and
ambush. In any situation where there is a threat of attack, such as a rear area
threatened by guerrillas or a facility that is under threat of a terrorist attack, all Marines,
not just the infantry, must know how to conduct security patrols. Security patrols are the
most common type of combat patrol. Generally, a rifle squad or similarly sized unit is
ideal for a security patrol.

d. Patrols Classified By Means Of Movement . There are four types of patrols

when classified by means of movement: Foot Patrols, Motorized Patrols, Waterborne
Patrols, and Helicopter-Borne Patrols.

(1) Foot Patrols. Movement by foot is the most common means; however,
there are inherent disadvantages. Foot patrols travel slowly and carry limited quantity
and types of equipment and supplies. Range is relatively restricted. Foot patrols also
have apparent advantages, they have fewer restrictions on terrain that can be covered,
are more difficult for the enemy to detect, provide thorough coverage within limits of
range, and are generally not inhibited by weather.

(2) Waterborne Patrols. Waterborne patrols move over water, lakes, rivers,
streams, canals, and other inland waterways. The water is either used as a means of
entry to an objective area or is the actual patrol route. Waterborne patrols are limited by
the location of water routes in the terrain and tend to bypass areas that may be
advantageous to and occupied by the enemy.

(3) Helicopter-Borne Patrols. Where terrain is extremely difficult or the enemy

situation precludes the use of vehicle or motorized patrols, helicopter-borne patrols are
a method or means to conduct a patrol.

(4) Motorized Patrols. Where terrain and road networks permit, a motorized
patrol overcomes the disadvantages of the foot patrol. Mechanized forces require
patrolling units that can keep pace with them. Motorized patrols are restricted to certain
types of terrain, and tend to bypass areas that may be advantageous to and occupied
by enemy infantry.

2. MOTORIZED PATROLS

a. Cover Sectors of Fire. Fire teams and members are assigned sectors of
responsibility for their position in the vehicle and on the ground in anticipation of
dismounting. Individuals will focus their attention outward with weapons at the ready,
remaining alert and scanning their area of responsibility for any enemy activity.

b. Vehicle Defilade. Defilade is used to describe a military formation's exposure to

enemy fire. Defilade is the use of natural or artificial obstacles to shield or conceal
oneself from enemy fire. Marines will utilize good vehicle defilade when conducting
motorized patrols as to not over expose themselves to enemy fire when in the back of a
tactical vehicle.

(1) Chin strap defilade is used when seated in the vehicle.

(2) Name tape defilade is used when enemy contact is made or scanning your
area for enemy activity.

(3) Belt buckle defilade is used when conducting 5 and 25 meter checks.

c. Short Security Halts. Used for slow traffic, marketplaces, or for quick rests.
Vehicles can be stopped or moving slow. Vehicles maintain 360-degree security to
protect the rear of a convoy. Dismounts maintain situational awareness and ensure no
third party personnel/vehicles get between or near vehicles. When dismounting,
Marines will make sure that they maintain three points of contact. Continually scan
sectors and act as a deterrent. Begin by scanning the area within 5 meters, increase
the scan out to 25 meters (5/25 scan technique).

d. Long Security Halts. Used for longer durations such as vehicle breakdowns,
dropping off cargo, etc. Use the same principles for short security halts and the
principles that follow. Dismounts use hard cover, vehicle hard-points, buildings, etc.
Dismounts clear blind spots and cover adjacent alleys and streets. Crew served
weapons remain manned and have interlocking sectors of fire. Drivers only dismount at
a long halt when absolutely necessary. Begin by scanning the area within 5 meters,
increase the scan out to 25 meters (5/25 scan techniques.)

e. IED Immediate Action. If an IED is suspected, immediately notify the vehicle

commander and drop behind protective equipment, such as armor plate, sand bags,
etc. Look for suspicious personnel who may be observing the IED. Also look for
personnel leaving the area faster than anyone else. If the convoy stops to cordon off
the area, follow the procedures for a security halt but be more alert for additional IEDs.
 f. Vehicle Unloading “Battle Drill Procedures”. The key to surviving a blocked
ambush is the ability of occupants to rapidly exit a vehicle and find cover. When
ambushed, a truck may be disabled or unable to escape the kill zone. Remember, the
vehicle is the target so the occupants need to dismount quickly. The principles of
conducting the procedure are as follows:

(1) Once the vehicle is unable to escape the kill zone and the Vehicle
Commander orders to dismount, two sentries on the enemy side of the truck bed return
a high volume of fire.

(2) Once Marines on the ground begin returning fire, all Marines on the vehicle
should follow the other Marines and dismount.

(3) As the remaining vehicle occupants dismount the vehicle, over the side
opposite of the enemy, otherwise, out the rear of the vehicle and ensure they are
masked from enemy fire.

3. PURPOSE OF OFFENSIVE COMBAT - To destroy the enemy and their will to fight

4. TYPES OF ATTACKS

a. Frontal Attack - Moving directly forward on line to the enemy’s position after
gaining fire superiority

(1) Advantages - It is simple and requires less time and coordination

(2) Disadvantages - Offers little chance of surprise and may move into the
enemies prepared strong points and fields of fire that may cause more casualties

b. Single Envelopment - Under cover of the base of fire, the maneuvering element
attacks against the flanks (left or right) of the enemy

(1) Advantages - Splits the enemy’s defensive fire and surprise is easier to attain

(2) Disadvantages - Hard to control and is vulnerable during the attack

5. DAYLIGHT ATTACK

a. Advantages

(1) The attacker has the initiative

(2) The attacker has better control of personnel

b. Disadvantages
(1) The attacker may sustain heavy casualties due to lack of surprise
 (2) The attacker must rely on supporting arms to neutralize the enemy and his
barriers

c. Phases of Daylight Offensive Combat - There are three (3) phases of offensive
combat; Preparation Phase, Conduct Phase, and Exploitation Phase.

(1) Preparation Phase - The preparation phase begins with receipt of a warning
order. The preparation phase ends when the attacking unit crosses the line of
departure (LOD) or enemy contact is made.

(a) Movement To The Assembly Area

1. Route Column - Probability of contact with the enemy is remote.

Units within the column are administratively grouped for ease of control and speed of
movement.

2. Tactical Column - Probability of enemy contact has changed to

possible. This column provides all around security when employed. The members are
more dispersed than in the route column.

(b) Final Preparation In The Assembly Area

1. Assembly Area - Is an area where units assemble prior to further

tactical action. Assembly areas should provide cover, concealment, and security from a
ground or air attack. Steps to accomplish in the assembly area are

a. Conduct a reconnaissance of the objective

b. Rehearse the attack

c. Distribute Ammunition

d. Weapons, equipment and personnel are checked for readiness

e. Extra equipment is left behind

f. Personnel should rest as much as possible

g. Check communication equipment should be checked and call

signs coordinated

2. BAMCIS

(c) Movement to the Line of Departure (LOD)

 1. Approach March - The squad leaves the assembly area and
continues the movement toward the enemy in the approach march formation. The
approach march formation is used when contact is imminent.

2. Attack Position - Is the last covered and concealed position used to

make any changes to the attack plan. The attacking unit deploys into its initial assault
formation in the attack position.

(2) Conduct Phase - This phase begins when the attacking unit crosses the
LOD, or the attacking unit is forced to fire on the enemy in order to advance. The
conduct phase ends when the attacking unit has secured the objective.

(a) Movement From The Line Of Departure (LOD) To The Assault Position

1. Individual and Unit Movement

a. Fire and Maneuver - Using a base of fire while the other

element maneuvers to attack from the flank. The base of fire draws the attention away
from the maneuvering element and keeps the enemies heads down by putting a
maximum amount of well-aimed rounds on the objective.

b. Fire and Movement - Once the maneuver element meets enemy

opposition and can no longer advance under the cover of the base of fire, it employs fire
and movement to continue its forward movement to a position from which it can assault
the enemies’ position. In the squad, fire and movement consist of individuals or fire
teams providing covering fire while other individuals or fire teams advance toward the
enemy or assault the enemy position.
 Figure 1

(b) Movement From The Assault Position Through The Objective

1. Use Of Supporting Arms - When the attacking unit crosses the

LOD and is in the attack, it calls for it’s supporting arms. Examples of supporting arms
could be artillery, mortars, naval gunfire, attack helicopters, or fixed wing aircraft. With
the coordinated use of supporting arms the enemy will not be able to shoot back. This
allows the attacking unit to advance up to the enemies’ position.

2. Assault Position - The assault position is tentatively established

during the squad leader's planning and reconnaissance. It is the position between the
line of departure and the objective, from which the assault on the enemy position is
launched.

3. Final Coordination Line (FCL) - Used to coordinate the ceasing or

shifting of supporting fire and movement into the final formations just prior to the
assault. It is located as close as possible to the objective.

4. Objective - The objective is the actual piece of terrain the enemy is

holding. The mission of the attacking unit is to locate, close with, and destroy the
enemy on the objective.

(3) Exploitation Phase

 (a) Pursuit by fire - Firing on the withdrawing enemy until they are no
longer visable or are beyond effective range.

(b) Continuation of the attack – To maintain pressure on the retreating

enemy and destroy their combat power.

(c) Consolidation- A rapid organization of a hasty defense to hold the

objective just seized during enemy counter attacks

1. Re-distribute ammunition

2. Place firepower to defend objective

3. Treat casualties

4. Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW’s)-Disarmed, searched, and

guarded

(d) Reorganization- When immediate threat no longer exists, re-

organization commences. Re-organization is given special emphasis upon seizure of
the objective.

1. Make spot assignments

2. Re-distribute ammunition

3. Remove casualties

4. Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW’s)- Deliver to platoon commander

6. THE NIGHT ATTACK

a. Purpose - Gain surprise, maintain pressure, and exploit a success in the

continuation of the daylight attack to avoid heavy losses by using the concealment of
darkness.

b. Characteristics

(1) A decrease in the ability to place aimed fire on the enemy

(2) Difficulty of movement

(3) The attacker having the psychological advantage in that it magnifies the
defenders' apprehensions and the fear of the unknown. Planning and preparation can
overcome the attackers difficulties.
 c. Advantages/Disadvantages

(1) Advantages

(a) Individuals are concealed by darkness

(b) Units can avoid heavy losses because of concealment

(c) Units can gain surprise on the enemy

(2) Disadvantages

(a) Time consuming

(b) Easy to lose individuals during the movement

(c) Confusion sets in

d. Tactical Control Measures - Used for control and coordination of military

operations, usually a prominent terrain feature extending across the zone of action

(1) Assembly Area (AA)-May be closer to the line of departure (LOD) than for a
daylight attack

(2) Attack Position (AP)- Need not offer as much concealment as in daylight and
should be easy to move into and out of at night

(3) Line of Departure (LOD)- A line established to coordinate attacking units

when beginning the attack

(4) Objective (OBJ)- May be enemy reserves, artillary units, or command and
logistic installations. May also seize key terrain or establish roadblocks

(5) Release Points- Clearly defined points on a route where units are released to
the control of their respective leaders

(6) Probable Line of Deployment (PLD)- An easily recognized line selected on

the ground where attacking units deploy in line formation proir to beginning a night
attack

(7) Limit of Advance (LOA)- Designated beyond the objective to stop the advance
of attacking units. It should be recognizable in the dark (stream, road, edge of woods)
and far enough beyond the objective to allow secruity elements space to operate.
 e. Phases of A Night Attack - There are three (3) phases of a night attack:
Preparation Phase, Conduct Phase, Consolidation and Reorganization Phase.

(1) Preparation Phase - Is generally the same as a daylight attack, However,

special emphasis is placed on:

(a) Reconnaisance By Squad and Fire Team Leaders - To locate assigned

contour features for night operations, the reconnaissance should take place in three (3)
different conditions of visibility.

1. Daytime

2. Dusk

3. Night-time.

(b) Rehearsal - Practice during the day and night continuously until each
member can perform their own job, as well as every member’s job without a mistake.

(c) Equipment - Carry only the equipment absolutely necessary for the
attack.

(d) Camouflage - Individual and equipment must be covered completely so

that no shiny objects give away your position.
 (e) Test Fire Weapons - Avoid the test firing of weapons and unnecessary
movement or do this in a way that will not prematurely disclose the forthcoming attack.

(f) Night Vision - Ensure that the night vision of the members of the
attacking force is not destroyed prior to the attack. Ensure that you inform members to
hit the ground when a flare goes off, close one eye and leave one open in order to see
the enemy if they decide to attack. Do not look directly into the light of the flare.

(2) Conduct Phase - This phase begins when the attacking unit crosses the Line
of Departure (LOD) and is over when the unit hits the Limit of Advance (LOA).

(a) Movement to Probable Line of Departure

1. Security is sent out to destroy the enemy’s listening post, and

security patrols. This will enable the attacking unit to move undetected to the objective.

2. Platoons move in column formations from the assembly area (AA)

to the platoon release point, where they meet their guides from security patrols and
move to squad release points.

3. Once the unit crosses the Line of Departure (LOD), movement to

the Probable Line of Deployment (PLD) is continuous and slow enough to permit silent
movement.

4. Flares - If a flare goes off during the movement forward all hands
hit the ground. If the flare goes off during the attack, attacking units ignores the flare
and continues the attack.

5. On arrival at the squad release point, the rifle squads are released
from the platoon column formation to deploy online at the probable Line of Deployment
(PLD)

6. On Order - The squad moves forward silently from the (PLD)

maintaining the squad line formation and guiding on the base squad.

(b) Assault – Once the enemy has discovered the attack an begins to fire,
then and only then, is the assault commenced. You assault through the enemy
objective, short of the Limit of Advance (LOA).

(3) Consolidation and Reorganization Phase (Same as daylight attack)

(a) Consolidation - a rapid organization of a hasty defense to hold the

objective just seized during enemy counter attack

1. Re-distribute ammunition
 2. Place firepower to defend objective

3. Treat casualties

4. Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW’s)- Disarmed, searched and

guarded

(b) Re-organization - when immediate threat no longer exists, re-

organization commences. Re-organization is given special emphasis upon seizure of
the objective.

1. Make spot assignments for casualties

2. Re-distribute ammunition

3. Remove casualties

4. Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW’s)- Deliver to platoon commander

7. Combat Order

The development of the combat order within BAMCIS begins at the receipt of the
mission and does not end with combat, but continues throughout and after the fight in
anticipation of the next mission. It includes the techniques by which orders and
instructions are organized, sequenced, and transmitted from leaders to subordinates.
The combat order is a continuing process with accomplishment of the mission as its
main goal. There are many types of orders, however we will discuss the three basic
types of orders.

a. BAMCIS – Six (6) troop leading steps by which a leader receives, plans, and
executes his mission. Troop leading steps are a logical and orderly process for making
the best use of time, facilities, and personnel in preparing for and executing an assigned
mission. It can be viewed as elements of planning and decision making cycle.

(1) Begin Planning

(2) Arrange for Reconnaissance and Coordination

(3) Make Reconnaissance

(4) Complete Plan

(5) Issue Order

(6) Supervise
 b. TYPE OF ORDERS

(1) Warning Order

(2) Operations Order

(3) Fragmentation Order

(a) Warning Order - Warning orders give advance notice of an order or

action.

1. Purpose - to provide subordinates with maximum time available to

prepare for an operation or action. Warning orders are either oral or written and must
adhere as closely as possible at battalion and company level.

2. Information - The format below contains the minimum items of

information for inclusion in the warning order.

a. Situation

b. Mission

c. General Instructions

d. Specific Instructions

(b) Operation Order - An operation order is the expression of the

commander’s decision that will be implemented to accomplish the mission.

1. Purpose - It sets forth the situation, mission, decision, plan of action

and method of execution. The operation order converts the commander’s decision into
a plan of action and gives direction to the efforts of the command.

2. Information - The order sets forth who, what, when, and where of
the commander’s decision, together with enough of the how and why to ensure
intelligent compliance. Operation orders may be written or oral.

(c) Fragmentation Order - Fragmentation orders are issued when the time
element precludes issuance of a complete order.

1. Purpose - to ensure continuous action as a situation develops or as

decisions are made. Fragmentation orders omit elements found in a complete order
that have not changed since the order was given or the order is unavailable or
incomplete at the time of issuance.
 2. Information - Fragmentation orders follow the sequence of the
related standard order. At a minimum, they contain two (2) paragraphs from the five
paragraph order format

a. 2 (Mission Statement)

b. 3 (Execution Statement)

3. The commander uses the fragmentation order extensively in fast

moving situations. Fragmentation orders are supplemented by visits, messages, and
other fragmentation orders until the action is completed or a complete order is issued.

c. FIVE PARAGRAPH ORDER FORMAT

(1) Orders generally adhere to the five paragraph format though each will differ
due to time and information available or required.

(a) Purpose - The purpose of the five-paragraph order is to issue an order

in a clear and concise manner by a thorough orientation of the area of operations. A
five-paragraph order gives subordinates the essential information needed to carry out
the operation. The order converts the leader’s plan into action, gives direction to the
efforts of his unit, and provides specific instructions to subordinate elements.

1. At the rifle company level and below, orders are most commonly
issued orally with the aid of a terrain model.

(b) OSMEAC – The acronym used for the five-paragraph order format.

1. Orientation - Prior to issuing an order, the unit leader orients his

subordinate leaders to the planned area of operation using a terrain model, map, or
when possible, the area of operation. Keep the orientation simple and brief.

2. Situation - The situation paragraph contains information on the

overall status and disposition of both friendly and enemy forces. The situation
paragraph contains three subparagraphs.

a. Enemy Forces - This subparagraph contains essential

information concerning the enemy’s composition, disposition, and strength based on its
size, activity, location, unit, time, and equipment. While focusing on enemy forces there
are two (2) acronyms that will assist you with the information you must recall.

1) SALUTE - This acronym is an established method to

remember how and what to report about the enemy. The purpose of SALUTE is to
focus thinking about identifying and locating enemy weaknesses that can be exploited.

a) Size – Enemy squad, platoon...

 b) Activity – Enemy digging in, bivouacking

c) Location – Six-digit grid if possible

d) Unit – Type and designation

e) Time – When the enemy was last observed

f) Equipment – Equipment they possess

2) DRAW-D - This acronym use to assist the leader in

determining the enemy’s capabilities and limitations.

a) Defend

b) Reinforce

c) Attack

d) Withdraw

e) Delay

b. Friendly Forces - Contains essential information concerning the

mission of the next higher unit, location and mission of adjacent units, and mission of
non-organic supporting units. Information in this subparagraph can be remembered
with the acronym HAS:

1) Higher

2) Adjacent

3) Supporting

c. Attachments and Detachments - Units attached or detached

from a squad by higher headquarters, including the effective time of attachment or
detachment.

3. Mission - Provides a clear and concise statement of what the unit

must accomplish. The mission statement is the heart of the order and should answer
the following five (5) questions:

a. Who

b. What
 c. When

d. Where

e. Why

4. Execution - Contains the “how to” information needed to conduct

the operation. The paragraph is divided into three subparagraphs:

a. Concept of Operations - This is a general explanation of the

tactical plan; includes a brief scheme of maneuver from start to conclusion, type of
attack and fire support plan.

b. Tasks - The specific mission to be accomplished by each

subordinate element of the unit will be listed in a separate numbered subparagraph. It
is the subordinate’s unit mission statement.

c. Coordinating Instructions - The specific instructions and tasks

that apply to two or more units; includes order of movement, planned combat
formations, tactical and fire control measures (ie. phase lines and checkpoints) and any
other tasks that pertain to the mission.

5) Administration and Logistics - This paragraph contains information

or instructions pertaining to rations and ammunition, location of the distribution point,
corpsman, aid station, handling of prisoners of war, other administrative and supply
matters. This is also known as the four (4) B’s.

a) Beans

b) Bullets

c) Band-Aids

d) Bad Guys

6) Command and Signal - This paragraph contains instructions and

information relating to command and communication functions. It contains two (2)
subparagraphs:

a) Signal - Gives signal instructions for the operation such as

frequencies, call signs, pyrotechnics, emergency signals, radio procedures, brevity
codes, challenge and password.

b) Command - Identifies the chain of command and their location

before, during, and after the operation.
8. PATROL ORGANIZATION.

The key to a successful small unit combat organization is unit cohesion. The nature of
infantry patrolling does not normally permit long periods of preparation and rehearsal to
build a unit specifically for each mission. Accordingly, the infantry unit leader must
combine unit integrity considerations with the proven concepts of patrol organization.
Organization of a patrol is a two-step process. First, there is the general organization of
the entire patrol. Second, the task organizations of various patrol units. The patrol
leader (PL) establishes a patrol headquarters and elements to accomplish the mission.
The major subdivisions of reconnaissance and combat patrols are elements. The
existing infantry structure (squads and fire teams) is reinforced as required.

a. General Organization. A combat patrol is organized into four units. Any

attachments a patrol may have (demolition team, scout snipers, or machine gun squad)
are added to the element that supports its function. For example, the demolition
personnel should go with the unit conducting the attack, while scout snipers and
machine gunners should stay with the support squad.

(1) Headquarters. The headquarters element is composed of the patrol leader

and personnel who provide support for the entire patrol, such as, forward observer,
corpsman, and radio operator.

(2) Support Element. The second element provides supporting fire or the base of
fire for the assault unit during the attack and covering fire, for its withdrawal.

(3) Security Element. The first element provides security during movement,
provides the scouting fire team, secures the far side of danger areas, secures the
objective rally point, isolates the objective area, gives early warning of enemy approach,
and covers the withdrawal.

(4) Assault Element. The third element engages the enemy at the objective area
by fire and maneuver or by fire and movement. It also operates immediately in the
objective area (searching, demolitions, prisoners of war, etc.).

b. Task Organization. Patrol units are further subdivided into teams. The patrol
leader must organize the patrol in such a manner as to make sure that each individual,
team, and unit is assigned specific tasks. Some examples of special teams are as
follows:

(1) The assault unit is usually divided into assault teams and one or more
search, EPW, or demolition teams.

(2) If the support unit is to be divided into teams, each team must be given clear
instructions as to what type support must be given, at what location, and during what
phase of the patrol.
 (3) The patrol leader may divide the security unit into security teams as deemed
necessary.

c. In addition, it is imperative that all the patrol members know how to perform the
task assigned to all members of the patrol. The patrol leader must plan for maximum
flexibility to take care of an emergency and ensure that the patrol's mission is not put in
jeopardy with the loss of a couple of key members, a team, or an entire element.

d. Individual Tasks. Leading a patrol is a very demanding task. The Patrol Leader
may assign patrol members individual tasks to assist in conducting the patrol. Some
common individual tasks are:

(1) Assistant Patrol Leader (APL). The Assistant Patrol Leader assists the Patrol
Leader in patrol preparation, navigation, rehearsals and takes charge in the absence of
the patrol leader. The APL is responsible for accountability throughout the patrol and
getting head counts during halts or after crossing danger areas. Upon consolidation of
the objective, the APL reports the ammunition, casualty, and equipment statuses to the
PL.

(2) Radio Operator (RTO). The radio operator maintains communication with the
command post at all times and reports all incoming transmissions to the patrol leader.
RTO must know Brevity Codes, call signs, and frequencies associated with the patrol.

(3) Navigator. The navigator should know the patrol’s location at all times,
maintaining the direction of movement in accordance with the patrol route. The
navigator must know the routes and checkpoints associated with the patrol

(4) Pace Man. The two pace men assist the patrol leader in determining the
distance the patrol has traveled. They must know the checkpoints and distance
between checkpoints associated with the patrol. The pace men should be able to notify
the navigator and PL the distance covered at all times.

(5) Flanks. The patrol leader will typically assign flank security to prevent a
surprise attack to one of the patrol’s flanks. Flanks should post as far out as terrain and
vegetation permit them to maintain visual contact with the patrol leader.

9. INSPECTIONS.

Inspections are vital to proper patrol preparation. They allow the patrol leader to
determine the patrol’s state of physical and mental readiness. The patrol leader
conducts an initial inspection before rehearsals to ensure completeness and
correctness of uniform, gear and equipment.

a. Rehearsals. Rehearsals ensure the operational proficiency of the patrol and are
used to test the soundness of the patrol order and patrol organization.
 (1) Plans are checked and needed changes are made. The patrol leader verifies
the suitability of equipment. It is through rehearsals that patrol members become
thoroughly familiar with the actions of every member to take during the patrol.

(2) All actions are rehearsed. If time is limited, then actions on the objective take
priority. An effective method is to talk the patrol through each phase describing the
actions and having each member perform individual duties.

b. Final Inspection. The patrol leader conducts a final inspection before stepping
off. This is to ensure all equipment is still in working order, any discrepancies on the
initial inspection have been corrected and that the unit is ready to embark on the
mission.

10. EXITING FRIENDLY LINES.

There is a process to depart friendly lines that ensures everyone is aware of the patrol
leaving and prevents the patrol from accidentally setting off any early warning devices.

a. The patrol leader or assistant patrol leader moves the patrol to the Assembly
Area.

b. Anytime the PL leaves the patrol, he must leave a 5-point contingency plan
(GOTWA) with the next senior Marine in charge.

(1) Where he is going.

(2) Others going with him.

(3) Time he will be back.

(4) What to do if he is not back by a certain time.

(5) Actions upon enemy contact.

c. The PL takes the navigator and the point man for security to conduct Forward
Unit Coordination.

d. The PL links up with the unit leader and conducts coordination. The PL requests
a guide to take his patrol through friendly lines.

e. The PL leaves the navigator with the guide so he can familiarize himself with the
terrain and is ready to step off when the patrol arrives.

f. The PL and the point man, for security, return to the patrol at the assembly area.
 g. The PL briefs the patrol on any updated information or changes from the forward
unit commander.

h. The patrol moves out in a tactical column.

i. Upon nearing the passage point, the patrol transitions into a dispersed file. The
PL at this time transmits a message to higher headquarters requesting permission to
depart friendly lines.

j. The APL moves to the front of the column and positions himself behind the
guide. The patrol follows the guide through the barrier plan in a dispersed file following
in the same footsteps of the guide.

k. The APL conducts a head count of the patrol as they exit the barrier plan onto
the enemy side. The PL and the guide will establish a contact point where they will
meet when the patrol returns.

l. The patrol immediately transitions into a tactical column and moves out.

m. Just outside the effects of friendly direct fire weapons, the patrol conducts a
security halt to get adjusted to the sights and sounds of their surroundings.

11. SECURITY.

The patrol is dispersed consistent with control, visibility, cover, and concealment.
Scouts are employed to the front, flanks, and rear of the patrol to provide security. For
the patrol members traveling in the main body of the patrol, areas of responsibility are
assigned to the front, flanks, and rear. Scouts are the eyes and ears of the patrol leader.
They move when and where directed by the patrol leader and maintain contact with the
patrol leader at all times, except when momentarily obscured by vegetation or other
terrain features.

a. Front. Small patrols employ one scout as the point, depending on the enemy
situation, terrain, and route being followed by the patrol. The point is responsible for
investigating the route of advance immediately to the front of the patrol. The point
moves as far ahead of the patrol as visibility and terrain permit. When visibility is good,
the point may precede the main body by as much as 100 meters. The point travels right
and left ahead of the patrol, searching the area over which the patrol will pass. The
point maintains direction by knowledge of the general route to be followed and visual
contact with the patrol leader. The patrol leader or the navigator ensures that the point
is proceeding correctly. The point, which stays far enough ahead of the patrol to
provide security, is not a trailbreaker for the patrol. If the point loses contact with the
patrol, the point waits for the main body to catch up or moves rearward if contact is not
regained. One of the navigators may be positioned with the point.
 b. Flank. Patrols of squad size or less use one or two members on either flank to
provide security. The scout, who must observe the patrol leader, remains within a
distance of 50 to 100 meters. Scouts will move with the patrol itself, but maintain
observation to its assigned flanks.

c. Rear. A small patrol normally has only one rifleman assigned as rear security.
An interval between the member assigned as rear security and the last Marine of the
patrol is maintained at the limit of visibility, up to 50 meters. This member maintains
rear security for the patrol by constantly observing to the rear.

12. SECURITY HALTS.

a. Security Halt. The patrol occasionally halts to observe for enemy activities or
movements. This is called a security halt. Upon signal, when reaching a danger area
and periodically throughout the conduct of the patrol, every member freezes in place,
remains quiet, observes, and listens.

(1) It may be necessary to call a security halt just after departing friendly areas
and just before reentering friendly areas.

(2) The patrol may halt briefly to send a message, eat, rest, check direction, or
make a reconnaissance.
(3) The area selected should provide adequate concealment and cover, as well
as favor the defense. All-round security is established and the patrol leader ensures all
members move out when the patrol resumes movement.

b. Types Of Security Halts:

(1) Short Security Halt. The patrol occasionally halts to observe and listen for
enemy activity; this is called a short security halt.

(a) Upon signal, when reaching a danger area and periodically throughout
movement en route, every member freezes in place, remains quiet, observes, and
listens.

(b) It may be necessary to call a security halt just after departing friendly
areas and just before entering friendly areas.

(2) Long Security Halt Or Hide. Long Security halts will be used when a patrol
is required to halt for an extended period in an area not protected by friendly troops.

(a) When the patrol moves into a location that, by the nature of the
surrounding terrain, provides passive security from enemy detection it is called moving
into a hide. The plan for a hide consists of passive and active security measures.

(b) Passive Security Measures Are:

 1. Avoid built-up areas.

2. Avoid known or suspected enemy positions.

3. Ensure to avoid ridgelines, topographic crests, valleys, lakes, and

streams.

4. Avoid roads and trails.

5. Avoid open woods and clearings.

(c) Active Security Measures Are:

1. Establish security covering all likely avenues of approach.

2. Posted security to provide early warning of enemy approach.

3. Select an alternate area for occupation if the original hide is

compromised.
4. Plan for withdrawal in the event of discovery.

5. Establish certain percent of the personnel awake at all times.

6. Organize the patrol so necessary activities can take place with a

minimum amount of movement.

13. CONTROL MEASURES.

Control measures are used as means of controlling the movement of a patrol and aid
the patrol leader in keeping the patrol organized. The different control measures are
checkpoints and rally points.

a. Checkpoints. A checkpoint is a predetermined point on the surface of the earth

used as a means of controlling movement, a registration target for fire adjustment, or
reference for location. Checkpoints are a means of control between the parent unit and
the patrol. These locations are decided upon and coordinated before the patrol leaves,
so that both the patrol members and the parent unit will know where the patrol is when
the patrol reports into the parent unit. The parent unit can follow the progress of the
patrol without the need of transmitting coordinates that the enemy could monitor.

b. Rally Points. A rally point is an easily identifiable point on the ground where
units can reassemble and reorganize if they become dispersed. It should provide cover
and concealment, be defensible for at least a short time, and be easily recognized and
known to all patrol members. All rally points are considered and identified as tentative
rally points until they are occupied, found to be suitable, and designated as rally points
by the patrol leader. Rally points should be located every three to five hundred meters
and on the near and far side of danger areas. Rally points should be considered and
tentatively mapped out when planning a patrol. Confirmation or rejection of rally points
can only occur once the patrol leader has seen the actual ground. In the worst-case
scenario you may have to give a direction and a distance on the far side of a danger
area. If the patrol gets dispersed due to enemy contact or another reason, the patrol
needs to know what to do at rally points. There are three types of rally points.

(1) Initial Rally Point Or (IRP). The Initial Rally Point is within friendly lines
where the patrol can rally if it becomes separated departing the friendly area or before
reaching the first En Route Rally Point. It may be the assembly area where the patrol
waits while the patrol leader contacts the last friendly position through which the patrol
will pass. The location of the initial rally point must be coordinated with the forward unit
commander.

(2) En Route Rally Point. These are rallying points between the initial rally
point and the objective rally point as well as from the objective rally point back to the
point where the patrol reenters friendly lines. They are determined as the patrol passes
through a likely area that is suitable for a rally point.

(3) Objective Rally Point (ORP). The ORP is located nearest the objective
where the patrol makes final preparations prior to approaching the objective. It also
serves as a location where the patrol reassembles after completing actions on the
objective. The ORP must be suitable to accommodate those activities accomplished
prior to actions on the objective. This position must provide the patrol concealment from
enemy observation and, if possible, cover from enemy fire. It may be located short of,
to a flank, or beyond the objective. It should be out of sight, sound, and small-arms
range of the objective area. The patrol leader’s reconnaissance of the objective is
made from this position. It is the release point from which patrol elements and teams
move to the objective to accomplish the mission.

14. IMMEDIATE ACTIONS.

During a patrol, contact is often unexpected, occurs at very close ranges, and is short in
duration. Enemy fire may allow leaders little or no time to evaluate situation or give
orders. In these situations, immediate action drills provide a means for swiftly initiating
positive offensive or defensive action, as appropriate. It is not feasible to attempt to
design an immediate action drill to cover every possible situation. It is better to know the
immediate action drill for each of a limited number of situations that may occur during a
patrol.
 a. Immediate Halt. A situation where the patrol detects the enemy but is not
detected requires the immediate, in-place halt of the patrol. The first member visually
detecting the enemy gives the signal for FREEZE. Every member halts in place,
weapon at the ready, and remains absolutely motionless and quiet until further signals
or orders are given.

b. Air Observation. When an enemy or unidentified aircraft that may detect the
patrol is heard or observed, the immediate action drill for air observation is performed.

(1) The first member hearing or sighting an aircraft that may be a threat signals
freeze.

(2) Every member finds concealment until the patrol leader identifies the aircraft
and gives further signals or orders.

(3) Members of the patrol must not look up at the aircraft as sunlight can reflect
off their faces even when camouflaged.

c. Air Attack. When an aircraft detects a patrol and makes a low level attack, the
immediate action drill for air attack is used.

(1) The first member sighting an attacking aircraft shouts, “AIRCRAFT,”

followed by the direction of the incoming attack: FRONT, LEFT, REAR or RIGHT.

(2) The patrol moves quickly to cover into a line formation, well spread out, at
right angles to the aircraft’s direction of travel.

(3) Between attacks, if the aircraft returns or if more than one aircraft attacks
patrol members seek better cover.

(4) Attacking aircraft are fired upon only on command of the patrol leader.
Firing upon an aircraft must be coordinated by the patrol leader, and is avoided if
possible.

d. Hasty Ambush. This immediate action is used to avoid contact and to prepare
to initiate an unplanned ambush (assault) on the enemy. It may often be a subsequent
action after the command "FREEZE".

(1) When the signal “HASTY AMBUSH” is given (by the point member, patrol
leader or another authorized patrol member), the entire patrol moves quickly to the right
or left of the line of movement, as indicated by the signal, and takes up the best
available concealed firing positions.

(2) Initiating the Ambush.

 (a) When used as a defensive measure, the patrol leader may decide not
to initiate the ambush in order to avoid contact, unless the patrol is detected.

(b) When used as an offensive measure, the enemy is allowed to advance

until he is in the most vulnerable position before the ambush is initiated.

(c) The patrol leader initiates the ambush by opening fire and shouting,
“FIRE”; thus ensuring initiation of the ambush if the weapon misfires.

(d) If the patrol is detected before this, the first member aware of detection
initiates the ambush by firing and shouting. An alternate means for initiating the
ambush is to designate an individual, for example, point man or the last member, to
open fire when a certain portion of the enemy unit reaches or passes that member.
Initiate using a closed-bolt weapon.

e. Immediate Assault. This immediate action drill is used defensively to make and
quickly break undesired but unavoidable contact (including ambush) and offensively to
decisively engage the enemy (including ambush).

(1) When used in a meeting engagement, members nearest the enemy hit the
deck, open fire and shout, “CONTACT,” followed by the direction of the incoming attack:
FRONT, LEFT, REAR or RIGHT.

(2) The patrol moves swiftly into line formation and assaults by fire and
movement.

f. Breaking Contact. Two methods used in breaking contact are fire and
maneuver and clock method.

(1) Fire And Maneuver.

(a) One portion of the patrol returns fire while another portion moves by
bounds away from the enemy

(b) Each portion of the patrol covers the other by fire until they all have
broken contact.

(2) Clock System. The clock system is another means of breaking contact. This
is usually used in response to indirect fire.

(a) Twelve o’clock is the direction of movement of the patrol.

(b) The patrol leader shouts a direction and distance. For example: “TEN
O’CLOCK-TWO HUNDRED,” means move in the direction of ten o’clock for 200m.
 g. Near Ambush. In a near ambush, within 0 to 50 meters, the kill zone is under
very heavy, highly concentrated, close range fires.

(1) The longer they remain in the kill zone, the greater the chance they will
become casualties. If members in the kill zone are attacked by a near ambush, they
immediately return fire, take whatever cover is available, and immediately assault by fire
and movement without order or signal directly into the ambush position, occupy it, and
continue the assault or break contact, as directed. This action moves them out of the
kill zone, and prevents other elements of the ambush from firing on them for fear of
shooting their own members.

(2) Members not in the kill zone use fire and maneuver against the enemy as
directed by the squad leader.

(3) The assault continues until all patrol members are outside of the kill zone or
have destroyed the enemy forces.

h. Far Ambush. In a far ambush, more than 50 meters, the kill zone is under very
heavy, highly concentrated fire, but from a greater range. This greater range provides
members in the kill zone better maneuver space.

(1) If attacked by a far ambush, members in the killing zone, without order or
signal, immediately return fire, take the best available covered positions, and continue
firing until directed by the squad leader to either assault the enemy or break contact.

(2) Members not in the kill zone use fire and maneuver against the ambush force
as directed.

(3) The assault is continued against the enemy until the order to break contact is
given.

i. Indirect Fire Attack. Indirect Fire is an enemy mortar attack. Patrol Members
will react accordingly in the following manners:

(1) Immediately hit the ground and seek cover.

(2) Maintain security within designated sector of fire.

(3) Respond to Patrol Leader’s following commands and orders.

j. Crossing A Danger Area. A danger area is any place where the patrol is
vulnerable to enemy observation or fire. Units try to avoid danger areas. If a unit must
cross a danger area, it does so with great caution and as quickly as possible.

(1) Types Of Danger Areas.

 (a) Linear. This type of danger area takes form as a trail, road, or stream.
When crossing linear danger areas, crossing points should be located near a bend, a
narrow spot, on low ground, and offer concealment on both sides.

(b) Large Open Areas. This is an area so large that the unit cannot
bypass due to the time to accomplish the mission.

(c) Small Open Areas. This is an open area small enough so that it may
be bypassed in time allowed for the mission.

(2) Other Types Of Danger Areas. These danger areas should be avoided as
much as possible to avoid encounters with the enemy:

(a) Villages. Pass villages on the downwind side and well away from
them. Avoid animals, especially dogs, which might reveal the presence of the unit.

(b) Enemy Positions. Pass on the downwind side (the enemy might have
scout dogs). Be alert for trip wires and warning devices.

(c) Minefields. Bypass minefields if at all possible, even if it requires

changing the route by a great distance. Clear a path through the minefields only if
necessary.

(d) Wire Obstacles. Avoid wire obstacles, the enemy covers obstacles
with observation and fire.

(3) Crossing A Danger Area. When a unit crosses a danger area it must:

(a) Designate near and far side rally points. These are points where the
unit can assemble and reorganize after crossing or if enemy contact has been made.

(b) Secure the near side (right, left flank, and rear security).

(c) Secure the far side.

(d) Execute crossing the danger area. Depending on time, size of unit,
size of danger area, fields of fire, and posted security, a small unit may cross all at
once, in buddy teams, or one Marine at a time. As each person crosses, it moves into
over watch positions or to the far side rally point until told to continue movement

(4) Near Side Security. When a patrol approaches a danger area the lead
element signals “danger area” and the unit halts. The patrol leader moves forward,
confirms the danger area, and determines the technique the patrol will use to cross.
The assistant patrol leader also moves forward with the patrol leader. The patrol leader
informs the element leaders of the danger area and identifies the near and far side rally
points. The assistant patrol leader will place the near side security.
 (a) The near side security is normally from the trail element in the patrol,
and is controlled by the assistant patrol leader.

(b) The near side security will observe the flanks and over watch the
crossing of the far side security and eventually the patrol. After the patrol has crossed
the near side, security will be called in by the assistant patrol leader and will cross
where the patrol did.

(5) Far Side Security. When the near side security is in place, the patrol leader
directs the far side security team, normally from the security (lead) element, to cross the
danger area.

(a) The far side security team clears the far side.

(b) The far side security team establishes an observation point forward of
the cleared area.

(c) The far side security team signals back to the patrol leader that the
area is clear and the patrol crosses the danger area, assembles, reorganizes, and
continues with the mission.

(d) The far side security team may choose from two techniques to clear
the far side of the danger area.

1. Box Reconnaissance. In heavy underbrush and/or poor visibility, a

two man security team proceeds into the far side area together for 50 to 60 meters. The
two then separate, searching out either flank to the first high ground or limits of
observation, probably 50 to 100 meters, then return back toward the danger area. The
APL will signal the patrol all clear.

2. Zigzag Reconnaissance. In light under brush or good visibility, one

person remains at the edge of the wood line while the other checks the wood line in a
zigzag pattern and signals back to the one remaining behind. A signal is relayed to the
patrol all clear.

(6) Linear Danger Area. After the reconnaissance, the PL or APL will send
individuals, pairs, teams, or entire unit across the danger area. All Marines must move
quickly across the danger area.

(7) Large Open Danger Area. The PL will have the patrol use traveling over
watch, spreading the patrol out so that everyone can cover each other, as the entire
patrol moves until they reach within effective small arms range of the far side. The
patrol will begin to use bounding over watch, where one fire team is in a stationary
position covering the movement of the other two fire teams. When one of the moving
teams find cover and assumes the over watch, the stationary team moves.
 (8) Small Open Danger Area. The PL can have the patrol bypass the area by
contouring around the open area or using the 90 degree offset method.

(a) Detour Bypass Method. By use of 90-degree turns to the right or left
(the same maneuver used during Land Navigation), the patrol moves around the open
area until the far side is reached.

15. GATHERING INFORMATION.

A commander often acts on information furnished by scouts and patrols. This makes it
critical that each scout, or member of a patrol, be able to accurately communicate
observations made while on patrol. While scouting or patrolling, information may be
gathered through direct enemy observation or through the interpretation of signs and
tracks.

a. Direct Observation. The most common method for gathering information

through direct observation is the use of a listening post or observation post. Listening
and Observation Posts are commonly used during scouting and as part of a defensive
position to provide early warning of an enemy’s presence. Any member of a patrol can
observe enemy activity and must be able to report those sightings.

b. Signs And Tracks. In addition to direct observation, a Marine may often be able
to estimate size, composition, direction, rate of movement, condition, discipline, state of
training, and morale of enemy forces through signs and tracks left behind.

(1) Footprints and size of a bivouac or defense area, ordinarily indicates the
number of enemy occupants and disposition. A few tracks overlapping each other on
both sides of a road or trail may indicate a patrol in staggered formation. A large number
of tracks indicate troops in column formation a large column will wear a dry road smooth
and flat.

(2) The condition of the bivouac area and amount of material abandoned give
an indication of the enemy morale, training and discipline. A well-policed area indicates
good discipline. Rubbish, food, trash, nonessential personal items or equipment adrift
indicate a lower state of morale, training, and discipline. Stores and material left behind
in good condition may indicate a hasty movement or withdrawal. Burned or destroyed
materials indicate a deliberate, orderly withdrawal or movement.

16. REENTRY OF FRIENDLY LINES.

The reentry of friendly lines is conducted similar to exiting friendly lines except in
reverse. Always try to exit and reenter friendly lines from different locations to prevent
the enemy from ambushing the patrol as it returns to friendly lines. The procedures for
reentry of friendly lines are as follows:
 a. The patrol leader conducts a long security halt at the designated reentry rally
point (RRP). The patrol listens and looks for enemy presence to ensure they are not
being followed or the enemy has not set up an ambush. The RRP is outside of friendly
lines, within the range of friendly direct fire weapons, and in a position providing the
patrol good cover and concealment.

b. The patrol leader requests permission, via the radio, to reenter friendly lines,
using a code word for security and brevity. The patrol leader must ensure that
permission is granted before moving forward to the contact point.

c. As the patrol leader moves closer to the contact point, the guide initiates the near
recognition signal and the patrol leader responds, usually challenge and password at
night, hand and arm signal during day.

d. The assistant patrol leader then moves the patrol from the RRP to the contact
point in a tactical column. From the contact point to the passage point the patrol
transitions to a dispersed file.

e. The guide(s) then leads the patrol from the contact point into the barrier plan or
entry control point.

f. At the passage point, the patrol leader moves to the front and counts all
members into the passage lane to ensure that all patrol members are accounted for and
that no enemy infiltrators attempted to slip in with the patrol.

g. The patrol leader then provides the forward unit commander with a SALUTE
report containing information of immediate tactical value, such as enemy contact or
sightings.

h. The patrol leader takes them to the patrol debrief.

17. METHODS OF REPORTING INFORMATION.

All information reports must be accurate, clear, and concise. Reports should distinguish
between facts and opinions, and answer the questions "who,” "what,” "where,” "when”
and “Why”. Information may be reported by one of the following methods:

a. Verbal Messages. Verbal messages are used when writing is impractical or

when speed is of the essence. Verbal messages should be simple and brief.

(1) Radio is the fastest means for oral reporting. Always use established
communication procedures for reporting information via radio. Never send sensitive
information over an unsecured radio.

(2) A messenger is used when radio communication is unavailable. A

messenger is given exact instructions as to where the message is to be delivered and
the route to be taken. The messenger always repeats the message out loud prior to
dispatching. Information obtained along the route is also reported. If captured, the
messenger does not reveal information trusted to them in the message.

b. Written Messages. Written messages are preferred to oral messages whenever

possible. They should be brief, accurate, and clear. When possible, they should
include an overlay or sketch of the situation observed or interpreted. Written messages
may be posted by a messenger or as a formal report to higher.